出身奴隶

第十三章 为了五分钟的演讲跋涉两千里

我们的寄宿部门成立后不久,就有相当多的学生显然很优秀,但因极度贫困,连学校的少量费用都支付不起,开始申请入学。这个班级由男女学生组成。拒绝这些申请人的入学请求是一项巨大的考验,于是在1884年,我们创办了一所夜校来容纳其中的一部分人。Thenight-schoolwasorganizedonaplansimilartotheonewhichIhadhelpedtoestablishatHampton.Atfirstitwascomposedofaboutadozenstudents.Theywereadmittedtothenight-schoolonlywhentheyhadnomoneywithwhichtopayanypartoftheirboardintheregularday-school.Itwasfurtherrequiredthattheymustworkfortenhoursduringthedayatsometradeorindustry,andstudyacademicbranchesfortwohoursduringtheevening.Thiswastherequirementforthefirstoneortwoyearsoftheirstay.Theyweretobepaidsomethingabovethecostoftheirboard,withtheunderstandingthatalloftheirearnings,exceptaverysmallpart,weretobereservedintheschool'streasury,tobeusedforpayingtheirboardintheregularday-schoolaftertheyhadenteredthatdepartment.Thenight-school,startedinthismanner,hasgrownuntilthereareatpresentfourhundredandfifty-sevenstudentsenrolledinitalone.夜校是按照一种类似于我在哈姆普顿帮助建立的计划组织起来的。起初它由大约十二名学生组成。只有在他们没有钱支付全日制日校部分学费的情况下,才能被录取到夜校。此外,还要求他们在白天从事某种行业工作十个小时,并在晚上学习学术课程两个小时。这是他们入学一两年内的要求。他们会被支付略高于生活费的报酬,同时约定除了一小部分外,所有收入都将存入学校的国库,用于支付他们进入全日制日校后的食宿费用。以这种方式创办的夜校已经发展到目前单独注册的学生人数达到了四百五十七人。Therecouldhardlybeamoreseveretestofastudent'sworththanthisbranchoftheInstitute'swork.ItislargelybecauseitfurnishessuchagoodopportunitytotestthebackboneofastudentthatIplacesuchhighvalueuponournight-school.Anyonewhoiswillingtoworktenhoursadayatthebrick-yard,orinthelaundry,throughoneortwoyears,inorderthatheorshemayhavetheprivilegeofstudyingacademicbranchesfortwohoursintheevening,hasenoughbottomtowarrantbeingfurthereducated.没有比这更能考验学生价值的了。我之所以高度重视我们的夜校,很大程度上是因为它提供了很好的机会来检验一个学生的毅力。任何一个愿意每天在砖厂工作十个小时,或者在洗衣房工作同样时间,坚持一到两年,只为晚上有两小时学习学术课程的机会,这样的人有足够的潜力值得进一步接受教育。Afterthestudenthasleftthenight-schoolheenterstheday-school,wherehetakesacademicbranchesfourdaysinaweek,andworksathistradetwodays.Besidesthisheusuallyworksathistradeduringthethreesummermonths.Asarule,afterastudenthassucceededingoingthroughthenight-schooltest,hefindsawaytofinishtheregularcourseinindustrialandacademictraining.Nostudent,nomatterhowmuchmoneyhemaybeabletocommand,ispermittedtogothroughschoolwithoutdoingmanuallabour.Infact,theindustrialworkisnowaspopularastheacademicbranches.Someofthemostsuccessfulmenandwomenwhohavegraduatedfromtheinstitutionobtainedtheirstartinthenight-school.学生离开夜校后进入日校,在日校里他每周学习四天的文化课程,两天从事学徒工作。除此之外,他通常在夏季的三个月里也从事学徒工作。一般来说,一旦学生通过了夜校的考试,他就会设法完成工业和学术培训的常规课程。无论学生能支配多少钱,都不允许他不参加体力劳动就完成学业。实际上,现在体力劳动和文化课程一样受欢迎。从这所机构毕业的一些最成功的人士正是从夜校开始起步的。WhileagreatdealofstressislaidupontheindustrialsideoftheworkatTuskegee,wedonotneglectoroverlookinanydegreethereligiousandspiritualside.Theschoolisstrictlyundenominational,butitisthoroughlyChristian,andthespiritualtrainingofthestudentsisnotneglected.Ourpreachingservice,prayer-meetings,Sunday-school,ChristianEndeavourSociety,YoungMen'sChristianAssociation,andvariousmissionaryorganizations,testifytothis.塔斯克基的工作虽然在工业方面受到极大重视,但我们丝毫没有忽视或忽略宗教和精神方面的培养。学校是严格非宗派的,但它完全具有基督教性质,学生的灵性培养并未被忽视。我们的布道服务、祈祷会、主日学校、基督徒努力协会、基督教青年会以及各种传教组织都证明了这一点。In1885,MissOliviaDavidson,towhomIhavealreadyreferredasbeinglargelyresponsibleforthesuccessoftheschoolduringitsearlyhistory,andIweremarried.Duringourmarriedlifeshecontinuedtodividehertimeandstrengthbetweenourhomeandtheworkfortheschool.ShenotonlycontinuedtoworkintheschoolatTuskegee,butalsokeptupherhabitofgoingNorthtosecurefunds.In1889shedied,afterfouryearsofhappymarriedlifeandeightyearsofhardandhappyworkfortheschool.Sheliterallyworeherselfoutinherneverceasingeffortsinbehalfoftheworkthatshesodearlyloved.Duringourmarriedlifetherewereborntoustwobright,beautifulboys,BookerTaliaferroandErnestDavidson.Theolderofthese,Booker,hasalreadymasteredthebrick-maker'stradeatTuskegee.1885年,我已经提到过的奥利维亚·戴维森小姐与我结婚了,她在学校早期的历史中对学校的成功负有主要责任。在我们的婚姻生活中,她继续在我们的家和学校的事务之间分配时间和精力。她不仅继续在塔斯克基的学校工作,还保持着去北方筹集资金的习惯。1889年,在四年幸福的婚姻生活和八年的艰辛而快乐的学校工作中,她去世了。她为了她深爱的工作不遗余力,直至耗尽自己。在我们的婚姻生活中,我们有了两个聪明美丽的孩子,布克·塔利亚费罗和欧内斯特·戴维森。我们的长子布克已经在塔斯克基掌握了制砖匠的技术。IhaveoftenbeenaskedhowIbeganthepracticeofpublicspeaking.InanswerIwouldsaythatIneverplannedtogiveanylargepartofmylifetospeakinginpublic.Ihavealwayshadmoreofanambitiontodothingsthanmerelytotalkaboutdoingthem.ItseemsthatwhenIwentNorthwithGeneralArmstrongtospeakattheseriesofpublicmeetingstowhichIhavereferred,thePresidentoftheNationalEducationalAssociation,theHon.ThomasW.Bicknell,waspresentatoneofthosemeetingsandheardmespeak.AfewdaysafterwardhesentmeaninvitationtodeliveranaddressatthenextmeetingoftheEducationalAssociation.ThismeetingwastobeheldinMadison,Wis.Iacceptedtheinvitation.Thiswas,inasense,thebeginningofmypublic-speakingcareer.我经常被问到我是如何开始公开演讲生涯的。我的回答是,我从未计划把生命中很大一部分投入到公众演讲中。我一直更倾向于做事情,而不是仅仅谈论做事情。似乎当我随阿姆斯特朗将军一起去参加我提到过的那一系列公共会议并发表讲话时,全国教育协会的主席托马斯·W·比肯内尔先生出席了其中的一次会议,并听到了我的发言。几天后,他邀请我在下一次教育协会会议上发表演讲。这次会议将在威斯康星州的麦迪逊举行。我接受了邀请。这在某种意义上标志着我公开演讲生涯的开始。OntheeveningthatIspokebeforetheAssociationtheremusthavebeennotfarfromfourthousandpersonspresent.Withoutmyknowingit,therewerealargenumberofpeoplepresentfromAlabama,andsomefromthetownofTuskegee.ThesewhitepeopleafterwardfranklytoldmethattheywenttothismeetingexpectingtoheartheSouthroundlyabused,butwerepleasantlysurprisedtofindthattherewasnowordofabuseinmyaddress.Onthecontrary,theSouthwasgivencreditforallthepraiseworthythingsthatithaddone.AwhiteladywhowasteacherinacollegeinTuskegeewrotebacktothelocalpaperthatshewasgratified,aswellassurprised,tonotethecreditwhichIgavethewhitepeopleofTuskegeefortheirhelpingettingtheschoolstarted.ThisaddressatMadisonwasthefirstthatIhaddeliveredthatinanylargemeasuredealtwiththegeneralproblemoftheraces.ThosewhohearditseemedtobepleasedwithwhatIsaidandwiththegeneralpositionthatItook.在我向协会发表演讲的那个晚上,大约有四千人到场。我没有意识到的是,有许多人从阿拉巴马州赶来,还有一些人来自塔斯克基镇。这些白人后来坦率地告诉我,他们参加这次会议是期望听到对南方的严厉批评,但却意外地发现我的演讲中没有任何侮辱性的话语。相反,南方因其值得称赞的行为得到了赞扬。一位在塔斯克基大学任教的白人女士写信给当地报纸,表示她既满意又惊讶于我给予塔斯克基白人帮助学校创办所给予的肯定。这场在麦迪逊的演讲是我第一次在很大程度上涉及种族问题总体情况的演讲。那些听讲的人似乎对我的发言以及我所采取的总体立场感到满意。WhenIfirstcametoTuskegee,IdeterminedthatIwouldmakeitmyhome,thatIwouldtakeasmuchprideintherightactionsofthepeopleofthetownasanywhitemancoulddo,andthatIwould,atthesametime,deplorethewrong-doingofthepeopleasmuchasanywhiteman.IdeterminednevertosayanythinginapublicaddressintheNorththatIwouldnotbewillingtosayintheSouth.Iearlylearnedthatitisahardmattertoconvertanindividualbyabusinghim,andthatthisismoreoftenaccomplishedbygivingcreditforallthepraiseworthyactionsperformedthanbycallingattentionalonetoalltheevildone.当我第一次来到塔斯克基时,我下定决心要把它当作我的家,我会像任何一个白人一样,为这个镇上的人们做出的正确行为感到自豪,并且与此同时,我会像任何一个白人一样,对人们的不当行为表示遗憾。我下定决心,在北方的公开演讲中,我说的话也应该是我在南方愿意说的话。我很快就明白,通过辱骂一个人来改变他是很困难的,而通过给予所有值得称赞的行为以肯定,比仅仅指出所有的错误行为更能达到目的。WhilepursuingthispolicyIhavenotfailed,atthepropertimeandinthepropermanner,tocallattention,innouncertainterms,tothewrongswhichanypartoftheSouthhasbeenguiltyof.IhavefoundthatthereisalargeelementintheSouththatisquicktorespondtostraightforward,honestcriticismofanywrongpolicy.Asarule,theplacetocriticisetheSouth,whencriticismisnecessary,isintheSouth—notinBoston.ABostonmanwhocametoAlabamatocriticiseBostonwouldnoteffectsomuchgood,Ithink,asonewhohadhiswordofcriticismtosayinBoston.在我推行这一政策的过程中,我并没有在适当的时间和适当的场合,以毫不含糊的态度,忽视对南方任何一部分所犯错误的关注。我发现南方有大量的人群能够迅速回应对任何错误政策的坦率而诚实的批评。一般来说,当需要批评南方时,应该在南方而不是在波士顿进行。我认为,一个从波士顿来到阿拉巴马州批评波士顿的人,所起的作用可能不如在波士顿说一句批评的话那样有效。InthisaddressatMadisonItookthegroundthatthepolicytobepursuedwithreferencestotheraceswas,byeveryhonourablemeans,tobringthemtogetherandtoencouragethecultivationoffriendlyrelations,insteadofdoingthatwhichwouldembitter.Ifurthercontendedthat,inrelationtohisvote,theNegroshouldmoreandmoreconsidertheinterestsofthecommunityinwhichhelived,ratherthanseekalonetopleasesomeonewholivedathousandmilesawayfromhimandfromhisinterests.在麦迪逊的这次演讲中,我主张对待种族问题的政策应以一切正当手段将他们团结起来,并鼓励培养友好的关系,而不是做那些会加深仇恨的事情。我还进一步主张,就他的选票而言,黑人应该越来越多地考虑他所居住的社区的利益,而不是仅仅去取悦那些生活在离他千里之外且与他利益无关的人。InthisaddressIsaidthatthewholefutureoftheNegrorestedlargelyuponthequestionastowhetherornotheshouldmakehimself,throughhisskill,intelligence,andcharacter,ofsuchundeniablevaluetothecommunityinwhichhelivedthatthecommunitycouldnotdispensewithhispresence.Isaidthatanyindividualwholearnedtodosomethingbetterthananybodyelse—learnedtodoacommonthinginanuncommonmanner—hadsolvedhisproblem,regardlessofthecolourofhisskin,andthatinproportionastheNegrolearnedtoproducewhatotherpeoplewantedandmusthave,inthesameproportionwouldheberespected.在这次演讲中,我说过整个黑人的未来在很大程度上取决于他是否能够通过自己的技能、智慧和品格,成为他所生活的社区中不可或缺的价值,使社区无法忽视他的存在。我说过,任何学会比别人做得更好的人——学会以非同寻常的方式做普通事情的人——已经解决了自己的问题,无论他的皮肤是什么颜色。而且,黑人在多大程度上学会了生产他人需要且必需的东西,在同样的程度上他会受到尊重。Ispokeofaninstancewhereoneofourgraduateshadproducedtwohundredandsixty-sixbushelsofsweetpotatoesfromanacreofground,inacommunitywheretheaverageproductionhadbeenonlyforty-ninebushelstotheacre.Hehadbeenabletodothisbyreasonofhisknowledgeofthechemistryofthesoilandbyhisknowledgeofimprovedmethodsofagriculture.Thewhitefarmersintheneighbourhoodrespectedhim,andcametohimforideasregardingtheraisingofsweetpotatoes.Thesewhitefarmershonouredandrespectedhimbecausehe,byhisskillandknowledge,hadaddedsomethingtothewealthandthecomfortofthecommunityinwhichhelived.IexplainedthatmytheoryofeducationfortheNegrowouldnot,forexample,confinehimforalltimetofarmlife—totheproductionofthebestandthemostsweetpotatoes—butthat,ifhesucceededinthislineofindustry,hecouldlaythefoundationsuponwhichhischildrenandgrand-childrencouldgrowtohigherandmoreimportantthingsinlife.我曾举过这样一个例子:我们的一位毕业生在一英亩土地上生产了二百六十六蒲式耳的红薯,在一个平均产量仅为每英亩四十九蒲式耳的社区里,他做到了这一点。他之所以能做到这一点,是因为他对土壤化学和改进的农业方法有所了解。周围的白人农民尊重他,并向他请教种植红薯的方法。这些白人农民尊敬他,因为他凭借自己的技能和知识,为他所生活的社区增加了财富和舒适度。我解释说,我对黑人的教育理论不会永远限制他从事农耕生活——生产最好的红薯——但假如他在这一行业取得成功,他就可以为他的子女和孙辈奠定基础,让他们在生活中迈向更高、更重要的目标。Such,inbrief,weresomeoftheviewsIadvocatedinthisfirstaddressdealingwiththebroadquestionoftherelationsofthetworaces,andsincethattimeIhavenotfoundanyreasonforchangingmyviewsonanyimportantpoint.简而言之,这就是我在第一次涉及两个种族关系这一广泛问题的讲话中所阐述的一些观点,从那以后,我没有发现有任何重要的理由改变我的观点。InmyearlylifeIusedtocherishafeelingofillwilltowardanyonewhospokeinbittertermsagainsttheNegro,orwhoadvocatedmeasuresthattendedtooppresstheblackmanortakefromhimopportunitiesforgrowthinthemostcompletemanner.Now,wheneverIhearanyoneadvocatingmeasuresthataremeanttocurtailthedevelopmentofanother,Ipitytheindividualwhowoulddothis.Iknowthattheonewhomakesthismistakedoessobecauseofhisownlackofopportunityforthehighestkindofgrowth.IpityhimbecauseIknowthatheistryingtostoptheprogressoftheworld,andbecauseIknowthatintimethedevelopmentandtheceaselessadvanceofhumanitywillmakehimashamedofhisweakandnarrowposition.Onemightaswelltrytostoptheprogressofamightyrailroadtrainbythrowinghisbodyacrossthetrack,astotrytostopthegrowthoftheworldinthedirectionofgivingmankindmoreintelligence,moreculture,moreskill,moreliberty,andinthedirectionofextendingmoresympathyandmorebrotherlykindness.在我早年的生活里,我对任何用严厉措辞攻击黑人,或者提倡压制黑人、剥夺黑人成长机会的人,都会怀有一种敌意的感觉。现在,每当我听到有人倡导限制他人发展的措施时,我都会同情这样做的个人。我知道做出这种错误行为的人是因为他自己缺乏最高层次的成长机会。我同情他,因为我明白他在试图阻止世界的进步,我也知道人类的发展和不断的进步终将让他对自己的狭隘立场感到羞愧。一个人想要通过将自己的身体横躺在铁轨上来阻止一列强大的火车前进,这与试图阻止世界朝着给予人类更多智慧、更多文化、更多技能、更多自由的方向发展,以及扩展更多的同情心和兄弟般的善意是一样的徒劳。TheaddresswhichIdeliveredatMadison,beforetheNationalEducationalAssociation,gavemearatherwideintroductionintheNorth,andsoonafterthatopportunitiesbeganofferingthemselvesformetoaddressaudiencesthere.我在麦迪逊向全国教育协会发表的演讲使我在我北方的家乡获得了相当广泛的介绍,之后不久,我就开始有机会在那里向听众发表演讲。Iwasanxious,however,thatthewaymightalsobeopenedformetospeakdirectlytoarepresentativeSouthernwhiteaudience.Apartialopportunityofthiskind,onethatseemedtomemightserveasanenteringwedge,presenteditselfin1893,whentheinternationalmeetingofChristianWorkerswasheldatAtlanta,Ga.Whenthisinvitationcametome,IhadengagementsinBostonthatseemedtomakeitimpossibleformetospeakinAtlanta.Still,afterlookingovermylistofdatesandplacescarefully,IfoundthatIcouldtakeatrainfromBostonthatwouldgetmeintoAtlantaaboutthirtyminutesbeforemyaddresswastobedelivered,andthatIcouldremaininthatcitybeforetakinganothertrainforBoston.MyinvitationtospeakinAtlantastipulatedthatIwastoconfinemyaddresstofiveminutes.Thequestion,then,waswhetherornotIcouldputenoughintoafive-minuteaddresstomakeitworthwhileformetomakesuchatrip.然而,我渴望也有机会直接向一位代表南方白人的听众讲话。1893年,当佐治亚州亚特兰大举行基督教徒工作者国际会议时,似乎可以为我提供这样一个部分的机会,我认为这可能成为我进入的一个楔子。当我收到这个邀请时,我在波士顿有约会,似乎让我不可能在亚特兰大发表演讲。然而,经过仔细查看我的日期和地点列表后,我发现我可以从波士顿乘火车前往亚特兰大,在我演讲开始前大约三十分钟到达,并且在我从波士顿返回之前,可以在该城市停留一段时间。邀请我到亚特兰大演讲规定,我必须将演讲限制在五分钟内。那么,问题就在于,我是否能在五分钟的演讲中加入足够的内容,使得这样的旅行值得呢。Iknewthattheaudiencewouldbelargelycomposedofthemostinfluentialclassofwhitemenandwomen,andthatitwouldbearareopportunityformetoletthemknowwhatweweretryingtodoatTuskegee,aswellastospeaktothemabouttherelationsoftheraces.SoIdecidedtomakethetrip.Ispokeforfiveminutestoanaudienceoftwothousandpeople,composedmostlyofSouthernandNorthernwhites.WhatIsaidseemedtobereceivedwithfavourandenthusiasm.TheAtlantapapersofthenextdaycommentedinfriendlytermsonmyaddress,andagooddealwassaidaboutitindifferentpartsofthecountry.IfeltthatIhadinsomedegreeaccomplishedmyobject—thatofgettingahearingfromthedominantclassoftheSouth.我知道听众将主要是由最有影响力的白人男女组成,这对我来说将是一个难得的机会,让他们了解我们在塔斯克基所做的工作,以及向他们谈论种族关系。所以我决定去一趟。我用五分钟的时间对两千名听众发表了演讲,其中大多数是南方和北方的白人。我的讲话似乎得到了青睐和热情的回应。第二天亚特兰大的报纸友好地评论了我的演讲,在全国各地对此也有不少议论。我觉得我在某种程度上达成了我的目标——即争取到南方主导阶级的倾听。Thedemandsmadeuponmeforpublicaddressescontinuedtoincrease,cominginaboutequalnumbersfrommyownpeopleandfromNorthernwhites.IgaveasmuchtimetotheseaddressesasIcouldsparefromtheimmediateworkatTuskegee.MostoftheaddressesintheNorthweremadeforthedirectpurposeofgettingfundswithwhichtosupporttheschool.Thosedeliveredbeforethecolouredpeoplehadfortheirmainobjecttheimpressinguponthemtheimportanceofindustrialandtechnicaleducationinadditiontoacademicandreligioustraining.要求我发表公开演讲的需求持续增加,大约有一半来自我的同胞,另一半来自北方的白人。我把尽可能多的时间投入到这些演讲中,尽管这占用了我在塔斯基吉学院日常工作的一部分时间。北方的大多数演讲都是为了筹集支持学校运作的资金。而面向有色人种听众的演讲则主要目的是强调除了学术和宗教教育之外,工业和技术教育的重要性。Inowcometothatoneoftheincidentsinmylifewhichseemstohaveexcitedthegreatestamountofinterest,andwhichperhapswentfurtherthananythingelseingivingmeareputationthatinasensemightbecalledNational.IrefertotheaddresswhichIdeliveredattheopeningoftheAtlantaCottonstatesandInternationalExposition,atAtlanta,Ga.,September18,1895.我现在要讲的是我一生中那些引起最大兴趣的事件之一,也许它比其他任何事情都更能使我获得一种可以说是全国性的声誉。我指的是我在1895年9月18日于佐治亚州亚特兰大举行的棉花州和国际博览会上的开幕致辞。Somuchhasbeensaidandwrittenaboutthisincident,andsomanyquestionshavebeenaskedmeconcerningtheaddress,thatperhapsImaybeexcusedfortakingupthematterwithsomedetail.Thefive-minuteaddressinAtlanta,whichIcamefromBostontodeliver,waspossiblytheprimecauseforanopportunitybeinggivenmetomakethesecondaddressthere.Inthespringof1895IreceivedatelegramfromprominentcitizensinAtlantaaskingmetoaccompanyacommitteefromthatcitytoWashingtonforthepurposeofappearingbeforeacommitteeofCongressintheinterestofsecuringGovernmenthelpfortheExposition.Thecommitteewascomposedofabouttwenty-fiveofthemostprominentandmostinfluentialwhitemenofGeorgia.AllthemembersofthiscommitteewerewhitemenexceptBishopGrant,BishopGaines,andmyself.TheMayorandseveralothercityandstateofficialsspokebeforethecommittee.Theywerefollowedbythetwocolouredbishops.Mynamewasthelastonthelistofspeakers.Ihadneverbeforeappearedbeforesuchacommittee,norhadIeverdeliveredanyaddressinthecapitaloftheNation.IhadmanymisgivingsastowhatIoughttosay,andastotheimpressionthatmyaddresswouldmake.WhileIcannotrecallindetailwhatIsaid,IrememberthatItriedtoimpressuponthecommittee,withalltheearnestnessandplainnessofanylanguagethatIcouldcommand,thatifCongresswantedtodosomethingwhichwouldassistinriddingtheSouthoftheracequestionandmakingfriendsbetweenthetworaces,itshould,ineveryproperway,encouragethematerialandintellectualgrowthofbothraces.IsaidthattheAtlantaExpositionwouldpresentanopportunityforbothracestoshowwhatadvancetheyhadmadesincefreedom,andwouldatthesametimeaffordencouragementtothemtomakestillgreaterprogress.关于这一事件,已经说了和写了这么多,关于演讲的内容也有人向我提出了许多问题,或许我可以被原谅,因此我可能会详细地讨论一下这个话题。我在波士顿准备了那篇五分钟的演讲,并在亚特兰大进行了发表,这可能是让我有机会在那里发表第二篇演讲的主要原因。1895年春天,我收到了亚特兰大几位知名市民发来的电报,邀请我陪同一个由该市代表组成的委员会前往华盛顿,目的是在国会的一个委员会面前作证,以争取政府对博览会的支持。这个委员会由大约二十五位乔治亚州最杰出、最有影响力的人组成,其中除了格兰特主教、盖恩斯主教和我自己之外,其他成员都是白人。市长和其他一些城市和州的官员都曾在委员会面前发言。接着是两位有色人种主教发言。我的名字是发言人名单上的最后一个。我以前从未在这样的委员会面前发言,也从未在国家首都发表过任何演讲。我对应该说什么以及我的演讲会留下什么样的印象感到非常不安。虽然我现在无法详细回忆起我说了什么,但我记得我尽力用我能掌握的所有语言的认真和平实,向委员会强调,如果国会想要做些什么来帮助南方摆脱种族问题并使两个种族成为朋友,它应该通过所有适当的方式鼓励两个种族的物质和智力成长。我说,亚特兰大博览会将为两个种族展示自自由以来取得的进步提供机会,同时也将鼓励他们继续取得更大的进步。ItriedtoemphasizethefactthatwhiletheNegroshouldnotbedeprivedbyunfairmeansofthefranchise,politicalagitationalonewouldnotsavehim,andthatbackoftheballothemusthaveproperty,industry,skill,economy,intelligence,andcharacter,andthatnoracewithouttheseelementscouldpermanentlysucceed.IsaidthatingrantingtheappropriationCongresscoulddosomethingthatwouldprovetobeofrealandlastingvaluetobothraces,andthatitwasthefirstgreatopportunityofthekindthathadbeenpresentedsincethecloseoftheCivilWar.我试图强调这样一个事实:虽然不应以不公平的方式剥夺黑人的选举权,但仅仅依靠政治鼓动并不能拯救他,而且在他投票之后,他还必须拥有财产、产业、技能、节俭、智慧和品格,没有任何具备这些要素的种族能够永久地取得成功。我说,国会在拨款时可以做些事情,这将证明对两个种族都具有真正的、持久的价值,并且这是自内战结束以来首次出现的这样重大的机会。Ispokeforfifteenortwentyminutes,andwassurprisedatthecloseofmyaddresstoreceivetheheartycongratulationsoftheGeorgiacommitteeandofthemembersofCongresswhowerepresent.TheCommitteewasunanimousinmakingafavourablereport,andinafewdaysthebillpassedCongress.WiththepassingofthisbillthesuccessoftheAtlantaExpositionwasassured.我讲了十五分钟或二十分钟,在结束讲话时,我惊讶地收到了乔治亚委员会以及在场的国会议员们热情的祝贺。该委员会一致同意做出有利的报告,几天后,这项法案通过了国会。随着这项法案的通过,亚特兰大博览会的成功得到了保障。SoonafterthistriptoWashingtonthedirectorsoftheExpositiondecidedthatitwouldbeafittingrecognitionofthecolouredracetoerectalargeandattractivebuildingwhichshouldbedevotedwhollytoshowingtheprogressoftheNegrosincefreedom.ItwasfurtherdecidedtohavethebuildingdesignedanderectedwhollybyNegromechanics.Thisplanwascarriedout.Indesign,beauty,andgeneralfinishtheNegroBuildingwasequaltotheothersonthegrounds.在这次华盛顿之行不久之后,博览会的董事们决定,建造一座大型且吸引人的建筑,以表彰有色人种种族的进步,这座建筑将完全展示自获得自由以来黑人所取得的进步。此外,还决定完全由黑人工匠设计和建造这座建筑。这一计划得以实现。在设计、美观和整体完成度方面,黑人馆与其他场地上的建筑不相上下。AfteritwasdecidedtohaveaseparateNegroexhibit,thequestionaroseastowhoshouldtakecareofit.TheofficialsoftheExpositionwereanxiousthatIshouldassumethisresponsibility,butIdeclinedtodoso,onthepleathattheworkatTuskegeeatthattimedemandedmytimeandstrength.Largelyatmysuggestion,Mr.I.GarlandPenn,ofLynchburg,Va.,wasselectedtobeattheheadoftheNegrodepartment.IgavehimalltheaidthatIcould.TheNegroexhibit,asawhole,waslargeandcreditable.ThetwoexhibitsinthisdepartmentwhichattractedthegreatestamountofattentionwerethosefromtheHamptonInstituteandtheTuskegeeInstitute.Thepeoplewhoseemedtobethemostsurprised,aswellaspleased,atwhattheysawintheNegroBuildingweretheSouthernwhitepeople.决定设立单独的黑人展览后,问题随之而来——谁应该负责这个展览。博览会的官员们希望我承担这一责任,但我以当时塔斯克基的工作需要我的时间和精力为由,婉拒了。在很大程度上基于我的建议,来自弗吉尼亚州林奇堡的I.加兰德·潘恩先生被选为负责黑人部门的负责人。我尽我所能给予他帮助。总体而言,黑人展览规模大且令人钦佩。在这个部门中,吸引最多关注的两个展览分别来自汉普顿学院和塔斯克基学院。看到黑人建筑内展出的内容时,最感到惊讶和高兴的人群是南方的白人群体。AsthedayfortheopeningoftheExpositiondrewnear,theBoardofDirectorsbeganpreparingtheprogrammefortheopeningexercises.Inthediscussionfromdaytodayofthevariousfeaturesofthisprogramme,thequestioncameupastotheadvisabilityofputtingamemberoftheNegroraceonforoneoftheopeningaddresses,sincetheNegroeshadbeenaskedtotakesuchaprominentpartintheExposition.Itwasargued,further,thatsuchrecognitionwouldmarkthegoodfeelingprevailingbetweenthetworaces.OfcoursetherewerethosewhowereopposedtoanysuchrecognitionoftherightsoftheNegro,buttheBoardofDirectors,composedofmenwhorepresentedthebestandmostprogressiveelementintheSouth,hadtheirway,andvotedtoinviteablackmantospeakontheopeningday.ThenextthingwastodecideuponthepersonwhowasthustorepresenttheNegrorace.Afterthequestionhadbeencanvassedforseveraldays,thedirectorsvotedunanimouslytoaskmetodeliveroneoftheopening-dayaddresses,andinafewdaysafterthatIreceivedtheofficialinvitation.随着世博会开幕日的临近,董事们开始筹备开幕仪式的节目单。在每天讨论这个节目单的各个部分时,提出了一个建议,即是否应该邀请一位黑人来发表其中一个开幕演讲,因为黑人们被要求在世博会上扮演如此重要的角色。进一步讨论认为,这样的认可将标志着两个种族之间良好的关系。当然,也有人反对给予黑人这样的权利的认可,但董事们是由南方最优秀、最具进步性的代表组成,他们坚持了自己的意见,并投票决定邀请一位黑人在开幕日发言。接下来的问题是确定由谁来代表黑人群体发言。经过几天的讨论,董事们一致投票决定让我发表其中一个开幕日的演讲,几天之后,我收到了正式的邀请。Thereceivingofthisinvitationbroughttomeasenseofresponsibilitythatitwouldbehardforanyonenotplacedinmypositiontoappreciate.Whatweremyfeelingswhenthisinvitationcametome?IrememberedthatIhadbeenaslave;thatmyearlyyearshadbeenspentinthelowestdepthsofpovertyandignorance,andthatIhadhadlittleopportunitytopreparemeforsucharesponsibilityasthis.Itwasonlyafewyearsbeforethattimethatanywhitemanintheaudiencemighthaveclaimedmeashisslave;anditwaseasilypossiblethatsomeofmyformerownersmightbepresenttohearmespeak.收到这份邀请让我感到一种责任感,这种责任感是那些没有处于我这个位置的人难以理解的。当这个邀请到来时,我的感受是什么?我记得自己曾经是个奴隶;我的早年岁月是在贫困和无知的最底层度过的,我没有太多机会来准备承担这样的责任。就在那之前几年,观众席上的任何一个白人可能都曾声称我是他的奴隶;而且完全有可能我的前主人中有人会前来听我演讲。Iknew,too,thatthiswasthefirsttimeintheentirehistoryoftheNegrothatamemberofmyracehadbeenaskedtospeakfromthesameplatformwithwhiteSouthernmenandwomenonanyimportantNationaloccasion.IwasaskednowtospeaktoanaudiencecomposedofthewealthandcultureofthewhiteSouth,therepresentativesofmyformermasters.Iknew,too,thatwhilethegreaterpartofmyaudiencewouldbecomposedofSouthernpeople,yettherewouldbepresentalargenumberofNorthernwhites,aswellasagreatmanymenandwomenofmyownrace.我也知道,这是黑人历史上第一次有我这个种族的成员被邀请与南方白人男女在同一平台上就任何重要的全国性场合发言。现在我被要求向由南方白人中的财富与文化代表以及我的前主人的代表组成的听众发表演讲。我也知道,虽然我的大部分听众将是南方人,但也会有许多北方白人以及许多我自己的种族的男女在场。IwasdeterminedtosaynothingthatIdidnotfeelfromthebottomofmyhearttobetrueandright.Whentheinvitationcametome,therewasnotonewordofintimationastowhatIshouldsayorastowhatIshouldomit.InthisIfeltthattheBoardofDirectorshadpaidatributetome.TheyknewthatbyonesentenceIcouldhaveblasted,inalargedegree,thesuccessoftheExposition.Iwasalsopainfullyconsciousofthefactthat,whileImustbetruetomyownraceinmyutterances,Ihaditinmypowertomakesuchanill-timedaddressaswouldresultinpreventinganysimilarinvitationbeingextendedtoablackmanagainforyearstocome.IwasequallydeterminedtobetruetotheNorth,aswellastothebestelementofthewhiteSouth,inwhatIhadtosay.我决心说出我发自内心深处认为真实且正确的话。当我收到邀请时,没有任何暗示让我该说什么或不该说什么。我觉得董事会这样是对我的一种肯定。他们知道,一句话就足以在很大程度上破坏博览会的成功。我也痛苦地意识到,虽然我在言辞中必须忠于自己的种族,但我也有能力发表一个不合时宜的演讲,从而导致多年内不会再有黑人收到类似的邀请。同样,我也下定决心,在我所要说的话中要忠于北方,也要忠于南方最好的白人群体。Thepapers,NorthandSouth,hadtakenupthediscussionofmycomingspeech,andasthetimeforitdrewnearthisdiscussionbecamemoreandmorewidespread.NotafewoftheSouthernwhitepaperswereunfriendlytotheideaofmyspeaking.FrommyownraceIreceivedmanysuggestionsastowhatIoughttosay.IpreparedmyselfasbestIcouldfortheaddress,butastheeighteenthofSeptemberdrewnearer,theheaviermyheartbecame,andthemoreIfearedthatmyeffortwouldproveafailureandadisappointment.北方和南方的报纸都开始讨论我的即将发表的演讲,随着演讲日期的临近,这种讨论变得越来越广泛。不少南方白人的报纸对我的演讲想法持不友好的态度。我从自己的族人那里得到了许多关于我应该说什么的建议。我尽最大努力准备了这篇演讲稿,但是随着9月18日的临近,我的心跳得越来越重,我越来越害怕我的努力会以失败告终,令人大失所望。TheinvitationhadcomeatatimewhenIwasverybusywithmyschoolwork,asitwasthebeginningofourschoolyear.Afterpreparingmyaddress,Iwentthroughit,asIusuallydowiththoseutteranceswhichIconsiderparticularlyimportant,withMrs.Washington,andsheapprovedofwhatIintendedtosay.OnthesixteenthofSeptember,thedaybeforeIwastostartforAtlanta,somanyoftheTuskegeeteachersexpressedadesiretohearmyaddressthatIconsentedtoreadittotheminabody.WhenIhaddoneso,andhadheardtheircriticismsandcomments,Ifeltsomewhatrelieved,sincetheyseemedtothinkwellofwhatIhadtosay.这份邀请是在我忙于学业的时候来的,因为我们学校的新学年刚刚开始。在准备完我的演讲稿后,我像往常一样,将这篇我认为特别重要的讲话稿拿给华盛顿夫人过目,她同意了我要说的话。九月十六日,也就是我动身去亚特兰大的前一天,许多塔斯基吉的教师表示想听听我的演讲,于是我答应集体为他们朗读一遍。当我读完之后,听取了他们的批评和意见后,我感到轻松了一些,因为他们似乎对我的讲话内容评价不错。OnthemorningofSeptember17,togetherwithMrs.Washingtonandmythreechildren,IstartedforAtlanta.IfeltagooddealasIsupposeamanfeelswhenheisonhiswaytothegallows.InpassingthroughthetownofTuskegeeImetawhitefarmerwholivedsomedistanceoutinthecountry.Inajestingmannerthismansaid:"Washington,youhavespokenbeforetheNorthernwhitepeople,theNegroesintheSouth,andtouscountrywhitepeopleintheSouth;butAtlanta,to-morrow,youwillhavebeforeyoutheNorthernwhites,theSouthernwhites,andtheNegroesalltogether.Iamafraidthatyouhavegotyourselfinatightplace."Thisfarmerdiagnosedthesituationcorrectly,buthisfrankwordsdidnotaddanythingtomycomfort.9月17日清晨,我和华盛顿夫人以及我的三个孩子一起出发前往亚特兰大。我觉得自己大概就像一个正走向绞刑架的人一样忐忑不安。在经过塔斯克基镇时,我遇到了一位住在乡下的白人农民。这位农民以开玩笑的口吻说道:“华盛顿,你已经对北方的白人、南方的黑人以及南方的乡下白人发表过演讲;但是明天,在亚特兰大,你将面对北方的白人、南方的白人和黑人齐聚一堂。我担心你把自己逼进了一个尴尬的境地。”这位农民准确地分析了形势,但他直白的话语并没有给我带来任何安慰。InthecourseofthejourneyfromTuskegeetoAtlantabothcolouredandwhitepeoplecametothetraintopointmeout,anddiscussedwithperfectfreedom,inmyhearings,whatwasgoingtotakeplacethenextday.WeweremetbyacommitteeinAtlanta.AlmostthefirstthingthatIheardwhenIgotoffthetraininthatcitywasanexpressionsomethinglikethis,fromanoldcolouredmannearby:"Dat'sdemanofmyracewhat'sgwinetomakeaspeechatdeExpositionto-morrow.I'sesho'gwinetohearhim."在从塔斯基吉前往亚特兰大的旅途中,无论是黑人还是白人都来到火车旁指认我,并在我耳边毫无顾忌地讨论着第二天即将发生的事情。我们在亚特兰大受到了一个委员会的迎接。我刚一下火车,就听到附近一位老者说了类似这样的话:“那就是我们种族里要在博览会上发表演讲的人。我一定要去听他的演讲。”Atlantawasliterallypacked,atthetime,withpeoplefromallpartsofthecountry,andwithrepresentativesofforeigngovernments,aswellaswithmilitaryandcivicorganizations.Theafternoonpapershadforecastsofthenextday'sproceedingsinflaringheadlines.Allthistendedtoaddtomyburden.Ididnotsleepmuchthatnight.Thenextmorning,beforeday,IwentcarefullyoverwhatIplannedtosay.IalsokneeleddownandaskedGod'sblessinguponmyeffort.Righthere,perhaps,IoughttoaddthatImakeitarulenevertogobeforeanaudience,onanyoccasion,withoutaskingtheblessingofGoduponwhatIwanttosay.亚特兰大当时挤满了来自全国各地的人们,还有外国政府的代表,以及军事和社会团体的成员。下午的报纸用醒目的大标题预告了第二天的议程。所有这些都加重了我的负担。那一夜我睡得不多。第二天清晨,天还没亮,我就仔细回顾了自己计划要说的内容。我还跪下来祈求上帝保佑我的努力。也许在这里我应该补充一点,我有个规矩,无论在什么场合面对观众演讲之前,我都会请求上帝保佑我要说的话。Ialwaysmakeitaruletomakeespecialpreparationforeachseparateaddress.Notwoaudiencesareexactlyalike.Itismyaimtoreachandtalktotheheartofeachindividualaudience,takingitintomyconfidenceverymuchasIwouldaperson.WhenIamspeakingtoanaudience,IcarelittleforhowwhatIamsayingisgoingtosoundinthenewspapers,ortoanotheraudience,ortoanindividual.Atthetime,theaudiencebeforemeabsorbsallmysympathy,thought,andenergy.我总是坚持为每次单独的演讲做特别准备。没有两个听众群体是完全一样的。我的目标是触及并和每个特定的听众群体交谈,就像我对一个人那样坦诚相待。当我面对听众讲话时,我不太关心我说的话会在报纸上听起来如何,或者对另一个听众群体或个人会有什么影响。此时此刻,眼前的听众群体会吸收我的全部同情、思想和精力。EarlyinthemorningacommitteecalledtoescortmetomyplaceintheprocessionwhichwastomarchtotheExpositiongrounds.Inthisprocessionwereprominentcolouredcitizensincarriages,aswellasseveralNegromilitaryorganizations.InotedthattheExpositionofficialsseemedtogooutoftheirwaytoseethatallofthecolouredpeopleintheprocessionwereproperlyplacedandproperlytreated.TheprocessionwasaboutthreehoursinreachingtheExpositiongrounds,andduringallofthistimethesunwasshiningdownuponusdisagreeablyhot.Whenwereachedthegrounds,theheat,togetherwithmynervousanxiety,mademefeelasifIwereaboutreadytocollapse,andtofeelthatmyaddresswasnotgoingtobeasuccess.WhenIenteredtheaudience-room,Ifounditpackedwithhumanityfrombottomtotop,andtherewerethousandsoutsidewhocouldnotgetin.一大早,一个委员会前来迎接我,引导我去参加将在博览会场地游行的队伍中的位置。在这支游行队伍中,有坐着马车的显赫有色人种公民,还有一些非裔军事组织。我注意到博览会官员似乎特意费心确保游行队伍中的所有有色人种都得到了恰当的位置和待遇。游行队伍大约花了三个小时才到达博览会场地,在这段时间里,阳光直射下来,天气异常炎热。当我们到达场地时,高温加上我的紧张焦虑,让我感觉快要崩溃了,也觉得我的演讲不会成功。当我进入观众大厅时,我发现大厅从下到上挤满了人,还有成千上万的人在外面无法进入。Theroomwasverylarge,andwellsuitedtopublicspeaking.WhenIenteredtheroom,therewerevigorouscheersfromthecolouredportionoftheaudience,andfaintcheersfromsomeofthewhitepeople.Ihadbeentold,whileIhadbeeninAtlanta,thatwhilemanywhitepeopleweregoingtobepresenttohearmespeak,simplyoutofcuriosity,andthatotherswhowouldbepresentwouldbeinfullsympathywithme,therewasastilllargerelementoftheaudiencewhichwouldconsistofthosewhoweregoingtobepresentforthepurposeofhearingmemakeafoolofmyself,or,atleast,ofhearingmesaysomefoolishthingsothattheycouldsaytotheofficialswhohadinvitedmetospeak,"Itoldyouso!"房间非常大,非常适合公开演讲。当我进入房间时,有色人种的观众热烈欢呼,而一些白人则发出微弱的欢呼声。我在亚特兰大时就听说,虽然会有许多白人出于好奇前来听我演讲,还有一些会完全同情我,但还有更大一部分观众将会到场,目的是听我出丑,或者至少是听我说些愚蠢的话,然后他们就可以对邀请我来演讲的官员说:「我早就告诉过你们了!」OneofthetrusteesoftheTuskegeeInstitute,aswellasmypersonalfriend,Mr.WilliamH.Baldwin,Jr.wasatthetimeGeneralManageroftheSouthernRailroad,andhappenedtobeinAtlantaonthatday.HewassonervousaboutthekindofreceptionthatIwouldhave,andtheeffectthatmyspeechwouldproduce,thathecouldnotpersuadehimselftogointothebuilding,butwalkedbackandforthinthegroundsoutsideuntiltheopeningexerciseswereover.塔斯基吉学院的受托人之一,也是我个人的朋友,小威廉·H·鲍德温先生当时是南方铁路公司的总经理,并且那天恰巧在亚特兰大。他对我的接待情况以及我的演讲会产生什么样的效果感到非常紧张,以至于他无法说服自己进入大楼,只能在外面的场地上走来走去,直到开幕仪式结束。

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