第19章

Commencedbythemiddleclassesfortheirownprofit，theRevolutionspeedilybecameapopularmovement，andatthesametimeastruggleoftheinstinctiveagainsttherational，arevoltagainstalltheconstraintswhichmakecivilisationoutofbarbarism。Itwasbyrelyingontheprincipleofpopularsovereigntythatthereformersattemptedtoimposetheirdoctrines。Guidedbyleaders，thepeopleintervenedincessantlyinthedeliberationsoftheAssemblies，andcommittedthemostsanguinaryactsofviolence。

ThehistoryofthemultitudesduringtheRevolutioniseminentlyinstructive。Itshowstheerrorofthepoliticianswhoattributeallthevirtuestothepopularsoul。

ThefactsoftheRevolutionteachus，onthecontrary，thatapeoplefreedfromsocialconstraints，thefoundationsofcivilisation，andabandonedtoitsinstinctiveimpulses，speedilyrelapsesintoitsancestralsavagery。Everypopularrevolutionwhichsucceedsintriumphingisatemporaryreturntobarbarism。

IftheCommuneof1871hadlasted，itwouldhaverepeatedtheTerror。Nothavingthepowertokillsomanypeople，ithadtoconfineitselftoburningtheprincipalmonumentsofthecapital。

TheRevolutionrepresentstheconflictofpsychologicalforcesliberatedfromthebondswhosefunctionitistorestrainthem。

Popularinstincts，Jacobinbeliefs，ancestralinfluences，appetites，andpassionsunloosed，allthesevariousinfluencesengagedinafuriousmutualconflictforthespaceoftenyears，duringwhichtimetheysoakedFranceinbloodandcoveredthelandwithruins。

Seenfromadistance，thisseemstobethewholeupshotoftheRevolution。Therewasnothinghomogeneousaboutit。Onemustresorttoanalysisbeforeonecanunderstandandgraspthegreatdramaanddisplaytheimpulseswhichcontinuallyactuateditsheroes。Innormaltimesweareguidedbythevariousformsoflogic——rational，affective，collective，andmystic——whichmoreorlessperfectlybalanceoneanother。Duringseasonsofupheavaltheyenterintoconflict，andmanisnolongerhimself。

WehavebynomeansundervaluedinthisworktheimportanceofcertainacquisitionsoftheRevolutioninrespectoftherightsofthepeople。Butwithmanyotherhistorians，weareforcedtoadmitthattheprizegainedatthecostofsuchruinandbloodshedwouldhavebeenobtainedatalaterdatewithouteffort，bythemereprogressofcivilisation。Forafewyearsgained，whataloadofmaterialdisaster，whatmoraldisintegration！Wearestillsufferingasaresultofthelatter。Thesebrutalpagesinthebookofhistorywilltakelongtoefface：theyarenoteffacedasyet。

Ouryoungmenofto—dayseemtopreferactiontothought。

Disdainingthesteriledissertationsofthephilosophers，theytakenointerestinvainspeculationconcerningmatterswhoseessentialnatureremainsunknown。

Actioniscertainlyanexcellentthing，andallrealprogressisaresultofaction，butitisonlyusefulwhenproperlydirected。

ThemenoftheRevolutionwereassuredlymenofaction，yettheillusionswhichtheyacceptedasguidesledthemtodisaster。

Actionisalwayshurtfulwhen，despisingrealities，itprofessesviolentlytochangethecourseofevents。Onecannotexperimentwithsocietyaswithapparatusinalaboratory。Ourpoliticalupheavalsshowuswhatsuchsocialerrorsmaycost。

AlthoughthelessonoftheRevolutionwasextremelycategorical，manyunpracticalspirits，hallucinatedbytheirdreams，arehopingtorecommenceit。Socialism，themodernsynthesisofthishope，wouldbearegressiontolowerformsofevolution，foritwouldparalysethegreatestsourcesofouractivity。Byreplacingindividualinitiativeandresponsibilitybycollectiveinitiativeandresponsibilitymankindwoulddescendseveralstepsonthescaleofhumanvalues。

Thepresenttimeishardlyfavourabletosuchexperiments。Whiledreamersarepursuingtheirdreams，excitingappetitesandthepassionsofthemultitude，thepeoplesareeverydayarmingthemselvesmorepowerfully。Allfeelthatamidtheuniversalcompetitionofthepresenttimethereisnoroomforweaknations。

InthecentreofEuropeaformidablemilitaryPowerisincreasinginstrength，andaspiringtodominatetheworld，inordertofindoutletsforitsgoods，andforanincreasingpopulation，whichitwillsoonbeunabletonourish。

Ifwecontinuetoshatterourcohesionbyintestinestruggles，partyrivalries，basereligiouspersecutions，andlawswhichfetterindustrialdevelopment，ourpartintheworldwillsoonbeover。Weshallhavetomakeroomforpeoplesmoresolidlyknit，whohavebeenabletoadaptthemselvestonaturalnecessitiesinsteadofpretendingtoturnbackupontheircourse。Thepresentdoesnotrepeatthepast，andthedetailsofhistoryarefullofunforeseenconsequences；butintheirmainlineseventsareconditionedbyeternallaws。

INDEX

Absolutemonarchy，theAccelerationofforcesofviolenceAdministrations，realrulingforcesAffectivelogicAffirmation，powerofAlexanderIofRussiaAlsacelossofAmbition，asamotiveofrevolutionAnarchy，followedbydictatorship；mentalAncestralsoulAncienregime，basesofthe；inconveniencesof；lifeunder；

dissolutionofAncients，CouncilofAnti—clericallawsArmies，oftheRepublic；characterof；victoriesof；causesofsuccessArmy，roleof，inrevolution；in1789

Assemblies，theRevolutionary；psychologyof；obedienttotheclubs；seeNational，Constituent，LegislativeAssemblies，Convention，&c。

AssignatsAugustine，St。

Aulaud，M。

Austria，revolutionin；royalistillusionsastoherattitude；

attackstheRepublicBalfour，Rt。Hon。A。J。，oncoalstrikeBarrasBarrereBartholomew，St。，Massacreof；EuropeanrejoicingoverBastille，takingoftheBattifol，M。

Bayle，P。

Beaulieu，EdictofBedouin，executionsatBelgium，invasionofBeliefs，affectiveandmysticoriginof；intoleranceof；

justificationof；intolerancegreatestbetweenalliedbeliefs；

intoleranceofdemocraticandsocialisticbeliefsBerquin，executedbySorbonneBerry，DuchessdeBillaud—VarenneBismarckBlanc，LouisBlois，StatesofBonaparte，seeNapoleonBonnal，GeneralBossuetBourdeau，M。

Bourgeoisie，theirjealousyofthenoblescausestheRevolution；

theirthirstforrevenge；therealauthorsoftheRevolution；

philosophicideasofBrazilianRevolution，theBritanny，revoltinBroglie，deBrumaire，coupd’etatofBrunswick，Dukeof，hismanifestoBuddhismBureaucracyinFranceCaesar，ondivisionamidtheGaulsCaesarismCaesarsfollowanarchyanddominatemobsCahiers，theCalvin；comparedtoRobespierreCarnotCarrier；crimesof，andtrialCatechismoftheScottishPresbyteriansCatherinedeMedicisCatholicLeagueCavaignac，GeneralChalandonChamp—de—Mars，affairoftheCharlesIX

CharlesX

China，revolutioninChineselabourChristianRevolution，theChristians，mutualhatredofChurch，confiscationofgoodsoftheCivilWarClemenceau，M。

Clergy；civilconstitutionofClubs，the，24—psychologyofthe；obeyedbytheAssemblies；

closed；increasingpowerofthe；seeJacobinsCoalition，theCochin，A。

Colin，M。

Collectiveideas；collectivelogicCollotd’HerboisCommissariesoftheConvention，psychologyofCommittees，theGovernmentalCommuneofParis，the；ininsurrection；chiefpowerinState；

ordersmassacreofSeptember；tyrannyofCommuneof1871

Communes，therevolutionaryComte，A。

Concordat，theCondorcetConstituentAssembly，the；psychologyofthe；itsfearofthepeople；temporarilyresiststhepeople；losespower；itslastactionConstitutionof1791；of1793；of1795；oftheyearVIII

Constitutions，faithinConstraints，social，necessityofConsulate，theContagion，mental；causesof；incrowdsContratSocial，theConvention，giantsofthe；inconsistencyof；decimatesitself；

psychologyofthe；cowardiceof；mentalcharacteristicsof；

compositionof；fearinthe；besiegedbytheCommune；surrendersGirondists；Governmentofthe；abolishesroyalty；dissolvedCouncilofStateCouthonCriminalmentalityCromwellCrowd，PsychologyoftheCrowdsintheFrenchRevolutionCruppi，M。

CubaCunisset—CarnotCurrency，paperDantonDarwin，CharlesDausset，M。

``Days，’’ofMay31；June2；ofJune20；ofAug。10；ofJune2；ofOct。5

Debidour，M。

DeclarationofRights，theDemocracy；intellectualandpopularDepartmentalinsurrectionsDesmoulins，CamilleDictatorshipfollowsanarchyDiderotDirectory，the，failureof；closesclubs；psychologyofthe；

governmentofthe；deportationsunderDiscontent，resultofDreux—BrezeDrinkmann，BaronDubourg，Anne，burnedDumas，PresidentoftheRevolutionaryTribunalDumouriezDurelEgo，analysisoftheElchingen，GeneralElizabeth，EmpressofRussiaEmigres，banishedEmpire，theSecondEncyclopaedists，theEngland，coalstrikeinEnglishRevolution；ConstitutionEnthusiasmEnvyEqualityEvolutionFaguet，E。

Fatalism，historiansonFaubourgs，disarmedFearFederationFerrer，notesonanniversaryofexecutionofFersenFiveHundred，theFontenelleFrance，kingsof；artificialunityofFrancisI

Franco—PrussianwarFraternityFreethinkers，intoleranceofFrenchRevolution，the，revisionofideasconcerning；generallymisunderstood；anewreligiousmovement；originsof；religionsnatureof；descendstolowerclasses；causesof；opinionsofhistoriansconcerning；becomesapopulargovernment；causesofdemocratisation；causesoftheRevolution；astruggleofinstinctagainstreasonFouche，atLyonsFouquier—TinvilleFreronGalileoGermanEmperors``Giants’’oftheConvention；mediocrityofGilbert—LiendonGirondists，the；lateofthe；surrenderedbytheConvention；voteforLouis’deathGlosson，Professor，experimentincrowdpsychologyGovernments，feebleresistanceof，torevolution；besttacticstopursue；revolutionseffectedbyGreekRevolutionGregoireGregoryXIII

Guillotine，regenerationbyGuiraud，M。

Guise，DukeofGuizotHamel，M。

Hamilton，GeneralHanotaux，G。

HanriotHatred，valueofHaxo，GeneralHebertHebertistsHelvetiusHenriII

HenriIII

HenriIV

HenryIVofGermanyHenryVIIIofEnglandHistorians，mistakenviewsof，reFrenchRevolution；opinionsof；

concerningHoche，GeneralHolbachHolland，invasionofHugo，VictorHuguenots，massacreofHumboldtHunter’sancestralinstinctofcarnageIena，explosiononboardofImpartiality，impossibilityofIncendiarism，ofCommuneof1871

Inequality，cravingforInquisition，theIslamItaly，revolutioninJacobinism；failureof；modern；itscrazeforreformsJacobins，the；realprotagonistsoftheRevolution；claimtoreorganiseFranceinnameofpurereason；theyruleFrance；

resultsoftheirtriumph；theoriesof；smallnumbersof；theclubsclosed，；downfallofJourdan，GeneralLaBruyereLaFayetteLanessan，M。

Langlois，GeneralLatinmind，theLavisseLavoisierLeaders，popular，psychologyofLebonLebrun，Mme。VigeeLegendaryhistoryLegislation，faithinLegislativeAssembly，thepsychologyof；characterof；timidityofLettresdecachetLevy，GeneralLiberte，the，explosiononboard``Liberty，Equality，Fraternity’’

LippomanoLogics，differentspeciesofLouisXIII

LouisXIV；povertyunderLouisXVI；flightandcapture；hischance；powersrestored，；aprisoner；regardedastraitor；suspended；trialof；executionof，ablunderLouisXVII

LouisXVIII

Louis—PhilippeLutherMacMahon，MarshalMadelinMohammedMaistre，deMalesherbesMaratMarieAntoinette；influenceofMarieLouiseMassacres，duringwarsofreligion；duringtheFrenchRevolution；

seeSeptember，Commissaries，&c。

MentalitiesprevalentintimeofrevolutionMerlinMicheletMidi，revoltintheMirabeauMonarch，positionof，undertheReformationMonarchicalfeelingMontagnardsMontesquieuMontlucMoorsinSpainMountain，theMysticlogicMysticmentalityNantes，Edictof；revokedNantes，massacresatNapoleon；inRussia；onfatalism；onthe5thofOctober；inItaly；inEgypt；returns；asConsul；reorganisesFrance；defeatedNapoleonIII

NationalAssembly，theNationalGuardNature，returnto，illusionsrespectingNeckerNoailles，ComtedeNoblesrenounceprivileges；emigrateOctober，``days’’ofOlivier，E。

OpinionsandBeliefsOppede，Barond’

Orleans，Ducd’

Paris，hershareintheRevolution。SeePeoplePasteurPeasants，conditionof，beforeRevolution；burnchateauxPeople，the，inrevolution；neverdirectsitself；supposedpartof；thereality；analysisof；thebasepopulace；commencestoterrorisetheAssemblies；thesectionsrisePeoples，thePsychologyofPersecution，religiousPersonality，transformationof，duringrevolutionPetertheGreatPetionPhilipII

PhilippinesPhilosophers，influenceofPlain，thePoissy，assemblyofPoland，decadenceof；revolutionin；partitionofPoliticalbeliefsPope，thePortugueseRevolutionPositivismPredestinationPresbyterianCatechismProtestants，martyrs；persecuteCatholics；exodusof；mentalityofPrussia，invadesFrancePublicsafety，committeeofQuinetRacialmind，stabilityoftheRambaud，M。

Rationallogic，seldomguidesconduct；originalmotiveinFrenchRevolutionReason，GoddessofReformation，the；rationalpovertyofdoctrinesReforms，JacobincravingforReligion，theFrenchrepublicaformofReligion，warsof，theRepetition，valueofRepublic，thefirst；thesecond；thethirdRevision，necessityofRevolutionof1789；seeFrenchRevolution；of1836；of1848；of1870

Revolutions，classificationof；originof；usualobjectofRevolutions，political；resultsofRevolutions，religiousRevolutions，scientificRevolutionaryarmyRevolutionarycommunesRevolutionarymentalityRevolutionarymunicipalitiesRevolutionarytribunalsRobespierre；comparedtoCalvin；HighPontiff；pontiff；reignsalone；solemasteroftheConvention；psychologyof；hisfallRochelleRoland，Mme。

RomanEmpireRossignolRousseauRoussel，F。

RussiaRussianRevolutionRusso—JapanesewarSaint—Denis，destructionoftombsatSaint—JustSedanSeptember，massacresofSieyesSocialdistinctionsSocialism；hatestheelectSorel，A。

Spain，revolutioninStatesGeneralSullaSuspects，LawofSyndicalismTacitusTaine；onJacobinism；hisworkTaxes，pro—revolutionaryTerror，the；motivesof；psychologyof；executionsduring；

stupefyingeffectof；intheprovinces；inthedepartmentsThermidor，reactionofThiebault，GeneralThiers；PresidentThirdEstate，jealousyoftheTocquevilleTolerance，impossiblebetweenopposedorrelatedbeliefsTogo，AdmiralToulon；fallofTraditionTsushimaTuileries，attacked；Louisprisonerin；attackedbypopulaceTurenneTurgotTurkey，revolutioninUnitedStatesUniversalsuffrageValmyVanity，causeofrevolutionVarennes，flighttoVasariVendee，LaVergniaudVersailles，attackonViolence，causesofVoltaireWendell，BarrettWilliams，H。

Young，ArthurEnd