出身奴隶

第十四章 亚特兰大博览会演讲

亚特兰大博览会由布尔洛克州长简短致辞开场,正如上一章所述,我受邀请作为黑人种族的代表发表演讲。在其他有趣的活动之后,包括佐治亚州的内尔森主教的祈祷、小阿尔伯特·豪厄尔献上的颂诗、博览会主席和妇女董事会主席约瑟夫·汤普森夫人的讲话,布尔洛克州长介绍我说:“今天我们有一位黑人企业与黑人文明的代表。”WhenIarosetospeak,therewasconsiderablecheering,especiallyfromthecolouredpeople.AsIrememberitnow,thethingthatwasuppermostinmymindwasthedesiretosaysomethingthatwouldcementthefriendshipoftheracesandbringaboutheartycooperationbetweenthem.Sofarasmyoutwardsurroundingswereconcerned,theonlythingthatIrecalldistinctlynowisthatwhenIgotup,Isawthousandsofeyeslookingintentlyintomyface.ThefollowingistheaddresswhichIdelivered:—当我起身发言时,现场响起了热烈的欢呼声,尤其是来自有色人种群体的欢呼。以我现在记忆所及,当时我脑海中最突出的想法是说出一些话来巩固种族之间的友谊,并促使他们之间开展真诚的合作。就我的外部环境而言,唯一让我现在清晰记得的事情是,当我站起来时,我看到成千上万双眼睛专注地凝视着我的脸庞。以下是我在会上发表的讲话:Mr.PresidentandGentlemenoftheBoardofDirectorsandCitizens.总统先生、董事会诸位先生以及各位公民。One-thirdofthepopulationoftheSouthisoftheNegrorace.Noenterpriseseekingthematerial,civil,ormoralwelfareofthissectioncandisregardthiselementofourpopulationandreachthehighestsuccess.Ibutconveytoyou,Mr.PresidentandDirectors,thesentimentofthemassesofmyracewhenIsaythatinnowayhavethevalueandmanhoodoftheAmericanNegrobeenmorefittinglyandgenerouslyrecognizedthanbythemanagersofthismagnificentExpositionateverystageofitsprogress.Itisarecognitionthatwilldomoretocementthefriendshipofthetworacesthananyoccurrencesincethedawnofourfreedom.南方三分之一的人口是黑人种族。任何旨在促进这一地区物质、文明或道德福祉的企业都不能忽视我们人口中的这个群体,而达到最高的成就。总统先生和董事们,当我告诉你们,我的种族大众的情感时,我只是传达了这一点:在这个辉煌的博览会发展的每一个阶段,其管理者对我们美国黑人的价值和男子气概的认可方式最为恰当且慷慨。这种认可比自我们获得自由以来的任何事件都更能巩固两个种族之间的友谊。Notonlythis,buttheopportunityhereaffordedwillawakenamongusaneweraofindustrialprogress.Ignorantandinexperienced,itisnotstrangethatinthefirstyearsofournewlifewebeganatthetopinsteadofatthebottom;thataseatinCongressorthestatelegislaturewasmoresoughtthanrealestateorindustrialskill;thatthepoliticalconventionorstumpspeakinghadmoreattractionsthanstartingadairyfarmortruckgarden.不仅如此,这里提供的机会还将唤醒我们工业进步的新时代。无知且缺乏经验,在新生活的最初几年,我们从顶端开始而不是从底端开始,并不奇怪;在国会或州议会中获得一个席位比获取房地产或工业技能更受追捧并不奇怪;政治集会或竞选演讲的吸引力超过了创办乳品农场或菜园。Ashiplostatseaformanydayssuddenlysightedafriendlyvessel.Fromthemastoftheunfortunatevesselwasseenasignal,"Water,water;wedieofthirst!"Theanswerfromthefriendlyvesselatoncecameback,"Castdownyourbucketwhereyouare."Asecondtimethesignal,"Water,water;senduswater!"ranupfromthedistressedvessel,andwasanswered,"Castdownyourbucketwhereyouare."Andathirdandfourthsignalforwaterwasanswered,"Castdownyourbucketwhereyouare."Thecaptainofthedistressedvessel,atlastheadingtheinjunction,castdownhisbucket,anditcameupfulloffresh,sparklingwaterfromthemouthoftheAmazonRiver.TothoseofmyracewhodependonbetteringtheirconditioninaforeignlandorwhounderestimatetheimportanceofcultivatingfriendlyrelationswiththeSouthernwhiteman,whoistheirnext-doorneighbour,Iwouldsay:"Castdownyourbucketwhereyouare"—castitdowninmakingfriendsineverymanlywayofthepeopleofallracesbywhomwearesurrounded.一艘在海上迷失多日的船突然发现了一艘友好的船只。从不幸船只的桅杆上可以看到一个信号,“水,水;我们渴死了!”友好船只的回答立刻传了回来,“就在你们那里放下你们的桶。”第二次,求救船只再次升起信号,“水,水;给我们送水!”并得到了回答,“就在你们那里放下你们的桶。”第三次和第四次关于水的求救信号也得到了同样的回答,“就在你们那里放下你们的桶。”最终,失事船只的船长听从了这个指示,将他的桶放了下去,桶里装满了来自亚马逊河口的清新、闪耀的淡水。对我那依赖于在国外改善自身状况的种族同胞,或者低估培养与南方白人友好关系重要性的同胞们,我想说:“就在你们那里放下你们的桶”——以一切男子气概的方式与周围各族人民交朋友。Castitdowninagriculture,mechanics,incommerce,indomesticservice,andintheprofessions.AndinthisconnectionitiswelltobearinmindthatwhateverothersinstheSouthmaybecalledtobear,whenitcomestobusiness,pureandsimple,itisintheSouththattheNegroisgivenaman'schanceinthecommercialworld,andinnothingisthisExpositionmoreeloquentthaninemphasizingthischance.Ourgreatestdangeristhatinthegreatleapfromslaverytofreedomwemayoverlookthefactthatthemassesofusaretolivebytheproductionsofourhands,andfailtokeepinmindthatweshallprosperinproportionaswelearntodignifyandglorifycommonlabourandputbrainsandskillintothecommonoccupationsoflife;shallprosperinproportionaswelearntodrawthelinebetweenthesuperficialandthesubstantial,theornamentalgewgawsoflifeandtheuseful.Noracecanprospertillitlearnsthatthereisasmuchdignityintillingafieldasinwritingapoem.Itisatthebottomoflifewemustbegin,andnotatthetop.Norshouldwepermitourgrievancestoovershadowouropportunities.将其投入到农业、机械、商业、家务服务以及职业中去吧。与此相关的是,我们必须牢记,无论南方可能被指责承担其他哪些罪责,在纯粹的商业领域,这里给予黑人的是作为一个男人在商业世界中的机会,而这次博览会最有力地强调了这一点。我们最大的危险在于,在从奴隶制到自由的伟大飞跃中,我们可能会忽略这样一个事实:我们的大多数人都要靠双手的劳动谋生,并且忘记我们越懂得提升和美化普通劳动的价值,把智慧和技巧融入日常生活中常见的工作,我们就越能繁荣昌盛;我们越懂得区分表面与实质,区分生活的装饰品与有用的物品,就越能繁荣昌盛。没有一个种族可以在不懂得耕种田地与撰写诗歌一样有尊严之前就取得成功。我们必须从生活的底层开始,而不是从顶端开始。我们也不应该让我们的不满掩盖了我们的机遇。TothoseofthewhiteracewholooktotheincomingofthoseofforeignbirthandstrangetongueandhabitsoftheprosperityoftheSouth,wereIpermittedIwouldrepeatwhatIsaytomyownrace:"Castdownyourbucketwhereyouare."CastitdownamongtheeightmillionsofNegroeswhosehabitsyouknow,whosefidelityandloveyouhavetestedindayswhentohaveprovedtreacherousmeanttheruinofyourfiresides.Castdownyourbucketamongthesepeoplewhohave,withoutstrikesandlabourwars,tilledyourfields,clearedyourforests,buildedyourrailroadsandcities,andbroughtforthtreasuresfromthebowelsoftheearth,andhelpedmakepossiblethismagnificentrepresentationoftheprogressoftheSouth.Castingdownyourbucketamongmypeople,helpingandencouragingthemasyouaredoingonthesegrounds,andtoeducationofhead,hand,andheart,youwillfindthattheywillbuyyoursurplusland,makeblossomthewasteplacesinyourfields,andrunyourfactories.Whiledoingthis,youcanbesureinthefuture,asinthepast,thatyouandyourfamilieswillbesurroundedbythemostpatient,faithful,law-abiding,andunresentfulpeoplethattheworldhasseen.Aswehaveprovedourloyaltytoyouinthepast,nursingyourchildren,watchingbythesick-bedofyourmothersandfathers,andoftenfollowingthemwithtear-dimmedeyestotheirgraves,sointhefuture,inourhumbleway,weshallstandbyyouwithadevotionthatnoforeignercanapproach,readytolaydownourlives,ifneedbe,indefenceofyours,interlacingourindustrial,commercial,civil,andreligiouslifewithyoursinawaythatshallmaketheinterestsofbothracesone.Inallthingsthatarepurelysocialwecanbeasseparateasthefingers,yetoneasthehandinallthingsessentialtomutualprogress.对于那些寄希望于外来移民——他们有着不同的出生地、陌生的语言、习惯和风俗——来促进南方繁荣的白人来说,如果我可以的话,我会重复我对我的同胞所说的话:“就在你们所在的地方放下你的水桶。”把水桶放下在八百万黑人中间吧,他们的习惯你了解,你在那些背叛意味着毁掉家庭的岁月里考验过他们的忠诚与爱。把水桶放下在这群人中间吧,他们没有罢工和劳资冲突,却耕耘了你的田野,清理了你的森林,修建了你的铁路和城市,并从地下开采出宝藏,帮助实现了这场展示南方进步的盛大景象。在我们中间放下你的水桶吧,像你在这些地方所做的一样帮助并鼓励我们,支持我们的教育,包括头脑、双手和心灵的培养,你会发现他们会购买你们多余的田地,让你们荒芜的田野开花结果,并运营你们的工厂。当你们这样做的时候,可以确信,在未来,就像在过去一样,你和你的家人会被这个世界上最耐心、忠诚、守法且不记仇的民族所包围。正如我们过去证明了对你们的忠诚一样,照料你们的孩子,守护在你们父母的病床旁,常常含泪目送他们入土,那么在未来,我们也将在谦逊的方式下,以一种外国人都无法企及的忠诚站在你们身旁,随时准备为你们献出生命,如果需要的话,捍卫你们的安全,将我们的工业、商业、公民和宗教生活与你们交织在一起,使得两个种族的利益融为一体。在纯粹的社会事务上,我们可以像手指一样分开,但在所有有助于双方共同进步的事情上,我们是一体的,如同手掌一般。Thereisnodefenceorsecurityforanyofusexceptinthehighestintelligenceanddevelopmentofall.IfanywherethereareeffortstendingtocurtailthefullestgrowthoftheNegro,lettheseeffortsbeturnedintostimulating,encouraging,andmakinghimthemostusefulandintelligentcitizen.Effortormeanssoinvestedwillpayathousandpercentinterest.Theseeffortswillbetwiceblessed—"blessinghimthatgivesandhimthattakes."对于我们所有人来说,没有防御或安全,除非所有人都能达到最高的智慧和发展水平。如果在任何地方有试图限制非裔美国人最充分发展的努力,就应把这些努力转向激励、鼓励,并使他成为最有用和最聪明的公民。这样投入的努力将会获得千倍的回报。这样的努力将是双重的祝福——“造福给予者和接受者。”ThereisnoescapethroughlawofmanorGodfromtheinevitable:—无法逃避人类或上帝法律的必然规律:—Thelawsofchangelessjusticebind亘古正义的法则约束着Oppressorwithoppressed;压迫者与被压迫者;Andcloseassinandsufferingjoined而且罪恶与苦难紧密结合,近在咫尺Wemarchtofateabreast.我们并肩走向命运。Nearlysixteenmillionsofhandswillaidyouinpullingtheloadupward,ortheywillpullagainstyoutheloaddownward.Weshallconstituteone-thirdandmoreoftheignoranceandcrimeoftheSouth,orone-thirditsintelligenceandprogress;weshallcontributeone-thirdtothebusinessandindustrialprosperityoftheSouth,orweshallproveaveritablebodyofdeath,stagnating,depressing,retardingeveryefforttoadvancethebodypolitic.将近一亿六千万双手将帮助你把重担拉上去,否则它们会拉着重担朝相反方向移动。我们将构成南方三分之一甚至更多的无知和犯罪,或者我们是三分之一的智慧和进步;我们将贡献三分之一给南方的商业和工业繁荣,或者我们将成为一个真正的死亡之躯,阻碍、压制每一个推动国家政治进步的努力。GentlemenoftheExposition,aswepresenttoyouourhumbleeffortatanexhibitionofourprogress,youmustnotexpectovermuch.Startingthirtyyearsagowithownershiphereandthereinafewquiltsandpumpkinsandchickens(gatheredfrommiscellaneoussources),rememberthepaththathasledfromthesetotheinventionsandproductionofagriculturalimplements,buggies,steam-engines,newspapers,books,statuary,carving,paintings,themanagementofdrug-storesandbanks,hasnotbeentroddenwithoutcontactwiththornsandthistles.Whilewetakeprideinwhatweexhibitasaresultofourindependentefforts,wedonotforamomentforgetthatourpartinthisexhibitionwouldfallfarshortofyourexpectationsbutfortheconstanthelpthathascometooureducationlife,notonlyfromtheSouthernstates,butespeciallyfromNorthernphilanthropists,whohavemadetheirgiftsaconstantstreamofblessingandencouragement.博览会的各位先生们,当我们向你们展示我们简陋的进步成果时,你们不应期望过高。三十年前,我们从零星拥有几条被子、一些南瓜和鸡(这些是从各种来源收集而来)开始,记住那条从这些简单事物通往农业工具、马车、蒸汽机、报纸、书籍、雕塑、雕刻、绘画、药房和银行管理的路径,并非一帆风顺,而是伴随着荆棘和杂草。虽然我们为我们独立努力所取得的成果感到自豪,但我们绝不会忘记,若不是教育生活中不断得到的帮助,我们的展览成果将会远远达不到你们的期望。这种帮助不仅来自南方各州,更特别地来自北方的慈善家们,他们的馈赠成为了一股持续的祝福和鼓励之流。Thewisestamongmyraceunderstandthattheagitationofquestionsofsocialequalityistheextremestfolly,andthatprogressintheenjoymentofalltheprivilegesthatwillcometousmustbetheresultofsevereandconstantstruggleratherthanofartificialforcing.Noracethathasanythingtocontributetothemarketsoftheworldislonginanydegreeostracized.Itisimportantandrightthatallprivilegesofthelawbeours,butitisvastlymoreimportantthatwebepreparedfortheexercisesoftheseprivileges.Theopportunitytoearnadollarinafactoryjustnowisworthinfinitelymorethantheopportunitytospendadollarinanopera-house.我们种族中最聪明的人明白,煽动社会平等的问题是最愚蠢的行为,而我们在享受所有即将属于我们的特权方面的进步,必须是通过艰苦和持续的努力来实现,而不是靠人为地推动。任何一个对世界市场有所贡献的种族,都不会在一定程度上被排斥。拥有法律赋予的所有特权对我们来说很重要,也很正确,但更重要的是我们要准备好行使这些特权。目前,在工厂里挣一美元的机会比在歌剧院花一美元的机会要重要得多。Inconclusion,mayIrepeatthatnothinginthirtyyearshasgivenusmorehopeandencouragement,anddrawnussoneartoyouofthewhiterace,asthisopportunityofferedbytheExposition;andherebending,asitwere,overthealtarthatrepresentstheresultsofthestrugglesofyourraceandmine,bothstartingpracticallyempty-handedthreedecadesago,IpledgethatinyourefforttoworkoutthegreatandintricateproblemwhichGodhaslaidatthedoorsoftheSouth,youshallhaveatalltimesthepatient,sympathetichelpofmyrace;onlyletthisbeconstantlyinmind,that,whilefromrepresentationsinthesebuildingsoftheproductoffield,offorest,ofmine,offactory,letters,andart,muchgoodwillcome,yetfaraboveandbeyondmaterialbenefitswillbethathighergood,that,letusprayGod,willcome,inablottingoutofsectionaldifferencesandracialanimositiesandsuspicions,inadeterminationtoadministerabsolutejustice,inawillingobedienceamongallclassestothemandatesoflaw.This,this,coupledwithourmaterialprosperity,willbringintoourbelovedSouthanewheavenandanewearth.总之,我想重申,三十年来没有任何事情比这次由博览会提供的机会给我们带来更多的希望和鼓励,也让我们白人群体更加接近你们;在这里,仿佛俯身于象征着你们种族和我们种族奋斗成果的祭坛前,我们当初几乎两手空空地起步,三十年过去了。我承诺,在你们努力解决上帝摆在南方人民面前的重大而复杂问题的过程中,我的种族将始终以耐心和同情心帮助你们;只要记住一点,尽管从这些展厅里展示的田野、森林、矿山、工厂、文学和艺术的产品中会带来很多好处,但远远高于物质利益的将是更高的善,愿上帝保佑,这将带来消除地域差异和种族敌意与猜疑,坚定决心施行绝对正义,在所有阶级中愿意服从法律的召唤。这,这,加上我们的物质繁荣,将会给我们亲爱的南方带来新的天堂和新的大地。ThefirstthingthatIremember,afterIhadfinishedspeaking,wasthatGovernorBullockrushedacrosstheplatformandtookmebythehand,andthatothersdidthesame.IreceivedsomanyandsuchheartycongratulationsthatIfounditdifficulttogetoutofthebuilding.Ididnotappreciatetoanydegree,however,theimpressionwhichmyaddressseemedtohavemade,untilthenextmorning,whenIwentintothebusinesspartofthecity.AssoonasIwasrecognized,Iwassurprisedtofindmyselfpointedoutandsurroundedbyacrowdofmenwhowishedtoshakehandswithme.ThiswaskeptuponeverystreetontowhichIwent,toanextentwhichembarrassedmesomuchthatIwentbacktomyboarding-place.ThenextmorningIreturnedtoTuskegee.AtthestationinAtlanta,andatalmostallofthestationsatwhichthetrainstoppedbetweenthatcityandTuskegee,Ifoundacrowdofpeopleanxioustoshakehandswithme.我记得说完话之后的第一件事,就是布尔洛克州长穿过讲台,握住了我的手,其他人也做了同样的事。我收到了如此之多且热情洋溢的祝贺,以至于我发现很难走出那栋建筑。然而,直到第二天早上,当我走进城市的商业区时,我才意识到我的演讲似乎留下了什么样的印象。一被认出来,我就惊讶地发现自己被指指点点,并被一群想要和我握手的人围住。这种情形在我去到的每一条街道上持续着,其程度让我感到非常尴尬,于是我回到了我的寄宿处。第二天早上,我回到了塔斯基吉。在亚特兰大的车站以及几乎在那个城市与塔斯基吉之间的所有停靠站,我都发现了一群人急切地想要和我握手。ThepapersinallpartsoftheUnitedStatespublishedtheaddressinfull,andformonthsafterwardtherewerecomplimentaryeditorialreferencestoit.Mr.ClarkHowell,theeditoroftheAtlantaConstitution,telegraphedtoaNewYorkpaper,amongotherwords,thefollowing,"IdonotexaggeratewhenIsaythatProfessorBookerT.Washington'saddressyesterdaywasoneofthemostnotablespeeches,bothastocharacterandastothewarmthofitsreception,everdeliveredtoaSouthernaudience.Theaddresswasarevelation.Thewholespeechisaplatformuponwhichblacksandwhitescanstandwithfulljusticetoeachother."美国各地报纸全文刊登了这篇演说词,此后数月,还有许多报刊对此发表赞许性的社论。亚特兰大《宪政报》的编辑克拉克·豪威尔先生向一家纽约报纸拍发了一封电报,其中写道,我不夸张地说,布克·T·华盛顿教授昨天的演讲是历来在南方听众面前发表的最著名的演说之一,无论就其内容还是就其受到的热烈欢迎而言都是如此。这个演讲是一次启示。整篇演说是黑人和白人可以以完全公平的态度共同站立的一个讲坛。TheBostonTranscriptsaideditorially:"ThespeechofBookerT.WashingtonattheAtlantaExposition,thisweek,seemstohavedwarfedalltheotherproceedingsandtheExpositionitself.Thesensationthatithascausedinthepresshasneverbeenequalled."《波士顿Transcript》社论中写道:“布克·T·华盛顿在亚特兰大博览会的演讲,本周似乎盖过了所有其他活动和博览会本身。它在新闻界引起的轰动是前所未有的。”Iverysoonbeganreceivingallkindsofpropositionsfromlecturebureaus,andeditorsofmagazinesandpapers,totakethelectureplatform,andtowritearticles.Onelecturebureauofferedmefiftythousanddollars,ortwohundreddollarsanightandexpenses,ifIwouldplacemyservicesatitsdisposalforagivenperiod.ToallthesecommunicationsIrepliedthatmylife-workwasatTuskegee;andthatwheneverIspokeitmustbeintheinterestsofTuskegeeschoolandmyrace,andthatIwouldenterintonoarrangementsthatseemedtoplaceamerecommercialvalueuponmyservices.我很快就收到了各种各样的提议,来自演讲经纪公司、杂志和报纸的编辑,他们希望我能登上讲台发表演讲,或者撰写文章。一家演讲经纪公司提出,如果我能将其服务在特定时期内交由他们支配,他们愿意支付五万美元,或者每晚两百美元加上食宿费用。对于所有这些来信,我都回复说,我的毕生工作是在塔斯基吉;并且只要我发表演讲,那一定是为了塔斯基吉学校和我的种族的利益,我不会达成任何似乎将我的服务单纯商业化安排。SomedaysafteritsdeliveryIsentacopyofmyaddresstothePresidentoftheUnitedStates,theHon.GroverCleveland.Ireceivedfromhimthefollowingautographreply:—在演说发表几天后,我把我的讲稿送了一份给美国总统,尊敬的格罗弗·克利夫兰先生。我收到了他以下亲笔回复:GrayGables,Buzzard'sBay,Mass.,灰房顶,马萨诸塞州布兹德湾,October6,1895.1895年10月6日。BookerT.Washington,Esq.:布克·T·华盛顿先生:MyDearSir:IthankyouforsendingmeacopyofyouraddressdeliveredattheAtlantaExposition.亲爱的先生:感谢您寄给我一份您在亚特兰大博览会发表的演讲稿。Ithankyouwithmuchenthusiasmformakingtheaddress.Ihavereaditwithintenseinterest,andIthinktheExpositionwouldbefullyjustifiedifitdidnotdomorethanfurnishtheopportunityforitsdelivery.Yourwordscannotfailtodelightandencourageallwhowishwellforyourrace;andifourcolouredfellow-citizensdonotfromyourutterancesgathernewhopeandformnewdeterminationstogaineveryvaluableadvantageofferedthembytheircitizenship,itwillbestrangeindeed.我怀着极大的热情感谢您发表演讲。我怀着浓厚的兴趣阅读了您的演讲内容,即使这次博览会除了提供这个演讲的机会外没有做更多的事情,它也完全有理由这样做。您的言语无疑会让所有希望您种族好的人感到喜悦和鼓舞;如果我们的有色同胞从您的讲话中没有获得新的希望,并下定决心利用公民身份给予他们的每一种有价值的优势,那将是非常奇怪的。Yoursverytruly,Yoursverytruly,GroverCleveland.格罗弗·克利夫兰。LaterImetMr.Cleveland,forthefirsttime,when,asPresident,hevisitedtheAtlantaExposition.AttherequestofmyselfandothersheconsentedtospendanhourintheNegroBuilding,forthepurposeofinspectingtheNegroexhibitandofgivingthecolouredpeopleinattendanceanopportunitytoshakehandswithhim.AssoonasImetMr.ClevelandIbecameimpressedwithhissimplicity,greatness,andruggedhonesty.Ihavemethimmanytimessincethen,bothatpublicfunctionsandathisprivateresidenceinPrinceton,andthemoreIseeofhimthemoreIadmirehim.WhenhevisitedtheNegroBuildinginAtlantaheseemedtogivehimselfupwholly,forthathour,tothecolouredpeople.Heseemedtobeascarefultoshakehandswithsomeoldcoloured"auntie"cladpartiallyinrags,andtotakeasmuchpleasureindoingso,asifheweregreetingsomemillionaire.Manyofthecolouredpeopletookadvantageoftheoccasiontogethimtowritehisnameinabookoronaslipofpaper.Hewasascarefulandpatientindoingthisasifhewereputtinghissignaturetosomegreatstatedocument.后来,我第一次见到克利夫兰先生,当时他作为总统访问了亚特兰大博览会。应我和他人的请求,他同意花一个小时在非裔美国人展览馆里,目的是视察非裔美国人的展览,并给在场的有色人种一个与他握手的机会。我一见到克利夫兰先生,就被他的朴实、伟大和坚韧的诚实深深打动。从那以后,我多次在公共场合以及他在普林斯顿的私人住宅见到他,我越了解他,就越钦佩他。当他访问亚特兰大的非裔美国人展览馆时,他似乎完全把那一小时献给了有色人种。他似乎一样认真地与一些衣衫褴褛的老年“阿姨”握手,并从中获得了同样的乐趣,就像他迎接一位百万富翁一样。许多有色人种利用这个机会请他在一本书或一张纸条上签名。他签名时一样认真耐心,仿佛是在签署一份重要的国家文件。Mr.Clevelandhasnotonlyshownhisfriendshipformeinmanypersonalways,buthasalwaysconsentedtodoanythingIhaveaskedofhimforourschool.Thishehasdone,whetheritwastomakeapersonaldonationortousehisinfluenceinsecuringthedonationsofothers.JudgingfrommypersonalacquaintancewithMr.Cleveland,Idonotbelievethatheisconsciousofpossessinganycolourprejudice.Heistoogreatforthat.InmycontactwithpeopleIfindthat,asarule,itisonlythelittle,narrowpeoplewholiveforthemselves,whoneverreadgoodbooks,whodonottravel,whoneveropenuptheirsoulsinawaytopermitthemtocomeintocontactwithothersouls—withthegreatoutsideworld.Nomanwhosevisionisboundedbycolourcancomeintocontactwithwhatishighestandbestintheworld.Inmeetingmen,inmanyplaces,Ihavefoundthatthehappiestpeoplearethosewhodothemostforothers;themostmiserablearethosewhodotheleast.Ihavealsofoundthatfewthings,ifany,arecapableofmakingonesoblindandnarrowasraceprejudice.Ioftensaytoourstudents,inthecourseofmytalkstothemonSundayeveningsinthechapel,thatthelongerIliveandthemoreexperienceIhaveoftheworld,themoreIamconvincedthat,afterall,theonethingthatismostworthlivingfor—anddyingfor,ifneedbe—istheopportunityofmakingsomeoneelsemorehappyandmoreuseful.克利夫兰先生不仅以许多个人方式向我展示了他对我的友谊,而且总是同意做我为我们的学校所要求他做的任何事情。无论这是做出个人捐赠还是利用他的影响力来争取其他人的捐赠,他都这样做。根据我个人与克利夫兰先生的相识经历,我不认为他意识到自己有任何种族偏见。他太伟大了,不会有这种偏见。在我接触人们的经历中,我发现,通常情况下,那些只为自己而活的小人物,从不读好书,不旅行,从未以一种开放的方式使自己的灵魂能够与其他灵魂——更广阔的外界世界接触。一个视野被肤色限制的人无法接触到世界上最高尚和最美好的东西。在许多地方遇到人们时,我发现最快乐的人是那些为他人做得最多的人;最不幸的是那些做得最少的人。我还发现,几乎没有其他事物,如果有的话,能像种族偏见那样使人变得如此盲目和狭隘。我经常对我们学生说,在我在教堂星期日晚上的布道会上对他们讲话时,我活得越久,对世界的经历越多,我就越确信,毕竟,唯一值得为之生活——必要时甚至为之牺牲的东西,就是有机会让别人变得更快乐、更有用的机会。ThecolouredpeopleandthecolourednewspapersatfirstseemedtobegreatlypleasedwiththecharacterofmyAtlantaaddress,aswellaswithitsreception.Butafterthefirstburstofenthusiasmbegantodieaway,andthecolouredpeoplebeganreadingthespeechincoldtype,someofthemseemedtofeelthattheyhadbeenhypnotized.TheyseemedtofeelthatIhadbeentooliberalinmyremarkstowardtheSouthernwhites,andthatIhadnotspokenoutstronglyenoughforwhattheytermedthe"rights"ofmyrace.Forawhiletherewasareaction,sofarasacertainelementofmyownracewasconcerned,butlaterthesereactionaryonesseemedtohavebeenwonovertomywayofbelievingandacting.有色人种和有色人种报纸起初似乎对我亚特兰大演讲的内容以及它的反响感到非常满意。但当最初的热情开始消退,有色人种开始冷静地阅读这篇演讲稿时,有些人似乎觉得自己被催眠了。他们似乎觉得我对南方白人的评价过于宽容,而我没有强有力地表达出他们所谓的种族“权利”。有一段时间,我的族裔中的一部分人出现了反弹,但后来这些持反对意见的人似乎也被我所信奉和践行的理念说服了。Whilespeakingofchangesinpublicsentiment,IrecallthatabouttenyearsaftertheschoolatTuskegeewasestablished,IhadanexperiencethatIshallneverforget.Dr.LymanAbbott,thenthepastorofPlymouthChurch,andalsoeditoroftheOutlook(thentheChristianUnion),askedmetowritealetterforhispapergivingmyopinionoftheexactcondition,mentalandmoral,ofthecolouredministersintheSouth,asbaseduponmyobservations.Iwrotetheletter,givingtheexactfactsasIconceivedthemtobe.Thepicturepaintedwasaratherblackone—or,sinceIamblack,shallIsay"white"?Itcouldnotbeotherwisewitharacebutafewyearsoutofslavery,aracewhichhadnothadtimeoropportunitytoproduceacompetentministry.在谈论公众情绪的变化时,我想起了大约在我创办塔斯奇基学校十年之后发生的一件事,这件事我永远都不会忘记。利曼·亚伯特博士当时是普利茅斯教堂的牧师,也是《展望》(当时名为《基督教联盟》)的编辑,他要求我为他的报纸写一封信,表达我对南方黑人牧师的精神和道德状况的看法,基于我的观察。我写了这封信,如实阐述了我认为的事实。描绘出的画面相当糟糕——或者,由于我是黑色的,我应该说“白色”吗?对于刚刚走出奴隶制的种族来说,这是不可避免的,他们还没有时间或机会培养出一支称职的牧师队伍。WhatIsaidsoonreachedeveryNegroministerinthecountry,Ithink,andthelettersofcondemnationwhichIreceivedfromthemwerenotfew.Ithinkthatforayearafterthepublicationofthisarticleeveryassociationandeveryconferenceorreligiousbodyofanykind,ofmyrace,thatmet,didnotfailbeforeadjourningtopassaresolutioncondemningme,orcallinguponmetoretractormodifywhatIhadsaid.ManyoftheseorganizationswentsofarintheirresolutionsastoadviseparentstoceasesendingtheirchildrentoTuskegee.Oneassociationevenappointeda"missionary"whosedutyitwastowarnthepeopleagainstsendingtheirchildrentoTuskegee.Thismissionaryhadasonintheschool,andInoticedthat,whateverthe"missionary"mighthavesaidordonewithregardtoothers,hewascarefulnottotakehissonawayfromtheinstitution.Manyofthecolouredpapers,especiallythosethatweretheorgansofreligiousbodies,joinedinthegeneralchorusofcondemnationordemandsforretraction.我所说的话很快传遍了全国的每一位黑人牧师,我想,我收到的谴责信件并不少。我认为,在这篇文章发表后的一年里,我的种族所召开的每一次协会、每一次会议或任何形式的宗教团体在休会前都没有遗漏通过决议谴责我,或者要求我撤回或修改我说过的话。许多这些组织在其决议中走得更远,甚至建议父母停止送他们的孩子去塔斯基吉。一个协会甚至任命了一位“传教士”,其职责是警告人们不要送他们的孩子去塔斯基吉。这位传教士的儿子就在学校里,我注意到,无论这位“传教士”可能对其他人说了什么或做了什么,他都小心地没有把自己的儿子从这所学校带走。许多有色人种报纸,特别是那些作为宗教机构喉舌的报纸,加入了普遍的谴责或要求撤回的合唱。Duringthewholetimeoftheexcitement,andthroughallthecriticism,Ididnotutterawordofexplanationorretraction.IknewthatIwasright,andthattimeandthesobersecondthoughtofthepeoplewouldvindicateme.Itwasnotlongbeforethebishopsandotherchurchleadersbegantomakecarefulinvestigationoftheconditionsoftheministry,andtheyfoundoutthatIwasright.Infact,theoldestandmostinfluentialbishopinonebranchoftheMethodistChurchsaidthatmywordswerefartoomild.Verysoonpublicsentimentbeganmakingitselffelt,indemandingapurifyingoftheministry.Whilethisisnotyetcompletebyanymeans,IthinkImaysay,withoutegotism,andIhavebeentoldbymanyofourmostinfluentialministers,thatmywordshadmuchtodowithstartingademandfortheplacingofahighertypeofmeninthepulpit.Ihavehadthesatisfactionofhavingmanywhooncecondemnedmethankmeheartilyformyfrankwords.在整个兴奋期以及所有的批评中,我没有发表任何解释或撤回的言论。我知道我是正确的,时间和人民的冷静思考将会证明我的正确性。不久之后,主教和其他教会领袖开始仔细调查牧师的状况,他们发现我是正确的。事实上,联合卫理公会的一个分支中最年长且最有影响力的主教说我的话还太温和了。很快,公众舆论开始发挥作用,要求净化牧职。虽然这一过程远未完成,我可以毫无自夸地说(我也从我们许多最有影响力的牧师那里听说),我的话在很大程度上促使人们要求将更高层次的人士安置在讲坛上。我很欣慰地看到许多曾经谴责我的人衷心感谢我的坦率言论。ThechangeoftheattitudeoftheNegroministry,sofarasregardsmyself,issocompletethatatthepresenttimeIhavenowarmerfriendsamonganyclassthanIhaveamongtheclergymen.TheimprovementinthecharacterandlifeoftheNegroministersisoneofthemostgratifyingevidencesoftheprogressoftherace.Myexperiencewiththem,aswellasothereventsinmylife,convincemethatthethingtodo,whenonefeelssurethathehassaidordonetherightthing,andiscondemned,istostandstillandkeepquiet.Ifheisright,timewillshowit.关于我个人而言,黑人牧师态度的转变是如此彻底,以至于现在我没有比与其他任何阶级相比更温暖的朋友了,我与牧师们的关系是最好的。黑人牧师品格和生活的改善是种族进步最令人欣慰的证据之一。我的经验以及我生活中其他事件都让我相信,当一个人确信自己说过或做过正确的事情,却被谴责时,他应该做的就是停下来保持安静。如果他是正确的,时间会证明这一点。InthemidstofthediscussionwhichwasgoingonconcerningmyAtlantaspeech,IreceivedtheletterwhichIgivebelow,fromDr.Gilman,thePresidentofJohnsHopkinsUniversity,whohadbeenmadechairmanofthejudgesofawardinconnectionwiththeAtlantaExposition:—在我关于亚特兰大演说的讨论正在进行之际,我收到了约翰·霍普金斯大学校长吉尔曼博士的来信,他被任命为亚特兰大博览会奖项评选委员会主席,信件如下:——JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,约翰斯·霍普金斯大学,巴尔的摩,President'sOffice,September30,1895.总统办公室,1895年9月30日。DearMr.Washington:WoulditbeagreeabletoyoutobeoneoftheJudgesofAwardintheDepartmentofEducationatAtlanta?Ifso,Ishallbegladtoplaceyournameuponthelist.Alinebytelegraphwillbewelcomed.尊敬的华盛顿先生:您是否愿意担任亚特兰大教育部门的奖项评委?如果是的话,我很乐意将您的名字列入名单。欢迎来电告知。Yoursverytruly,此致D.C.GilmanD.C.吉尔曼IthinkIwasevenmoresurprisedtoreceivethisinvitationthanIhadbeentoreceivetheinvitationtospeakattheopeningoftheExposition.Itwastobeapartofmyduty,asoneofthejurors,topassnotonlyupontheexhibitsofthecolouredschools,butalsouponthoseofthewhiteschools.Iacceptedtheposition,andspentamonthinAtlantainperformanceofthedutieswhichitentailed.Theboardofjurorswasalargeone,containinginallofsixtymembers.ItwasaboutequallydividedbetweenSouthernwhitepeopleandNorthernwhitepeople.Amongthemwerecollegepresidents,leadingscientistsandmenofletters,andspecialistsinmanysubjects.WhenthegroupofjurorstowhichIwasassignedmetfororganization,Mr.ThomasNelsonPage,whowasoneofthenumber,movedthatIbemadesecretaryofthatdivision,andthemotionwasunanimouslyadopted.NearlyhalfofourdivisionwereSouthernpeople.InperformingmydutiesintheinspectionoftheexhibitsofwhiteschoolsIwasineverycasetreatedwithrespect,andatthecloseofourlaboursIpartedfrommyassociateswithregret.我想,我收到这个邀请时的惊讶程度甚至超过了我受邀在博览会开幕式上演讲时的惊讶。作为陪审团成员之一,我的职责不仅是评判有色人种学校的展品,还要评判白人学校的作品。我接受了这个职位,并在亚特兰大度过了一个月的时间来履行职责。陪审团是一个庞大的团体,共有六十名成员。其中大约一半是南方白人,另一半是北方白人。他们中有大学校长、著名科学家和文学家,以及许多领域的专家。当我们小组开始组织会议时,托马斯·纳尔逊·佩奇先生,也是成员之一,提议让我担任该部门的秘书,这一动议得到了全体一致通过。我们小组将近一半的成员都是南方人。在检查白人学校的展品时,我每次都受到了尊重,在工作结束时,我依依不舍地告别了我的同事们。IamoftenaskedtoexpressmyselfmorefreelythanIdouponthepoliticalconditionandthepoliticalfutureofmyrace.TheserecollectionsofmyexperienceinAtlantagivemetheopportunitytodosobriefly.Myownbeliefis,althoughIhaveneverbeforesaidsoinsomanywords,thatthetimewillcomewhentheNegrointheSouthwillbeaccordedallthepoliticalrightswhichhisability,character,andmaterialpossessionsentitlehimto.Ithink,though,thattheopportunitytofreelyexercisesuchpoliticalrightswillnotcomeinanylargedegreethroughoutsideorartificialforcing,butwillbeaccordedtotheNegrobytheSouthernwhitepeoplethemselves,andthattheywillprotecthimintheexerciseofthoserights.JustassoonastheSouthgetsovertheoldfeelingthatitisbeingforcedby"foreigners,"or"aliens,"todosomethingwhichitdoesnotwanttodo,IbelievethatthechangeinthedirectionthatIhaveindicatedisgoingtobegin.Infact,thereareindicationsthatitisalreadybeginninginaslightdegree.我经常被要求比现在更自由地表达自己对种族的政治状况和政治未来的看法。这些关于我在亚特兰大经历的回忆给了我一个简短表达的机会。我自己的信念是,尽管我以前从未用这么多的话说过,总有一天南方的黑人将获得与其能力、品格和物质财产相称的所有政治权利。不过我认为,通过外部或人为的强迫来广泛行使这些政治权利的机会不会到来,而是南方白人自己会赋予黑人这些权利,并且他们会保护他在行使这些权利时不受侵害。只要南方摆脱了那种被“外国人”或“外来者”逼迫去做一些它不想做的事情的感觉,我相信我所指出的变化就会开始。事实上,已经有迹象表明这种变化已经开始以轻微的程度发生。Letmeillustratemymeaning.SupposethatsomemonthsbeforetheopeningoftheAtlantaExpositiontherehadbeenageneraldemandfromthepressandpublicplatformoutsidetheSouththataNegrobegivenaplaceontheopeningprogramme,andthataNegrobeplacedupontheboardofjurorsofaward.Wouldanysuchrecognitionoftheracehavetakenplace?Idonotthinkso.TheAtlantaofficialswentasfarastheydidbecausetheyfeltittobeapleasure,aswellasaduty,torewardwhattheyconsideredmeritintheNegrorace.Saywhatwewill,thereissomethinginhumannaturewhichwecannotblotout,whichmakesoneman,intheend,recognizeandrewardmeritinanother,regardlessofcolourorrace.让我来阐明我的意思。假设在亚特兰大博览会开幕前的几个月,外界(南方以外)的报纸和公共平台普遍要求给予一位黑人在开幕式节目中的一个位置,并且要求一名黑人被任命为评奖委员会的一员。这样的种族认可会实现吗?我认为不会。亚特兰大的官员们已经尽其所能,因为他们觉得奖励他们认为黑人种族中的优点是一种乐趣,也是一种责任。无论我们怎么说,人类天性中有某些东西是无法抹去的,它使得一个人最终会识别并奖励另一个人的才能,而不管肤色或种族如何。IbelieveitisthedutyoftheNegro—asthegreaterpartoftheraceisalreadydoing—todeporthimselfmodestlyinregardtopoliticalclaims,dependingupontheslowbutsureinfluencesthatproceedfromthepossessionofproperty,intelligence,andhighcharacterforthefullrecognitionofhispoliticalrights.Ithinkthattheaccordingofthefullexerciseofpoliticalrightsisgoingtobeamatterofnatural,slowgrowth,notanover-night,gourd-vineaffair.IdonotbelievethattheNegroshouldceasevoting,foramancannotlearntheexerciseofself-governmentbyceasingtovote,anymorethanaboycanlearntoswimbykeepingoutofthewater,butIdobelievethatinhisvotingheshouldmoreandmorebeinfluencedbythoseofintelligenceandcharacterwhoarehisnext-doorneighbours.我相信这是黑人的责任——事实上,大部分种族已经在这样做了——以谦逊的态度对待政治诉求,依靠财产的拥有、智慧的增长以及高尚品德的培养,逐步争取到完全的政治权利认可。我认为,给予黑人全面行使政治权利将是一个自然且缓慢发展的过程,而非一夜之间就能完成的事情。我不认为黑人应该停止投票,因为一个人不能通过停止投票来学会自治,就如同一个男孩不能通过远离水面来学会游泳一样;但我确实认为,在投票过程中,他应该越来越多地受到邻近的有智慧和高尚品格的人的影响。Iknowcolouredmenwho,throughtheencouragement,help,andadviceofSouthernwhitepeople,haveaccumulatedthousandsofdollars'worthofproperty,butwho,atthesametime,wouldneverthinkofgoingtothosesamepersonsforadviceconcerningthecastingoftheirballots.This,itseemstome,isunwiseandunreasonable,andshouldcease.InsayingthisIdonotmeanthattheNegroshouldtruckle,ornotvotefromprinciple,fortheinstantheceasestovotefromprinciplehelosestheconfidenceandrespectoftheSouthernwhitemaneven.我知道有有色人种的人,在南方白人的鼓励、帮助和建议下积累了数以千计的财产,但他们却从未想过向那些相同的人寻求关于投票的建议。在我看来,这是不明智且不合理的,应该停止这种做法。在此我要说明的是,我不是说黑人应该卑躬屈膝,或者不是出于原则而投票,因为一旦他停止出于原则投票,就会失去南方白人对他的信任和尊重。Idonotbelievethatanystateshouldmakealawthatpermitsanignorantandpoverty-strickenwhitemantovote,andpreventsablackmaninthesameconditionfromvoting.Suchalawisnotonlyunjust,butitwillreact,asallunjustlawsdo,intime;fortheeffectofsuchalawistoencouragetheNegrotosecureeducationandproperty,andatthesametimeitencouragesthewhitemantoremaininignoranceandpoverty.Ibelievethatintime,throughtheoperationofintelligenceandfriendlyracerelations,allcheatingattheballot-boxintheSouthwillcease.ItwillbecomeapparentthatthewhitemanwhobeginsbycheatingaNegrooutofhisballotsoonlearnstocheatawhitemanoutofhis,andthatthemanwhodoesthisendshiscareerofdishonestybythetheftofpropertyorbysomeequallyseriouscrime.Inmyopinion,thetimewillcomewhentheSouthwillencourageallofitscitizenstovote.Itwillseethatitpaysbetter,fromeverystandpoint,tohavehealthy,vigorouslifethantohavethatpoliticalstagnationwhichalwaysresultswhenone-halfofthepopulationhasnoshareandnointerestintheGovernment.我相信没有任何一个州应该制定一条法律,允许无知且贫困的白人男子投票,却阻止处于相同条件下的黑人男子投票。这样的法律不仅不公正,而且随着时间的推移,它会像所有不公正的法律一样产生反作用;因为这条法律的效果是鼓励黑人获取教育和财产,同时鼓励白人继续留在无知和贫困之中。我相信,在智能和友好的种族关系运作之下,南方的所有选举舞弊行为最终都会停止。人们将会意识到,一个白人通过欺骗黑人选民来窃取选票,很快就会学会欺骗另一个白人选民来窃取他的选票,而这样的人终其一生的不诚实行为将以财产盗窃或其他同样严重的犯罪结束。在我看来,将来南方会鼓励所有的公民参与投票。它会认识到,从各个方面来看,拥有健康、充满活力的生活比当一半人口没有权利也没有兴趣参与政府治理时所导致的政治停滞要好得多。Asarule,Ibelieveinuniversal,freesuffrage,butIbelievethatintheSouthweareconfrontedwithpeculiarconditionsthatjustifytheprotectionoftheballotinmanyofthestates,forawhileatleast,eitherbyaneducationtest,apropertytest,orbybothcombined;butwhatevertestsarerequired,theyshouldbemadetoapplywithequalandexactjusticetobothraces.一般来说,我相信普遍的、免费的普选权,但我认为在南方,我们面临着特殊的条件,这些条件使得在许多州对选票进行保护是合理的,至少在一段时间内可以通过教育测试、财产测试或两者结合的方式来实现;但是,无论要求什么样的测试,都应以同等且精确的公正性适用于两个种族。

字体大小
背景颜色