出身奴隶

第十章 比没有 straw 制砖更艰难的任务

从一开始,在塔斯基吉,我就决心让学生不仅从事农事和家务劳动,还要让他们自己建造房屋。我的计划是,在他们执行这些任务的同时,教授他们最新的最佳劳动方法,这样学校不仅能从他们的努力中受益,学生自己也能学到不仅仅看到劳动的实用性,还能看到其中的美感和尊严;实际上,他们会学到如何将劳动从单纯的苦工提升到有价值且有尊严的工作,并学会热爱工作本身。我的计划不是教他们按照旧方式工作,而是向他们展示如何利用自然的力量——空气、水、蒸汽、电力、马力来协助他们的劳动。Atfirstmanyadvisedagainsttheexperimentofhavingthebuildingserectedbythelabourofthestudents,butIwasdeterminedtosticktoit.ItoldthosewhodoubtedthewisdomoftheplanthatIknewthatourfirstbuildingswouldnotbesocomfortableorsocompleteintheirfinishasbuildingserectedbytheexperiencedhandsofoutsideworkmen,butthatintheteachingofcivilization,self-help,andself-reliance,theerectionofbuildingsbythestudentsthemselveswouldmorethancompensateforanylackofcomfortorfinefinish.起初,许多人反对让学生自己动手建造房屋的实验,但我决心坚持下去。我告诉那些怀疑这个计划明智性的人,我知道我们的第一座建筑不会像外面熟练工人的作品那样舒适或精致完善,但在文明教育、自助和自立的教学方面,由学生们自己建造房屋将远远弥补任何舒适度或精细装饰的不足。Ifurthertoldthosewhodoubtedthewisdomofthisplan,thatthemajorityofourstudentscametousinpoverty,fromthecabinsofthecotton,sugar,andriceplantationsoftheSouth,andthatwhileIknewitwouldpleasethestudentsverymuchtoplacethematonceinfinelyconstructedbuildings,Ifeltthatitwouldbefollowingoutamorenaturalprocessofdevelopmenttoteachthemhowtoconstructtheirownbuildings.MistakesIknewwouldbemade,butthesemistakeswouldteachusvaluablelessonsforthefuture.我进一步告诉那些怀疑这个计划明智性的人,我们的大多数学生来自贫困家庭,他们来自南方棉花、甘蔗和水稻种植园的小屋,我知道如果立刻把他们安置在精美建造的建筑物里,会让他们非常高兴,但我认为按照更自然的发展过程来教导他们如何建造自己的房屋会更好。我知道会犯错误,但这些错误将会为我们未来的学习带来宝贵的经验。Duringthenownineteenyears'existenceoftheTuskegeeschool,theplanofhavingthebuildingserectedbystudentlabourhasbeenadheredto.Inthistimefortybuildings,countingsmallandlarge,havebeenbuilt,andallexceptfourarealmostwhollytheproductofstudentlabour.Asanadditionalresult,hundredsofmenarenowscatteredthroughouttheSouthwhoreceivedtheirknowledgeofmechanicswhilebeingtaughthowtoerectthesebuildings.Skillandknowledgearenowhandeddownfromonesetofstudentstoanotherinthisway,untilatthepresenttimeabuildingofanydescriptionorsizecanbeconstructedwhollybyourinstructorsandstudents,fromthedrawingoftheplanstotheputtinginoftheelectricfixtures,withoutgoingoffthegroundsforasingleworkman.在塔斯克基学校的十九年历史中,一直坚持让学生通过劳动建造房屋的计划。在这段时间里,共建造了四十栋建筑,包括大小不一的房屋,其中除了四栋之外,几乎全部都是学生劳动的成果。此外,数百名男子现在散居在南方,他们在学习如何建造这些房屋的同时也掌握了机械知识。技能和知识以这种方式从一批学生传给另一批学生,以至于到目前为止,我们的教师和学生可以在校内独立完成从绘制设计图到安装电灯装置的所有工作,无需外出雇佣任何工人。Notafewtimes,whenanewstudenthasbeenledintothetemptationofmarringthelooksofsomebuildingbyleadpencilmarksorbythecutsofajack-knife,Ihaveheardanoldstudentremindhim:"Don'tdothat.Thatisourbuilding.Ihelpedputitup."不止一次,当一名新生被引诱用铅笔在建筑物上做标记或者用小刀刻划时,我都听到老生提醒他:“不要这样做。那是我们的建筑。我帮忙建起来的。”IntheearlydaysoftheschoolIthinkmymosttryingexperiencewasinthematterofbrickmaking.Assoonaswegotthefarmworkreasonablywellstarted,wedirectedournexteffortstowardtheindustryofmakingbricks.Weneededtheseforuseinconnectionwiththeerectionofourownbuildings;buttherewasalsoanotherreasonforestablishingthisindustry.Therewasnobrickyardinthetown,andinadditiontoourownneedstherewasademandforbricksinthegeneralmarket.在学校的早期,我认为最让我感到困扰的经历是制砖。一旦我们把农场工作大致上了轨道,我们的下一个努力方向便是发展制砖业。我们需要这些砖来建造我们自己的建筑;但建立这个产业还有另一个原因。镇上没有砖厂,除了满足我们自身的需求外,市场上也有对砖块的需求。Ihadalwayssympathizedwiththe"ChildrenofIsrael,"intheirtaskof"makingbrickswithoutstraw,"butourswasthetaskofmakingbrickswithnomoneyandnoexperience.我一直同情“以色列之子”,因为他们“没有稻草也要做砖”的任务,但我们的任务是没有任何资金和经验的情况下“做砖”。Inthefirstplace,theworkwashardanddirty,anditwasdifficulttogetthestudentstohelp.Whenitcametobrickmaking,theirdistasteformanuallabourinconnectionwithbookeducationbecameespeciallymanifest.Itwasnotapleasanttaskforonetostandinthemud-pitforhours,withthemuduptohisknees.Morethanonemanbecamedisgustedandlefttheschool.首先,这项工作又累又脏,很难让学生们帮忙。说到制砖时,他们对与书本教育相关的体力劳动的厌恶情绪变得尤为明显。一个人要在泥坑里站上几个小时,膝盖深陷泥中,这可不是一件令人愉快的事。不止一个人因此感到厌倦,离开了学校。Wetriedseverallocationsbeforeweopenedupapitthatfurnishedbrickclay.Ihadalwayssupposedthatbrickmakingwasverysimple,butIsoonfoundoutbybitterexperiencethatitrequiredspecialskillandknowledge,particularlyintheburningofthebricks.Afteragooddealofeffortwemouldedabouttwenty-fivethousandbricks,andputthemintoakilntobeburned.Thiskilnturnedouttobeafailure,becauseitwasnotproperlyconstructedorproperlyburned.Webeganatonce,however,onasecondkiln.This,forsomereason,alsoprovedafailure.Thefailureofthiskilnmadeitstillmoredifficulttogetthestudentstotakepartinthework.Severaloftheteachers,however,whohadbeentrainedintheindustriesatHampton,volunteeredtheirservices,andinsomewaywesucceededingettingathirdkilnreadyforburning.Theburningofakilnrequiredaboutaweek.Towardthelatterpartoftheweek,whenitseemedasifweweregoingtohaveagoodmanythousandbricksinafewhours,inthemiddleofthenightthekilnfell.Forthethirdtimewehadfailed.我们在找到能提供砖泥的地方之前,尝试了好几个地点。我一直以为制砖非常简单,但很快我就通过痛苦的经验发现,它需要特殊的技能和知识,尤其是在烧砖方面。经过很大的努力,我们大约做了两万五千块砖,并把它们放入窑中烧制。这个窑结果失败了,因为它既没有被正确建造,也没有被正确烧制。然而,我们立即开始建造第二个窑。由于某种原因,这个窑也证明是失败的。这次窑的失败使得让学生参与这项工作变得更加困难。不过,几位曾在汉普顿工业学校接受过培训的教师自愿提供了帮助,不知怎么地,我们成功地准备好了第三个窑进行烧制。烧窑需要大约一周的时间。到了周末的时候,看起来我们很快就能得到成千上万块砖头了,但在半夜里窑塌了。我们第三次失败了。Thefailureofthislastkilnleftmewithoutasingledollarwithwhichtomakeanotherexperiment.Mostoftheteachersadvisedtheabandoningoftheefforttomakebricks.InthemidstofmytroublesIthoughtofawatchwhichhadcomeintomypossessionyearsbefore.ItookthewatchtothecityofMontgomery,whichwasnotfardistant,andplaceditinapawn-shop.Isecuredcashuponittotheamountoffifteendollars,withwhichtorenewthebrickmakingexperiment.IreturnedtoTuskegee,and,withthehelpofthefifteendollars,ralliedourratherdemoralizedanddiscouragedforcesandbeganafourthattempttomakebricks.Thistime,Iamgladtosay,weweresuccessful.BeforeIgotholdofanymoney,thetime-limitonmywatchhadexpired,andIhaveneverseenitsince;butIhaveneverregrettedthelossofit.最后一个窑炉的失败使我一无所有,无法再进行另一次实验。大多数老师都建议放弃制砖的努力。在我陷入困境的时候,我想起了几年前获得的一块手表。我带着这块手表去了离我不远的蒙哥马利市,并把它存入了一家当铺。我用它换得了十五美元现金,用于重新开始制砖实验。我回到了塔斯基吉,利用这十五美元重振了我们有些士气低落且意志消沉的队伍,开始了第四次制砖尝试。我很高兴地说,这次我们成功了。在我拿到钱之前,我的手表的时间限制已经到期,从那以后我就再也没有见过它;但我从未后悔失去它。Brickmakinghasnowbecomesuchanimportantindustryattheschoolthatlastseasonourstudentsmanufacturedtwelvehundredthousandoffirst-classbricks,ofaqualitysuitabletobesoldinanymarket.Asidefromthis,scoresofyoungmenhavemasteredthebrickmakingtrade—boththemakingofbricksbyhandandbymachinery—andarenowengagedinthisindustryinmanypartsoftheSouth.砖瓦制作现在已经发展成为学校的一项重要产业,上个季度我们的学生制造了十二万块优质砖瓦,这些砖瓦的质量足以在市场上出售。除此之外,数十名年轻人已经掌握了砖瓦制作技术——包括手工制砖和机械制砖——并且现在在南方许多地方从事这一行业。ThemakingofthesebrickstaughtmeanimportantlessoninregardtotherelationsofthetworacesintheSouth.Manywhitepeoplewhohadhadnocontactwiththeschool,andperhapsnosympathywithit,cametoustobuybricksbecausetheyfoundoutthatoursweregoodbricks.Theydiscoveredthatweweresupplyingarealwantinthecommunity.ThemakingofthesebrickscausedmanyofthewhiteresidentsoftheneighbourhoodtobegintofeelthattheeducationoftheNegrowasnotmakinghimworthless,butthatineducatingourstudentswewereaddingsomethingtothewealthandcomfortofthecommunity.Asthepeopleoftheneighbourhoodcametoustobuybricks,wegotacquaintedwiththem;theytradedwithusandwewiththem.Ourbusinessinterestsbecameintermingled.Wehadsomethingwhichtheywanted;theyhadsomethingwhichwewanted.This,inalargemeasure,helpedtolaythefoundationforthepleasantrelationsthathavecontinuedtoexistbetweenusandthewhitepeopleinthatsection,andwhichnowextendthroughouttheSouth.这些砖块的制作教会了我关于南方两个种族关系的重要一课。许多没有接触过学校,或许也没有同情过学校的人,也来向我们购买砖块,因为他们发现我们的砖块质量很好。他们意识到我们在满足社区的一个真实需求。这些砖块的制作使附近许多白人居民开始觉得黑人的教育并没有让他们变得无用,而是在教育我们的学生时,我们为社区的财富和舒适做出了贡献。当社区里的人们来找我们买砖块时,我们开始相互认识;他们与我们交易,我们也与他们交易。我们的商业利益交织在一起。我们有他们想要的东西;他们有我们需要的东西。这,在很大程度上,帮助奠定了我们与该地区白人之间友好关系的基础,并且现在这种关系已经扩展到整个南方。WhereveroneofourbrickmakershasgoneintheSouth,wefindthathehassomethingtocontributetothewell-beingofthecommunityintowhichhehasgone;somethingthathasmadethecommunityfeelthat,inadegree,itisindebtedtohim,andperhaps,toacertainextent,dependentuponhim.Inthiswaypleasantrelationsbetweentheraceshavebeenstimulated.无论我们其中哪一位制砖工走到南方何处,我们都会发现他为进入的社区的福祉做出了贡献;有些事情让社区感到,在某种程度上,它欠他的,也许在一定程度上还依赖于他。以这种方式,种族之间的愉快关系得到了促进。Myexperienceisthatthereissomethinginhumannaturewhichalwaysmakesanindividualrecognizeandrewardmerit,nomatterunderwhatcolourofskinmeritisfound.Ihavefound,too,thatitisthevisible,thetangible,thatgoesalongwaysinsofteningprejudices.Theactualsightofafirst-classhousethataNegrohasbuiltistentimesmorepotentthanpagesofdiscussionaboutahousethatheoughttobuild,orperhapscouldbuild.我的经验是,在人性中总有一种力量,使个人无论在哪里发现才能,都会认可并奖励它,不论才能出现在哪种肤色之下。我也发现,看得见、摸得着的事物在消除偏见方面起着很大的作用。一个黑人建造的一流房屋的实际景象,比关于他应该建造或可能建造的房屋的数十页讨论有力十倍。Thesameprincipleofindustrialeducationhasbeencarriedoutinthebuildingofourownwagons,carts,andbuggies,fromthefirst.Wenowownanduseonourfarmandabouttheschooldozensofthesevehicles,andeveryoneofthemhasbeenbuiltbythehandsofthestudents.Asidefromthis,wehelpsupplythelocalmarketwiththesevehicles.Thesupplyingofthemtothepeopleinthecommunityhashadthesameeffectasthesupplyingofbricks,andthemanwholearnsatTuskegeetobuildandrepairwagonsandcartsisregardedasabenefactorbybothracesinthecommunitywherehegoes.Thepeoplewithwhomhelivesandworksaregoingtothinktwicebeforetheypartwithsuchaman.同样的工业教育原则也从一开始就应用于我们自己的马车、手推车和双轮轻便马车的制造。如今,我们在农场和学校周围拥有并使用几十辆这样的车辆,而且每一辆都是由学生们亲手建造的。除此之外,我们还帮助供应当地的市场这些车辆。向社区的人们供应这些车辆的效果与供应砖块相同,而在塔斯基吉学会修理和制造马车和手推车的人,在他去到的社区里被视为两族人民的恩人。与他一起生活和工作的人都会再三考虑是否要失去这样一个人。Theindividualwhocandosomethingthattheworldwantsdonewill,intheend,makehiswayregardlessofrace.OnemanmaygointoacommunitypreparedtosupplythepeopletherewithananalysisofGreeksentences.Thecommunitymaynotatthetimebepreparedfor,orfeeltheneedof,Greekanalysis,butitmayfeelitsneedofbricksandhousesandwagons.Ifthemancansupplytheneedforthose,then,itwillleadeventuallytoademandforthefirstproduct,andwiththedemandwillcometheabilitytoappreciateitandtoprofitbyit.能够做世界需要做的事情的人,最终会成功,而不论其种族为何。一个人可能进入一个社区,准备为那里的人们分析希腊语句子。这个社区当时可能没有准备好接受希腊语分析,或者没有感觉到这种需求,但它可能感到需要砖块、房子和马车。如果这个人能够满足这些需求,那么最终就会产生对第一种产品的需求,有了需求就会带来对其的欣赏和从中获益的能力。Aboutthetimethatwesucceededinburningourfirstkilnofbrickswebeganfacinginanemphasizedformtheobjectionofthestudentstobeingtaughttowork.BythistimeithadgottentobeprettywelladvertisedthroughoutthestatethateverystudentwhocametoTuskegee,nomatterwhathisfinancialabilitymightbe,mustlearnsomeindustry.Quiteanumberofletterscamefromparentsprotestingagainsttheirchildrenengaginginlabourwhiletheywereintheschool.Otherparentscametotheschooltoprotestinperson.Mostofthenewstudentsbroughtawrittenoraverbalrequestfromtheirparentstotheeffectthattheywantedtheirchildrentaughtnothingbutbooks.Themorebooks,thelargertheywere,andthelongerthetitlesprinteduponthem,thebetterpleasedthestudentsandtheirparentsseemedtobe.就在我们成功烧制出第一窑砖的时候,学生们反对被教导劳动的问题以一种更为突出的形式出现了。到这个时候,整个州都已经广为人知,凡是来到塔斯基吉的学生,不管他们的经济能力如何,都必须学习某种技能。许多信件从家长那里寄来,抗议他们的孩子在学校期间参与劳动。还有一些家长亲自到学校抗议。大多数新学生带着书面或口头请求来到学校,表示他们希望自己的孩子只学习书本知识。书本越多越好,书本越大越好,书名越长越好,学生和他们的家长似乎就越满意。Igavelittleheedtotheseprotests,exceptthatIlostnoopportunitytogointoasmanypartsofthestateasIcould,forthepurposeofspeakingtotheparents,andshowingthemthevalueofindustrialeducation.Besides,Italkedtothestudentsconstantlyonthesubject.Notwithstandingtheunpopularityofindustrialwork,theschoolcontinuedtoincreaseinnumberstosuchanextentthatbythemiddleofthesecondyeartherewasanattendanceofaboutonehundredandfifty,representingalmostallpartsofthestateofAlabama,andincludingafewfromotherstates.我对这些抗议声关注甚少,只是抓住一切机会尽可能多地走访这个州的各个地方,向家长们宣讲工业教育的价值。此外,我也经常就这个主题与学生们交谈。尽管工业课程不受欢迎,学校的学生人数依然持续增长,到第二年的年中,大约有150名学生在校,几乎涵盖了阿拉巴马州的所有地区,并且还包括少数来自其他州的学生。Inthesummerof1882MissDavidsonandIbothwentNorthandengagedintheworkofraisingfundsforthecompletionofournewbuilding.OnmywayNorthIstoppedinNewYorktotrytogetaletterofrecommendationfromanofficerofamissionaryorganizationwhohadbecomesomewhatacquaintedwithmeafewyearsprevious.Thismannotonlyrefusedtogivemetheletter,butadvisedmemostearnestlytogobackhomeatonce,andnotmakeanyattempttogetmoney,forhewasquitesurethatIwouldnevergetmorethanenoughtopaymytravellingexpenses.Ithankedhimforhisadvice,andproceededonmyjourney.1882年夏天,戴维森小姐和我一起去了北方,并参与了为完成我们的新建筑筹集资金的工作。在我北上的途中,我在纽约停留,试图从几年前认识我的一个传教组织官员那里获得一封推荐信。这个男人不仅拒绝给我这封信,还非常诚恳地建议我立刻回家,不要尝试筹钱,因为他很肯定我只能筹到足够支付旅行费用的钱。我感谢了他的建议,并继续了我的旅程。ThefirstplaceIwenttointheNorth,wasNorthampton,Mass.,whereIspentnearlyahalf-dayinlookingforacolouredfamilywithwhomIcouldboard,neverdreamingthatanyhotelwouldadmitme.IwasgreatlysurprisedwhenIfoundthatIwouldhavenotroubleinbeingaccommodatedatahotel.我在北方去的第一个地方是马萨诸塞州的北安普顿,在那里我花了将近半天的时间寻找一个我可以寄宿的有色人种家庭,做梦也没想到任何旅馆会收留我。当我发现我在旅馆住宿不会有任何问题时,感到非常惊讶。WeweresuccessfulingettingmoneyenoughsothatonThanksgivingDayofthatyearweheldourfirstserviceinthechapelofPorterHall,althoughthebuildingwasnotcompleted.我们在筹措资金方面取得了成功,因此在那一年的感恩节,我们首次在波特大厅的小教堂举行了礼拜活动,尽管大楼尚未完工。InlookingaboutforsomeonetopreachtheThanksgivingsermon,Ifoundoneoftherarestmenthatithaseverbeenmyprivilegetoknow.ThiswastheRev.RobertC.Bedford,awhitemanfromWisconsin,whowasthenpastorofalittlecolouredCongregationalchurchinMontgomery,Ala.BeforegoingtoMontgomerytolookforsomeonetopreachthissermonIhadneverheardofMr.Bedford.Hehadneverheardofme.HegladlyconsentedtocometoTuskegeeandholdtheThanksgivingservice.Itwasthefirstserviceofthekindthatthecolouredpeopletherehadeverobserved,andwhatadeepinteresttheymanifestedinit!ThesightofthenewbuildingmadeitadayofThanksgivingforthemnevertobeforgotten.在寻找一位能宣讲感恩节布道的人选时,我遇到了一个我有幸认识的最罕见的人。这个人是罗伯特·C·贝德福德牧师,一位来自威斯康星州的白人,当时他是亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利市一所小型有色人种公理会教堂的牧师。在我前往蒙哥马利寻找布道人选之前,我从未听说过贝德福德先生。他也从未听说过我。他欣然同意来图斯克基主持感恩节礼拜。这是那里的有色人种第一次举行这样的感恩活动,他们对此表现出多么浓厚的兴趣啊!新建筑的落成使这一天成为他们永生难忘的感恩日。Mr.Bedfordconsentedtobecomeoneofthetrusteesoftheschool,andinthatcapacity,andasaworkerforit,hehasbeenconnectedwithitforeighteenyears.Duringthistimehehasbornetheschooluponhisheartnightandday,andisneversohappyaswhenheisperformingsomeservice,nomatterhowhumble,forit.Hecompletelyobliterateshimselfineverything,andlooksonlyforpermissiontoservewhereserviceismostdisagreeable,andwhereotherswouldnotbeattracted.InallmyrelationswithhimhehasseemedtometoapproachasnearlytothespiritoftheMasterasalmostanymanIevermet.Bedford先生同意成为学校受托人之一,并以这种身份和作为工作人员的身份,与学校有联系了十八年。在这段时间里,他无时无刻不把学校放在心上,当他为学校执行一些服务(无论多么卑微)时,他就感到最幸福。他在所有事情上都完全忘却自我,只寻求被允许去从事那些令人不愉快的服务工作,并且是那些别人不愿意参与的工作。在我与他的所有交往中,他似乎已经接近我所遇到的几乎任何人身上都很少见到的主的精神。Alittlelatertherecameintotheserviceoftheschoolanotherman,quiteyoungatthetime,andfreshfromHampton,withoutwhoseservicetheschoolnevercouldhavebecomewhatitis.ThiswasMr.WarrenLogan,whonowforseventeenyearshasbeenthetreasureroftheInstitute,andtheactingprincipalduringmyabsence.Hehasalwaysshownadegreeofunselfishnessandanamountofbusinesstact,coupledwithaclearjudgment,thathaskepttheschoolingoodconditionnomatterhowlongIhavebeenabsentfromit.Duringallthefinancialstressthroughwhichtheschoolhaspassed,hispatienceandfaithinourultimatesuccesshavenotlefthim.不久之后,学校迎来了另一位非常年轻且刚从哈姆普顿毕业的人,没有他的服务,学校不可能达到现在的成就。他就是沃伦·洛根先生,如今已经担任学院财务主管十七年,并在我外出期间担任代理校长。无论我离开学校多长时间,他总是表现出无私的精神和高超的商业策略,以及清晰的判断力,使学校始终保持良好的状态。在学院经历的所有财政困难时期,他对我们的最终成功充满耐心和信心。Assoonasourfirstbuildingwasnearenoughtocompletionsothatwecouldoccupyaportionofit—whichwasnearthemiddleofthesecondyearoftheschool—weopenedaboardingdepartment.Studentshadbeguncomingfromquiteadistance,andinsuchincreasingnumbersthatwefeltmoreandmorethatweweremerelyskimmingoverthesurface,inthatwewerenotgettingholdofthestudentsintheirhomelife.我们的第一座大楼建到可以入住一部分的时候——大约是在学校第二学年的中期——我们就开设了住宿部。学生们已经开始从很远的地方过来,而且人数越来越多,这让我们越来越觉得我们只是在表面工作,因为我们还没有深入到学生的家庭生活中去。Wehadnothingbutthestudentsandtheirappetiteswithwhichtobeginaboardingdepartment.Noprovisionhadbeenmadeinthenewbuildingforakitchenanddiningroom;butwediscoveredthatbydiggingoutalargeamountofearthfromunderthebuildingwecouldmakeapartiallylightedbasementroomthatcouldbeusedforakitchenanddiningroom.AgainIcalledonthestudentstovolunteerforwork,thistimetoassistindiggingoutthebasement.Thistheydid,andinafewweekswehadaplacetocookandeatin,althoughitwasveryroughanduncomfortable.Anyoneseeingtheplacenowwouldneverbelievethatitwasonceusedforadiningroom.我们只有学生和他们的胃口来开始一个寄宿部门。新大楼里没有为厨房和餐厅做任何安排;但我们发现,通过从建筑物下面挖出大量的泥土,我们可以建造一个部分有光线的地下室房间,可以用作厨房和餐厅。我又呼吁学生们自愿工作,这次是为了帮助挖掘地下室。他们这样做了,几周后我们有了一个可以做饭和吃饭的地方,尽管非常粗糙和不舒服。任何现在看到这个地方的人永远不会相信它曾经被用作餐厅。Themostseriousproblem,though,wastogettheboardingdepartmentstartedoffinrunningorder,withnothingtodowithinthewayoffurniture,andwithnomoneywithwhichtobuyanything.Themerchantsinthetownwouldletushavewhatfoodwewantedoncredit.Infact,inthoseearlieryearsIwasconstantlyembarrassedbecausepeopleseemedtohavemorefaithinmethanIhadinmyself.Itwasprettyhardtocook,however,withoutstoves,andawkwardtoeatwithoutdishes.Atfirstthecookingwasdoneout-of-doors,intheold-fashioned,primitivestyle,inpotsandskilletsplacedoverafire.Someofthecarpenters'benchesthathadbeenusedintheconstructionofthebuildingwereutilizedfortables.Asfordishes,thereweretoofewtomakeitworthwhiletospendtimeindescribingthem.然而,最严重的问题是如何让宿舍部门顺利开始运作,既没有任何家具可用,也没有钱购买任何东西。镇上的商人愿意让我们赊账购买所需的食物。事实上,在那些早期的日子里,我常常感到尴尬,因为人们似乎比我更信任自己。然而,没有炉灶做饭相当困难,没有餐具吃饭也显得笨拙。起初,烹饪是在户外进行的,采用老式、原始的方式,在火堆上用锅和煎锅做饭。一些木匠用来建造大楼的长凳被当作桌子使用。至于餐具,数量太少,不值得详细描述。Nooneconnectedwiththeboardingdepartmentseemedtohaveanyideathatmealsmustbeservedatcertainfixedandregularhours,andthiswasasourceofgreatworry.EverythingwassooutofjointandsoinconvenientthatIfeelsafeinsayingthatforthefirsttwoweekssomethingwaswrongateverymeal.Eitherthemeatwasnotdoneorhadbeenburnt,orthesalthadbeenleftoutofthebread,ortheteahadbeenforgotten.与膳食部门有关的任何人都似乎不知道用餐时间必须是固定且有规律的,这一点成了一个令人担忧的问题。一切都乱七八糟,非常不方便,我可以肯定地说,在最初的两周里,每顿饭都出了问题。要么肉没煮熟,要么被烧焦了,要么面包里忘了放盐,要么茶被忘记了。EarlyonemorningIwasstandingnearthedining-roomdoorlisteningtothecomplaintsofthestudents.Thecomplaintsthatmorningwereespeciallyemphaticandnumerous,becausethewholebreakfasthadbeenafailure.Oneofthegirlswhohadfailedtogetanybreakfastcameoutandwenttothewelltodrawsomewatertodrinkandtaketheplaceofthebreakfastwhichshehadnotbeenabletoget.Whenshereachedthewell,shefoundthattheropewasbrokenandthatshecouldgetnowater.Sheturnedfromthewellandsaid,inthemostdiscouragedtone,notknowingthatIwaswhereIcouldhearher,"Wecan'tevengetwatertodrinkatthisschool."Ithinknooneremarkevercamesoneardiscouragingmeasthatone.一天早晨,我站在餐厅门口附近,听着学生们抱怨。那天早上的抱怨特别强烈且数量众多,因为整个早餐都失败了。一个没能吃到早餐的女孩出来走到井边打水喝,以代替她无法获得的早餐。当她到达井边时,发现绳子断了,无法取到水。她转身离开井边,用最沮丧的语气说道,完全不知道我能听见她的话:“在这所学校里我们甚至连水都喝不到。”我想,没有任何一句评论曾经如此接近让我感到气馁,就像这句话一样。Atanothertime,whenMr.Bedford—whomIhavealreadyspokenofasoneofourtrustees,andadevotedfriendoftheinstitution—wasvisitingtheschool,hewasgivenabedroomimmediatelyoverthediningroom.Earlyinthemorninghewasawakenedbyaratheranimateddiscussionbetweentwoboysinthediningroombelow.Thediscussionwasoverthequestionastowhoseturnitwastousethecoffee-cupthatmorning.Oneboywonthecasebyprovingthatforthreemorningshehadnothadanopportunitytousethecupatall.在另一天,贝德福德先生——我已经提到过他是一位受托人,也是该机构的一位挚友——来学校访问时,被安排了一间卧室,就在餐厅的正上方。清晨,他被楼下餐厅里两个男孩相当热烈的讨论吵醒。讨论的问题是那天早上谁有优先使用权的咖啡杯。一个男孩通过证明他已经连续三个早晨都没有机会使用咖啡杯而赢得了争论。Butgradually,withpatienceandhardwork,webroughtorderoutofchaos,justaswillbetrueofanyproblemifwesticktoitwithpatienceandwisdomandearnesteffort.但是渐渐地,凭借着耐心和努力工作,我们从混乱中建立了秩序,正如任何问题只要我们以耐心、智慧和真诚的努力去应对,最终都会如此。AsIlookbacknowoverthatpartofourstruggle,Iamgladtoseethatwehadit.Iamgladthatweenduredallthosediscomfortsandinconveniences.Iamgladthatourstudentshadtodigouttheplacefortheirkitchenanddiningroom.Iamgladthatourfirstboarding-placewasinthedismal,ill-lighted,anddampbasement.Hadwestartedinafine,attractive,convenientroom,Ifearwewouldhave"lostourheads"andbecome"stuckup."Itmeansagreatdeal,Ithink,tostartoffonafoundationwhichonehasmadeforone'sself.当我回顾我们那段奋斗历程时,我很高兴我们经历了那些。我很高兴我们忍受了所有的不适和不便。我很高兴我们的学生不得不亲手挖掘出他们的厨房和餐厅。我很高兴我们的第一个住宿地是在阴暗、光线昏暗且潮湿的地下室。如果我们一开始就拥有一个精美、吸引人且方便的房间,我担心我们会“忘乎所以”,变得“趾高气扬”。我认为,从自己亲手打造的基础开始起步意义重大。WhenouroldstudentsreturntoTuskegeenow,astheyoftendo,andgointoourlarge,beautiful,well-ventilated,andwell-lighteddiningroom,andseetempting,well-cookedfood—largelygrownbythestudentsthemselves—andseetables,neattableclothsandnapkins,andvasesofflowersuponthetables,andhearsingingbirds,andnotethateachmealisservedexactlyupontheminute,withnodisorder,andwithalmostnocomplaintcomingfromthehundredsthatnowfillourdiningroom,they,too,oftensaytomethattheyaregladthatwestartedaswedid,andbuiltourselvesupyearbyyear,byaslowandnaturalprocessofgrowth.当我们的老学生现在常常回到塔斯克基时,一旦走进我们宽敞、美丽、通风良好且采光充足的餐厅,看到诱人的、烹饪精良的食物——大部分由学生们自己种植——看到整齐的桌布、餐巾,以及餐桌上摆放的花瓶和歌唱的小鸟,注意到每一顿饭都准时供应,没有混乱,从数百名填满餐厅的学生中几乎听不到抱怨,他们也常对我说,他们很高兴我们当初就这样起步,并逐年通过缓慢而自然的成长过程建立起这一切。

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