第5章

Doubtlessintheselastinstancesthepeoplewasdeceived。Butwithouttherevolutionaryconspiracieswhichledtodisorder，itwouldnothavebeenimpelledtoseekthemeansofescapetherefrom。

Thefactsrecalledinthischaptermustnotbeforgottenifwewishfullytocomprehendthevariousrolesofthepeopleduringrevolution。Itsactionisconsiderable，butveryunlikethatimaginedbythelegendswhoserepetitionaloneconstitutestheirvitality。

BOOKII

THEFORMSOFMENTALITYPREVALENTDURINGREVOLUTION

CHAPTERI

INDIVIDUALVARIATIONSOFCHARACTERINTIMEOFREVOLUTION

1。TransformationsofPersonality。

Ihavedweltatlengthelsewhereuponacertaintheoryofcharacter，withoutwhichitisabsolutelyimpossibletounderstanddiverstransformationsorinconsistenciesofconductwhichoccuratcertainmoments，notablyintimeofrevolution。

Herearetheprincipalpointsofthistheory：

Everyindividualpossesses，besideshishabitualmentality，which，whentheenvironmentdoesnotalter，isalmostconstant，variouspossibilitiesofcharacterwhichmaybeevokedbypassingevents。

Thepeoplewhosurroundusarethecreaturesofcertaincircumstances，butnotofallcircumstances。Ouregoconsistsoftheassociationofinnumerablecellularegos，theresiduesofancestralpersonalities。Bytheircombinationtheyformanequilibriumwhichisfairlypermanentwhenthesocialenvironmentdoesnotvary。Assoonasthisenvironmentisconsiderablymodified，asintimeofinsurrection，thisequilibriumisbroken，andthedissociatedelementsconstitute，byafreshaggregation，anewpersonality，whichismanifestedbyideas，feelings，andactionsverydifferentfromthoseformerlyobservedinthesameindividual。ThusitisthatduringtheTerrorweseehonestbourgeoisandpeacefulmagistrateswhowerenotedfortheirkindnessturnedintobloodthirstyfanatics。

Undertheinfluenceofenvironmenttheoldpersonalitymaythereforegiveplacetooneentirelynew。Forthisreasontheactorsingreatreligiousandpoliticalcrisesoftenseemofadifferentessencetoourselves；yettheydonotdifferfromus；

therepetitionofthesameeventswouldbringbackthesamemen。

Napoleonperfectlyunderstoodthesepossibilitiesofcharacterwhenhesaid，inSaintHelena：——

``ItisbecauseIknowjusthowgreatapartchanceplaysinourpoliticaldecisions，thatIhavealwaysbeenwithoutprejudices，andveryindulgentastothepartmenhavetakenduringourdisturbances……Intimeofrevolutiononecanonlysaywhatonehasdone；itwouldnotbewisetosaythatonecouldnothavedoneotherwise……Menaredifficulttounderstandifwewanttobejust……Dotheyknowthemselves？Dotheyaccountforthemselvesveryclearly？Therearevirtuesandvicesofcircumstance。’’

Whenthenormalpersonalityhasbeendisaggregatedundertheinfluenceofcertainevents，howdoesthenewpersonalityformitself？Byseveralmeans，themostactiveofwhichistheacquisitionofastrongbelief。Thisorientatesalltheelementsoftheunderstanding，asthemagnetcollectsintoregularcurvesthefilingsofamagneticmetal。

Thuswereformedthepersonalitiesobservedintimesofgreatcrises：theCrusades，theReformation，theRevolutionnotably。

Atnormaltimestheenvironmentvarieslittle，sothatasaruleweseeonlyasinglepersonalityintheindividualsthatsurroundus。Sometimes，however，ithappensthatweobserveseveral，whichincertaincircumstancesmayreplaceoneanother。

Thesepersonalitiesmaybecontradictoryandeveninimical。Thisphenomenon，exceptionalundernormalconditions，isconsiderablyaccentuatedincertainpathologicalconditions。Morbidpsychologyhasrecordedseveralexamplesofmultiplepersonalityinasinglesubject，suchasthecasescitedbyMortonPrinceandPierreJanet。

Inallthesevariationsofpersonalityitisnottheintelligencewhichismodified，butthefeelings，whoseassociationformsthecharacter。

2。ElementsofCharacterPredominantinTimeofRevolution。

Duringrevolutionweseeseveralsentimentsdevelopedwhicharecommonlyrepressed，buttowhichthedestructionofsocialconstraintsgivesafreevent。

Theseconstraints，consistingofthelaw，morality，andtradition，arenotalwayscompletelybroken。Somesurvivetheupheavalandservetosomeextenttodamptheexplosionofdangeroussentiments。

Themostpowerfuloftheserestraintsisthesouloftherace。

Thisdeterminesamannerofseeing，feeling，andwillingcommontothemajorityoftheindividualsofthesamepeople；itconstitutesahereditarycustom，andnothingismorepowerfulthanthetiesofcustom。

Thisracialinfluencelimitsthevariationsofapeopleanddeterminesitsdestinywithincertainlimitsinspiteofallsuperficialchanges。

Forexample，totakeonlytheinstancesofhistory，itwouldseemthatthementalityofFrancemusthavevariedenormouslyduringasinglecentury。InafewyearsitpassedfromtheRevolutiontoCaesarism，returnedtothemonarchy，effectedanotherRevolution，andthensummonedanewCaesar。Inrealityonlytheoutsidesofthingshadchanged。

Wecannotinsistfurtherhereonthelimitsofnationalvariability，butmustnowconsidertheinfluenceofcertainaffectiveelements，whosedevelopmentduringrevolutioncontributestomodifyindividualorcollectivepersonalities。InparticularIwillmentionhatred，fear，ambition，jealousyorenvy，vanity，andenthusiasm。Weobservetheirinfluenceduringseveraloftheupheavalsofhistory，notablyduringthecourseoftheFrenchRevolution，whichwillfurnishuswithmostofourexamples。

Hatred。——Thehatredofpersons，institutions，andthingswhichanimatedthemenoftheRevolutionisoneoftheseaffectivephenomenawhicharethemorestrikingthemoreonestudiestheirpsychology。Theydetested，notonlytheirenemies，butthemembersoftheirownparty。``Ifoneweretoacceptunreservedly，’’saidarecentwriter，``thejudgmentswhichtheyexpressedofoneanother，weshouldhavetoconcludethattheywerealltraitorsandboasters，allincapableandcorrupt，allassassinsortyrants。’’Weknowwithwhathatred，scarcelyappeasedbythedeathoftheirenemies，menpersecutedtheGirondists，Dantonists，Hebertists，Robespierrists，&c。

Oneofthechiefcausesofthisfeelingresidedinthefactthatthesefurioussectaries，beingapostlesinpossessionoftheabsoluteverity，wereunable，likeallbelievers，totoleratethesightofinfidels。Amysticorsentimentalcertitudeisalwaysaccompaniedbytheneedofforcingitselfonothers，isneverconvinced，anddoesnotshrinkfromwholesaleslaughterwhenithasthepowertocommitit。

IfthehatredsthatdividedthemenoftheRevolutionhadbeenofrationalorigintheywouldnothavelastedlong，but，arisingfromaffectiveandmysticfactors，mencouldneitherforgetnorforgive。Theirsourcesbeingidenticalinthedifferentparties，theymanifestedthemselvesoneveryhandwithidenticalviolence。

Ithasbeenproved，bymeansofdocuments，thattheGirondistswerenolesssanguinarythantheMontagnards。Theywerethefirsttodeclare，withPetion，thatthevanquishedpartiesshouldperish。Theyalso，accordingtoM。Aulard，attemptedtojustifythemassacresofSeptember。TheTerrormustnotbeconsideredsimplyasameansofdefence，butasthegeneralprocessofdestructiontowhichtriumphantbelievershavealwaystreatedtheirdetestedenemies。Menwhocanputupwiththegreatestdivergenceofideascannottoleratedifferencesofbelief。

Inreligiousorpoliticalwarfarethevanquishedcanhopefornoquarter。FromSulla，whocutthethroatsoftwohundredsenatorsandfiveorsixthousandRomans，tothemenwhosuppressedtheCommune，andshotdownmorethantwentythousandaftertheirvictory，thisbloodylawhasneverfailed。Provedoverandoveragaininthepast，itwilldoubtlessbesointhefuture。

ThehatredsoftheRevolutiondidnotariseentirelyfromdivergenceofbelief。Othersentiments——envy，ambition，andself—love——alsoengenderedthem。Therivalryofindividualsaspiringtopowerledthechiefsofthevariousgroupsinsuccessiontothescaffold。

Wemustremember，moreover，thattheneedofdivisionandthehatredresultingtherefromseemtobeconstituentelementsoftheLatinmind。TheycostourGaulishancestorstheirindependence，andhadalreadystruckCaesar。

``Nocity，’’hesaid，``butwasdividedintotwofactions；nocanton，novillage，nohouseinwhichthespiritofpartydidnotbreathe。Itwasveryrarelythatayearwentbywithoutacitytakinguparmstoattackorrepulseitsneighbours。’’

Asmanhasonlyrecentlyenteredupontheageofknowledge，andhasalwayshithertobeenguidedbysentimentsandbeliefs，wemayconceivethevastimportanceofhatredasafactorofhishistory。

CommandantColin，professorattheCollegeofWar，remarksinthefollowingtermsontheimportanceofthisfeelingduringcertainwars：——

``Inwarmorethanatanyothertimethereisnobetterinspiringforcethanhatred；itwashatredthatmadeBluchervictoriousoverNapoleon。Analysethemostwonderfulmanoeuvres，themostdecisiveoperations，andiftheyarenottheworkofanexceptionalman，aFrederickoraNapoleon，youwillfindtheyareinspiredbypassionmorethanbycalculation。Whatwouldthewarof1870havebeenwithoutthehatredwhichweboretheGermans？’’

ThewritermighthaveaddedthattheintensehatredoftheJapanesefortheRussians，whohadsohumiliatedthem，mightbeclassedamongthecausesoftheirsuccess。TheRussiansoldiers，ignorantoftheveryexistenceoftheJapanese，hadnoanimosityagainstthem，whichwasoneofthereasonsoftheirfailure。

TherewasassuredlyagooddealoftalkoffraternityatthetimeoftheRevolution，andthereisevenmoreto—day。Pacificism，humanitarianism，andsolidarityhavebecomecatchwordsoftheadvancedparties，butweknowhowprofoundarethehatredsconcealedbeneaththeseterms，andwhatdangersoverhangourmodernsociety。

Fear。——Fearplaysalmostaslargeapartinrevolutionsashatred。DuringtheFrenchRevolutionthereweremanyexamplesofgreatindividualcourageandmanyexhibitionsofcollectivecowardice。

Facingthescaffold，themenoftheConventionwerealwaysbraveintheextreme；butbeforethethreatsoftherioterswhoinvadedtheAssemblytheyconstantlyexhibitedanexcessivepusillanimity，obeyingthemostabsurdinjunctions，asweshallseeifwere—readthehistoryoftherevolutionaryAssemblies。

Alltheformsoffearwereobservedatthisperiod。Oneofthemostwidespreadwasthefearofappearingmoderate。MembersoftheAssemblies，publicprosecutors，representatives``onmission，’’judgesoftherevolutionarytribunals，&c。，allsoughttoappearmoreadvancedthantheirrivals。Fearwasoneoftheprincipalelementsofthecrimescommittedatthisperiod。

IfbysomemiracleitcouldhavebeeneliminatedfromtherevolutionaryAssemblies，theirconductwouldhavebeenquiteotherthanitwas，andtheRevolutionitselfwouldhavetakenaverydifferentdirection。

Ambition，Envy，Vanity，&c。——Innormaltimestheinfluenceofthesevariousaffectiveelementsisforciblycontainedbysocialnecessities。Ambition，forinstance，isnecessarilylimitedinahierarchicalformofsociety。Althoughthesoldierdoessometimesbecomeageneral，itisonlyafteralongtermofservice。Intimeofrevolution，ontheotherhand，thereisnoneedtowait。Everyonemayreachtheupperranksalmostimmediately，sothatallambitionsareviolentlyaroused。Thehumblestmanbelieveshimselffittedforthehighestemployments，andbythisveryfacthisvanitygrowsoutofallmeasure。

Allthepassionsbeingmoreorlessaroused，includingambitionandvanity，weseethedevelopmentofjealousyandenvyofthosewhohavesucceededmorequicklythanothers。

Theeffectofjealousy，alwaysimportantintimesofrevolution，wasespeciallysoduringthegreatFrenchRevolution。Jealousyofthenobilityconstitutedoneofitsmostimportantfactors。

Themiddleclasseshadincreasedincapacityandwealth，tothepointofsurpassingthenobility。Althoughtheymingledwiththenoblesmoreandmore，theyfelt，nonetheless，thattheywereheldatadistance，andthistheykeenlyresented。Thisframeofmindhadunconsciouslymadethebourgeoisiekeensupportersofthephilosophicdoctrineofequality。

Woundedself—loveandjealousywerethusthecausesofhatredsthatwecanscarcelyconceivetoday，whenthesocialinfluenceofthenobilityissosmall。ManymembersoftheConvention——Carrier，Marat，andothers——rememberedwithangerthattheyhadonceoccupiedsubordinatepositionsintheestablishmentsofgreatnobles。Mme。Rolandwasneverabletoforgetthat，whensheandhermotherwereinvitedtothehouseofagreatladyundertheancienregime，theyhadbeensenttodineintheservants’quarters。

ThephilosopherRivarolhasverywelldescribedinthefollowingpassage，alreadycitedbyTaine，theinfluenceofwoundedself—

loveandjealousyupontherevolutionaryhatreds：——

``Itisnot，’’hewrites，``thetaxes，northelettresdecachet，noranyoftheotherabusesofauthority；itisnotthesinsoftheintendants，northelongandruinousdelaysofjustice，thathasmostangeredthenation；itistheprejudicesofthenobilityforwhichithasexhibitedthegreatesthatred。

Whatprovesthisclearlyisthefactthatitisthebourgeois，themenofletters，themenofmoney，infactallthosewhoarejealousofthenobility，whohaveraisedthepoorerinhabitantsofthecitiesagainstthem，andthepeasantsinthecountrydistricts。’’

ThisverytruestatementpartlyjustifiesthesayingofNapoleon：

``VanitymadetheRevolution；libertywasonlythepretext。’’

Enthusiasm。——TheenthusiasmofthefoundersoftheRevolutionequalledthatoftheapostlesofthefaithofMohammed。AnditwasreallyareligionthatthebourgeoisofthefirstAssemblythoughttofound。Theythoughttohavedestroyedanoldworld，andtohavebuiltanewoneuponitsruins。Neverdidillusionmoreseductivefiretheheartsofmen。Equalityandfraternity，proclaimedbythenewdogmas，weretobringthereignofeternalhappinesstoallthepeoples。Manhadbrokenforeverwithapastofbarbarityanddarkness。Theregeneratedworldwouldinfuturebeilluminatedbythelucidradianceofpurereason。Onallhandsthemostbrilliantoratoricalformulaesalutedtheexpecteddawn。

Thatthisenthusiasmwassosoonreplacedbyviolencewasduetothefactthattheawakeningwasspeedyandterrible。OnecanreadilyconceivetheindignantfurywithwhichtheapostlesoftheRevolutionattackedthedailyobstaclesopposedtotherealisationoftheirdreams。Theyhadsoughttorejectthepast，toforgettradition，tomakemanoveragain。Butthepastreappearedincessantly，andmenrefusedtochange。Thereformers，checkedintheironwardmarch，wouldnotgivein。

Theysoughttoimposebyforceadictatorshipwhichspeedilymademenregretthesystemabolished，andfinallyledtoitsreturn。

ItistoberemarkedthatalthoughtheenthusiasmofthefirstdaysdidnotlastintherevolutionaryAssemblies，itsurvivedverymuchlongerinthearmies，andconstitutedtheirchiefstrength。Totellthetruth，thearmiesoftheRevolutionwererepublicanlongbeforeFrancebecameso，andremainedrepublicanlongafterFrancehadceasedtobeso。

Thevariationsofcharacterconsideredinthischapter，beingconditionedbycertaincommonaspirationsandidenticalchangesofenvironment，finallybecameconcreteinasmallnumberoffairlyhomogeneousmentalities。Speakingonlyofthemorecharacteristic，wemayreferthemtofourtypes：theJacobin，mystic，revolutionary，andcriminalmentalities。

CHAPTERII

THEMYSTICMENTALITYANDTHEJACOBINMENTALITY

1。ClassificationofMentalitiespredominantinTimeofRevolution。

Theclassificationswithoutwhichthestudyofthesciencesisimpossiblemustnecessarilyestablishthediscontinuousinthecontinuous，andforthatreasonaretoacertainextentartificial。Buttheyarenecessary，sincethecontinuousisonlyaccessibleintheformofthediscontinuous。

Tocreatebroaddistinctionsbetweenthevariousmentalitiesobservableintimeofrevolution，asweareabouttodo，isobviouslytoseparateelementswhichencroachupononeanother，whicharefusedorsuperimposed。Wemustresignourselvestolosingalittleinexactitudeinordertogaininlucidity。Thefundamentaltypesenumeratedattheendoftheprecedingchapter，andwhichweareabouttodescribe，synthetisegroupswhichwouldescapeanalysiswerewetoattempttostudytheminalltheircomplexity。

Wehaveshownthatmanisinfluencedbydifferentlogics，whichundernormalconditionsexistinjuxtaposition，withoutmutuallyinfluencingoneanother。Undertheactionofvariouseventstheyenterintomutualconflict，andtheirreducibledifferenceswhichdividethemarevisiblymanifested，involvingconsiderableindividualandsocialupheavals。

Mysticlogic，whichweshallpresentlyconsiderasitappearsintheJacobinmind，playsaveryimportantpart。Butitisnotaloneinitsaction。Theotherformsoflogic——affectivelogic，collectivelogic，andrationallogic——maypredominateaccordingtocircumstances。

2。TheMysticMentality。

Leavingasideforthemomenttheinfluenceofaffective，rational，andcollectivelogic，wewilloccupyourselvessolelywiththeconsiderablepartplayedbythemysticelementswhichhaveprevailedinsomanyrevolutions，andnotablyintheFrenchRevolution。

Thechiefcharacteristicofthemystictemperamentconsistsintheattributionofamysteriouspowertosuperiorbeingsorforces，whichareincarnatedintheformofidols，fetiches，words，orformulae。

Themysticspiritisatthebottomofallthereligiousandmostpoliticalbeliefs。Theselatterwouldoftenvanishcouldwedeprivethemofthemysticelementswhicharetheirchiefsupport。

Graftedonthesentimentsandpassionateimpulseswhichitdirects，mysticlogicconstitutesthemightofthegreatpopularmovements。Menwhowouldbebynomeansreadytoallowthemselvestobekilledforthebestofreasonswillreadilysacrificetheirlivestoamysticidealwhichhasbecomeanobjectofadoration。

TheprinciplesoftheRevolutionspeedilyinspiredawaveofmysticenthusiasmanalogoustothoseprovokedbythevariousreligiousbeliefswhichhadprecededit。Alltheydidwastochangetheorientationofamentalancestrywhichthecenturieshadsolidified。

SothereisnothingastonishinginthesavagezealofthemenoftheConvention。TheirmysticmentalitywasthesameasthatoftheProtestantsatthetimeoftheReformation。TheprincipalheroesoftheTerror——Couthon，Saint—Just，Robespierre，&c。——wereApostles。LikePolyeuctes，destroyingthealtarsofthefalsegodstopropagatehisfaith，theydreamedofconvertingtheglobe。Theirenthusiasmspilleditselfovertheearth。

Persuadedthattheirmagnificentformulaeweresufficienttooverturnthrones，theydidnothesitatetodeclarewaruponkings。Andasastrongfaithisalwayssuperiortoadoubtfulfaith，theyvictoriouslyfacedallEurope。

ThemysticspiritoftheleadersoftheRevolutionwasbetrayedintheleastdetailsoftheirpubliclife。Robespierre，convincedthathewassupportedbytheAlmighty，assuredhishearersinaspeechthattheSupremeBeinghad``decreedtheRepublicsincethebeginningoftime。’’InhisqualityofHighPontiffofaStatereligionhemadetheConventionvoteadecreedeclaringthat``theFrenchPeoplerecognisestheexistenceoftheSupremeBeingandtheimmortalityofthesoul。’’AtthefestivalofthisSupremeBeing，seatedonakindofthrone，hepreachedalengthysermon。

TheJacobinClub，directedbyRobespierre，finallyassumedallthefunctionsofacouncil。ThereMaximilienproclaimed``theideaofaGreatBeingwhowatchesoveroppressedinnocenceandwhopunishestriumphantcrime。’’

AllthehereticswhocriticisedtheJacobinorthodoxywereexcommunicated——thatis，weresenttotheRevolutionaryTribunal，whichtheyleftonlyforthescaffold。

ThemysticmentalityofwhichRobespierrewasthemostcelebratedrepresentativedidnotdiewithhim。MenofidenticalmentalityaretobefoundamongtheFrenchpoliticiansofto—day。Theoldreligiousbeliefsnolongerruletheirminds，buttheyarethecreaturesofpoliticalcreedswhichtheywouldverysoonforceonothers，asdidRobespierre，iftheyhadthechanceofsodoing。

Alwaysreadytokillifkillingwouldspreadtheirfaith，themysticsofallageshaveemployedthesamemeansofpersuasionassoonastheyhavebecomethemasters。

ItisthereforequitenaturalthatRobespierreshouldstillhavemanyadmirers。Mindsmouldedlikehisaretobemetwithintheirthousands。Hisconceptionswerenotguillotinedwithhim。

Oldashumanity，theywillonlydisappearwiththelastbeliever。

Thismysticaspectofallrevolutionshasescapedthemajorityofthehistorians。Theywillpersistforalongtimeyetintryingtoexplainbymeansofrationallogicahostofphenomenawhichhavenothingtodowithreason。IhavealreadycitedapassagefromthehistoryofMM。LavisseandRambaud，inwhichtheReformationisexplainedas``theresultofthefreeindividualreflectionssuggestedtosimplefolkbyanextremelypiousconscience，andaboldandcourageousreason。’’

Suchmovementsarenevercomprehendedbythosewhoimaginethattheiroriginisrational。Politicalorreligious，thebeliefswhichhavemovedtheworldpossessacommonoriginandfollowthesamelaws。Theyareformed，notbythereason，butmoreoftencontrarytoreason。Buddhism，Christianity，Islamism，theReformation，sorcery，Jacobinism，socialism，spiritualism，&c。，seemverydifferentformsofbelief，buttheyhave，I

repeat，identicalmysticandaffectivebases，andobeyformsoflogicwhichhavenoaffinitywithrationallogic。Theirmightresidespreciselyinthefactthatreasonhasaslittlepowertocreatethemastotransformthem。

Themysticmentalityofourmodernpoliticalapostlesisstronglymarkedinanarticledealingwithoneofourrecentministers，whichIcitefromaleadingjournal：

``OnemayaskintowhatcategorydoesM。A————fall？Couldwesay，forinstance，thathebelongstothegroupofunbelievers？

Farfromit！CertainlyM。A————hasnotadoptedanypositivefaith；certainlyhecursesRomeandGeneva，rejectingallthetraditionaldogmasandalltheknownChurches。ButifhemakesacleansweepitisinordertofoundhisownChurchonthegroundsocleared，aChurchmoredogmaticthanalltherest；andhisowninquisition，whosebrutalintolerancewouldhavenoreasontoenvythemostnotoriousofTorquemadas。

```Wecannot，’hesays，`allowsuchathingasscholasticneutrality。Wedemandlayinstructioninallitsplenitude，andareconsequentlytheenemiesofeducationalliberty。’Ifhedoesnotsuggesterectingthestakeandthepyre，itisonlyonaccountoftheevolutionofmanners，whichheisforcedtotakeintoaccounttoacertainextent，whetherhewillorno。But，notbeingabletocommitmentothetorture，heinvokestheseculararmtocondemntheirdoctrinestodeath。Thisisexactlythepointofviewofthegreatinquisitors。Itisthesameattackuponthought。Thisfreethinkerhassofreeaspiritthateveryphilosophyhedoesnotacceptappearstohim，notonlyridiculousandgrotesque，butcriminal。Heflattershimselfthathealoneisinpossessionoftheabsolutetruth。Ofthisheissoentirelysurethateveryonewhocontradictshimseemstohimanexecrablemonsterandapublicenemy。Hedoesnotsuspectforamomentthatafterallhispersonalviewsareonlyhypotheses，andthatheisallthemorelaughableforclaimingaDivinerightforthempreciselybecausetheydenydivinity。Or，atleast，theyprofesstodoso；buttheyre—establishitinanothershape，whichimmediatelymakesoneregrettheold。M。A————isasectaryofthegoddessReason，ofwhomhehasmadeaMoloch，anoppressivedeityhungryforsacrifice。Nomorelibertyofthoughtforanyoneexceptforhimselfandhisfriends；suchisthefreethoughtofM。A————。Theoutlookistrulyattractive。

Butperhapstoomanyidolshavebeencastdownduringthelastfewcenturiesformentobowbeforethisone。’’