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我认为1867年至1878年这段时间可以称为重建时期。这包括我在汉普顿作为学生学习以及在西弗吉尼亚州当教师的那段时光。在整个重建时期,有色人种的脑海中——至少是这个种族的大部分人心中,有两个想法一直在反复涌现。其中一个是对希腊语和拉丁语学习的狂热追求,另一个则是渴望担任公职。Itcouldnothavebeenexpectedthatapeoplewhohadspentgenerationsinslavery,andbeforethatgenerationsinthedarkestheathenism,couldatfirstformanyproperconceptionofwhataneducationmeant.IneverypartoftheSouth,duringtheReconstructionperiod,schools,bothdayandnight,werefilledtooverflowingwithpeopleofallagesandconditions,somebeingasfaralonginageassixtyandseventyyears.Theambitiontosecureaneducationwasmostpraiseworthyandencouraging.Theidea,however,wastooprevalentthat,assoonasonesecuredalittleeducation,insomeunexplainablewayhewouldbefreefrommostofthehardshipsoftheworld,and,atanyrate,couldlivewithoutmanuallabour.Therewasafurtherfeelingthataknowledge,howeverlittle,oftheGreekandLatinlanguageswouldmakeoneaverysuperiorhumanbeing,somethingborderingalmostonthesupernatural.IrememberthatthefirstcolouredmanwhomIsawwhoknewsomethingaboutforeignlanguagesimpressedmeatthetimeasbeingamanofallotherstobeenvied.人们不可能期望那些已经世代为奴,并且在此之前又经历了世代异教徒黑暗时期的人们,一开始就能正确理解教育的意义。在重建时期的南方各地,无论是白天还是夜晚的学校,都挤满了各个年龄段和阶层的人,有些人甚至年纪达到六十岁或七十岁。渴望获得教育的志向非常值得赞扬并令人鼓舞。然而,当时普遍存在一种想法,即一旦一个人获得了一点教育,在某种无法解释的方式下,他将免于大多数世界的艰辛,至少可以不用体力劳动生活。还有一种感觉是,哪怕只有一点点关于希腊语和拉丁语的知识,也会使一个人成为一个非常优秀的人,几乎接近超自然的存在。我记得我看到的第一个懂一些外语的有色人种时,当时给我留下了他是所有人中最值得羡慕的印象。Naturally,mostofourpeoplewhoreceivedsomelittleeducationbecameteachersorpreachers.Whileamongthosetwoclassesthereweremanycapable,earnest,godlymenandwomen,stillalargeproportiontookupteachingorpreachingasaneasywaytomakealiving.Manybecameteacherswhocoulddolittlemorethanwritetheirnames.Iremembertherecameintoourneighbourhoodoneofthisclass,whowasinsearchofaschooltoteach,andthequestionarosewhilehewasthereastotheshapeoftheearthandhowhecouldteachthechildrenconcerningthesubject.Heexplainedhispositioninthematterbysayingthathewaspreparedtoteachthattheearthwaseitherflatorround,accordingtothepreferenceofamajorityofhispatrons.当然,我们当中接受过一点教育的人大多数都成了教师或牧师。虽然在这两类人中有很多能力出众、认真负责且虔诚的男人和女人,但仍然有很大一部分人把教学或传教当作谋生的轻松途径。许多人的水平仅仅略高于能写自己的名字,就成为了教师。我记得我们附近来了这样一类人,他正在寻找一所学校来任教,期间大家讨论到地球的形状以及他该如何向孩子们讲解这个主题。他通过一番话解释了自己的立场:“如果我的大多数赞助者认为地球是平的,那我就准备讲授它是平的;如果他们认为地球是圆的,那我就讲授它是圆的。”Theministrywastheprofessionthatsufferedmost—andstillsuffers,thoughtherehasbeengreatimprovement—onaccountofnotonlyignorantbutinmanycasesimmoralmenwhoclaimedthattheywere"calledtopreach."Intheearlierdaysoffreedomalmosteverycolouredmanwholearnedtoreadwouldreceive"acalltopreach"withinafewdaysafterhebeganreading.AtmyhomeinWestVirginiatheprocessofbeingcalledtotheministrywasaveryinterestingone.Usuallythe"call"camewhentheindividualwassittinginchurch.Withoutwarningtheonecalledwouldfalluponthefloorasifstruckbyabullet,andwouldliethereforhours,speechlessandmotionless.Thenthenewswouldspreadallthroughtheneighborhoodthatthisindividualhadreceiveda"call."Ifhewereinclinedtoresistthesummons,hewouldfallorbemadetofallasecondorthirdtime.Intheendhealwaysyieldedtothecall.WhileIwantedaneducationbadly,IconfessthatinmyyouthIhadafearthatwhenIhadlearnedtoreadandwriteverywellIwouldreceiveoneofthese"calls";but,forsomereason,mycallnevercame.由于不仅无知而且在许多情况下道德败坏的人声称他们“被召唤去传教”,这一职业遭受了最大的苦难——并且至今仍在受苦,尽管已经取得了很大进步。在自由的早期岁月里,几乎每个学会阅读的黑人都会在开始阅读几天后收到“传教召唤”。在我位于西弗吉尼亚州的家中,成为牧师的过程非常有趣。通常,“召唤”会在个人坐在教堂时到来。毫无预警地,被召唤的人会像被子弹击中一样摔倒在地上,并在那里躺上几个小时,无法说话且一动不动。然后消息会在整个社区传播开来,说这个人“得到了召唤”。如果他倾向于抗拒召唤,他会再次摔倒,或者被别人迫使摔倒第二次甚至第三次。最终,他会屈服于召唤。虽然我非常渴望接受教育,但我承认,在年轻的时候,我担心当我很好地学会读写后我会收到这些“召唤”;但由于某种原因,我的召唤从未到来。Whenweaddthenumberofwhollyignorantmenwhopreachedor"exhorted"tothatofthosewhopossessedsomethingofaneducation,itcanbeseenataglancethatthesupplyofministerswaslarge.Infact,sometimeagoIknewacertainchurchthathadatotalmembershipofabouttwohundred,andeighteenofthatnumberwereministers.But,Irepeat,inmanycommunitiesintheSouththecharacteroftheministryisbeingimproved,andIbelievethatwithinthenexttwoorthreedecadesaverylargeproportionoftheunworthyoneswillhavedisappeared.The"calls"topreach,Iamgladtosay,arenotnearlysonumerousnowastheywereformerly,andthecallstosomeindustrialoccupationaregrowingmorenumerous.Theimprovementthathastakenplaceinthecharacteroftheteachersisevenmoremarkedthaninthecaseoftheministers.当我们把完全无知的人所占的数量与那些受过一定教育的人相加时,一眼就可以看出牧师的数量是很大的。事实上,不久前我认识一个教会,其总成员数约为两百人,其中十八人是牧师。不过,我再说一遍,在南方的许多社区中,牧师队伍的质量正在提高,我相信在未来二三十年内,大部分不称职的人将会消失。“传道”的召唤,我很高兴地说,现在远不如以前那么多了,“从事某种工业工作”的召唤却在增多。教师队伍的改善甚至比牧师队伍还要明显。DuringthewholeoftheReconstructionperiodourpeoplethroughouttheSouthlookedtotheFederalGovernmentforeverything,verymuchasachildlookstoitsmother.Thiswasnotunnatural.Thecentralgovernmentgavethemfreedom,andthewholeNationhadbeenenrichedformorethantwocenturiesbythelabouroftheNegro.Evenasayouth,andlaterinmanhood,Ihadthefeelingthatitwascruellywronginthecentralgovernment,atthebeginningofourfreedom,tofailtomakesomeprovisionforthegeneraleducationofourpeopleinadditiontowhatthestatesmightdo,sothatthepeoplewouldbethebetterpreparedforthedutiesofcitizenship.在整个重建时期,南方的我们的人民凡事都指望联邦政府,就像孩子依赖母亲一样。这并不奇怪。中央政府给了我们自由,整个国家已经因为黑人的劳动而富裕了两个多世纪。即使在我年轻的时候,后来成年后,我都有一种感觉,就是中央政府在我们获得自由之初未能为我们人民提供比各州所能做的更多的普通教育,这是非常残酷的错误,以至于人们无法更好地准备履行公民的职责。Itiseasytofindfault,toremarkwhatmighthavebeendone,andperhaps,afterall,andunderallthecircumstances,thoseinchargeoftheconductofaffairsdidtheonlythingthatcouldbedoneatthetime.Still,asIlookbacknowovertheentireperiodofourfreedom,Icannothelpfeelingthatitwouldhavebeenwiserifsomeplancouldhavebeenputinoperationwhichwouldhavemadethepossessionofacertainamountofeducationorproperty,orboth,atestfortheexerciseofthefranchise,andawayprovidedbywhichthistestshouldbemadetoapplyhonestlyandsquarelytoboththewhiteandblackraces.很容易挑毛病,评论原本可以做什么,不过,无论如何,在所有情况下,负责管理事务的人当时所做的可能就是唯一能做的事。然而,当我回顾我们获得自由的整个时期时,我不禁觉得,如果能制定某种计划,把拥有一定数量的教育或财产,或者两者兼备作为行使选举权的测试,并且提供一种方法来诚实地、公平地将这个测试应用于白人和黑人两个种族,那将会更明智。ThoughIwasbutlittlemorethanayouthduringtheperiodofReconstruction,Ihadthefeelingthatmistakeswerebeingmade,andthatthingscouldnotremainintheconditionthattheywereinthenverylong.IfeltthattheReconstructionpolicy,sofarasitrelatedtomyrace,wasinalargemeasureonafalsefoundation,wasartificialandforced.Inmanycasesitseemedtomethattheignoranceofmyracewasbeingusedasatoolwithwhichtohelpwhitemenintooffice,andthattherewasanelementintheNorthwhichwantedtopunishtheSouthernwhitemenbyforcingtheNegrointopositionsovertheheadsoftheSouthernwhites.IfeltthattheNegrowouldbetheonetosufferforthisintheend.Besides,thegeneralpoliticalagitationdrewtheattentionofourpeopleawayfromthemorefundamentalmattersofperfectingthemselvesintheindustriesattheirdoorsandinsecuringproperty.虽然我在重建时期还只是一个年轻人,但我感觉当时犯了很多错误,这种状况不可能长期持续下去。我认为重建政策,至少是与我的种族有关的部分,在很大程度上建立在一个错误的基础上,是人为的、强制性的。在我看来,在许多情况下,我的种族的无知被用作一种工具,帮助白人进入政界,而且北方有一种势力希望通过强迫黑人占据南方白人的位置来惩罚南方的白人。我觉得最终受苦的会是黑人群体。此外,普遍的政治动荡分散了我们人民对更根本问题的关注,比如完善自己从事身边的行业,以及获取财产。ThetemptationstoenterpoliticallifeweresoalluringthatIcameverynearyieldingtothematonetime,butIwaskeptfromdoingsobythefeelingthatIwouldbehelpinginamoresubstantialwaybyassistinginthelayingofthefoundationoftheracethroughagenerouseducationofthehand,head,andheart.Isawcolouredmenwhoweremembersofthestatelegislatures,andcountyofficers,who,insomecases,couldnotreadorwrite,andwhosemoralswereasweakastheireducation.Notlongago,whenpassingthroughthestreetsofacertaincityintheSouth,Iheardsomebrick-masonscallingout,fromthetopofatwo-storybrickbuildingonwhichtheywereworking,forthe"Governor"to"hurryupandbringupsomemorebricks."SeveraltimesIheardthecommand,"Hurryup,Governor!""Hurryup,Governor!"MycuriositywasarousedtosuchanextentthatImadeinquiryastowhothe"Governor"was,andsoonfoundthathewasacolouredmanwhoatonetimehadheldthepositionofLieutenant-Governorofhisstate.进入政界的诱惑是如此诱人,以至于我一度差点屈服于它们,但我被一种感觉所阻止,这种感觉告诉我,通过给予手、脑和心的慷慨教育来帮助奠定种族的基础,会以更实质的方式发挥作用。我看到一些有色人种的州议员和县官员,他们中的一些人甚至无法读写,而且他们的道德品质与他们的教育水平一样薄弱。不久前,在南方某城市的街道上行走时,我听到一些正在两层砖房顶工作的砖匠们喊着让“州长”“快点把更多的砖头送上来”。我多次听到命令:“快点,州长!”“快点,州长!”我的好奇心被激发到了极点,于是我开始询问这个“州长”是谁,很快我发现他是一名有色人种,曾经担任过该州副州长。ButnotallthecolouredpeoplewhowereinofficeduringReconstructionwereunworthyoftheirpositions,byanymeans.Someofthem,likethelateSenatorB.K.Bruce,GovernorPinchback,andmanyothers,werestrong,upright,usefulmen.Neitherwerealltheclassdesignatedascarpetbaggersdishonourablemen.Someofthem,likeex-GovernorBullock,ofGeorgia,weremenofhighcharacterandusefulness.但是,并不是所有在重建时期担任公职的有色人种都配不上他们的职位。其中一些人,像已故的布鲁斯参议员、平肖州长以及许多其他人,都是坚强、正直、有用的人。同样,并非所有被归类为“北方来的冒险家”的人都不诚实。像乔治亚州前州长布尔洛克等人,就是品格高尚且有用的人。Ofcoursethecolouredpeople,solargelywithouteducation,andwhollywithoutexperienceingovernment,madetremendousmistakes,justasmanypeoplesimilarlysituatedwouldhavedone.ManyoftheSouthernwhiteshaveafeelingthat,iftheNegroispermittedtoexercisehispoliticalrightsnowtoanydegree,themistakesoftheReconstructionperiodwillrepeatthemselves.Idonotthinkthiswouldbetrue,becausetheNegroisamuchstrongerandwisermanthanhewasthirty-fiveyearsago,andheisfastlearningthelessonthathecannotaffordtoactinamannerthatwillalienatehisSouthernwhiteneighboursfromhim.MoreandmoreIamconvincedthatthefinalsolutionofthepoliticalendofourraceproblemwillbeforeachstatethatfindsitnecessarytochangethelawbearinguponthefranchisetomakethelawapplywithabsolutehonesty,andwithoutopportunityfordoubledealingorevasion,tobothracesalike.AnyothercoursemydailyobservationintheSouthconvincesme,willbeunjusttotheNegro,unjusttothewhiteman,andunfairtotherestofthestateintheUnion,andwillbe,likeslavery,asinthatatsometimeweshallhavetopayfor.当然,由于缺乏教育且完全没有从政经验的有色人种会犯下巨大的错误,这就像许多处于类似处境的人所可能做的那样。许多南方白人认为,如果现在允许黑人行使自己的政治权利,哪怕只是一部分,重建时期的错误将会重演。我认为这不会是真的,因为黑人比三十五年前要强大得多、聪明得多,并且他正在快速学习这样一个教训:他负担不起以疏远他的南方白人邻居的行为方式。我越来越相信,我们种族问题的政治方面的最终解决方案将是,每个需要修改选举权相关法律的州都应该绝对诚实地执行这条法律,而且不允许有任何双重标准或规避行为,同样适用于两个种族。根据我在南方的日常观察,除了这条道路之外的任何其他做法,我认为,对黑人来说是不公正的,对白人来说也是不公正的,对联邦中的其他州来说也是不公平的,就像奴隶制一样,这是一种罪恶,总有一天我们要为此付出代价。Inthefallof1878,afterhavingtaughtschoolinMaldenfortwoyears,andafterIhadsucceededinpreparingseveraloftheyoungmenandwomen,besidesmytwobrothers,toentertheHamptonInstitute,IdecidedtospendsomemonthsinstudyatWashington,D.C.Iremainedthereforeightmonths.IderivedagreatdealofbenefitfromthestudieswhichIpursued,andIcameintocontactwithsomestrongmenandwomen.AttheinstitutionIattendedtherewasnoindustrialtraininggiventothestudents,andIhadanopportunityofcomparingtheinfluenceofaninstitutionwithnoindustrialtrainingwiththatofoneliketheHamptonInstitute,thatemphasizestheindustries.AtthisschoolIfoundthestudents,inmostcases,hadmoremoney,werebetterdressed,worethelateststyleofallmannerofclothing,andinsomecasesweremorebrilliantmentally.AtHamptonitwasastandingrulethat,whiletheinstitutionwouldberesponsibleforsecuringsomeonetopaythetuitionforthestudents,themenandwomenthemselvesmustprovidefortheirownboard,books,clothing,androomwhollybywork,orpartlybyworkandpartlyincash.AttheinstitutionatwhichInowwas,Ifoundthatalargeportionofthestudentsbysomemeanshadtheirpersonalexpensespaidforthem.AtHamptonthestudentwasconstantlymakingtheeffortthroughtheindustriestohelphimself,andthatveryeffortwasofimmensevalueincharacter-building.Thestudentsattheotherschoolseemedtobelessself-dependent.Theyseemedtogivemoreattentiontomereoutwardappearances.Inaword,theydidnotappeartometobebeginningatthebottom,onareal,solidfoundation,totheextentthattheywereatHampton.TheyknewmoreaboutLatinandGreekwhentheyleftschool,buttheyseemedtoknowlessaboutlifeanditsconditionsastheywouldmeetitattheirhomes.Havinglivedforanumberofyearsinthemidstofcomfortablesurroundings,theywerenotasmuchinclinedastheHamptonstudentstogointothecountrydistrictsoftheSouth,wheretherewaslittleofcomfort,totakeupworkforourpeople,andtheyweremoreinclinedtoyieldtothetemptationtobecomehotelwaitersandPullman-carportersastheirlife-work.1878年秋天,在我在马尔登教了两年书,并且成功地为几个年轻人和女性,包括我的两个兄弟,准备进入哈姆普顿学院之后,我决定在华盛顿特区学习几个月。我在那里待了八个月。我从所学的课程中受益匪浅,也接触到了一些坚强的人。在我就读的学校里,学生没有接受工业训练,我有机会比较一个没有工业训练的机构与像哈姆普顿学院这样强调工业训练的机构的影响。在这所学校里,我发现大多数学生有更多的钱,穿得更好,穿着各种最新的服装,而且在某些情况下,他们的智力也更敏锐。在哈姆普顿,有一条不成文的规定,即虽然学校会负责为学生找到支付学费的人,但男性和女性自己必须通过工作完全支付自己的食宿、书籍、衣物和住宿费用,或者部分通过工作部分以现金支付。在我现在所在的这所学校里,我发现许多学生不知何故有人替他们支付个人开销。在哈姆普顿,学生不断努力通过工业训练来帮助自己,这种努力在性格塑造方面具有巨大的价值。这所学校的其他学生似乎不太独立自主。他们似乎更关注外表。简而言之,他们不像在哈姆普顿的学生那样从真正的坚实基础开始。他们离开学校时对拉丁语和希腊语了解更多,但似乎对他们在家乡会遇到的生活和条件了解得更少。由于多年生活在舒适的环境中,他们不像哈姆普顿的学生那样倾向于前往南方乡村地区,那里几乎没有舒适的生活,去从事我们的人民的工作,他们更倾向于屈服于成为酒店服务员和普尔曼车厢搬运工作为他们的终生职业。DuringthetimeIwasastudentatWashingtonthecitywascrowdedwithcolouredpeople,manyofwhomhadrecentlycomefromtheSouth.AlargeproportionofthesepeoplehadbeendrawntoWashingtonbecausetheyfeltthattheycouldleadalifeofeasethere.Othershadsecuredminorgovernmentpositions,andstillanotherlargeclasswasthereinthehopeofsecuringFederalpositions.Anumberofcolouredmen—someofthemverystrongandbrilliant—wereintheHouseofRepresentativesatthattime,andone,theHon.B.K.Bruce,wasintheSenate.AllthistendedtomakeWashingtonanattractiveplaceformembersofthecolouredrace.Then,too,theyknewthatatalltimestheycouldhavetheprotectionofthelawintheDistrictofColumbia.ThepublicschoolsinWashingtonforcolouredpeoplewerebetterthenthantheywereelsewhere.Itookgreatinterestinstudyingthelifeofourpeopletherecloselyatthattime.Ifoundthatwhileamongthemtherewasalargeelementofsubstantial,worthycitizens,therewasalsoasuperficialityaboutthelifeofalargeclassthatgreatlyalarmedme.IsawyoungcolouredmenwhowerenotearningmorethanfourdollarsaweekspendtwodollarsormoreforabuggyonSundaytorideupanddownPennsylvaniaAvenuein,inorderthattheymighttrytoconvincetheworldthattheywereworththousands.Isawotheryoungmenwhoreceivedseventy-fiveoronehundreddollarspermonthfromtheGovernment,whowereindebtattheendofeverymonth.IsawmenwhobutafewmonthspreviousweremembersofCongress,thenwithoutemploymentandinpoverty.AmongalargeclassthereseemedtobeadependenceupontheGovernmentforeveryconceivablething.Themembersofthisclasshadlittleambitiontocreateapositionforthemselves,butwantedtheFederalofficialstocreateoneforthem.HowmanytimesIwishedthen,andhaveoftenwishedsince,thatbysomepowerofmagicImightremovethegreatbulkofthesepeopleintothecountydistrictsandplantthemuponthesoil,uponthesolidandneverdeceptivefoundationofMotherNature,whereallnationsandracesthathaveeversucceededhavegottentheirstart,—astartthatatfirstmaybeslowandtoilsome,butonethatneverthelessisreal.在我就读华盛顿时期,这座城市挤满了有色人种,其中许多人最近刚从南方来到这里。其中很大一部分人被吸引到华盛顿,因为他们觉得在那里可以过上安逸的生活。另一些人则获得了政府的低级职位,还有一大类人则是希望在那里获得联邦职位。当时,在众议院中有不少有色人种的代表——其中一些人非常强大且才华横溢——而参议院中有一位,即荣誉的B.K.布鲁斯先生。所有这些都使得华盛顿成为有色人种极具吸引力的地方。此外,他们也知道,在哥伦比亚特区的任何时候,他们都能得到法律的保护。当时的华盛顿为有色人种提供的公立学校比其他地方要好。我当时对深入研究我们那里的人民生活非常感兴趣。我发现,尽管其中有许多是稳重、值得尊敬的市民,但也有许多人的生活显得浮浅,这让我深感担忧。我看到一些年轻有色人种男子,他们每周只挣四美元,却在周日花两美元甚至更多租一辆双轮轻便马车,在宾夕法尼亚大道上来来回回兜风,以此来试图说服世界他们值数千美元。我还看到其他每月从政府领取七十五或一百美元薪水的年轻人,每个月月底却负债累累。我看到一些几个月前还是国会议员的人,如今失业且陷入贫困。在一大群人当中,似乎对政府有着各种各样的依赖。这个群体的人很少有为自己创造职位的雄心壮志,而是希望联邦官员为他们创造职位。我曾经多次希望,而且经常希望,要是我有什么魔力的话,能把这些人中的大多数移到乡村地区,让他们扎根于土壤,扎根于大自然这位从未欺骗过的坚实基础之上,所有曾经成功过的民族和种族都是从这里起步的——一个起初可能缓慢且艰辛的起步,但终究是一个真实的起步。InWashingtonIsawgirlswhosemotherswereearningtheirlivingbylaundrying.Thesegirlsweretaughtbytheirmothers,inratheracrudewayitistrue,theindustryoflaundrying.Later,thesegirlsenteredthepublicschoolsandremainedthereperhapssixoreightyears.Whenthepublicschoolcoursewasfinallyfinished,theywantedmorecostlydresses,morecostlyhatsandshoes.Inaword,whiletheirwantshavebeenincreased,theirabilitytosupplytheirwantshadnotbeenincreasedinthesamedegree.Ontheotherhand,theirsixoreightyearsofbookeducationhadweanedthemawayfromtheoccupationoftheirmothers.Theresultofthiswasintoomanycasesthatthegirlswenttothebad.Ioftenthoughthowmuchwiseritwouldhavebeentogivethesegirlsthesameamountofmaternaltraining—andIfavouranykindoftraining,whetherinthelanguagesormathematics,thatgivesstrengthandculturetothemind—butatthesametimetogivethemthemostthoroughtraininginthelatestandbestmethodsoflaundryingandotherkindredoccupations.在华盛顿,我看到一些母亲靠洗衣维持生计的女孩。这些女孩由她们的母亲以一种相当粗糙的方式教导洗衣行业。后来,这些女孩进入了公立学校,可能在那里待了六到八年。当公立学校的课程终于结束时,她们想要更昂贵的衣服、更昂贵的帽子和鞋子。简而言之,虽然她们的需求增加了,但满足这些需求的能力并没有以同样的程度提高。另一方面,她们六年或八年的书本教育使她们远离了母亲的职业。这种结果在太多的情况下是这些女孩走向了歧途。我常常想,如果给这些女孩相同的母性教育——我支持任何形式的训练,无论是语言还是数学,只要能增强和培养心灵的力量——但同时给予她们最彻底的最新和最佳洗衣方法以及其他相关职业的培训,那会多么明智。