第34章

InallourinterviewsIhaveurgedthatourfirstobjectwas，notRichmond，butthedefeatorscatteringofLee’sarmy，whichthreatenedWashingtonandthelineoftheupperPotomac。InowrecurtothesethingssimplytoremindyouofthegeneralviewswhichI

haveexpressed，andwhichIstillhold。

Thecircumstancesofthecase，however，havesomewhatchangedsincetheearlypartofNovember。Thechancesofanextendedlineofoperationsarenow，onaccountoftheadvancedseason，muchlessthanthen。ButthechancesarestillinourfavortomeetanddefeattheenemyontheRappahannock，ifwecaneffectacrossinginapositionwherewecanmeettheenemyonfavorableorevenequalterms。

Ithereforestilladviseamovementagainsthim。Thecharacterofthatmovement，however，mustdependuponcircumstanceswhichmaychangeanydayandalmostanyhour。Iftheenemyshouldconcentratehisforcesattheplaceyouhaveselectedforacrossing，makeitafeintandtryanotherplace。Again，thecircumstancesatthetimemaybesuchastorenderanattempttocrosstheentirearmynotadvisable。Inthatcase，theorysuggeststhat，whiletheenemyconcentratesatthatpoint，advantagescanbegainedbycrossingsmallerforcesatotherpointstocutoffhislines，destroyhiscommunication，andcapturehisrear—guards，outposts，etc。Thegreatobjectistooccupytheenemytopreventhismakinglargedetachmentsordistantraids，andtoinjurehimallyoucanwiththeleastinjurytoyourself。Ifthiscanbebestaccomplishedbyfeintsofageneralcrossinganddetachedrealcrossings，takethatcourse；ifbyanactualgeneralcrossing，withfeintsonotherpoints，adoptthatcourse。Thereseemtometobemanyreasonswhyacrossingatsomepointshouldbeattempted。Itwillnotdotokeepyourlargearmyinactive。Asyouyourselfadmit，itdevolvesonyoutodecideuponthetime，place，andcharacterofthecrossingwhichyoumayattempt。

Icanonlyadvisethatanattemptbemade，andasearlyaspossible。

Veryrespectfully，yourobedientservant，H。W。HALLECK，General—in—Chief。

[Indorsement。]

January8，1863。

GENERALBURNSIDE：

IunderstandGeneralHalleckhassentyoualetterofwhichthisisacopy。Iapprovethisletter。Ideplorethewantofconcurrencewithyouinopinionbyyourgeneralofficers，butIdonotseetheremedy。

Becautious，anddonotunderstandthatthegovernmentorcountryisdrivingyou。IdonotyetseehowIcouldprofitbychangingthecommandoftheArmyofthePotomac；andifIdid，Ishouldnotwishtodoitbyacceptingtheresignationofyourcommission。

A。LINCOLN。

TELEGRAMTOGOVERNORJOHNSON。

EXECUTIVEMANSION，WASHINGTON，January8，1863。

GOVERNORJOHNSON，NashvilleTenn。：

AdispatchofyesterdayfromNashvillesaysthebodyofCaptainTodd，oftheSixthKentucky，wasbroughtinto—day。

PleasetellmewhatwashisChristianname，andwhetherhewasinourserviceorthatoftheenemy。IshallalsobegladtohaveyourimpressionastotheeffectthelateoperationsaboutMurfreesboroughwillhaveontheprospectsofTennessee。

A。LINCOLN。

TELEGRAMTOGENERALS。R。CURTIS。

EXECUTIVEMANSION，WASHINGTON，January10，1863。

MAJOR—GENERALCURTIS，St。Louis，MO。：

IunderstandthereisconsiderabletroublewiththeslavesinMissouri。Pleasedoyourbesttokeeppeaceonthequestionfortwoorthreeweeks，bywhichtimewehopetodosomethingheretowardsettlingthequestioninMissouri。

A。LINCOLN。

TELEGRAMTOGOVERNORJOHNSON。

EXECUTIVEMANSION，WASHINGTON，January10，1863

GOVERNORJOHNSON，Nashville，Tenn。：

Yoursreceived。IpresumetheremainsofCaptainToddareinthehandsofhisfamilyandfriends，andIwishtogivenoorderonthesubject；butIdowishyouropinionoftheeffectsofthelatebattlesaboutMurfreesboroughupontheprospectsofTennessee。

A。LINCOLN。

INSTRUCTIONTOTHEJUDGE—ADVOCATE—GENERAL。

WARDEPARTMENT，WASHINGTONCITY，January12，1863。

TheJudge—Advocate—Generalisinstructedtorevisetheproceedingsofthecourt—martialinthecaseofMajor—GeneralFitz—JohnPorter，andtoreportfullyuponanylegalquestionsthatmayhaveariseninthem，anduponthebearingofthetestimonyinreferencetothechargesandspecificationsexhibitedagainsttheaccused，anduponwhichhewastried。

ABRAHAMLINCOLN。

MESSAGETOTHEHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES。

JANUARY14，I863。

TOTHEHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES：

TheSecretaryofStatehassubmittedtomearesolutionoftheHouseofRepresentativesofthe5thinstant，whichhasbeendeliveredtohim，andwhichisinthefollowingwords：

"Resolved，ThattheSecretaryofStateberequestedtocommunicatetothisHouse，ifnot，inhisjudgment，incompatiblewiththepublicinterest，whyourMinisterinNewGranadahasnotpresentedhiscredentialstotheactualgovernmentofthatcountry；alsothereasonsforwhichSenorMurilloisnotrecognizedbytheUnitedStatesasthediplomaticrepresentativeoftheMosqueragovernmentofthatcountry；also，whatnegotiationshavebeenhad，ifany，withGeneralHerranastherepresentativeofOspina’sgovernmentinNewGranadasinceitwentintoexistence。"

Onthe12thdayofDecember，1846，atreatyofamity，peace，andconcordwasconcludedbetweentheUnitedStatesofAmericaandtheRepublicofNewGranada，whichisstillinforce。Onthe7thdayofDecember，1847，GeneralPedroAlcantaraHerran，whohadbeendulyaccredited，wasreceivedhereastheenvoyextraordinaryandministerplenipotentiaryofthat，republic。Onthe30thdayofAugust，1849，SenorDonRafaelRivaswasreceivedbythisgovernmentascharged’affairesofthesamerepublic。Onthe5thdayofDecember，1851，aconsularconventionwasconcludedbetweenthatrepublicandtheUnitedStates，whichtreatywassignedonbehalfoftheRepublicofGranadabythesameSenorRivas。Thistreatyisstillinforce。Onthe27thofApril，1852，SenorDonVictorianodeDiegoParedeswasreceivedascharged’affairesoftheRepublicofNewGranada。Onthe20thofJune，1855，GeneralPedroAlcantaraHerranwasagainreceivedasenvoyextraordinaryandministerplenipotentiary，dulyaccreditedbytheRepublicofNewGranada，andhehaseversinceremained，underthesamecredentials，astherepresentativeofthatrepublicneartheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates。Onthe10thofSeptember，1857，aclaimsconventionwasconcludedbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheRepublicofGranada。Thisconventionisstillinforce，andhasinpartbeenexecuted。InMay，1858，theconstitutionoftherepublicwasremodelled；andthenationassumedthepoliticaltitleof"TheGranadianConfederacy。"ThisfactwasformallyannouncedtothisGovernment，butwithoutanychangeintheirrepresentativehere。

Previouslytothe4thdayofMarch，1861，arevolutionarywaragainsttheRepublicofNewGranada，whichhadthusbeenrecognizedandtreatedwithbytheUnitedStates，brokeoutinNewGranada，assumingtosetupanewgovernmentunderthenameof"UnitedStatesofColombia。"Thiswarhashadvariousvicissitudes，sometimesfavorable，sometimesadverse，totherevolutionarymovements。Therevolutionaryorganizationhashithertobeensimplyamilitaryprovisionarypower，andnodefinitiveconstitutionofgovernmenthasyetbeenestablishedinNewGranadainplaceofthatorganizedbytheconstitutionof1858。TheministeroftheUnitedStatestotheGranadianConfederacy，whowasappointedonthe29thdayofMay，1861，wasdirected，inviewoftheoccupationofthecapitalbytherevolutionarypartyandoftheuncertaintyofthecivilwar，nottopresenthiscredentialstoeitherthegovernmentoftheGranadianConfederacyortotheprovisionalmilitarygovernment，buttoconducthisaffairsinformally，asiscustomaryinsuchcases，andtoreporttheprogressofeventsandawaittheinstructionsofthisGovernment。

Theadviceswhichhavebeenreceivedfromhimhavenothitherto，beensufficientlyconclusivetodeterminemetorecognizetherevolutionarygovernment。GeneralHerranbeinghere，withfullauthorityfromtheGovernmentofNewCanada，whichhasbeensolongrecognizedbytheUnitedStates，Ihavenotreceivedanyrepresentativefromtherevolutionarygovernment，whichhasnotyetbeenrecognized，becausesuchaproceedingwouldbeinitselfanactofrecognition。

OfficialcommunicationshavebeenhadonvariousincidentalandoccasionalquestionswithGeneralHerranastheministerplenipotentiaryandenvoyextraordinaryoftheGranadianConfederacy，butinnoothercharacter。Nodefinitivemeasureorproceedinghasresultedfromthesecommunications，andacommunicationofthematpresentwouldnot，inmyjudgment，becompatiblewiththepublicinterest。

ABRAHAMLINCOLN。

TOSECRETARYOFWAR。

WASHINGTON，January15，1863。

SECRETARYOFWAR：

PleaseseeMr。Stafford，whowantstoassistinraisingcoloredtroopsinMissouri。

A。LINCOLN。

PRINTINGMONEY

MESSAGETOCONGRESS。

January17，1863。

TOTHESENATEANDHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES：

IhavesignedthejointresolutiontoprovidefortheimmediatepaymentofthearmyandnavyoftheUnitedStates，passedbytheHouseofRepresentativesonthe14thandbytheSenateonthe15thinstant。

Thejointresolutionisasimpleauthority，amounting，however，underexistingcircumstances，toadirection，totheSecretaryoftheTreasurytomakeanadditionalissueof$100，000，000inUnitedStatesnotes，ifsomuchmoneyisneeded，forthepaymentofthearmyandnavy。

Myapprovalisgiveninorderthateverypossiblefacilitymaybeaffordedforthepromptdischargeofallarrearsofpayduetooursoldiersandoursailors。

Whilegivingthisapproval，however，IthinkitmydutytoexpressmysincereregretthatithasbeenfoundnecessarytoauthorizesolargeanadditionalissueofUnitedStatesnotes，whenthiscirculationandthatofthesuspendedbankstogetherhavebecomealreadysoredundantastoincreasepricesbeyondrealvalues，therebyaugmentingthecostoflivingtotheinjuryoflabor，andthecostofsuppliestotheinjuryofthewholecountry。

ItseemsveryplainthatcontinuedissuesofUnitedStatesnoteswithoutanychecktotheissuesofsuspendedbanks，andwithoutadequateprovisionfortheraisingofmoneybyloansandforfundingtheissuessoastokeepthemwithinduelimits，mustsoonproducedisastrousconsequences；andthismatterappearstomesoimportantthatIfeelboundtoavailmyselfofthisoccasiontoaskthespecialattentionofCongresstoit。

ThatCongresshaspowertoregulatethecurrencyofthecountrycanhardlyadmitofdoubt，andthatajudiciousmeasuretopreventthedeteriorationofthiscurrency，byaseasonabletaxationofbankcirculationorotherwise，isneededseemsequallyclear。

Independentlyofthisgeneralconsideration，itwouldbeunjusttothepeopleatlargetoexemptbanksenjoyingthespecialprivilegeofcirculationfromtheirjustproportionofthepublicburdens。

Inordertoraisemoneybywayofloansmosteasilyandcheaply，itisclearlynecessarytogiveeverypossiblesupporttothepubliccredit。Tothatendauniformcurrency，inwhichtaxes，subscriptionstoloans，andallotherordinarypublicduesaswellasallprivateduesmaybepaid，isalmostifnotquiteindispensable。

SuchacurrencycanbefurnishedbybankingassociationsorganizedunderageneralactofCongress，assuggestedinmymessageatthebeginningofthepresentsession。ThesecuringofthiscirculationbythepledgeofUnitedStatesbonds，asthereinsuggested，wouldstillfurtherfacilitateloans，byincreasingthepresentandcausingafuturedemandforsuchbonds。

Inviewoftheactualfinancialembarrassmentsofthegovernment，andofthegreaterembarrassmentsuretocomeifthenecessarymeansofreliefbenotafforded，IfeelthatIshouldnotperformmydutybyasimpleannouncementofmyapprovalofthejointresolution，whichproposesreliefonlybyincreasedcirculation，withoutexpressingmyearnestdesirethatmeasuressuchinsubstanceasthoseIhavejustreferredtomayreceivetheearlysanctionofCongress。Bysuchmeasures，inmyopinion，willpaymentbemostcertainlysecured，notonlytothearmyandnavy，buttoallhonestcreditorsofthegovernment，andsatisfactoryprovisionmadeforfuturedemandsonthetreasury。

ABRAHAMLINCOLN。

TOTHEWORKING—MENOFMANCHESTER，ENGLAND。

EXECUTIVEMANSION，WASHINGTON，January，1863。

TOTHEWORKING—MENOFMANCHESTER：

Ihavethehonortoacknowledgethereceiptoftheaddressandresolutionswhichyousentmeontheeveofthenewyear。WhenI

came，onthe4thofMarch，1861，throughafreeandconstitutionalelectiontofiresideintheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates，thecountrywasfoundatthevergeofcivilwar。Whatevermighthavebeenthecause，orwhosesoeverthefault，oneduty，paramounttoallothers，wasbeforeme，namely，tomaintainandpreserveatoncetheConstitutionandtheintegrityoftheFederalRepublic。

Aconscientiouspurposetoperformthisdutyisthekeytoallthemeasuresofadministrationwhichhavebeenandtoallwhichwillhereafterbepursued。Underourframeofgovernmentandmyofficialoath，IcouldnotdepartfromthispurposeifIwould。Itisnotalwaysinthepowerofgovernmentstoenlargeorrestrictthescopeofmoralresultswhichfollowthepoliciesthattheymaydeemitnecessaryforthepublicsafetyfromtimetotimetoadopt。

Ihaveunderstoodwellthatthedutyofself—preservationrestssolelywiththeAmericanpeople；butIhaveatthesametimebeenawarethatfavorordisfavorofforeignnationsmighthaveamaterialinfluenceinenlargingorprolongingthestrugglewithdisloyalmeninwhichthecountryisengaged。AfairexaminationofhistoryhasservedtoauthorizeabeliefthatthepastactionsandinfluencesoftheUnitedStatesweregenerallyregardedashavingbeenbeneficialtowardmankind。Ihave，therefore，reckonedupontheforbearanceofnations。Circumstances——tosomeofwhichyoukindlyallude——inducemeespeciallytoexpectthatifjusticeandgoodfaithshouldbepractisedbytheUnitedStates，theywouldencounternohostileinfluenceonthepartofGreatBritain。ItisnowapleasantdutytoacknowledgethedemonstrationyouhavegivenofyourdesirethataspiritofamityandpeacetowardthiscountrymayprevailinthecouncilsofyourQueen，whoisrespectedandesteemedinyourowncountryonlymorethansheisbythekindrednationwhichhasitshomeonthissideoftheAtlantic。

IknowanddeeplydeplorethesufferingswhichtheworkingmenatManchester，andinallEurope，arecalledtoendureinthiscrisis。

Ithasbeenoftenandstudiouslyrepresentedthattheattempttooverthrowthisgovernment，whichwasbuiltuponthefoundationofhumanrights，andtosubstituteforitonewhichshouldrestexclusivelyonthebasisofhumanslavery，waslikelytoobtainthefavorofEurope。Throughtheactionofourdisloyalcitizens，theworking—menofEuropehavebeensubjectedtoseveretrials，forthepurposeofforcingtheirsanctiontothatattempt。Underthecircumstance，IcannotbutregardyourdecisiveutterancesuponthequestionasaninstanceofsublimeChristianheroismwhichhasnotbeensurpassedinanyageorinanycountry。Itisindeedanenergeticandinspiringassuranceoftheinherentpoweroftruthandoftheultimateanduniversaltriumphofjustice，humanity，andfreedom。Idonotdoubtthatthesentiments，youhaveexpressedwillbesustainedbyyourgreatnation；and，ontheotherhand，Ihavenohesitationinassuringyouthattheywillexciteadmiration，esteem，andthemostreciprocalfeelingsoffriendshipamongtheAmericanpeople。

Ihailthisinterchangeofsentiment，therefore，asanaugurythatwhateverelsemayhappen，whatevermisfortunemaybefallyourcountryormyown，thepeaceandfriendshipwhichnowexistbetweenthetwonationswillbe，asitshallbemydesiretomakethem，perpetual。

ABRAHAMLINCOLN。

MESSAGETOCONGRESS。

WASHINGTON，January21，1863。

GENTLEMENOFTHESENATEANDHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES：

IsubmitherewithforyourconsiderationthejointresolutionsofthecorporateauthoritiesofthecityofWashington，adoptedSeptembera7，1862，andamemorialofthesameunderdateofOctober28，1862，bothrelatingtoandurgingtheconstructionofcertainrailroadsconcentratinguponthecityofWashington。

Inpresentingthismemorialandthejointresolutionstoyou，Iamnotpreparedtosaymorethanthatthesubjectisoneofgreatpracticalimportance，andthatIhopeitwillreceivetheattentionofCongress。

ABRAHAMLINCOLN。

INDORSEMENTONTHEPROCEEDINGSANDSENTENCEOFTHEFITZ—JOHNPORTER

COURT—MARTIAL。

HEADQUARTERSOFTHEARMY，WASHINGTON，January13，1863。

IncompliancewiththeSixty—fifthArticleofWar，thesewholeproceedingsaretransmittedtotheSecretaryofWar，tobelaidbeforethePresidentoftheUnitedStates。

H。W。HALLECK，General—in—Chief。

January21，1863。

Theforegoingproceedings，findings，andsentenceintheforegoingcaseofMajor—GeneralFitz—JohnPorterareapprovedandconfirmed，anditisorderedthatthesaidFitz—JohnPorterbe，andheherebyis，cashieredanddismissedfromtheserviceoftheUnitedStatesasamajor—generalofvolunteers，andascolonelandbrevetbrigadier—generalintheregularserviceoftheUnitedStates，andforeverdisqualifiedfromholdinganyofficeoftrustorprofitundertheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates。

ABRAHAMLINCOLN。

FROMGENERALHALLECKTOGENERALU。S。GRANT。

HEADQUARTERSOFTHEARMY，WASHINGTON

January21，1863。

MAJOR—GENERALGRANT，Memphis。

GENERAL：——ThePresidenthasdirectedthatsomuchofArkansasasyoumaydesiretocontrolbetemporarilyattachedtoyourdepartment。

Thiswillgiveyoucontrolofbothbanksoftheriver。

InyouroperationsdowntheMississippiyoumustnotrelytooconfidentlyuponanydirectco—operationofGeneralBanksandthelowerflotilla，asitispossiblethattheymaynotbeabletopassorreducePortHudson。They，however，willdoeverythingintheirpowertoformajunctionwithyouatVicksburg。Iftheyshouldnotbeabletoeffectthis，theywillatleastoccupyaportionoftheenemy’sforces，andpreventthemfromreinforcingVicksburg。Ihope，however，thattheywilldostillbetterandbeabletojoinyou。

Itmaybepropertogiveyousomeexplanationoftherevocatio