出身奴隶

第九章 焦虑的日子与不眠的夜晚

那个圣诞节的到来,是我们住在亚拉巴马州的第一年,给了我们一个深入了解这里人们真实生活的机会。提醒我们圣诞节已到的第一件事是数十个孩子在凌晨时分来敲我们的门,询问“圣诞礼物!圣诞礼物!”我想,在凌晨两点到五点之间,我们至少收到了五十次这样的拜访。今天,这种习俗在整个南方的这一地区依然盛行。DuringthedaysofslaveryitwasacustomquitegenerallyobservedthroughoutalltheSouthernstatestogivethecolouredpeopleaweekofholidayatChristmas,ortoallowtheholidaytocontinueaslongasthe"yulelog"lasted.Themalemembersoftherace,andoftenthefemalemembers,wereexpectedtogetdrunk.WefoundthatforawholeweekthecolouredpeopleinandaroundTuskegeedroppedworkthedaybeforeChristmas,andthatitwasdifficultforanyonetoperformanyservicefromthetimetheystoppedworkuntilaftertheNewYear.PersonswhoatothertimesdidnotusestrongdrinkthoughtitquitetheproperthingtoindulgeinitratherfreelyduringtheChristmasweek.Therewasawidespreadhilarity,andafreeuseofguns,pistols,andgunpowdergenerally.Thesacrednessoftheseasonseemedtohavebeenalmostwhollylostsightof.在奴隶制时期,整个南方各州普遍流行着一种习俗,在圣诞节期间给有色人种一周的假期,或者允许假期一直持续到“圣诞柴”烧完为止。男性的种族成员,常常还有女性成员,被期望会喝醉酒。我们发现,整整一周,在塔斯基吉及其周边地区的有色人种都会在圣诞节前一天停止工作,从他们停工到新年过后这段时间内,很难有人能完成任何服务。那些在其他时间不饮酒的人也认为在圣诞节那一周自由饮用酒精是相当合适的事情。那时普遍弥漫着广泛的欢乐气氛,并且广泛使用枪支、手枪和火药。圣诞节的神圣性似乎已经被完全忽视了。DuringthisfirstChristmasvacationIwentsomedistancefromthetowntovisitthepeopleononeofthelargeplantations.Intheirpovertyandignoranceitwaspathetictoseetheirattemptstogetjoyoutoftheseasonthatinmostpartsofthecountryissosacredandsodeartotheheart.InonecabinInoticethatallthatthefivechildrenhadtoremindthemofthecomingofChristwasasinglebunchoffirecrackers,whichtheyhaddividedamongthem.Inanothercabin,wheretherewereatleastahalf-dozenpersons,theyhadonlytencents'worthofginger-cakes,whichhadbeenboughtinthestorethedaybefore.Inanotherfamilytheyhadonlyafewpiecesofsugarcane.InstillanothercabinIfoundnothingbutanewjugofcheap,meanwhiskey,whichthehusbandandwifeweremakingfreeuseof,notwithstandingthefactthatthehusbandwasoneofthelocalministers.InafewinstancesIfoundthatthepeoplehadgottenholdofsomebright-colouredcardsthathadbeendesignedforadvertisingpurposes,andweremakingthemostofthese.Inotherhomessomememberofthefamilyhadboughtanewpistol.InthemajorityofcasestherewasnothingtobeseeninthecabintoremindoneofthecomingoftheSaviour,exceptthatthepeoplehadceasedworkinthefieldsandwereloungingabouttheirhomes.Atnight,duringChristmasweek,theyusuallyhadwhattheycalleda"frolic,"insomecabinontheplantation.Thatmeantakindofroughdance,wheretherewaslikelytobeagooddealofwhiskeyused,andwheretheremightbesomeshootingorcuttingwithrazors.在这第一个圣诞节假期里,我离开城镇到一个较大的种植园去拜访那里的居民。尽管他们贫穷且无知,但他们试图从这个在大多数地方对人们来说如此神圣且珍贵的季节中获得快乐,这种努力让人感到悲伤。在一个小屋中,我发现这五名儿童拥有的所有提醒他们基督降临的东西就只有一串鞭炮,他们将其分开了。在另一个小屋中,至少有六个人,他们只有前一天在商店买来的价值十美分的姜饼。在另一户人家,他们只有几块甘蔗。在另一个小屋中,我发现唯一的东西是一瓶廉价且劣质的威士忌,这对夫妻正在自由地享用它,尽管这个丈夫是当地的一位牧师。在少数情况下,我发现这些人得到了一些为广告目的设计的色彩鲜艳的卡片,并且他们在充分利用这些卡片。在其他家庭中,家里有人买了一把新手枪。在大多数情况下,在小屋里看不到任何提醒人们基督降临的东西,除了人们已经停止田间劳作,懒散地待在家中。在圣诞周期间的晚上,他们通常会在种植园的某个小屋中举行所谓的“狂欢”,那就是一种粗俗的舞蹈,那里可能会大量使用威士忌,也可能发生一些用刀具的斗殴事件。WhileIwasmakingthisChristmasvisitImetanoldcolouredmanwhowasoneofthenumerouslocalpreachers,whotriedtoconvinceme,fromtheexperienceAdamhadintheGardenofEden,thatGodhadcursedalllabour,andthat,therefore,itwasasinforanymantowork.Forthatreasonthismansoughttodoaslittleworkaspossible.Heseemedatthattimetobesupremelyhappy,becausehewasliving,asheexpressedit,throughoneweekthatwasfreefromsin.在我这次圣诞节拜访期间,我遇到了一位年长的黑人,他是众多当地传教士之一,试图通过亚当在伊甸园的经历说服我,上帝已经诅咒了所有劳动,因此任何人工作都是有罪的。出于这个原因,这个人尽量少做工作。当时他似乎非常开心,因为他正如他自己所说,度过了一个没有罪恶的一周。IntheschoolwemadeaspecialefforttoteachourstudentsthemeaningofChristmas,andtogivethemlessonsinitsproperobservance.Inthiswehavebeensuccessfultoadegreethatmakesmefeelsafeinsayingthattheseasonnowhasanewmeaning,notonlythroughallthatimmediateregion,but,inameasure,whereverourgraduateshavegone.在学校里,我们特别努力教导学生圣诞节的意义,并向他们传授正确庆祝圣诞节的方法。在这方面,我们的成功程度让我有把握地说,这个节日现在不仅在这个地区有了新的意义,而且在某种程度上,我们的毕业生所到之处也都有了新的意义。AtthepresenttimeoneofthemostsatisfactoryfeaturesoftheChristmasandThanksgivingseasonatTuskegeeistheunselfishandbeautifulwayinwhichourgraduatesandstudentsspendtheirtimeinadministeringtothecomfortandhappinessofothers,especiallytheunfortunate.Notlongagosomeofouryoungmenspentaholidayinrebuildingacabinforahelplesscolouredwomenwhowasaboutseventy-fiveyearsold.AtanothertimeIrememberthatImadeitknowninchapel,onenight,thataverypoorstudentwassufferingfromcold,becauseheneededacoat.Thenextmorningtwocoatsweresenttomyofficeforhim.目前,在塔斯基吉大学的圣诞节和感恩节期间,最令人满意的特点之一是我们的毕业生和学生以无私而美丽的方式花费时间去照顾他人的舒适和幸福,尤其是那些不幸的人。不久前,一些年轻的学生在一个假期里重建了一间小屋,为一位无助的黑人妇女服务,她大约七十五岁了。还有一次,我记得有一天晚上我在教堂里提到,有一位非常贫困的学生因为需要一件外套而感到寒冷。第二天早上,有两件外套被送到了我的办公室给他。IhavereferredtothedispositiononthepartofthewhitepeopleinthetownofTuskegeeandvicinitytohelptheschool.Fromthefirst,Iresolvedtomaketheschoolarealpartofthecommunityinwhichitwaslocated.Iwasdeterminedthatnooneshouldhavethefeelingthatitwasaforeigninstitution,droppeddowninthemidstofthepeople,forwhichtheyhadnoresponsibilityandinwhichtheyhadnointerest.Inoticedthattheveryfactthattheyhadbeenaskingtocontributetowardthepurchaseofthelandmadethembegintofeelasifitwasgoingtobetheirschool,toalargedegree.Inotedthatjustinproportionaswemadethewhitepeoplefeelthattheinstitutionwasapartofthelifeofthecommunity,andthat,whilewewantedtomakefriendsinBoston,forexample,wealsowantedtomakewhitefriendsinTuskegee,andthatwewantedtomaketheschoolofrealservicetoallthepeople,theirattitudetowardtheschoolbecamefavourable.我曾提到塔斯奇基及其周边地区白人愿意帮助学校的态度。从一开始,我就决心让这所学校成为所在社区的一部分。我下定决心,绝不能让任何人觉得这是一所外国机构,被随意放置在人们中间,他们无需承担责任,也无兴趣参与。我注意到,他们请求为购买土地做出贡献的这一事实,使他们开始觉得这所学校在很大程度上是他们的学校。我观察到,我们越是让白人感到这所机构是社区生活的一部分,同时我们也希望在波士顿结交朋友,同样也希望在塔斯奇基结交白人朋友,并且希望这所学校能真正服务于所有人,他们对这所学校的看法就越有利。PerhapsImightaddrighthere,whatIhopetodemonstratelater,that,sofarasIknow,theTuskegeeschoolatthepresenttimehasnowarmerandmoreenthusiasticfriendsanywherethanithasamongthewhitecitizensofTuskegeeandthroughoutthestateofAlabamaandtheentireSouth.Fromthefirst,IhaveadvisedourpeopleintheSouthtomakefriendsineverystraightforward,manlywaywiththeirnext-doorneighbour,whetherhebeablackmanorawhiteman.Ihavealsoadvisedthem,wherenoprincipleisatstake,toconsulttheinterestsoftheirlocalcommunities,andtoadvisewiththeirfriendsinregardtotheirvoting.或许我现在就可以补充一下,这是我希望稍后证明的事情,据我所知,目前塔斯基吉学校的热情和支持者没有比塔斯基吉的白人公民以及整个阿拉巴马州乃至整个南方的白人更温暖和更热情的了。从一开始,我就建议我们南方的人们以坦诚和男子汉的方式与他们的隔壁邻居交朋友,不管他是黑人还是白人。我也建议他们,在不涉及原则问题的情况下,要顾及当地社区的利益,并就他们的投票事宜与朋友们商量。Forseveralmonthstheworkofsecuringthemoneywithwhichtopayforthefarmwentonwithoutceasing.AttheendofthreemonthsenoughwassecuredtorepaytheloanoftwohundredandfiftydollarstoGeneralMarshall,andwithintwomonthsmorewehadsecuredtheentirefivehundreddollarsandhadreceivedadeedoftheonehundredacresofland.Thisgaveusagreatdealofsatisfaction.Itwasnotonlyasourceofsatisfactiontosecureapermanentlocationfortheschool,butitwasequallysatisfactorytoknowthatthegreaterpartofthemoneywithwhichitwaspaidforhadbeengottenfromthewhiteandcolouredpeopleinthetownofTuskegee.Themostofthismoneywasobtainedbyholdingfestivalsandconcerts,andfromsmallindividualdonations.在几个月的时间里,筹集购买农场所需资金的工作一刻也没有停止。三个月后,我们筹集到了足够的钱来偿还向马歇尔将军借的二百五十美元贷款,再过两个月,我们便筹够了全部五百美元,并收到了那一百英亩土地的所有权证明。这给我们带来了极大的满足感。不仅获得学校永久选址这一点令人满意,而且知道这笔钱的大部分是通过白人和有色人种在塔斯克基镇的努力筹集来的同样令人欣慰。这些钱大多通过举办节庆活动和音乐会,以及从小额个人捐赠中获得。Ournexteffortwasinthedirectionofincreasingthecultivationoftheland,soastosecuresomereturnfromit,andatthesametimegivethestudentstraininginagriculture.AlltheindustriesatTuskegeehavebeenstartedinnaturalandlogicalorder,growingoutoftheneedsofacommunitysettlement.Webeganwithfarming,becausewewantedsomethingtoeat.我们接下来的努力方向是提高土地的耕种,以便从土地上获得一些回报,同时给学生们提供农业方面的训练。塔斯克基的所有产业都是按照自然且合乎逻辑的顺序开始的,这些产业源于社区聚居地的需求。我们从耕种开始,因为我们想要有东西可吃。Manyofthestudents,also,wereabletoremaininschoolbutafewweeksatatime,becausetheyhadsolittlemoneywithwhichtopaytheirboard.Thusanotherobjectwhichmadeitdesirabletogetanindustrialsystemstartedwasinordertomakeitavailableasameansofhelpingthestudentstoearnmoneyenoughsothattheymightbeabletoremaininschoolduringtheninemonths'sessionoftheschoolyear.许多学生也只能在学校待上短短几周,因为他们手头的钱实在太少,无法支付膳宿费用。因此,另一个开始推行职业教育系统的目的是为了让学生能够通过这种方式赚取足够的钱,从而在学年九个月的学习期间留在学校里。ThefirstanimalthattheschoolcameintopossessionofwasanoldblindhorsegivenusbyoneofthewhitecitizensofTuskegee.PerhapsImayaddherethatatthepresenttimetheschoolownsovertwohundredhorses,colts,mules,cows,calves,andoxen,andaboutsevenhundredhogsandpigs,aswellasalargenumberofsheepandgoats.学校最初拥有的第一只动物是一匹年老失明的马,它是由塔斯基吉的一位白人公民赠送给我们学校的。也许我可以在这里补充一点,目前这所学校拥有两百多匹马、小马驹、骡子、奶牛、小牛犊和公牛,以及大约七百头猪和野猪,还有大量的绵羊和山羊。Theschoolwasconstantlygrowinginnumbers,somuchsothat,afterwehadgotthefarmpaidfor,thecultivationofthelandbegun,andtheoldcabinswhichwehadfoundontheplacesomewhatrepaired,weturnedourattentiontowardprovidingalarge,substantialbuilding.Afterhavinggivenagooddealofthoughttothesubject,wefinallyhadtheplansdrawnforabuildingthatwasestimatedtocostaboutsixthousanddollars.Thisseemedtousatremendoussum,butweknewthattheschoolmustgobackwardorforward,andthatourworkwouldmeanlittleunlesswecouldgetholdofthestudentsintheirhomelife.学校的人数一直在不断增加,以至于在我们还清了农场的款项、开始耕种土地,并对原来发现的旧宿舍稍作修理之后,我们将注意力转向建造一座大型且坚固的建筑。经过深思熟虑,我们最终请人设计了一栋预计花费约六千美元的建筑。这个数目对我们来说似乎非常庞大,但我们知道学校要么前进要么后退,而我们的工作如果没有办法触及学生们的家庭生活,就几乎毫无意义。Oneincidentwhichoccurredaboutthistimegavemeagreatdealofsatisfactionaswellassurprise.Whenitbecameknowninthetownthatwewerediscussingtheplansforanew,largebuilding,aSouthernwhitemanwhowasoperatingasawmillnotfarfromTuskegeecametomeandsaidthathewouldgladlyputallthelumbernecessarytoerectthebuildingonthegrounds,withnootherguaranteeforpaymentthanmywordthatitwouldbepaidforwhenwesecuredsomemoney.Itoldthemanfranklythatatthetimewedidnothaveinourhandsonedollarofthemoneyneeded.Notwithstandingthis,heinsistedonbeingallowedtoputthelumberonthegrounds.Afterwehadsecuredsomeportionofthemoneywepermittedhimtodothis.大约在这个时候发生的一件事使我感到非常满意,同时也让我感到惊讶。当镇上的人们得知我们正在讨论新建一座大型建筑的计划时,一位在塔斯基奇附近经营锯木厂的南方白人来到我面前说,他很乐意把建造这座大楼所需的全部木材放在场地上,而不需要其他担保,只要我承诺当我们筹集到一些钱时就会支付这笔费用即可。我坦率地告诉这个人,当时我们手里连一块钱的所需资金都没有。尽管如此,他还是坚持要让我们把木材放在场地上。在我们筹集到一部分资金之后,我们允许他这样做了。MissDavidsonagainbegantheworkofsecuringinvariouswayssmallcontributionsforthenewbuildingfromthewhiteandcolouredpeopleinandnearTuskegee.IthinkIneversawacommunityofpeoplesohappyoveranythingaswerethecolouredpeopleovertheprospectofthisnewbuilding.Oneday,whenwewereholdingameetingtosecurefundsforitserection,anold,ante-bellumcolouredmancameadistanceoftwelvemilesandbroughtinhisox-cartalargehog.Whenthemeetingwasinprogress,heroseinthemidstofthecompanyandsaidthathehadnomoneywhichhecouldgive,buthehadraisedtwofinehogs,andthathehadbroughtoneofthemasacontributiontowardtheexpensesofthebuilding.Heclosedhisannouncementbysaying:"Anyniggerthat'sgotanyloveforhisrace,oranyrespectforhimself,willbringahogtothenextmeeting."Quiteanumberofmeninthecommunityalsovolunteeredtogiveseveraldays'work,each,towardtheerectionofthebuilding.戴维森小姐再次开始以各种方式从小白人和有色人种那里为新建筑争取小额捐款。我想我从未见过一个社区的人们对某件事如此高兴,就像有色人种对这栋新建筑的前景感到的那样。有一天,我们在举行一次会议来筹集建楼资金时,一位年长的前奴隶时代的老年黑人走了十二英里路,用他的牛车带来了一头大猪。当会议进行时,他站起身,在众人面前说他没有钱可以捐赠,但他养了两头不错的猪,并且带来了其中一头作为建楼费用的贡献。他最后说道:“任何一个对自己的种族还有点爱,或者对自己有点尊重的黑人,都会在下次会议上带一头猪来。”社区里的不少男性还志愿为建筑工作贡献出几天的时间。AfterwehadsecuredallthehelpthatwecouldinTuskegee,MissDavidsondecidedtogoNorthforthepurposeofsecuringadditionalfunds.ForweeksshevisitedindividualsandspokeinchurchesandbeforeSundayschoolsandotherorganizations.Shefoundthisworkquitetrying,andoftenembarrassing.Theschoolwasnotknown,butshewasnotlonginwinningherwayintotheconfidenceofthebestpeopleintheNorth.在我们设法在塔斯基吉获得所有可能的帮助之后,戴维森小姐决定去北方筹集额外的资金。她花了数周时间拜访个人,在教堂、周日学校以及其他组织中演讲。她发现这项工作相当令人焦虑,常常让人感到尴尬。学校还不为人所知,但她很快赢得了北方优秀人士的信任。ThefirstgiftfromanyNorthernpersonwasreceivedfromaNewYorkladywhomMissDavidsonmetontheboatthatwasbringingherNorth.Theyfellintoaconversation,andtheNorthernladybecamesomuchinterestedintheeffortbeingmadeatTuskegeethatbeforetheypartedMissDavidsonwashandedacheckforfiftydollars.Forsometimebeforeourmarriage,andalsoafterit,MissDavidsonkeptuptheworkofsecuringmoneyintheNorthandintheSouthbyinterestingpeoplebypersonalvisitsandthroughcorrespondence.AtthesametimeshekeptinclosetouchwiththeworkatTuskegee,asladyprincipalandclassroomteacher.Inadditiontothis,sheworkedamongtheolderpeopleinandnearTuskegee,andtaughtaSundayschoolclassinthetown.Shewasneververystrong,butneverseemedhappyunlessshewasgivingallofherstrengthtothecausewhichsheloved.Often,atnight,afterspendingthedayingoingfromdoortodoortryingtointerestpersonsintheworkatTuskegee,shewouldbesoexhaustedthatshecouldnotundressherself.Aladyuponwhomshecalled,inBoston,afterwardtoldmethatatonetimewhenMissDavidsoncalledhertoseeandsenduphercardtheladywasdetainedalittlebeforeshecouldseeMissDavidson,andwhensheenteredtheparlourshefoundMissDavidsonsoexhaustedthatshehadfallenasleep.来自北方任何人的第一份礼物是由一位纽约女士赠予的,戴维森小姐是在把她带往北方的船上遇到这位女士的。她们聊起了天,那位北方女士对塔斯基吉所做的努力产生了极大的兴趣,在她们分别之前,戴维森小姐收到了一张五十美元的支票。在我们结婚前一段时间,以及婚后,戴维森小姐通过亲自拜访和通信的方式继续在北方和南方筹集资金。与此同时,她还密切参与塔斯基吉的工作,作为女士校长和课堂教师。除此之外,她还在塔斯基吉及其周边地区积极帮助年长者,并在当地教授星期日学校课程。她从来都不太强壮,但她似乎只有在将自己的全部力量投入到她所热爱的事业中时才会感到幸福。经常在晚上,经过一天走街串巷试图引起人们对塔斯基吉工作的兴趣之后,她会累得无法自己脱下衣服。一位她在波士顿拜访过的女士后来告诉我,有一次当戴维森小姐去见她并送上她的名片时,那位女士稍微耽搁了一会儿才见到戴维森小姐,而当她进入客厅时,发现戴维森小姐如此疲惫,以至于睡着了。Whileputtingupourfirstbuilding,whichwasnamedPorterHall,afterMr.A.H.Porter,ofBrooklyn,N.Y.,whogaveageneroussumtowarditserection,theneedformoneybecameacute.Ihadgivenoneofourcreditorsapromisethatuponacertaindayheshouldbepaidfourhundreddollars.Onthemorningofthatdaywedidnothaveadollar.Themailarrivedattheschoolatteno'clock,andinthismailtherewasachecksentbyMissDavidsonforexactlyfourhundreddollars.Icouldrelatemanyinstancesofalmostthesamecharacter.ThisfourhundreddollarswasgivenbytwoladiesinBoston.Twoyearslater,whentheworkatTuskegeehadgrownconsiderably,andwhenwewereinthemidstofaseasonwhenweweresomuchinneedofmoneythatthefuturelookeddoubtfulandgloomy,thesametwoBostonladiessentussixthousanddollars.Wordscannotdescribeoursurprise,ortheencouragementthatthegiftbroughttous.PerhapsImightaddherethatforfourteenyearsthesesamefriendshavesentussixthousanddollarsayear.在建造我们第一栋楼的时候,这栋楼以纽约布鲁克林的A.H.波特先生的名字命名为波特大厅,因为他为建筑提供了慷慨的资金,资金短缺的问题变得非常紧迫。我曾向一位债权人承诺,在某一天他将收到四百美元。在那一天的早晨,我们一分钱也没有。十点钟学校收到了邮件,在邮件中有一张由大卫森小姐寄来的恰好四百美元的支票。我可以讲述许多类似的情况。这四百美元是由波士顿的两位女士捐赠的。两年后,塔斯基吉的工作有了显著的发展,当时我们正处于一个极度需要资金的时期,未来看起来不确定且令人沮丧,这两位波士顿的女士又给我们送来了六千美元。语言无法描述我们的惊讶,或者这份礼物带来的鼓励。或许我可以补充一点,在过去的十四年里,这同一位朋友每年都给我们送来六千美元。Assoonastheplansweredrawnforthenewbuilding,thestudentsbegandiggingouttheearthwherethefoundationsweretobelaid,workingaftertheregularclasseswereover.Theyhadnotfullyoutgrowntheideathatitwashardlytheproperthingforthemtousetheirhands,sincetheyhadcomethere,asoneofthemexpressedit,"tobeeducated,andnottowork."Gradually,though,Inotedwithsatisfactionthatasentimentinfavourofworkwasgainingground.Afterafewweeksofhardworkthefoundationswereready,andadaywasappointedforthelayingofthecorner-stone.新楼的设计图纸一完成,学生们就在课余时间开始挖掘地基所在的地方。他们还没有完全摆脱这样的观念,即认为用手工作对他们来说并不合适,正如其中一个学生所说:“我们来这里是为了接受教育,而不是为了干活。”然而,我欣慰地注意到,一种支持劳动的情绪正在逐渐兴起。经过几周的努力工作,地基准备就绪,并确定了一天来举行角石铺设仪式。Whenitisconsideredthatthelayingofthiscorner-stonetookplaceintheheartoftheSouth,inthe"BlackBelt,"inthecentreofthatpartofourcountrythatwasmostdevotedtoslavery;thatatthattimeslaveryhadbeenabolishedonlyaboutsixteenyears;thatonlysixteenyearsbeforenoNegrocouldbetaughtfrombookswithouttheteacherreceivingthecondemnationofthelaworofpublicsentiment—whenallthisisconsidered,thescenethatwaswitnessedonthatspringdayatTuskegeewasaremarkableone.Ibelievetherearefewplacesintheworldwhereitcouldhavetakenplace.考虑到这块基石的铺设是在南方腹地,“黑带”地带,也就是我们国家那个最忠于奴隶制的部分中心位置进行的;考虑到那时奴隶制刚刚废除大约十六年;考虑到仅仅十六年前,没有法律或公众舆论谴责的情况下,黑人是不能从书籍中学习的——考虑到所有这些因素,在塔斯基吉的那个春日所见证的场景是一个非常remarkable的时刻。我相信世界上很少有地方能够发生这样的事情。TheprincipaladdresswasdeliveredbytheHon.WaddyThompson,theSuperintendentofEducationforthecounty.Aboutthecorner-stoneweregatheredtheteachers,thestudents,theirparentsandfriends,thecountyofficials—whowerewhite—andalltheleadingwhitemeninthatvicinity,togetherwithmanyoftheblackmenandwomenwhomthesamewhitepeoplebutafewyearsbeforehadheldatitletoasproperty.Themembersofbothraceswereanxioustoexercisetheprivilegeofplacingunderthecorner-stonesomemomento.主旨演讲由县教育主管WaddyThompson先生发表。在基石周围聚集了教师、学生、他们的家长和朋友、县政府官员——他们都是白人——以及该地区所有主要的白人男子,还有许多几年前被同一群白人当作财产拥有过的黑人男女。两个种族的成员都渴望行使将一些纪念品放置在基石下的特权。Beforethebuildingwascompletedwepassedthroughsomeverytryingseasons.Morethanonceourheartsweremadetobleed,asitwere,becausebillswerefallingduethatwedidnothavethemoneytomeet.Perhapsnoonewhohasnotgonethroughtheexperience,monthaftermonth,oftryingtoerectbuildingsandprovideequipmentforaschoolwhennooneknewwherethemoneywastocomefrom,canproperlyappreciatethedifficultiesunderwhichwelaboured.DuringthefirstyearsatTuskegeeIrecallthatnightafternightIwouldrollandtossonmybed,withoutsleep,becauseoftheanxietyanduncertaintywhichwewereinregardingmoney.Iknewthat,inalargedegree,weweretryinganexperiment—thatoftestingwhetherornotitwaspossibleforNegroestobuildupandcontroltheaffairsofalargeeducationinstitution.Iknewthatifwefaileditwouldinjurethewholerace.Iknewthatthepresumptionwasagainstus.Iknewthatinthecaseofwhitepeoplebeginningsuchanenterpriseitwouldbetakenforgrantedthattheyweregoingtosucceed,butinourcaseIfeltthatpeoplewouldbesurprisedifwesucceeded.Allthismadeaburdenwhichpresseddownonus,sometimes,itseemed,attherateofathousandpoundstothesquareinch.在大楼竣工之前,我们经历了一些非常艰难的时期。不止一次,我们的内心仿佛流血般痛苦,因为到期的账单让我们无力支付。或许没有经历过这种状况的人无法真正理解我们在筹集资金方面所面临的困难。在塔斯基吉最初的几年里,我清楚地记得,夜复一夜,我辗转反侧,难以入眠,因为我们对资金的焦虑和不确定性压得我们喘不过气来。我知道,我们在很大程度上是在进行一项实验——测试非裔美国人是否能够建立并掌控一所大型教育机构。我知道,如果我们失败了,整个种族都会受到影响。我知道,我们面临着偏见。我知道,如果是白人开始这样的事业,人们会理所当然地认为他们会成功,但在我们的案例中,我觉得人们会惊讶于我们的成功。这一切都给我们带来了沉重的压力,有时似乎每平方英寸都有千斤重。Inallourdifficultiesandanxieties,however,IneverwenttoawhiteorablackpersoninthetownofTuskegeeforanyassistancethatwasintheirpowertorender,withoutbeinghelpedaccordingtotheirmeans.Morethanadozentimes,whenbillsfiguringupintothehundredsofdollarswerefallingdue,IappliedtothewhitemenofTuskegeeforsmallloans,oftenborrowingsmallamountsfromasmanyasahalf-dozenpersons,tomeetourobligations.OnethingIwasdeterminedtodofromthefirst,andthatwastokeepthecreditoftheschoolhigh;andthis,IthinkIcansaywithoutboasting,wehavedoneallthroughtheseyears.然而,在我们所有的困难和焦虑中,我从未向塔斯克基镇上的白人或黑人寻求过任何在其能力范围内的帮助,而没有得到他们力所能及的帮助。有十多次,当账单累计达到数百美元即将到期时,我都向塔斯克基的白人申请小额贷款,经常从多达六个人那里借到小额款项来履行我们的义务。有一件事我是从一开始就下定决心要做的,那就是保持学校的信誉良好;我想我可以毫无夸耀地说,我们这些年一直做到了这一点。IshallalwaysrememberabitofadvicegivenmebyMr.GeorgeW.Campbell,thewhitemantowhomIhavereferredtoastheonewhoinducedGeneralArmstrongtosendmetoTuskegee.SoonafterIenteredupontheworkMr.Campbellsaidtome,inhisfatherlyway:"Washington,alwaysrememberthatcreditiscapital."我将永远记住坎贝尔先生给我的一条忠告,这位白人先生正如我之前提到过的,是他促使阿姆斯特朗将军送我去塔斯基吉的。在我开始工作不久,坎贝尔先生以他父亲般的口吻对我说:“华盛顿,永远记住,信誉就是资本。”Atonetimewhenwewereinthegreatestdistressformoneythatweeverexperienced,IplacedthesituationfranklybeforeGeneralArmstrong.Withouthesitationhegavemehispersonalcheckforallthemoneywhichhehadsavedforhisownuse.ThiswasnottheonlytimethatGeneralArmstronghelpedTuskegeeinthisway.IdonotthinkIhaveevermadethisfactpublicbefore.有一次,我们遭遇了前所未有的经济困难,我坦率地向阿姆斯特朗将军说明了情况。他毫不犹豫地给了我一张个人支票,金额是他为自己节省下来的所有钱。这不是阿姆斯特朗将军以这种方式帮助塔斯基吉的唯一一次。我想我以前从未公开过这个事实。Duringthesummerof1882,attheendofthefirstyear'sworkoftheschool,IwasmarriedtoMissFannieN.Smith,ofMalden,W.Va.WebegankeepinghouseinTuskegeeearlyinthefall.Thismadeahomeforourteachers,whonowhadbeenincreasedtofourinnumber.MywifewasalsoagraduateoftheHamptonInstitute.Afterearnestandconstantworkintheinterestsoftheschool,togetherwithherhousekeepingduties,mywifepassedawayinMay,1884.Onechild,PortiaM.Washington,wasbornduringourmarriage.1882年夏天,在学校第一学年结束的时候,我和来自西弗吉尼亚州马尔登的史密斯小姐结婚了。我们很早就于秋季在塔斯基奇开始了我们的家庭生活。这为我们的教师们提供了一个家,当时教师人数已经增加到了四人。我的妻子也是哈姆普顿学院的毕业生。她一直在努力不懈地为学校利益工作,同时兼顾家务,但在1884年5月,她不幸去世。在我们的婚姻期间,我们有一个女儿,名叫波特莉亚·M·华盛顿。Fromthefirst,mywifemostearnestlydevotedherthoughtsandtimetotheworkoftheschool,andwascompletelyonewithmeineveryinterestandambition.Shepassedaway,however,beforeshehadanopportunityofseeingwhattheschoolwasdesignedtobe.从一开始,我的妻子就全心全意地投入到学校的这项工作中,并且在每一个兴趣和抱负上都完全与我一致。然而,在她有机会看到学校将会成为什么样子之前,她便离世了。

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