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一天,在煤矿工作的时候,我无意中听到两个矿工谈论弗吉尼亚州某处有一所很棒的黑人学校。这是我第一次听说有任何种类的学校或学院比我们镇上的那所小小的黑人学校更宏伟。InthedarknessofthemineInoiselesslycreptascloseasIcouldtothetwomenwhoweretalking.Iheardonetelltheotherthatnotonlywastheschoolestablishedforthemembersofanyrace,buttheopportunitiesthatitprovidedbywhichpoorbutworthystudentscouldworkoutallorapartofthecostofaboard,andatthesametimebetaughtsometradeorindustry.在矿井的黑暗中,我悄无声息地靠近那两个正在交谈的男人。我听到其中一个告诉另一个,这所学校不仅为任何种族的成员设立,还提供了机会,让贫困但优秀的学生们能够通过工作来支付部分或全部的食宿费用,同时还能学习一些手艺或行业知识。Astheywentondescribingtheschool,itseemedtomethatitmustbethegreatestplaceonearth,andnotevenHeavenpresentedmoreattractionsformeatthattimethandidtheHamptonNormalandAgriculturalInstituteinVirginia,aboutwhichthesemenweretalking.Iresolvedatoncetogotothatschool,althoughIhadnoideawhereitwas,orhowmanymilesaway,orhowIwasgoingtoreachit;IrememberedonlythatIwasonfireconstantlywithoneambition,andthatwastogotoHampton.Thisthoughtwaswithmedayandnight.当他们继续描述这所学校时,我觉得它一定是世界上最好的地方,甚至当时天堂对我而言都没有弗吉尼亚州汉普顿正常与农业学院的吸引力大,而这些先生们正在谈论的就是这所学校。我立刻下定决心要去那所学校,尽管我不知道它在哪里,离我有多远,也不知道如何去那里;我只记得自己心中一直燃烧着一个渴望,那就是去汉普顿。这个念头日夜萦绕着我。AfterhearingoftheHamptonInstitute,Icontinuedtoworkforafewmonthslongerinthecoal-mine.Whileatworkthere,IheardofavacantpositioninthehouseholdofGeneralLewisRuffner,theownerofthesalt-furnaceandcoal-mine.Mrs.ViolaRuffner,thewifeofGeneralRuffner,wasa"Yankee"womanfromVermont.Mrs.Ruffnerhadareputationallthroughthevicinityforbeingverystrictwithherservants,andespeciallywiththeboyswhotriedtoserveher.Fewofthemremainedwithhermorethantwoorthreeweeks.Theyallleftwiththesameexcuse:shewastoostrict.Idecided,however,thatIwouldrathertryMrs.Ruffner'shousethanremaininthecoal-mine,andsomymotherappliedtoherforthevacantposition.Iwashiredatasalaryof$5permonth.听说了汉普顿学院之后,我又在煤矿工作了几个月。在那工作期间,我听说刘易斯·拉夫纳将军(他拥有盐炉厂和煤矿)家有一个空缺职位。拉夫纳太太,即将军的妻子,是来自佛蒙特州的“北方人”。拉夫纳太太在整个地区以对待仆人严格而闻名,尤其是对待那些试图为她服务的男孩们。很少有人能坚持为她工作超过两到三周,他们都会以同样的理由离开:她太严格了。然而,我决定还是尝试一下拉夫纳太太的家,而不是继续留在煤矿,于是我的母亲向她申请了这个空缺职位。我每月工资为5美元。IhadheardsomuchaboutMrs.Ruffner'sseveritythatIwasalmostafraidtoseeher,andtrembledwhenIwentintoherpresence.Ihadnotlivedwithhermanyweeks,however,beforeIbegantounderstandher.Isoonbegantolearnthat,firstofall,shewantedeverythingkeptcleanabouther,thatshewantedthingsdonepromptlyandsystematically,andthatatthebottomofeverythingshewantedabsolutehonestyandfrankness.Nothingmustbeslovenorslipshod;everydoor,everyfence,mustbekeptinrepair.我早就听说过鲁芬夫人严厉的名声,以至于我几乎不敢见她,当我去到她面前时还会发抖。然而,我跟她相处没几周,就开始理解她了。我很快明白,首先她希望周围的一切都要保持干净整洁,她希望事情能及时且有条理地完成,并且在所有事情的底色里,她都希望绝对的诚实和坦率。任何事都不能敷衍了事;每一扇门、每一道篱笆都必须保持完好。IcannotnowrecallhowlongIlivedwithMrs.RuffnerbeforegoingtoHampton,butIthinkitmusthavebeenayearandahalf.Atanyrate,IhererepeatwhatIhavesaidmorethanoncebefore,thatthelessonsthatIlearnedinthehomeofMrs.RuffnerwereasvaluabletomeasanyeducationIhaveevergottenanywhereelse.EventothisdayIneverseebitsofpaperscatteredaroundahouseorinthestreetthatIdonotwanttopickthemupatonce.IneverseeafilthyyardthatIdonotwanttocleanit,apalingoffofafencethatIdonotwanttoputiton,anunpaintedorunwhitewashedhousethatIdonotwanttopaintorwhitewashit,orabuttonoffone'sclothes,oragrease-spotonthemoronafloor,thatIdonotwanttocallattentiontoit.我现在已经记不清我在拉夫纳夫人家里住了多久才去汉普顿,但我认为大概是一年半。无论如何,我在这里重申我多次说过的话,我在拉夫纳夫人家里学到的功课对我来说就像在其他任何地方得到的教育一样宝贵。直到今天,我看到屋子里或街道上的纸片,总是想立刻捡起来。我看到肮脏的院子就想清理它,看到篱笆上的木板脱落就想把它装回去,看到未粉刷或未白洗的房子就想给它涂漆或白洗,看到衣服上的纽扣掉了或者有油渍,无论是衣服上还是地板上,都想提醒别人注意。FromfearingMrs.RuffnerIsoonlearnedtolookuponherasoneofmybestfriends.Whenshefoundthatshecouldtrustmeshedidsoimplicitly.DuringtheoneortwowintersthatIwaswithhershegavemeanopportunitytogotoschoolforanhourinthedayduringaportionofthewintermonths,butmostofmystudyingwasdoneatnight,sometimesalone,sometimesundersomeonewhomIcouldhiretoteachme.Mrs.Ruffneralwaysencouragedandsympathizedwithmeinallmyeffortstogetaneducation.ItwaswhilelivingwithherthatIbegantogettogethermyfirstlibrary.Isecuredadry-goodsbox,knockedoutonesideofit,putsomeshelvesinit,andbeganputtingintoiteverykindofbookthatIcouldgetmyhandsupon,andcalleditmy"library."从害怕鲁芬夫人到后来我学会了把她当作我最好的朋友之一。当她发现她可以完全信任我时,她就毫不保留地这样做了。在我跟她相处的一个或两个冬天里,她给了我一个机会,在部分冬日每天有一小时的时间去上学,但我的大部分学习都是在晚上进行的,有时是独自一人,有时是在我雇来教我的某个人指导下。鲁芬夫人总是鼓励并同情我在获取教育方面所做的所有努力。正是在我与她同住期间,我开始收集我的第一个图书馆。我找来一个干货箱,敲掉了一侧,装上了几块搁板,开始把能拿到的所有种类的书都放进去,并称它为我的“图书馆”。NotwithstandingmysuccessatMrs.Ruffner'sIdidnotgiveuptheideaofgoingtotheHamptonInstitute.Inthefallof1872Ideterminedtomakeanefforttogetthere,although,asIhavestated,IhadnodefiniteideaofthedirectioninwhichHamptonwas,orofwhatitwouldcosttogothere.IdonotthinkthatanyonethoroughlysympathizedwithmeinmyambitiontogotoHamptonunlessitwasmymother,andshewastroubledwithagravefearthatIwasstartingoutona"wild-goosechase."Atanyrate,Igotonlyahalf-heartedconsentfromherthatImightstart.ThesmallamountofmoneythatIhadearnedhadbeenconsumedbymystepfatherandtheremainderofthefamily,withtheexceptionofaveryfewdollars,andsoIhadverylittlewithwhichtobuyclothesandpaymytravellingexpenses.MybrotherJohnhelpedmeallthathecould,butofcoursethatwasnotagreatdeal,forhisworkwasinthecoal-mine,wherehedidnotearnmuch,andmostofwhathedidearnwentinthedirectionofpayingthehouseholdexpenses.尽管我在拉夫纳夫人那里取得了成功,但我并没有放弃去汉普顿学院的想法。1872年秋天,我决定努力去那里,虽然正如我所说过的,我不知道汉普顿在哪个方向,也不知道去那里需要花多少钱。我想没有人能完全理解我想要去汉普顿的愿望,除非是我的母亲,她对我这个想法充满了一种严重的担忧,认为我是在追逐“水中月”。无论如何,我只从她那里得到了一半的心意,同意我可以出发。我赚到的小额钱已经被我的继父和家里的其他成员消耗了,除了很少的几美元外,我几乎没有什么钱用来买衣服和支付旅行费用。我的哥哥约翰尽他所能帮助了我,但当然那并不是很多,因为他大部分时间都在煤矿工作,挣得不多,而且他挣的钱大多都用于支付家庭开支。PerhapsthethingthattouchedandpleasedmemostinconnectionwithmystartingforHamptonwastheinterestthatmanyoftheoldercolouredpeopletookinthematter.Theyhadspentthebestdaysoftheirlivesinslavery,andhardlyexpectedtolivetoseethetimewhentheywouldseeamemberoftheirraceleavehometoattendaboarding-school.Someoftheseolderpeoplewouldgivemeanickel,othersaquarter,orahandkerchief.也许让我在前往汉普顿的路上最感动和高兴的事情之一,是许多年长的有色人种对这件事表现出的兴趣。他们度过了奴隶制时期最好的时光,几乎没想到能活着看到他们的种族中有成员离开家去寄宿学校读书。有些年长的人会给我五美分,有些人给二十五美分或手帕。Finallythegreatdaycame,andIstartedforHampton.Ihadonlyasmall,cheapsatchelthatcontainedafewarticlesofclothingIcouldget.Mymotheratthetimewasratherweakandbrokeninhealth.Ihardlyexpectedtoseeheragain,andthusourpartingwasallthemoresad.She,however,wasverybravethroughitall.AtthattimetherewerenothroughtrainsconnectingthatpartofWestVirginiawitheasternVirginia.Trainsranonlyaportionoftheway,andtheremainderofthedistancewastravelledbystage-coaches.终于,这一天到来了,我动身前往汉普顿。我只带了一个小而便宜的手提包,里面装着我能得到的几件衣服。当时我的母亲身体虚弱,健康状况不佳。我几乎不期望再见到她,因此我们的分别格外悲伤。然而,她在这整个过程中表现得非常坚强。那时,西弗吉尼亚州西部地区与东弗吉尼亚州之间没有直达列车。火车只行驶一部分路程,剩余的距离需要乘坐马车。ThedistancefromMaldentoHamptonisaboutfivehundredmiles.IhadnotbeenawayfromhomemanyhoursbeforeitbegantogrowpainfullyevidentthatIdidnothaveenoughmoneytopaymyfaretoHampton.OneexperienceIshalllongremember.Ihadbeentravellingoverthemountainsmostoftheafternooninanold-fashionstage-coach,when,lateintheevening,thecoachstoppedforthenightatacommon,unpaintedhousecalledahotel.Alltheotherpassengersexceptmyselfwerewhites.InmyignoranceIsupposedthatthelittlehotelexistedforthepurposeofaccommodatingthepassengerswhotravelledonthestage-coach.Thedifferencethatthecolourofone'sskinwouldmakeIhadnotthoughtanythingabout.Afteralltheotherpassengershadbeenshownroomsandweregettingreadyforsupper,Ishylypresentedmyselfbeforethemanatthedesk.ItistrueIhadpracticallynomoneyinmypocketwithwhichtopayforbedorfood,butIhadhopedinsomewaytobegmywayintothegoodgracesofthelandlord,foratthatseasoninthemountainsofVirginiatheweatherwascold,andIwantedtogetindoorsforthenight.WithoutaskingastowhetherIhadanymoney,themanatthedeskfirmlyrefusedtoevenconsiderthematterofprovidingmewithfoodorlodging.Thiswasmyfirstexperienceinfindingoutwhatthecolourofmyskinmeant.InsomewayImanagedtokeepwarmbywalkingabout,andsogotthroughthenight.MywholesoulwassobentuponreachingHamptonthatIdidnothavetimetocherishanybitternesstowardthehotel-keeper.从马尔登到汉普顿大约有五百英里。离开家没多久,我就开始痛苦地意识到自己没有足够的钱支付去汉普顿的车费。有一件事我将永远铭记在心。下午大部分时间,我都乘坐一辆老式的驿站马车翻越群山,晚上很晚的时候,马车在一个简陋的、未粉刷过的房子前停下,这房子被称为旅馆。除了我之外,其他所有的乘客都是白人。由于我的无知,我以为这家小旅馆是为了方便搭乘驿站马车的旅客而存在的。我完全没有考虑过一个人的肤色会带来什么不同。在所有其他乘客都被安排好房间并准备吃晚饭后,我害羞地走到前台的男子面前。虽然我几乎口袋里没有多少钱来支付床铺或食物,但我希望以某种方式乞求房东的好感,因为在弗吉尼亚州的山区这个季节天气很冷,我想找个地方过夜。前台的男子没有询问我是否有钱,就坚决拒绝了给我提供食物或住宿的可能。这是我第一次体会到自己皮肤颜色的意义。我设法通过走动来保持温暖,熬过了那个夜晚。我满心都想着要到达汉普顿,以至于没有时间对旅馆老板产生任何怨恨。Bywalking,beggingridesbothinwagonsandinthecars,insomeway,afteranumberofdays,IreachedthecityofRichmond,Virginia,abouteighty-twomilesfromHampton.WhenIreachedthere,tired,hungry,anddirty,itwaslateinthenight.Ihadneverbeeninalargecity,andthisratheraddedtomymisery.WhenIreachedRichmond,Iwascompletelyoutofmoney.Ihadnotasingleacquaintanceintheplace,and,beingunusedtocityways,Ididnotknowwheretogo.Iappliedatseveralplacesforlodging,buttheyallwantedmoney,andthatwaswhatIdidnothave.Knowingnothingelsebettertodo,Iwalkedthestreets.IndoingthisIpassedbymanyfood-standswherefriedchickenandhalf-moonapplepieswerepiledhighandmadetopresentamosttemptingappearance.AtthattimeitseemedtomethatIwouldhavepromisedallthatIexpectedtopossessinthefuturetohavegottenholdofoneofthosechickenlegsoroneofthosepies.ButIcouldnotgeteitherofthese,noranythingelsetoeat.通过步行,搭便车(既有马车也有汽车),以某种方式,在几天之后,我到达了弗吉尼亚州的里士满市,距离汉普顿大约八十二英里。当我到达那里时,已经筋疲力尽、饥肠辘辘且浑身脏兮兮的,已经是深夜了。我从未去过大城市,这更增添了我的痛苦。当我到达里士满时,我已经完全身无分文。在这个地方我没有一个熟人,而且由于不熟悉城市的生活方式,我不知道该去哪里。我在几个地方申请住宿,但他们都需要钱,而我却没有。不知道还能做些什么更好的事情,我只能在街上走来走去。在这样做的过程中,我经过了许多食物摊位,那里堆满了炸鸡和半月形苹果派,呈现出非常诱人的样子。在那个时候,我觉得只要能得到一只鸡腿或者一块派,我会答应放弃我未来可能拥有的所有东西。但我既得不到这些,也吃不到别的东西。Imusthavewalkedthestreetstillaftermidnight.AtlastIbecamesoexhaustedthatIcouldwalknolonger.Iwastired,Iwashungry,Iwaseverythingbutdiscouraged.JustaboutthetimewhenIreachedextremephysicalexhaustion,Icameuponaportionofastreetwheretheboardsidewalkwasconsiderablyelevated.Iwaitedforafewminutes,tillIwassurethatnopassers-bycouldseeme,andthencreptunderthesidewalkandlayforthenightupontheground,withmysatchelofclothingforapillow.NearlyallnightIcouldhearthetrampoffeetovermyhead.ThenextmorningIfoundmyselfsomewhatrefreshed,butIwasextremelyhungry,becauseithadbeenalongtimesinceIhadhadsufficientfood.AssoonasitbecamelightenoughformetoseemysurroundingsInoticedthatIwasnearalargeship,andthatthisshipseemedtobeunloadingacargoofpigiron.Iwentatoncetothevesselandaskedthecaptaintopermitmetohelpunloadthevesselinordertogetmoneyforfood.Thecaptain,awhiteman,whoseemedtobekind-hearted,consented.Iworkedlongenoughtoearnmoneyformybreakfast,anditseemstome,asIrememberitnow,tohavebeenaboutthebestbreakfastthatIhaveevereaten.我一定是在午夜之后才走完那些街道的。最后,我累得再也走不动了。我很疲惫,很饥饿,什么都很糟,但就是没有气馁。就在我达到身体极限的时候,我来到一条街道的一段,那里的木制人行道明显升高了。我等了几分钟,直到确定没有行人能看见我,然后爬到人行道下面,在地上躺了一夜,用我的衣服包作为枕头。几乎整个晚上我都听到头顶上脚步声。第二天早上,我发现自己稍微恢复了一些,但我非常饿,因为已经很久没有吃饱饭了。一旦天亮到足以让我看清周围环境时,我就注意到我靠近一艘大船,这艘船似乎正在卸载一批生铁货物。我立刻走到船边,请求船长允许我帮忙卸货以换取食物的钱。这位船长,一位看起来心地善良的白人,同意了。我工作的时间足够赚到早餐的钱,现在回想起来,这顿早餐对我来说似乎是最好吃的。MyworkpleasedthecaptainsowellthathetoldmeifIdesiredIcouldcontinueworkingforasmallamountperday.ThisIwasverygladtodo.Icontinuedworkingonthisvesselforanumberofdays.AfterbuyingfoodwiththesmallwagesIreceivedtherewasnotmuchlefttoaddontheamountImustgettopaymywaytoHampton.Inordertoeconomizeineverywaypossible,soastobesuretoreachHamptoninareasonabletime,IcontinuedtosleepunderthesamesidewalkthatgavemeshelterthefirstnightIwasinRichmond.ManyyearsafterthatthecolouredcitizensofRichmondverykindlytenderedmeareceptionatwhichtheremusthavebeentwothousandpeoplepresent.ThisreceptionwasheldnotfarfromthespotwhereIsleptthefirstnightIspentinthecity,andImustconfessthatmymindwasmoreuponthesidewalkthatfirstgavemeshelterthanupontherecognition,agreeableandcordialasitwas.我的工作让船长非常满意,他告诉我,如果我愿意,我可以每天以少量报酬继续为他工作。对此,我感到非常高兴。我在船上继续工作了几天。用我所得的微薄工资购买食物之后,剩下的钱就所剩无几了,这让我离支付前往汉普顿的路费的目标还有很大差距。为了尽可能地节省开支,以确保能在一个合理的时间内到达汉普顿,我继续睡在我初次来到里士满时给我遮风避雨的那条人行道下。多年以后,里士满的有色公民们非常友好地为我举办了一场聚会,现场可能有两千多人出席。这场聚会举行的地点距离我第一次在城里过夜时睡觉的地方不远,我必须承认,比起获得的认可(尽管是令人愉快且友好的),我的思绪更多地停留在当初给我提供庇护的人行道上。WhenIhadsavedwhatIconsideredenoughmoneywithwhichtoreachHampton,Ithankedthecaptainofthevesselforhiskindness,andstartedagain.WithoutanyunusualoccurrenceIreachedHampton,withasurplusofexactlyfiftycentswithwhichtobeginmyeducation.Tomeithadbeenalong,eventfuljourney;butthefirstsightofthelarge,three-story,brickschoolbuildingseemedtohaverewardedmeforallthatIhadundergoneinordertoreachtheplace.Ifthepeoplewhogavethemoneytoprovidethatbuildingcouldappreciatetheinfluencethesightofithaduponme,aswellasuponthousandsofotheryouths,theywouldfeelallthemoreencouragedtomakesuchgifts.ItseemedtometobethelargestandmostbeautifulbuildingIhadeverseen.Thesightofitseemedtogivemenewlife.Ifeltthatanewkindofexistencehadnowbegun—thatlifewouldnowhaveanewmeaning.IfeltthatIhadreachedthepromisedland,andIresolvedtoletnoobstaclepreventmefromputtingforththehighestefforttofitmyselftoaccomplishthemostgoodintheworld.当我攒下了我认为足够到达哈姆普顿的钱时,我感谢了船长的好意,并再次出发了。没有发生任何异常的事情,我就到达了哈姆普顿,剩下正好五毛钱来开始我的教育。对我来说,这是一次漫长而充满事件的旅程;但第一次看到那座三层楼高的大砖砌学校建筑似乎已经回报了我为了到达这个地方所经历的一切。如果那些捐赠资金建造这座建筑的人能够理解它给我以及成千上万其他年轻人带来的影响,他们会更加受到鼓励去做出这样的贡献。在我看来,这是最宏大、最美丽的建筑。它的出现似乎给了我新的生命力。我觉得一种全新的生活即将开始——生活将会有一个新的意义。我感到自己已经抵达了应许之地,并决心尽最大努力让自己具备最好的条件,以便在这个世界上做最多有益的事。AssoonaspossibleafterreachingthegroundsoftheHamptonInstitute,Ipresentedmyselfbeforetheheadteacherforanassignmenttoaclass.Havingbeensolongwithoutproperfood,abath,andachangeofclothing,Ididnot,ofcourse,makeaveryfavourableimpressionuponher,andIcouldseeatoncethatthereweredoubtsinhermindaboutthewisdomofadmittingmeasastudent.IfeltthatIcouldhardlyblameherifshegottheideathatIwasaworthlessloaferortramp.Forsometimeshedidnotrefusetoadmitme,neitherdidshedecideinmyfavour,andIcontinuedtolingerabouther,andtoimpressherinallthewaysIcouldwithmyworthiness.InthemeantimeIsawheradmittingotherstudents,andthataddedgreatlytomydiscomfort,forIfelt,deepdowninmyheart,thatIcoulddoaswellasthey,ifIcouldonlygetachancetoshowwhatwasinme.一到达汉普顿学院的校园,我就赶紧去见校长,希望能被分配到一个班级。由于长时间没有足够的食物、洗澡和更换衣服,我当然没有给她留下很好的印象,而且我马上就能看出她心中对我是否应该被接纳为学生产生了怀疑。我感到,如果她认为我是一个无用的流浪汉或游民,我几乎不能责怪她。有一段时间,她既没有拒绝接纳我,也没有明确支持我,而我则继续留在她身边,尽我所能让她相信我的价值。与此同时,我看到她正在录取其他学生,这大大增加了我的不安,因为在内心深处,我觉得只要给我一个机会,我能够做得和他们一样好。Aftersomehourshadpassed,theheadteachersaidtome:"Theadjoiningrecitation-roomneedssweeping.Takethebroomandsweepit."过了几个小时,校长对我说:「隔壁的背诵教室需要打扫。拿起扫帚把它打扫干净。」Itoccurredtomeatoncethatherewasmychance.NeverdidIreceiveanorderwithmoredelight.IknewthatIcouldsweep,forMrs.RuffnerhadthoroughlytaughtmehowtodothatwhenIlivedwithher.我立刻想到这是我的机会。我从未以如此愉悦的心情接到过命令。我知道我可以打扫,因为拉夫纳太太在我和她一起生活时已经彻底教过我如何做这件事。Iswepttherecitation-roomthreetimes.ThenIgotadusting-clothanddusteditfourtimes.Allthewoodworkaroundthewalls,everybench,table,anddesk,Iwentoverfourtimeswithmydusting-cloth.Besides,everypieceoffurniturehadbeenmovedandeveryclosetandcornerintheroomhadbeenthoroughlycleaned.IhadthefeelingthatinalargemeasuremyfuturedependedupontheimpressionImadeupontheteacherinthecleaningofthatroom.WhenIwasthrough,Ireportedtotheheadteacher.Shewasa"Yankee"womanwhoknewjustwheretolookfordirt.Shewentintotheroomandinspectedthefloorandclosets;thenshetookherhandkerchiefandrubbeditonthewoodworkaboutthewalls,andoverthetableandbenches.Whenshewasunabletofindonebitofdirtonthefloor,oraparticleofdustonanyofthefurniture,shequietlyremarked,"Iguessyouwilldotoenterthisinstitution."我打扫了诵读室三次。然后我拿起一块抹布,擦了四次。墙上的每一件木制品,每一个长凳、桌子和书桌,我都用抹布擦拭了四遍。此外,每一件家具都已被移动,房间里的每个壁橱和角落都被彻底清理干净了。我有一种感觉,我的未来在很大程度上取决于我在打扫那个房间时给老师留下的印象。当我完成时,我向校长报告了工作。她是一位“新英格兰人”,知道在哪里找污垢。她走进房间,检查了地板和壁橱;然后她拿出手帕,在墙壁周围的木制品、桌子和长凳上擦拭。当她无法在地板上找到一点污垢,或者在任何家具上发现一粒灰尘时,她平静地说道:“我想你可以进入这个机构了。”IwasoneofthehappiestsoulsonEarth.Thesweepingofthatroomwasmycollegeexamination,andneverdidanyyouthpassanexaminationforentranceintoHarvardorYalethatgavehimmoregenuinesatisfaction.Ihavepassedseveralexaminationssincethen,butIhavealwaysfeltthatthiswasthebestoneIeverpassed.我是地球上最幸福的灵魂之一。打扫那个房间是我的大学考试,没有任何年轻人通过进入哈佛或耶鲁的入学考试能给他带来如此真实的满足感。从那以后,我又通过了几次考试,但我始终觉得这是最好的一次。IhavespokenofmyownexperienceinenteringtheHamptonInstitute.Perhapsfew,ifany,hadanythinglikethesameexperiencethatIhad,butaboutthesameperiodtherewerehundredswhofoundtheirwaytoHamptonandotherinstitutionsafterexperiencingsomethingofthesamedifficultiesthatIwentthrough.Theyoungmenandwomenweredeterminedtosecureaneducationatanycost.我讲述了自己进入汉普顿学院的经历。也许很少有人,或者没有人有和我类似的经历,但在同一时期,有数百人克服了与我相似的困难,找到了去汉普顿以及其他院校的路。这些年轻人决心不惜一切代价获得教育。Thesweepingoftherecitation-roominthemannerthatIdiditseemstohavepavedthewayformetogetthroughHampton.MissMaryF.Mackie,theheadteacher,offeredmeapositionasjanitor.This,ofcourse,Igladlyaccepted,becauseitwasaplacewhereIcouldworkoutnearlyallthecostofmyboard.TheworkwashardandtaxingbutIstucktoit.Ihadalargenumberofroomstocarefor,andhadtoworklateintothenight,whileatthesametimeIhadtorisebyfouro'clockinthemorning,inordertobuildthefiresandhavealittletimeinwhichtopreparemylessons.InallmycareeratHampton,andeversinceIhavebeenoutintheworld,MissMaryF.Mackie,theheadteachertowhomIhavereferred,provedoneofmystrongestandmosthelpfulfriends.Heradviceandencouragementwerealwayshelpfulinstrengtheningtomeinthedarkesthour.我用那样的方式打扫诵读室似乎为我进入哈姆普顿铺平了道路。校长玛丽·F·马克女士给了我一份看门人的职位。当然,我欣然接受了这个职位,因为它是一个我可以几乎支付所有伙食费的地方。工作虽然辛苦且繁重,但我坚持了下来。我有许多房间要照管,并且不得不工作到深夜,同时我还要在早上四点钟起床,以便生火并留出一点时间准备我的功课。在整个哈姆普顿的学习生涯中,以及自那以后我步入社会以来,我所提到的校长玛丽·F·马克女士一直是我最强大和最有帮助的朋友之一。她的建议和鼓励总是在我最黑暗的时刻加强了我。IhavespokenoftheimpressionthatwasmadeuponmebythebuildingsandgeneralappearanceoftheHamptonInstitute,butIhavenotspokenofthatwhichmadethegreatestandmostlastingimpressiononme,andthatwasagreatman—thenoblest,raresthumanbeingthatithaseverbeenmyprivilegetomeet.IrefertothelateGeneralSamuelC.Armstrong.我对汉普顿学院的建筑和整体外观所留下的印象已经说过,但我还没有提到给我留下最大且最持久印象的人,那是一位伟大的人物——我有幸遇到过的最高尚、最罕见的人类。我要说的是已故的山缪尔·C·阿姆斯特朗将军。Ithasbeenmyfortunetomeetpersonallymanyofwhatarecalledgreatcharacters,bothinEuropeandAmerica,butIdonothesitatetosaythatInevermetanymanwho,inmyestimation,wastheequalofGeneralArmstrong.Freshfromthedegradinginfluencesoftheslaveplantationandthecoal-mines,itwasarareprivilegeformetobepermittedtocomeintodirectcontactwithsuchacharacterasGeneralArmstrong.IshallalwaysrememberthatthefirsttimeIwentintohispresencehemadetheimpressionuponmeofbeingaperfectman:Iwasmadetofeelthattherewassomethingabouthimthatwassuperhuman.ItwasmyprivilegetoknowtheGeneralpersonallyfromthetimeIenteredHamptontillhedied,andthemoreIsawofhimthegreaterhegrewinmyestimation.OnemighthaveremovedfromHamptonallthebuildings,class-rooms,teachers,andindustries,andgiventhemenandwomentheretheopportunityofcomingintodailycontactwithGeneralArmstrong,andthatalonewouldhavebeenaliberaleducation.TheolderIgrow,themoreIamconvincedthatthereisnoeducationwhichonecangetfrombooksandcostlyapparatusthatisequaltothatwhichcanbegottenfromcontactwithgreatmenandwomen.Insteadofstudyingbookssoconstantly,howIwishthatourschoolsandcollegesmightlearntostudymenandthings!我有幸在欧洲和美洲亲自结识了许多所谓的伟人,但我毫不犹豫地说,我从未遇到过一个在我看来能与阿姆斯特朗将军相提并论的人。刚刚从奴隶种植园和煤矿的堕落影响中走出来,能够有机会直接接触到像阿姆斯特朗将军这样的人物,对我来说是一种难得的特权。我永远记得,第一次见到他时,他给我留下了完美之人的印象:我感受到他的身上有一种超凡的东西。从我进入汉普顿学院到他去世,我一直有机会亲自认识这位将军,而我每次见到他,他就在我心目中的地位越高。即使把汉普顿的所有建筑、教室、教师和产业都移走,只让那里的男男女女有机会每天接触阿姆斯特朗将军,这也足以成为一种高尚的教育。随着年龄的增长,我越来越确信,没有任何书本知识和昂贵设备能提供的教育,能与接触伟大的男人和女人所带来的教育相比拟。与其不断研究书本,我多么希望我们的学校和大学能够学会研究人和事物啊!GeneralArmstrongspenttwoofthelastsixmonthsofhislifeinmyhomeatTuskegee.Atthattimehewasparalyzedtotheextentthathehadlostcontrolofhisbodyandvoiceinaverylargedegree.Notwithstandinghisaffliction,heworkedalmostconstantlynightanddayforthecausetowhichhehadgivenhislife.Ineversawamanwhosocompletelylostsightofhimself.Idonotbelieveheeverhadaselfishthought.HewasjustashappyintryingtoassistsomeotherinstitutionintheSouthashewaswhenworkingforHampton.AlthoughhefoughttheSouthernwhitemanintheCivilWar,Ineverheardhimutterabitterwordagainsthimafterward.Ontheotherhand,hewasconstantlyseekingtofindwaysbywhichhecouldbeofservicetotheSouthernwhites.阿姆斯特朗将军在他生命的最后六个月中有两个月是在塔斯基吉我的家里度过的。那时他已经瘫痪到很大程度上失去了对自己身体和声音的控制。尽管身患重病,他几乎夜以继日地为他毕生致力于的事业工作着。我从未见过一个如此完全忘却自我的人。我相信他从未有过自私的想法。当他努力帮助南方其他机构时,他的快乐程度丝毫不亚于为汉普顿工作的时候。虽然他在南北战争中与南方白人作战,但我从未听到他之后说过一句怨言。相反,他一直在寻找各种方式来为南方白人服务。ItwouldbedifficulttodescribetheholdthathehaduponthestudentsatHampton,orthefaiththeyhadinhim.Infact,hewasworshippedbyhisstudents.ItneveroccurredtomethatGeneralArmstrongcouldfailinanythingthatheundertook.Thereisalmostnorequestthathecouldhavemadethatwouldnothavebeencompliedwith.WhenhewasaguestatmyhomeinAlabama,andwassobadlyparalyzedthathehadtobewheeledaboutinaninvalid'schair,IrecallthatoneoftheGeneral'sformerstudentshadoccasiontopushhischairupalong,steephillthattaxedhisstrengthtotheutmost.Whenthetopofthehillwasreached,theformerpupil,withaglowofhappinessonhisface,exclaimed,"IamsogladthatIhavebeenpermittedtodosomethingthatwasrealhardfortheGeneralbeforehedies!"WhileIwasastudentatHampton,thedormitoriesbecamesocrowdedthatitwasimpossibletofindroomforallwhowantedtobeadmitted.Inordertohelpremedythedifficulty,theGeneralconceivedtheplanofputtinguptentstobeusedasrooms.AssoonasitbecameknownthatGeneralArmstrongwouldbepleasedifsomeoftheolderstudentswouldliveinthetentsduringthewinter,nearlyeverystudentinschoolvolunteeredtogo.很难描述他在哈姆普顿学院的学生们心中所占据的地位,以及他们对他的信任。事实上,他被学生们崇拜。我从未想过阿姆斯特朗将军会失败于他所从事的任何事情。几乎没有什么请求是他无法实现的。当他作为客人住在我的阿拉巴马州家中时,由于严重瘫痪而不得不坐在轮椅上,我记得有一位阿姆斯特朗将军从前的学生有一次不得不推着他的轮椅爬上一个漫长而陡峭的小山,这极大地考验了他的体力。当山顶到达时,这位从前的学生脸上洋溢着幸福的光芒,兴奋地喊道:"我太高兴了,在将军去世之前,我能做一件对他来说真正困难的事情!"当我还是哈姆普顿学院的一名学生时,宿舍变得如此拥挤,以至于不可能为所有想入学的学生找到床位。为了帮助缓解这一困难,阿姆斯特朗将军想出了一个计划,即搭建帐篷作为临时房间使用。一旦人们知道阿姆斯特朗将军会很高兴,如果一些年长的学生愿意在冬天住在帐篷里,几乎每个在校学生都志愿去住。Iwasoneofthevolunteers.Thewinterthatwespentinthosetentswasanintenselycoldone,andwesufferedseverely—howmuchIamsureGeneralArmstrongneverknew,becausewemadenocomplaints.ItwasenoughforustoknowthatwewerepleasingGeneralArmstrong,andthatweweremakingitpossibleforanadditionalnumberofstudentstosecureaneducation.Morethanonce,duringacoldnight,whenastiffgalewouldbeblowing,ourtentwasliftedbodily,andwewouldfindourselvesintheopenair.TheGeneralwouldusuallypayavisittothetentsearlyinthemorning,andhisearnest,cheerful,encouragingvoicewoulddispelanyfeelingofdespondency.我是志愿者之一。我们在帐篷里度过的那个冬天极其寒冷,我们遭受了极大的痛苦——我相信阿姆斯特朗将军永远不知道我们有多难受,因为我们从未抱怨过。对我们来说,知道我们取悦了阿姆斯特朗将军,并且让我们更多学生能够接受教育就足够了。不止一次,在寒冷的夜晚,当强风呼啸时,我们的帐篷会被整个掀起,我们会发现自己置身于露天之中。阿姆斯特朗将军通常会在清晨早早就来探望帐篷,他那热忱、愉快、鼓舞人心的声音会驱散我们所有的沮丧情绪。IhavespokenofmyadmirationforGeneralArmstrong,andyethewasbutatypeofthatChristlikebodyofmenandwomenwhowentintotheNegroschoolsatthecloseofthewarbythehundredstoassistinliftingupmyrace.Thehistoryoftheworldfailstoshowahigher,purer,andmoreunselfishclassofmenandwomenthanthosewhofoundtheirwayintothoseNegroschools.我曾表达过对阿姆斯特朗将军的钦佩,然而他只是在战争结束后成百上千地进入黑人学校的那些像基督一样的男人和女人中的一员。他们的目标是帮助提升我的种族。世界的历史未能展示出比那些找到途径进入这些黑人学校的人更高尚、更纯洁、更无私的阶级。LifeatHamptonwasaconstantrevelationtome;wasconstantlytakingmeintoanewworld.Thematterofhavingmealsatregularhours,ofeatingonatablecloth,usinganapkin,theuseofthebath-tubandofthetooth-brush,aswellastheuseofsheetsuponthebed,wereallnewtome.哈蒙德的生活对我来说是一种不断的启示;它不断地把我带入一个新世界。按时吃饭、在桌布上用餐、使用餐巾、使用浴缸和牙刷,以及在床上使用床单,这些对我来说都是全新的体验。IsometimesfeelthatalmostthemostvaluablelessonIgotattheHamptonInstitutewasintheuseandvalueofthebath.Ilearnedthereforthefirsttimesomeofitsvalue,notonlyinkeepingthebodyhealthy,butininspiringself-respectandpromotingvirtue.InallmytravelsintheSouthandelsewheresinceleavingHamptonIhavealwaysinsomewaysoughtmydailybath.TogetitsometimeswhenIhavebeentheguestofmyownpeopleinasingle-roomedcabinhasnotalwaysbeeneasytodo,exceptbyslippingawaytosomestreaminthewoods.Ihavealwaystriedtoteachmypeoplethatsomeprovisionforbathingshouldbeapartofeveryhouse.我有时觉得我在哈姆普顿学院学到的最有价值的一课是如何使用和重视洗澡。在那里我第一次了解到洗澡的价值,它不仅有助于保持身体的健康,还能激发自尊心并促进美德。在我离开哈姆普顿学院以后,在南方以及其他地方旅行时,我总是在某种程度上设法每天洗澡。当我作为客人住在同胞们的单间小屋时,要想得到这个并不总是容易做到的,除非溜到树林里的小溪边去洗。我一直努力教导我的同胞们,每个房子都应该有供洗澡的设施。Forsometime,whileastudentatHampton,Ipossessedbutasinglepairofsocks,butwhenIhadwornthesetilltheybecamesoiled,Iwouldwashthematnightandhangthembythefiretodry,sothatImightwearthemagainthenextmorning.有一段时间,在汉普顿求学期间,我只有一双袜子。但是,当我穿得脏了的时候,我会在晚上把它们洗干净,挂在炉火边晾干,这样第二天早上就可以继续穿。ThechargeformyboardatHamptonwastendollarspermonth.Iwasexpectedtopayapartofthisincashandtoworkouttheremainder.Tomeetthiscashpayment,asIhavestated,IhadjustfiftycentswhenIreachedtheinstitution.AsidefromaveryfewdollarsthatmybrotherJohnwasabletosendmeonceinawhile,Ihadnomoneywithwhichtopaymyboard.Iwasdeterminedfromthefirsttomakemyworkasjanitorsovaluablethatmyserviceswouldbeindispensable.ThisIsucceededindoingtosuchanextentthatIwassooninformedthatIwouldbeallowedthefullcostofmyboardinreturnformywork.Thecostoftuitionwasseventydollarsayear.This,ofcourse,waswhollybeyondmyabilitytoprovide.IfIhadbeencompelledtopaytheseventydollarsfortuition,inadditiontoprovidingformyboard,IwouldhavebeencompelledtoleavetheHamptonschool.GeneralArmstrong,however,verykindlygotMr.S.GriffittsMorgan,ofNewBedford,Mass.,todefraythecostofmytuitionduringthewholetimethatIwasatHampton.AfterIfinishedthecourseatHamptonandhadentereduponmylifeworkatTuskegee,IhadthepleasureofvisitingMr.Morganseveraltimes.我在汉普顿住宿的费用是每月十美元。我被期望用现金支付一部分,并通过工作来弥补剩余的部分。正如我所说过的,当我到达这所机构时,我只有五十美分作为现金支付。除了我的哥哥约翰偶尔能寄给我很少的一部分钱外,我没有钱来支付我的住宿费。我从一开始就下定决心,要让我的看门人工作变得如此有价值,以至于我的服务不可或缺。我成功地做到了这一点,以至于很快有人告诉我,我可以用自己的工作来换取全额的住宿费。学费是一年七十美元。当然,这远远超出了我的支付能力。如果我不得不支付七十美元的学费,再加上提供住宿费,我就不得不离开汉普顿学校。然而,阿姆斯特朗将军非常善良地让马萨诸塞州新贝德福德的S.GriffittsMorgan先生在整个我在汉普顿的时间内承担了我的学费。在我完成汉普顿的课程并开始在塔斯基吉开展我的工作后,我有幸多次拜访了摩根先生。AfterhavingbeenforawhileatHampton,IfoundmyselfindifficultybecauseIdidnothavebooksandclothing.Usually,however,Igotaroundthetroubleaboutbooksbyborrowingfromthosewhoweremorefortunatethanmyself.Astoclothes,whenIreachedHamptonIhadpracticallynothing.EverythingthatIpossessedwasinasmallhandsatchel.MyanxietyaboutclothingwasincreasedbecauseofthefactthatGeneralArmstrongmadeapersonalinspectionoftheyoungmeninranks,toseethattheirclotheswereclean.Shoeshadtobepolished,theremustbenobuttonsofftheclothing,andnogrease-spots.Towearonesuitofclothescontinually,whileatworkandintheschoolroom,andatthesametimekeepitclean,wasratherahardproblemformetosolve.InsomewayImanagedtogetontilltheteacherslearnedthatIwasinearnestandmeanttosucceed,andthensomeofthemwerekindenoughtoseethatIwaspartlysuppliedwithsecond-handclothingthathadbeensentinbarrelsfromtheNorth.Thesebarrelsprovedablessingtohundredsofpoorbutdeservingstudents.WithoutthemIquestionwhetherIshouldeverhavegottenthroughHampton.在汉普顿待了一段时间后,我发现由于没有书本和衣服,自己陷入了困境。然而,通常我会通过向那些比我幸运的人借书来解决书本的问题。至于衣服,当我到达汉普顿时,几乎一无所有。我所有的物品都装在一个小手提包里。由于阿姆斯特朗将军会亲自检查年轻人们是否穿着干净的衣服,我的衣物焦虑进一步加剧了。鞋子必须擦亮,衣服不能有扣子脱落,也不能有油渍。要一直穿着一套衣服工作、在学校上课,同时还要保持它干净整洁,对我来说确实是一个难题。以某种方式,我设法坚持下去,直到老师们了解到我是认真的并且决心成功,然后他们中有几位好心地确保我部分得到了从北方用桶寄来的二手衣服。这些桶对成百上千贫穷但值得帮助的学生来说是一大福音。如果没有它们,我不确定我是否能够顺利完成汉普顿的学习。WhenIfirstwenttoHamptonIdonotrecallthatIhadeversleptinabedthathadtwosheetsonit.Inthosedaystherewerenotmanybuildingsthere,androomwasveryprecious.Thereweresevenotherboysinthesameroomwithme;mostofthem,however,studentswhohadbeenthereforsometime.Thesheetswerequiteapuzzletome.ThefirstnightIsleptunderbothofthem,andthesecondnightIsleptontopofthem;butbywatchingtheotherboysIlearnedmylessoninthis,andhavebeentryingtofollowiteversinceandtoteachittoothers.当我第一次去汉普顿时,我不记得曾经睡过一张铺着两床被单的床。那时那里的建筑物不多,房间非常宝贵。我的房间里还有七个其他男孩;不过,他们大多数是已经在那里学习了一段时间的学生。这些床单对我来说是个谜。第一个晚上我睡在了两床被单下面,第二个晚上我又睡在了它们上面;但是通过观察其他男孩,我学到了这一课,并且从那以后一直在努力遵循它,并且也在教导别人。IwasamongtheyoungestofthestudentswhowereinHamptonatthetime.Mostofthestudentsweremenandwomen—someasoldasfortyyearsofage.AsInowrecallthesceneofmyfirstyear,Idonotbelievethatoneoftenhastheopportunityofcomingintocontactwiththreeorfourhundredmenandwomenwhoweresotremendouslyinearnestasthesemenandwomenwere.Everyhourwasoccupiedinstudyorwork.Nearlyallhadhadenoughactualcontactwiththeworldtoteachthemtheneedofeducation.Manyoftheolderoneswere,ofcourse,toooldtomasterthetext-booksverythoroughly,anditwasoftensadtowatchtheirstruggles;buttheymadeupinearnestmuchofwhattheylackedinbooks.ManyofthemwereaspoorasIwas,and,besideshavingtowrestlewiththeirbooks,theyhadtostrugglewithapovertywhichpreventedtheirhavingthenecessitiesoflife.Manyofthemhadagedparentswhoweredependentuponthem,andsomeofthemweremenwhohadwiveswhosesupportinsomewaytheyhadtoprovidefor.我是当时在哈姆普顿学习的学生中最年轻的一个。大多数学生是男女兼有——有些人已经四十岁了。当我回忆起第一年的场景时,我不认为一个人经常有机会接触到像这些男人和女人那样如此认真的人。每一刻都被学习或工作占据。几乎所有人都有足够的实际经验来教会他们教育的重要性。当然,许多年长者太老了,无法彻底掌握教科书,看着他们的努力挣扎常常令人心酸;但他们用认真的态度弥补了缺乏书籍的不足。他们中的许多人和我一样贫穷,除了要与书本搏斗外,还要与贫困抗争,这种贫困剥夺了他们生活的必需品。许多人还有需要他们赡养的年迈父母,其中一些人是已经有妻子的男人,他们不得不以某种方式为妻子的生计提供保障。Thegreatandprevailingideathatseemedtotakepossessionofeveryonewastopreparehimselftoliftupthepeopleathishome.Nooneseemedtothinkofhimself.Andtheofficersandteachers,whatararesetofhumanbeingstheywere!Theyworkedforthestudentsnightandday,inseasonsandoutofseason.Theyseemedhappyonlywhentheywerehelpingthestudentsinsomemanner.Wheneveritiswritten—andIhopeitwillbe—thepartthattheYankeeteachersplayedintheeducationoftheNegroesimmediatelyafterthewarwillmakeoneofthemostthrillingpartsofthehistoryoffthiscountry.ThetimeisnotfardistantwhenthewholeSouthwillappreciatethisserviceinawaythatithasnotyetbeenabletodo.那个伟大而普遍的想法似乎占据了每个人的脑海,就是要让自己准备好去提升家乡的人民。似乎没有人想到自己。那些官员和教师们,他们是一群多么罕见的人啊!他们不分昼夜、不论季节地为学生工作。只有当他们在以某种方式帮助学生时,他们才显得快乐。每当这段历史被书写——我希望它会被书写——北方来的教师们在战后对黑人教育所起的作用将成为这个国家历史中最激动人心的部分之一。不久的将来,整个南方将以它目前还无法做到的方式充分认识到这一服务的重要性。