出身奴隶

第十一章 制作他们的床铺,然后才能躺上去

在学校的稍晚历史时期,我们迎来了汉普顿学院财务主管J.F.B.马歇尔将军的访问,他有足够的信心借给我们最初的二百五十美元,用于支付农场的首付款。他在我们这里停留了一周,并对我们的一切进行了仔细的检查。他对我们的进步似乎感到非常满意,并向汉普顿写回了有趣且鼓舞人心的报告。稍后,玛丽·F.麦基小姐——我在进入哈姆普顿时接受“清扫”考试的老师——来看望我们,再后来,阿姆斯特朗将军本人也来了。AtthetimeofthevisitsoftheseHamptonfriendsthenumberofteachersatTuskegeehadincreasedconsiderably,andthemostofthenewteachersweregraduatesoftheHamptonInstitute.WegaveourHamptonfriends,especiallyGeneralArmstrong,acordialwelcome.Theywereallsurprisedandpleasedattherapidprogressthattheschoolhadmadewithinsoshortatime.ThecolouredpeoplefrommilesaroundcametotheschooltogetalookatGeneralArmstrong,aboutwhomtheyhadheardsomuch.TheGeneralwasnotonlywelcomedbythemembersofmyownrace,butbytheSouthernwhitepeopleaswell.这些汉普顿朋友来访的时候,塔斯基吉的教师人数已经大大增加,而且大多数新教师都是汉普顿学院的毕业生。我们热情地欢迎了我们的汉普顿朋友,尤其是阿姆斯特朗将军。他们对学校在如此短的时间内取得的迅速进展感到非常惊讶和高兴。周围数英里外的黑人群众来到学校,想看看阿姆斯特朗将军,他们对他已有所耳闻。阿姆斯特朗将军不仅受到我族人的欢迎,也受到了南方白人群体的欢迎。ThisfirstvisitwhichGeneralArmstrongmadetoTuskegeegavemeanopportunitytogetaninsightintohischaractersuchasIhadnotbeforehad.IrefertohisinterestintheSouthernwhitepeople.BeforethisIhadhadthethoughtthatGeneralArmstrong,havingfoughttheSouthernwhiteman,rathercherishedafeelingofbitternesstowardthewhiteSouth,andwasinterestedinhelpingonlythecolouredmanthere.ButthisvisitconvincedmethatIdidnotknowthegreatnessandthegenerosityoftheman.Isoonlearned,byhisvisitstotheSouthernwhitepeople,andfromhisconversationswiththem,thathewasasanxiousabouttheprosperityandthehappinessofthewhiteraceastheblack.HecherishednobitternessagainsttheSouth,andwashappywhenanopportunityofferedformanifestinghissympathy.InallmyacquaintancewithGeneralArmstrongIneverheardhimspeak,inpublicorinprivate,asinglebitterwordagainstthewhitemanintheSouth.FromhisexampleinthisrespectIlearnedthelessonthatgreatmencultivatelove,andthatonlylittlemencherishaspiritofhatred.Ilearnedthatassistancegiventotheweakmakestheonewhogivesitstrong;andthatoppressionoftheunfortunatemakesoneweak.阿姆斯特朗将军此次访问塔斯克基学院给了我一个深入了解他性格的机会,这是我之前未曾有过的。我指的是他对南方白人的兴趣。在此之前,我认为阿姆斯特朗将军,作为曾经与南方白人对抗的人,可能对白人南方抱有怨恨情绪,并且只对那里的有色人种感兴趣。但是这次访问让我确信,我对这个人的伟大和慷慨了解得还不够。很快,通过他访问南方白人以及与他们的谈话,我了解到他对白人种族的繁荣和幸福与对黑人一样关心。他对南方毫无怨恨之情,在有机会表达同情时感到高兴。在我与阿姆斯特朗将军的整个交往中,无论是公开场合还是私下里,我都从未听到他说过一句针对南方白人的刻薄话。从他在这一点上的榜样,我学到了重要的一课:伟大的人培养爱,而小气的人则怀有仇恨之心。我还学到,给予弱者帮助会使给予者变得更强;而压迫不幸者会使压迫者变得软弱。ItisnowlongagothatIlearnedthislessonfromGeneralArmstrong,andresolvedthatIwouldpermitnoman,nomatterwhathiscolourmightbe,tonarrowanddegrademysoulbymakingmehatehim.WithGod'shelp,IbelievethatIhavecompletelyridmyselfofanyillfeelingtowardtheSouthernwhitemanforanywrongthathemayhaveinflicteduponmyrace.IammadetofeeljustashappynowwhenIamrenderingservicetoSouthernwhitemenaswhentheserviceisrenderedtoamemberofmyownrace.Ipityfromthebottomofmyheartanyindividualwhoissounfortunateastogetintothehabitofholdingraceprejudice.我很久以前从阿姆斯特朗将军那里学到了这一课,并决心不让任何人,不管他是什么肤色,通过让我恨他来限制和贬低我的灵魂。依靠上帝的帮助,我相信我已经完全摆脱了对南方白人任何可能对我们种族造成的伤害的不良情绪。当我为南方白人服务时,我现在感到和为自己的种族成员服务一样快乐。我由衷地同情那些不幸养成种族偏见的人。ThemoreIconsiderthesubject,themorestronglyIamconvincedthatthemostharmfuleffectofthepracticetowhichthepeopleincertainsectionsoftheSouthhavefeltthemselvescompelledtoresort,inordertogetridoftheforceoftheNegroes'ballot,isnotwhollyinthewrongdonetotheNegro,butinthepermanentinjurytothemoralsofthewhiteman.ThewrongtotheNegroistemporary,buttothemoralsofthewhitemantheinjuryispermanent.Ihavenotedtimeandtimeagainthatwhenanindividualperjureshimselfinordertobreaktheforceoftheblackman'sballot,hesoonlearnstopractisedishonestyinotherrelationsoflife,notonlywheretheNegroisconcerned,butequallysowhereawhitemanisconcerned.ThewhitemanwhobeginsbycheatingaNegrousuallyendsbycheatingawhiteman.ThewhitemanwhobeginstobreakthelawbylynchingaNegrosoonyieldstothetemptationtolynchawhiteman.Allthis,itseemstome,makesitimportantthatthewholeNationlendahandintryingtolifttheburdenofignorancefromtheSouth.我越思考这个问题,就越坚信南方某些地区的人们为了消除黑人选票的影响力而不得不采取的做法所产生的最有害影响,并不完全在于对黑人的不公,而是对白人道德的永久性伤害。对黑人的伤害是暂时的,但对白人道德的伤害却是永久的。我已经一次又一次地注意到,当一个人为了削弱黑人选票的力量而发誓作伪证时,他很快就会在生活的其他方面也学会不诚实,不仅是在涉及黑人的事务中如此,在涉及白人的事务中也同样如此。开始欺骗黑人的白人通常最终也会欺骗白人。开始通过私刑处死黑人的白人很快就会屈服于诱惑,进而私刑处死白人。在我看来,所有这些都表明,整个国家有必要伸出援手,努力减轻南方的无知负担。AnotherthingthatisbecomingmoreapparenteachyearinthedevelopmentofeducationintheSouthistheinfluenceofGeneralArmstrong'sideaofeducation;andthisnotupontheblacksalone,butuponthewhitesalso.AtthepresenttimethereisalmostnoSouthernstatethatisnotputtingfortheffortsinthedirectionofsecuringindustrialeducationforitswhiteboysandgirls,andinmostcasesitiseasytotracethehistoryoftheseeffortsbacktoGeneralArmstrong.南方教育发展中每年变得越来越明显的一件事是阿姆斯特朗将军教育理念的影响;这种影响不仅作用于黑人群体,也作用于白人群体。目前,几乎每个南方州都在努力为其白人男孩和女孩争取工业教育,而且在大多数情况下,这些努力的历史都可以追溯到阿姆斯特朗将军。Soonaftertheopeningofourhumbleboardingdepartmentstudentsbegancomingtousinstilllargernumbers.Forweekswenotonlyhadtocontendwiththedifficultyofprovidingboard,withnomoney,butalsowiththatofprovidingsleepingaccommodations.Forthispurposewerentedanumberofcabinsneartheschool.Thesecabinswereinadilapidatedcondition,andduringthewintermonthsthestudentswhooccupiedthemnecessarilysufferedfromthecold.Wechargethestudentseightdollarsamonth—alltheywereabletopay—fortheirboard.Thisincluded,besidesboard,room,fuel,andwashing.Wealsogavethestudentscreditontheirboardbillsforalltheworkwhichtheydidfortheschoolwhichwasofanyvaluetotheinstitution.Thecostoftuition,whichwasfiftydollarsayearforeachstudent,wehadtosecurethen,asnow,whereverwecould.我们的寄宿部门刚一开办,学生就开始大量涌入。我们不仅连续几周不得不在没有任何资金的情况下想办法解决学生的食宿问题,还要应对住宿设施不足的困难。为此,我们在学校附近租了一些小屋。这些小屋破旧不堪,在冬季,住在里面的学生不可避免地要受冻挨饿。我们每个月向学生收取八美元——他们所能支付的最高金额——作为伙食费。这包括食宿、燃料和洗衣费用。此外,我们还根据学生在学校所做的有价值的工作,给予他们在伙食账单上的信用额度。每位学生的学费是每年五十美元,我们当时和现在一样,只能尽全力从各方面筹集资金。Thissmallchargeincashgaveusnocapitalwithwhichtostartaboardingdepartment.Theweatherduringthesecondwinterofourworkwasverycold.Wewerenotabletoprovideenoughbed-clothestokeepthestudentswarm.Infact,forsometimewewerenotabletoprovide,exceptinafewcases,bedsteadsandmattressesofanykind.DuringthecoldestnightsIwassotroubledaboutthediscomfortofthestudentsthatIcouldnotsleepmyself.IrecallthatonseveraloccasionsIwentinthemiddleofthenighttotheshantiesoccupiedbytheyoungmen,forthepurposeofconfrontingthem.OftenIfoundsomeofthemsittinghuddledaroundafire,withtheoneblanketwhichwehadbeenabletoprovidewrappedaroundthem,tryinginthiswaytokeepwarm.Duringthewholenightsomeofthemdidnotattempttoliedown.Onemorning,whenthenightprevioushadbeenunusuallycold,Iaskedthoseofthestudentsinthechapelwhothoughtthattheyhadbeenfrostbittenduringthenighttoraisetheirhands.Threehandswentup.Notwithstandingtheseexperiences,therewasalmostnocomplainingonthepartofthestudents.Theyknewthatweweredoingthebestthatwecouldforthem.Theywerehappyintheprivilegeofbeingpermittedtoenjoyanykindofopportunitythatwouldenablethemtoimprovetheircondition.Theywereconstantlyaskingwhattheymightdotolightentheburdensoftheteachers.这笔小额现金对我们来说没有任何资本来开办住宿部门。我们工作第二个冬天的时候天气非常寒冷。我们无法提供足够的床品来让学生们保暖。事实上,在一段时间内,除了少数情况外,我们甚至无法提供任何形式的床架和床垫。在最冷的夜晚,我因为担心学生的不适而自己也睡不着觉。我记得有几次在半夜,我去年轻人居住的简陋棚屋,目的是去面对他们。常常我发现他们中的一些人围坐在火堆旁,裹着我们能提供的唯一一条毯子,试图以此方式取暖。整个晚上,有些人甚至没有尝试躺下休息。一天早晨,前一天晚上异常寒冷,我在礼堂里问那些认为自己可能在夜间被冻伤的学生举起手来。三只手举了起来。尽管有这样的经历,学生们几乎没有抱怨。他们知道我们正在尽最大努力帮助他们。他们很高兴有机会能够改善自己的处境。他们不断地询问自己可以做些什么来减轻教师们的负担。Ihavehearditstatedmorethanonce,bothintheNorthandintheSouth,thatcolouredpeoplewouldnotobeyandrespecteachotherwhenonememberoftheraceisplacedinapositionofauthorityoverothers.Inregardtothisgeneralbeliefandthesestatements,IcansaythatduringthenineteenyearsofmyexperienceatTuskegeeInever,eitherbywordoract,havebeentreatedwithdisrespectbyanystudentorofficerconnectedwiththeinstitution.Ontheotherhand,Iamconstantlyembarrassedbythemanyactsofthoughtfulkindness.Thestudentsdonotseemtowanttoseemecarryalargebookorasatcheloranykindofaburdenthroughthegrounds.Insuchcasesmorethanonealwaysofferstorelieveme.Ialmostnevergooutofmyofficewhentherainisfallingthatsomestudentdoesnotcometomysidewithanumbrellaandasktobeallowedtoholditoverme.我多次在北方和南方都听到这样的说法,即有色人种不会服从或尊重那些由种族中的一员被置于对他人的权威地位的人。关于这一普遍信念和这些陈述,我可以这样说,在塔斯凯奇大学工作的十九年里,无论是通过言语还是行为,我从未受到任何与该机构有关的学生或职员的不尊重对待。相反,我经常因许多体贴的善举而感到尴尬。学生们似乎不想看到我提着大书、公文包或其他任何类型的重物穿过校园。在这种情况下,总是不止一个学生主动提出要帮我拿。几乎每次下雨时我走出办公室,都有学生带着伞来到我身边,请求允许他们为我撑伞。Whilewritinguponthissubject,itisapleasureformetoaddthatinallmycontactwiththewhitepeopleoftheSouthIhaveneverreceivedasinglepersonalinsult.ThewhitepeopleinandnearTuskegee,toanespecialdegree,seemtocountitasaprivilegetoshowmealltherespectwithintheirpower,andoftengooutoftheirwaytodothis.在谈论这个话题时,我很高兴地补充一点,在我与南方白人的所有接触中,从未受到过任何个人侮辱。尤其是塔斯基奇及其附近的白人,似乎很乐意尽其所能向我表示尊重,并且常常特意这样做。NotverylongagoIwasmakingajourneybetweenDallas(Texas)andHouston.InsomewayitbecameknowninadvancethatIwasonthetrain.Atnearlyeverystationatwhichthetrainstopped,numbersofwhitepeople,includinginmostcasesoftheofficialsofthetown,cameaboardandintroducedthemselvesandthankedmeheartilyfortheworkthatIwastryingtodofortheSouth.不久之前,我正在从达拉斯(德克萨斯州)到休斯敦的旅途中。不知怎的,我的行程在事先被大家知道了。火车在几乎每一个停靠的车站,都有大量的白人上车,其中包括大多数城镇的官员,他们自我介绍并衷心感谢我为南方所做的工作。Onanotheroccasion,whenIwasmakingatripfromAugusta,Georgia,toAtlanta,beingrathertiredfrommuchtravel,IrodeinaPullmansleeper.WhenIwentintothecar,IfoundtheretwoladiesfromBostonwhomIknewwell.Thesegoodladieswereperfectlyignorant,itseems,ofthecustomsoftheSouth,andinthegoodnessoftheirheartsinsistedthatItakeaseatwiththemintheirsection.AftersomehesitationIconsented.Ihadbeentherebutafewminuteswhenoneofthem,withoutmyknowledge,orderedsuppertobeservedforthethreeofus.Thisembarrassedmestillfurther.ThecarwasfullofSouthernwhitemen,mostofwhomhadtheireyesonourparty.WhenIfoundthatsupperhadbeenordered,Itriedtocontrivesomeexcusethatwouldpermitmetoleavethesection,buttheladiesinsistedthatImusteatwiththem.Ifinallysettledbackinmyseatwithasigh,andsaidtomyself,"Iaminforitnow,sure."有一次,我从佐治亚州奥古斯塔市乘火车去亚特兰大市,在经过长时间旅行后,我乘坐了卧铺车厢。当我进入车厢时,我发现有两个来自波士顿的女士,我非常熟悉她们。这两个善良的女士似乎完全不了解南方的习俗,出于内心的善意,坚持要我坐在她们的车厢座位上。经过一番犹豫,我同意了。我刚坐下几分钟,其中一位女士就在我不知情的情况下为三个人点了晚餐。这让我更加尴尬。车厢里坐满了南方白人男子,他们大多数人都在注视着我们的这一群人。当我发现晚餐已经点好时,我试图找一些借口离开这个座位,但那两位女士坚持要我跟她们一起吃饭。最后,我叹了口气,回到座位上,心里对自己说:“现在我可真的陷入困境了。”Toaddfurthertotheembarrassmentofthesituation,soonafterthesupperwasplacedonthetableoneoftheladiesrememberedthatshehadinhersatchelaspecialkindofteawhichshewishedserved,andasshesaidshefeltquitesuretheporterdidnotknowhowtobrewitproperly,sheinsistedupongettingupandpreparingandservingitherself.Atlastthemealwasover;anditseemedthelongestonethatIhadevereaten.Whenwewerethrough,Idecidedtogetmyselfoutoftheembarrassingsituationandgotothesmoking-room,wheremostofthemenwerebythattime,toseehowthelandlay.Inthemeantime,however,ithadbecomeknowninsomewaythroughoutthecarwhoIwas.WhenIwentintothesmoking-roomIwasnevermoresurprisedinmylifethanwheneachman,nearlyeveryoneofthemacitizenofGeorgia,cameupandintroducedhimselftomeandthankedmeearnestlyfortheworkthatIwastryingtodoforthewholeSouth.Thiswasnotflattery,becauseeachoneoftheseindividualsknewthathehadnothingtogainbytryingtoflatterme.更令这处境尴尬的是,晚饭刚摆上桌不久,一位女士突然想起她的手提包里有一种特殊的茶,她希望用这种茶招待大家,并且她说她很确定搬运工不知道如何正确地冲泡,于是她坚持要起身亲自准备并端上茶。最后这顿饭结束了;我觉得这是我吃过的最漫长的一顿饭。当我们吃完时,我决定摆脱这个令人尴尬的局面,去吸烟室看看情况,当时大多数男人都在那里。然而,在此期间,不知怎么地整个车厢里的人都知道了我是谁。当我走进吸烟室时,我这辈子从未如此惊讶过,几乎每一个男人——他们大多是乔治亚州的公民——都走上前来自我介绍并诚挚地感谢我在为整个南方所做的一切工作。这不是奉承,因为这些个人都知道试图讨好我对他们没有任何好处。FromthefirstIhavesoughttoimpressthestudentswiththeideathatTuskegeeisnotmyinstitution,orthatoftheofficers,butthatitistheirinstitution,andthattheyhaveasmuchinterestinitasanyofthetrusteesorinstructors.IhavefurthersoughttohavethemfeelthatIamattheinstitutionastheirfriendandadviser,andnotastheiroverseer.Ithasbeenmyaimtohavethemspeakwithdirectnessandfranknessaboutanythingthatconcernsthelifeoftheschool.TwoorthreetimesayearIaskthestudentstowritemealettercriticisingormakingcomplaintsorsuggestionsaboutanythingconnectedwiththeinstitution.Whenthisisnotdone,Ihavethemmeetmeinthechapelforaheart-to-hearttalkabouttheconductoftheschool.TherearenomeetingswithourstudentsthatIenjoymorethanthese,andnonearemorehelpfultomeinplanningforthefuture.Thesemeetings,itseemstome,enablemetogetattheveryheartofallthatconcernstheschool.Fewthingshelpanindividualmorethantoplaceresponsibilityuponhim,andtolethimknowthatyoutrusthim.WhenIhavereadoflabourtroublesbetweenemployersandemployees,Ihaveoftenthoughtthatmanystrikesandsimilardisturbancesmightbeavoidediftheemployerswouldcultivatethehabitofgettingnearertotheiremployees,ofconsultingandadvisingwiththem,andlettingthemfeelthattheinterestsofthetwoarethesame.Everyindividualrespondstoconfidence,andthisisnotmoretrueofanyracethanoftheNegroes.Letthemonceunderstandthatyouareunselfishlyinterestedinthem,andyoucanleadthemtoanyextent.从一开始,我就努力让学生们明白塔斯基吉不是我的学校,也不是管理人员的学校,而是他们的学校,他们对学校的兴趣和受托人或教职员工一样重要。我还努力让他们感受到,我是作为他们的朋友和顾问来到这所学校,而不是作为他们的监督者。我一直的目标是让他们就学校生活中的任何事情坦率而直率地表达自己的想法。每年两到三次,我会要求学生写信给我,批评、提出投诉或对学校任何方面提出建议。如果没有这样做,我会让他们在教堂里与我进行一次推心置腹的谈话,讨论学校的运作情况。没有比这些会议更让我享受的了,也没有哪次会议能像这些一样对我规划未来有所帮助。在我看来,这些会议使我能够触及学校所有事务的核心。没有什么比把责任交给一个人更能帮助他成长的了,而且让他知道你信任他。当我读到雇主和雇员之间的劳资纠纷时,我常常想,如果雇主能养成更接近雇员的习惯,与他们协商并提供建议,并让他们感觉到双方的利益是一致的,那么许多罢工和其他类似的骚乱可能会避免。每个人都对信任有反应,这一点对任何种族都适用,对黑人也不例外。一旦他们理解你无私地关心他们,你可以引导他们走向任何方向。ItwasmyaimfromthefirstatTuskegeetonotonlyhavethebuildingserectedbythestudentsthemselves,buttohavethemmaketheirownfurnitureasfaraswaspossible.Inowmarvelatthepatienceofthestudentswhilesleepinguponthefloorwhilewaitingforsomekindofabedsteadtobeconstructed,orattheirsleepingwithoutanykindofamattresswhilewaitingforsomethingthatlookedlikeamattresstobemade.从我在塔斯基奇的第一天起,我的目标不仅是让学生自己建造校舍,还尽可能让他们自己制作家具。我现在惊叹于学生们在等待床架建成的过程中睡在地板上的耐心,或者在等待制作出类似床垫的东西期间,睡在没有床垫的状态下的毅力。Intheearlydayswehadveryfewstudentswhohadbeenusedtohandlingcarpenters'tools,andthebedsteadsmadebythestudentsthenwereveryroughandveryweak.NotunfrequentlywhenIwentintothestudents'roomsinthemorningIwouldfindatleasttwobedsteadslyingaboutonthefloor.Theproblemofprovidingmattresseswasadifficultonetosolve.Wefinallymasteredthis,however,bygettingsomecheapclothandsewingpiecesofthistogetherastomakelargebags.Thesebagswefilledwiththepinestraw—or,asitissometimescalled,pineneedles—whichwesecuredfromtheforestsnearby.Iamgladtosaythattheindustryofmattress-makinghasgrownsteadilysincethen,andhasbeenimprovedtosuchanextentthatatthepresenttimeitisanimportantbranchoftheworkwhichistaughtsystematicallytoanumberofourgirls,andthatthemattressesthatnowcomeoutofthemattress-shopatTuskegeeareaboutasgoodasthoseboughtintheaveragestore.Forsometimeaftertheopeningoftheboardingdepartmentwehadnochairsinthestudents'bedroomsorinthediningrooms.Insteadofchairsweusedstoolswhichthestudentsconstructedbynailingtogetherthreepiecesofroughboard.Asarule,thefurnitureinthestudents'roomsduringtheearlydaysoftheschoolconsistedofabed,somestools,andsometimesaroughtablemadebythestudents.Theplanofhavingthestudentsmakethefurnitureisstillfollowed,butthenumberofpiecesinaroomhasbeenincreased,andtheworkmanshiphassoimprovedthatlittlefaultcanbefoundwiththearticlesnow.OnethingthatIhavealwaysinsisteduponatTuskegeeisthateverywherethereshouldbeabsolutecleanliness.Overandoveragainthestudentswereremindedinthosefirstyears—andareremindednow—thatpeoplewouldexcuseusforourpoverty,forourlackofcomfortsandconveniences,butthattheywouldnotexcuseusfordirt.在早期,我们很少有学生习惯使用木匠工具,学生们制作的床架既粗糙又脆弱。不时地,在我早上走进学生宿舍时,至少会发现两张床架倒在地板上。解决床垫供应的问题是一个困难的任务。然而,我们最终通过购买一些便宜的布料,并将这些布料缝制成大袋子解决了这个问题。我们将从附近森林获取的松针——有时也称为松针——填入这些袋子里。我很高兴地说,自那以后,制作床垫这项产业稳步发展,并得到了极大的改进,以至于现在,它是我们系统性教授给许多女生的重要课程之一,而塔斯克吉床垫店出产的床垫几乎和普通商店里买到的床垫一样好。在膳食部门开放后的很长一段时间内,学生宿舍和餐厅里都没有椅子。取而代之的是学生们用三块粗糙的木板钉在一起制成的小凳子。在学校的早期,学生宿舍里的家具通常包括一张床、几个小凳子,有时还有一张由学生自制的粗糙桌子。让学生制作家具的做法仍然在继续,但每个房间里的家具数量增加了,工艺水平也有了显著提高,现在很难挑出什么毛病了。我在塔斯克吉一直坚持的一个原则是,无论何处都必须保持绝对的清洁。在最初的几年里,学生们被反复提醒——现在也是如此——人们可能会原谅我们的贫穷,原谅我们缺乏舒适和便利,但绝不会原谅我们的脏乱。Anotherthingthathasbeeninsisteduponattheschoolistheuseofthetooth-brush."Thegospelofthetooth-brush,"asGeneralArmstrongusedtocallit,ispartofourcreedatTuskegee.Nostudentispermittedtoretainwhodoesnotkeepanduseatooth-brush.Severaltimes,inrecentyears,studentshavecometouswhobroughtwiththemalmostnootherarticleexceptatooth-brush.Theyhadheardfromthelipsofotherstudentsaboutourinsistingupontheuseofthis,andso,tomakeagoodimpression,theybroughtatleastatooth-brushwiththem.Irememberthatonemorning,notlongago,Iwentwiththeladyprincipalonherusualmorningtourofinspectionofthegirls'rooms.Wefoundoneroomthatcontainedthreegirlswhohadrecentlyarrivedattheschool.WhenIaskedthemiftheyhadtooth-brushes,oneofthegirlsreplied,pointingtoabrush:"Yes,sir.Thatisourbrush.Weboughtittogether,yesterday."Itdidnottakethemlongtolearnadifferentlesson.学校强调的另一件事是使用牙刷。“牙刷的福音”,正如阿姆斯特朗将军曾经称呼的那样,是我们塔斯基吉信仰的一部分。没有任何学生可以在不保持并使用牙刷的情况下被允许留在学校。近年来,有几次学生带着几乎除了牙刷之外没有其他物品来到我们这里。他们从其他学生的口中听到了关于我们坚持使用牙刷的事情,因此,为了留下良好的印象,他们至少带了一把牙刷。我记得不久前的一个早晨,我和女校长照常进行了晨间宿舍检查。我们在一间女生宿舍里发现三个最近刚到学校的新同学。当我问她们是否有牙刷时,其中一个女孩指着一把牙刷回答说:“是的,先生。那是我们的牙刷。我们昨天一起买的。”她们很快就学到了不同的教训。Ithasbeeninterestingtonotetheeffectthattheuseofthetooth-brushhashadinbringingaboutahigherdegreeofcivilizationamongthestudents.Withfewexceptions,Ihavenoticedthat,ifwecangetastudenttothepointwhere,whenthefirstorsecondtooth-brushdisappears,heofhisownmotionbuysanother,Ihavenotbeendisappointedinthefutureofthatindividual.Absolutecleanlinessofthebodyhasbeeninsisteduponfromthefirst.Thestudentshavebeentaughttobatheasregularlyastotaketheirmeals.Thislessonwebeganteachingbeforewehadanythingintheshapeofabath-house.Mostofthestudentscamefromplantationdistricts,andoftenwehadtoteachthemhowtosleepatnight;thatis,whetherbetweenthetwosheets—afterwegottothepointwherewecouldprovidethemtwosheets—orunderbothofthem.NaturallyIfounditdifficulttoteachthemtosleepbetweentwosheetswhenwewereabletosupplybutone.Theimportanceoftheuseofthenight-gownreceivedthesameattention.注意到使用牙刷对学生文明程度提高所产生的影响是一件有趣的事情。除了极少数例外,我发现,如果我能让学生养成这样的习惯——当第一把或第二把牙刷用完后,他会主动去买新的牙刷,那么我对这个学生的未来就不会失望。从一开始我们就强调身体的绝对清洁。学生们被教导要像吃饭一样有规律地洗澡。甚至在我们还没有浴室的时候,就已开始教授他们这一课。大多数学生来自种植园地区,常常我们需要教他们如何在晚上睡觉;也就是说,是在两床被单之间——当我们能够提供两床被单之后——还是在它们下面。我自然发现,在我们只能供应一床被单时,教他们睡在两床被单之间是很困难的。睡衣的使用同样受到了重视。Foralongtimeoneofthemostdifficulttaskswastoteachthestudentsthatallthebuttonsweretobekeptontheirclothes,andthattheremustbenotornplacesorgrease-spots.Thislesson,Iampleasedtobeabletosay,hasbeensothoroughlylearnedandsofaithfullyhandeddownfromyeartoyearbyonesetofstudentstoanotherthatoftenatthepresenttime,whenthestudentsmarchoutofthechapelintheeveningandtheirdressisinspected,asitiseverynight,notonebuttonisfoundtobemissing.长久以来,最困难的任务之一就是教导学生们要将衣服上的纽扣全部系好,不允许有任何破损之处或油渍。我很高兴地能够说,这个教训已经被一代又一代的学生彻底学习并忠实地传承下来,以至于现在,当学生们晚上从礼拜堂列队出来时,按照惯例每天晚上都会检查他们的着装,结果常常发现没有一颗纽扣丢失。

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