第13章

Thereisanaturaldisgustinthemindsofnearlyallwhitepeopleattheideaofanindiscriminateamalgamationofthewhiteandblackraces；andJudgeDouglasevidentlyisbasinghischiefhopeuponthechancesofhisbeingabletoappropriatethebenefitofthisdisgusttohimself。Ifhecan，bymuchdrummingandrepeating，fastentheodiumofthatideauponhisadversaries，hethinkshecanstrugglethroughthestorm。Hethereforeclingstothishope，asadrowningmantothelastplank。HemakesanoccasionforluggingitinfromtheoppositiontotheDredScottdecision。HefindstheRepublicansinsistingthattheDeclarationofIndependenceincludesallmen，blackaswellaswhite，andforthwithheboldlydeniesthatitincludesnegroesatall，andproceedstoarguegravelythatallwhocontenditdoes，dosoonlybecausetheywanttovote，andeat，andsleep，andmarrywithnegoes。Hewillhaveitthattheycannotbeconsistentelse。NowIprotestagainstthecounterfeitlogicwhichconcludesthat，becauseIdonotwantablackwomanforaslaveImustnecessarilywantherforawife。Ineednothaveherforeither。Icanjustleaveheralone。Insomerespectsshecertainlyisnotmyequal；butinhernaturalrighttoeatthebreadsheearnswithherownhands，withoutaskingleaveofanyoneelse，sheismyequalandtheequalofallothers。

ChiefJusticeTaney，inhisopinionintheDredScottcase，admitsthatthelanguageoftheDeclarationisbroadenoughtoincludethewholehumanfamily，butheandJudgeDouglasarguethattheauthorsofthatinstrumentdidnotintendtoincludenegroes，bythefactthattheydidnotatonceactuallyplacethemonanequalitywiththewhites。Nowthisgraveargumentcomestojustnothingatall，bytheotherfactthattheydidnotatonce，oreverafterward，actuallyplaceallwhitepeopleonanequalitywithoneanother。AndthisisthestapleargumentofboththeChiefJusticeandtheSenatorfordoingthisobviousviolencetotheplain，unmistakablelanguageoftheDeclaration。

Ithinktheauthorsofthatnotableinstrumentintendedtoincludeallmen，buttheydidnotintendtodeclareallmenequalinallrespects。Theydidnotmeantosayallwereequalincolor，size，intellect，moraldevelopments，orsocialcapacity。

Theydefinedwithtolerabledistinctnessinwhatrespectstheydidconsiderallmencreatedequal——equalwith"certaininalienablerights，amongwhicharelife，liberty，andthepursuitofhappiness。"Thistheysaid，andthistheymeant。Theydidnotmeantoasserttheobviousuntruththatallwerethenactuallyenjoyingthatequality，noryetthattheywereabouttoconferitimmediatelyuponthem。Infact，theyhadnopowertoconfersuchaboon。Theymeantsimplytodeclaretheright，sothatenforcementofitmightfollowasfastascircumstancesshouldpermit。

Theymeanttosetupastandardmaximforfreesociety，whichshouldbefamiliartoall，andreveredbyall；constantlylookedto，constantlylaboredfor，and，eventhoughneverperfectlyattained，constantlyapproximated，andtherebyconstantlyspreadinganddeepeningitsinfluenceandaugmentingthehappinessandvalueoflifetoallpeopleofallcolorseverywhere。Theassertionthat"allmenarecreatedequal"wasofnopracticaluseineffectingourseparationfromGreatBritain；anditwasplacedintheDeclarationnotforthat，butforfutureuse。Itsauthorsmeantittobe——asthankGod，itisnowprovingitself——stumbling—blocktoallthosewhoinaftertimesmightseektoturnafreepeoplebackintothehatefulpathsofdespotism。Theyknewthepronenessofprosperitytobreedtyrants，andtheymeantwhensuchshouldreappearinthisfairlandandcommencetheirvocation，theyshouldfindleftforthematleastonehardnuttocrack。

IhavenowbrieflyexpressedmyviewofthemeaningandobjectofthatpartoftheDeclarationofIndependencewhichdeclaresthat"allmenarecreatedequal。"

NowletushearJudgeDouglas’sviewofthesamesubject，asI

finditintheprintedreportofhislatespeech。Hereitis：

"Nomancanvindicatethecharacter，motives，andconductofthesignersoftheDeclarationofIndependence，exceptuponthehypothesisthattheyreferredtothewhiteracealone，andnottotheAfrican，whentheydeclaredallmentohavebeencreatedequal；thattheywerespeakingofBritishsubjectsonthiscontinentbeingequaltoBritishsubjectsbornandresidinginGreatBritain；thattheywereentitledtothesameinalienablerights，andamongthemwereenumeratedlife，liberty，andthepursuitofhappiness。TheDeclarationwasadoptedforthepurposeofjustifyingthecolonistsintheeyesofthecivilizedworldinwithdrawingtheirallegiancefromtheBritishcrown，anddissolvingtheirconnectionwiththemothercountry。"

Mygoodfriends，readthatcarefullyoversomeleisurehour，andponderwelluponit；seewhatamerewreck——mangledruin——itmakesofouroncegloriousDeclaration。

"TheywerespeakingofBritishsubjectsonthiscontinentbeingequaltoBritishsubjectsbornandresidinginGreatBritain"！

Why，accordingtothis，notonlynegroesbutwhitepeopleoutsideofGreatBritainandAmericawerenotspokenofinthatinstrument。TheEnglish，Irish，andScotch，alongwithwhiteAmericans，wereincluded，tobesure，buttheFrench，Germans，andotherwhitepeopleoftheworldareallgonetopotalongwiththeJudge’sinferiorraces！

IhadthoughttheDeclarationpromisedsomethingbetterthantheconditionofBritishsubjects；butno，itonlymeantthatweshouldbeequaltothemintheirownoppressedandunequalcondition。Accordingtothat，itgavenopromisethat，havingkickedoffthekingandlordsofGreatBritain，weshouldnotatoncebesaddledwithakingandlordsofourown。

IhadthoughttheDeclarationcontemplatedtheprogressiveimprovementintheconditionofallmeneverywhere；butno，itmerely"wasadoptedforthepurposeofjustifyingthecolonistsintheeyesofthecivilizedworldinwithdrawingtheirallegiancefromtheBritishcrown，anddissolvingtheirconnectionwiththemothercountry。"Why，thatobjecthavingbeeneffectedsomeeightyyearsago，theDeclarationisofnopracticalusenow——mererubbish——oldwaddinglefttorotonthebattlefieldafterthevictoryiswon。

Iunderstandyouarepreparingtocelebratethe"Fourth，"to—

morrowweek。Whatfor？Thedoingsofthatdayhadnoreferencetothepresent；andquitehalfofyouarenotevendescendantsofthosewhowerereferredtoatthatday。ButIsupposeyouwillcelebrate，andwillevengosofarastoreadtheDeclaration。

Suppose，afteryoureaditonceintheold—fashionedway，youreaditoncemorewithJudgeDouglas’sversion。Itwillthenrunthus：

"Weholdthesetruthstobeself—evident，thatallBritishsubjectswhowereonthiscontinenteighty—oneyearsagowerecreatedequaltoallBritishsubjectsbornandthenresidinginGreatBritain。"

AndnowIappealtoall——toDemocratsaswellasothers——areyoureallywillingthattheDeclarationshallthusbefritteredaway？——thusleftnomore，atmost，thananinterestingmemorialofthedeadpast？——thusshornofitsvitalityandpracticalvalue，andleftwithoutthegermoreventhesuggestionoftheindividualrightsofmaninit？

ButJudgeDouglasisespeciallyhorrifiedatthethoughtofthemixingofbloodbythewhiteandblackraces。Agreedforonce——athousandtimesagreed。Therearewhitemenenoughtomarryallthewhitewomenandblackmenenoughtomanyalltheblackwomen；

andsoletthembemarried。OnthispointwefullyagreewiththeJudge，andwhenheshallshowthathispolicyisbetteradaptedtopreventamalgamationthanours，weshalldropoursandadopthis。Letussee。In1850therewereintheUnitedStates405，751mulattoes。Veryfewofthesearetheoffspringofwhitesandfreeblacks；nearlyallhavesprungfromblackslavesandwhitemasters。Aseparationoftheracesistheonlyperfectpreventiveofamalgamation；butasanimmediateseparationisimpossible，thenextbestthingistokeepthemapartwheretheyarenotalreadytogether。IfwhiteandblackpeoplenevergettogetherinKansas，theywillnevermixbloodinKansas。Thatisatleastoneself—evidenttruth。AfewfreecoloredpersonsmaygetintothefreeStates，inanyevent；buttheirnumberistooinsignificanttoamounttomuchinthewayofmixingblood。In1850therewereinthefreeStates56，649mulattoes；butforthemostparttheywerenotbornthere——theycamefromtheslaveStates，readymadeup。InthesameyeartheslaveStateshad348，874mulattoes，allofhomeproduction。Theproportionoffreemulattoestofreeblacks——theonlycoloredclassesinthefreeStatesismuchgreaterintheslavethaninthefreeStates。

Itisworthyofnote，too，thatamongthefreeStatesthosewhichmakethecoloredmanthenearestequaltothewhitehaveproportionablythefewestmulattoes，theleastofamalgamation。

InNewHampshire，theStatewhichgoesfarthesttowardequalitybetweentheraces，therearejust184mulattoes，whilethereareinVirginia——howmanydoyouthink？——79，775，being23，126morethaninallthefreeStatestogether。

Thesestatisticsshowthatslaveryisthegreatestsourceofamalgamation，andnexttoit，nottheelevation，butthedegradationofthefreeblacks。YetJudgeDouglasdreadstheslightestrestraintsonthespreadofslavery，andtheslightesthumanrecognitionofthenegro，astendinghorriblytoamalgamation！

TheveryDredScottcaseaffordsastrongtestastowhichpartymostfavorsamalgamation，theRepublicansorthedearUnion—

savingDemocracy。DredScott，hiswife，andtwodaughterswereallinvolvedinthesuit。Wedesiredthecourttohaveheldthattheywerecitizenssofaratleastastoentitlethemtoahearingastowhethertheywerefreeornot；andthen，also，thattheywereinfactandinlawreallyfree。Couldwehavehadourway，thechancesoftheseblackgirlsevermixingtheirbloodwiththatofwhitepeoplewouldhavebeendiminishedatleasttotheextentthatitcouldnothavebeenwithouttheirconsent。

ButJudgeDouglasisdelightedtohavethemdecidedtobeslaves，andnothumanenoughtohaveahearing，eveniftheywerefree，andthusleftsubjecttotheforcedconcubinageoftheirmasters，andliabletobecomethemothersofmulattoesinspiteofthemselves：theverystateofcasethatproducesninetenthsofallthemulattoesallthemixingofbloodinthenation。

Ofcourse，Istatethiscaseasanillustrationonly，notmeaningtosayorintimatethatthemasterofDredScottandhisfamily，oranymorethanapercentageofmastersgenerally，areinclinedtoexercisethisparticularpowerwhichtheyholdovertheirfemaleslaves。

Ihavesaidthattheseparationoftheracesistheonlyperfectpreventiveofamalgamation。IhavenorighttosayallthemembersoftheRepublicanpartyareinfavorofthis，nortosaythatasapartytheyareinfavorofit。Thereisnothingintheirplatformdirectlyonthesubject。ButIcansayaverylargeproportionofitsmembersareforit，andthatthechiefplankintheirplatform——oppositiontothespreadofslavery——ismostfavorabletothatseparation。

Suchseparation，ifevereffectedatall，mustbeeffectedbycolonization；andnopoliticalparty，assuch，isnowdoinganythingdirectlyforcolonization。Partyoperationsatpresentonlyfavororretardcolonizationincidentally。Theenterpriseisadifficultone；but"wherethereisawillthereisaway，"

andwhatcolonizationneedsmostisaheartywill。Willspringsfromthetwoelementsofmoralsenseandself—interest。Letusbebroughttobelieveitismorallyright，andatthesametimefavorableto，oratleastnotagainst，ourinteresttotransfertheAfricantohisnativeclime，andweshallfindawaytodoit，howevergreatthetaskmaybe。ThechildrenofIsrael，tosuchnumbersastoincludefourhundredthousandfightingmen，wentoutofEgyptianbondageinabody。

HowdifferentlytherespectivecoursesoftheDemocraticandRepublicanpartiesincidentally，bearonthequestionofformingawill——apublicsentiment——forcolonization，iseasytosee。

TheRepublicansinculcate，withwhateverofabilitytheycan，thatthenegroisaman，thathisbondageiscruellywrong，andthatthefieldofhisoppressionoughtnottobeenlarged。TheDemocratsdenyhismanhood；deny，ordwarftoinsignificance，thewrongofhisbondage；sofaraspossiblecrushallsympathyforhim，andcultivateandexcitehatredanddisgustagainsthim；

complimentthemselvesasUnion—saversfordoingso；andcalltheindefiniteoutspreadingofhisbondage"asacredrightofself—

government。"

Theplainestprintcannotbereadthroughagoldeagle；anditwillbeeverhardtofindmanymenwhowillsendaslavetoLiberia，andpayhispassage，whiletheycansendhimtoanewcountry——Kansas，forinstance——andsellhimforfifteenhundreddollars，andtherise。

TOWILLIAMGRIMES。

SPRINGFIELD，ILLINOIS，August，1857

DEARSIR：——Yoursofthe14thisreceived，andIammuchobligedforthelegalinformationyougive。

YoucanscarcelybemoreanxiousthanIthatthenextelectioninIowashouldresultinfavoroftheRepublicans。Ilostnearlyalltheworkingpartoflastyear，givingmytimetothecanvass；

andIamaltogethertoopoortolosetwoyearstogether。IamengagedinasuitintheUnitedStatesCourtatChicago，inwhichtheRockIslandBridgeCompanyisaparty。Thetrialistocommenceonthe8thofSeptember，andprobablywilllasttwoorthreeweeks。Duringthetrialitisnotimprobablethatallhandsmaycomeoverandtakealookatthebridge，and，ifitwerepossibletomakeithitright，IcouldthenspeakatDavenport。MycourtsgorightonwithoutcessationtilllateinNovember。Writemeagain，pointingoutthemorestrikingpointsofdifferencebetweenyouroldandnewconstitutions，andalsowhetherDemocraticandRepublicanpartylinesweredrawnintheadoptionofit，andwhichwereforandwhichwereagainstit。

If，bypossibility，Icouldgetoveramongyouitmightbeofsomeadvantagetoknowthesethingsinadvance。

Yoursverytruly，A。LINCOLN。

ARGUMENTINTHEROCKISLANDBRIDGECASE。

(FromtheDailyPressofChicago，Sept。24，1857。)

Hurdetal。vsRailroadBridgeCo。

UnitedStatesCircuitCourt，Hon。JohnMcLean，PresidingJudge。

13thday，Tuesday，Sept。22，1857。

Mr。A。Lincolnaddressedthejury。Hesaidhedidnotpurposetoassailanybody，thatheexpectedtogrowearnestasheproceededbutnotill—natured。"Thereissomeconflictoftestimonyinthecase，"hesaid，"butonequarterofsuchanumberofwitnessesseldomagree，andevenifallwereononesidesomediscrepancymightbeexpected。Wearetotryandreconcilethem，andtobelievethattheyarenotintentionallyerroneousaslongaswecan。"Hehadnoprejudice，hesaid，againststeamboatsorsteamboatmennoranyagainstSt。Louis，forhesupposedtheywentaboutthismatterasotherpeoplewoulddointheirsituation。"St。Louis，"hecontinued，"asacommercialplacemaydesirethatthisbridgeshouldnotstand，asitisadversetohercommerce，divertingaportionofitfromtheriver；anditmaybethatshesupposesthattheadditionalcostofrailroadtransportationupontheproductionsofIowawillforcethemtogotoSt。Louisifthisbridgeisremoved。ThemeetingsinSt。

Louisareconnectedwiththiscaseonlyassomewitnessesareinit，andthushassomeprejudiceaddedcolortotheirtestimony。"

Thelastthingthatwouldbepleasingtohim，Mr。Lincolnsaid，wouldbetohaveoneofthesegreatchannels，extendingalmostfromwhereitneverfreezestowhereitneverthaws，blockedup，butthereisatravelfromeasttowestwhosedemandsarenotlessimportantthanthoseoftheriver。Itisgrowinglargerandlarger，buildingupnewcountrieswitharapidityneverbeforeseeninthehistoryoftheworld。HealludedtotheastonishinggrowthofIllinois，havinggrownwithinhismemorytoapopulationofamillionandahalf；toIowaandtheotheryoungrisingcommunitiesoftheNorthwest。

"Thiscurrentoftravel，"saidhe，"hasitsrightsaswellasthatofnorthandsouth。Iftheriverhadnottheadvantageinpriorityandlegislationwecouldenterintofreecompetitionwithitandwecouldsurpassit。Thisparticularrailroadlinehasagreatimportanceandthestatementofitsbusinessduringalittlelessthanayearshowsthisimportance。ItisinevidencethatfromSeptember8，1856，toAugust8，1857，12，586freightcarsand74，179passengerspassedoverthisbridge。Navigationwasclosedfourdaysshortoffourmonthslastyear，andduringthistimewhiletheriverwasofnousethisroadandbridgewerevaluable。Thereis，too，aconsiderableportionoftimewhenfloatingorthinicemakestheriveruselesswhilethebridgeisasusefulasever。Thisshowsthatthisbridgemustbetreatedwithrespectinthiscourtandisnottobekickedaboutwithcontempt。TheotherdayJudgeWeadalludedtothestrikeofthecontendinginterestandevenadissolutionoftheUnion。Thepropermodeforallpartiesinthisaffairisto’liveandletlive，’andthenwewillfindacessationofthistroubleaboutthebridge。Whatmoodwerethesteamboatmeninwhenthisbridgewasburned？Why，therewasashoutingandringingofbellsandwhistlingonalltheboatsasitfell。Itwasajubilee，agreatercelebrationthanfollowsanexcitedelection。ThefirstthingIwillproceedtoistherecordofMr。GurneyandthecomplaintofJudgeWeadthattherecorddidnotextendbackoverallthetimefromthecompletionofthebridge。Theprincipalpartofthenavigationafterthebridgewasburnedpassedthroughthespan。Whenthebridgewasrepairedandtheboatswereasecondtimeconfinedtothedrawitwasprovidedthatthisrecordshouldbekept。Thatisthesimplehistoryofthatbook。

"FromApril19th，1856，toMay6th——seventeendays——thereweretwentyaccidentsandallthetimesincethentherehavebeenbuttwentyhits，includingsevenaccidents，sothatthedangersofthisplacearetaperingoffandastheboatmengetcooltheaccidentsgetless。Wemaysoonexpectifthisratioiskeptupthattherewillbenoaccidentsatall。

"JudgeWeadsaid，whileadmittingthatthefloatswentstraightthrough，therewasadifferencebetweenafloatandaboat，butI

donotrememberthatheindulgeduswithanargumentinsupportofthisstatement。Isitbecausethereisadifferenceinsize？

Willnotasmallbodyandalargeonefloatthesamewayunderthesameinfluence？Trueaflatboatwillfloatfasterthananeggshellandtheeggshellmightbeblownawaybythewind，butifunderthesameinfluencetheywouldgothesameway。Logs，floats，boards，variousthingsthewitnessessayallshowthesamecurrent。Thenisnotthistestreliable？Atalldepthstoothedirectionofthecurrentisthesame。Aseriesofthesefloatswouldmakealineaslongasaboatandwouldshowanyinfluenceuponanypartandallpartsoftheboat。

"Iwillnowspeakoftheangularpositionofthepiers。Whatistheamountoftheangle？Thecourseoftheriverisacurveandthepierisstraight。Ifalineisproducedfromtheupperendofthelongpierstraightwiththepiertoadistanceof350

feet，andalineisdrawnfromapointinthechanneloppositethispointtotheheadofthepier，ColonelNasonsaystheywillformanangleoftwentydegrees。Buttheangleifmeasuredatthepierissevendegrees；thatis，wewouldhavetomovethepiersevendegreestomakeitexactlystraightwiththecurrent。

Wouldthatmakethenavigationbetterorworse？Thewitnessesoftheplaintiffseemtothinkitwasonlynecessarytosaythatthepierformedananglewiththecurrentandthatsettledthematter。Ourmorecarefulandaccuratewitnessessaythat，thoughtheyhadbeenaccustomedtoseeingthepiersplacedstraightwiththecurrent，yettheycouldseethatherethecurrenthadbeenmadestraightbyusinhavingmadethisslightangle；thatthewaternowrunsjustright，thatitisstraightandcannotbeimproved。Theythinkthatifthepierwaschangedtheeddywouldbedividedandthenavigationimproved。

"Iamnotnowgoingtodiscussthequestionwhatisamaterialobstruction。Wedonotgreatlydifferaboutthelaw。Thecasesproducedhereare，Isuppose，propertobetakenintoconsiderationbythecourtininstructingajury。SomeofthemI

thinkarenotexactlyinpoint，butIamstillwillingtotrusthishonor，JudgeMcLean，andtakehisinstructionsaslaw。Whatisreasonableskillandcare？Thisisathingofwhichthejuryaretojudge。Idifferfromtheothersidewhenitsaysthattheyareboundtoexercisenomorecarethanwastakenbeforethebuildingofthebridge。IfweareallowedbytheLegislaturetobuildthebridgewhichwillrequirethemtodomorethanbefore，whenapilotcomesalong，itisunreasonableforhimtodashonheedlessofthisstructurewhichhasbeenlegallyputthere。TheAftoncamethereonthe5thandlayatRockIslanduntilnextmorning。Whenaboatliesupthepilothasaholiday，andwouldnotanyofthesejurorshavethengonearoundtothebridgeandgottenacquaintedwiththeplace？PilotParkerhasshownherethathedoesnotunderstandthedraw。Iheardhimsaythatthefallfromtheheadtothefootofthepierwasfourfeet；heneedsinformation。Hecouldhavegonetherethatdayandseentherewasnosuchfall。Heshouldhavediscardedpassionandthechancesarethathewouldhavehadnodisasteratall。Hewasboundtomakehimselfacquaintedwiththeplace。

"McCammonsaysthatthecurrentandtheswellcomingfromthelongpierdroveheragainstthelongpier。Inotherwordsdrovehertowardtheverypierfromwhichthecurrentcame！Itisanabsurdity，animpossibility。TheonlyrecollectionIcanfindforthiscontradictionisinacurrentwhichWhitesaysstrikesoutfromthelongpierandthenlikearam’shornturnsback，andthismighthaveactedsomehowinthismanner。

"Itisagreedbyallthattheplaintiff’sboatwasdestroyedandthatitwasdestroyedupontheheadoftheshortpier；thatshemovedfromthechannelwhereshewaswithherbowabovetheheadofthelongpier，tillshestrucktheshortone，swungaroundunderthebridgeandtherewascrowdedanddestroyed。

"Ishalltrytoprovethattheaveragevelocityofthecurrentthroughthedrawwiththeboatinitshouldbefiveandahalfmilesanhour；thatitisslowestattheheadofthepierandswiftestatthefootofthepier。Theirlowestestimateinevidenceissixmilesanhour，theirhighesttwelvemiles。Thiswasthetestimonyofmenwhohadmadenoexperiment，onlyconjecture。Wehaveadoptedthemostexactmeans。Thewaterrunsswiftestinhighwaterandwehavetakenthepointofninefeetabovelowwater。ThewaterwhentheAftonwaslostwassevenfeetabovelowwater，oratleastafootlowerthanourtime。Braytonandhisassistantstimedtheinstruments，thebestinstrumentsknowninmeasuringcurrents。Theytimedthemundervariouscircumstancesandtheyfoundthecurrentfivemilesanhourandnomore。Theyfoundthatthewaterattheupperendranslowerthanfivemiles；thatbelowitwasswifterthanfivemiles，butthattheaveragewasfivemiles。Shallmenwhohavetakennocare，whoconjecture，someofwhomspeakoftwentymilesanhour，bebelievedagainstthosewhohavehadsuchafavorable。

andwellimprovedopportunity？Theyshouldnotevenqualifytheresult。SeveralmenhavegiventheiropinionastothedistanceofthesteamboatCarson，andIsupposeifoneshouldgoandmeasurethatdistanceyouwouldbelievehiminpreferencetoallofthem。

"Thesemeasurementsweremadewhentheboatwasnotinthedraw。

Ithasbeenascertainedwhatistheareaofthecrosssectionofthisstreamandtheareaofthefaceofthepiers，andtheengineerssaythatthepiersbeingputtherewillincreasethecurrentproportionallyasthespaceisdecreased。Sowiththeboatinthedraw。Thedepthofthechannelwastwenty—twofeet，thewidthonehundredandsixteenfeet；multiplytheseandyouhavethesquare—feetacrossthewaterofthedraw，viz。：2552

feet。TheAftonwas35feetwideanddrew5feet，makingafourteenthofthesum。Now，one—fourteenthoffivemilesisfive—fourteenthsofonemile——about，onethirdofamile——theincreaseofthecurrent。Wewillcallthecurrentfiveandahalfmilesperhour。ThenextthingIwilltrytoproveisthattheplaintiff’s(？)boathadpowertorunsixmilesanhourinthatcurrent。Ithadbeentestifiedthatshewasastrong，swiftboat，abletoruneightmilesanhourupstreaminacurrentoffourmilesanhour，andfifteenmilesdownstream。Striketheaverageandyouwillfindwhatisheraverage——aboutelevenandahalfmiles。Takethefiveandahalfmileswhichisthespeedofthecurrentinthedrawanditleavesthepowerofthatboatinthatdrawatsixmilesanhour，528feetperminuteand84/5

feettothesecond。

"NextIproposetoshowthattherearenocrosscurrents。I

knowtheirwitnessessaythattherearecrosscurrents——that，asonewitnesssays，therewerethreecrosscurrentsandtwoeddies；

sofarasmerestatement，withoutexperiment，andmingledwithmistakes，cango，theyhaveproved。Butcanthesemen’stestimonybecomparedwiththenice，exact，thoroughexperimentsofourwitnesses？Canyoubelievethatthesefloatsgoacrossthecurrents？Itisinconceivablethattheycouldnothavediscoveredeverypossiblecurrent。Howdoboatsfindcurrentsthatfloatscannotdiscover？Weassumethepositionthenthatthosecrosscurrentsarenotthere。MynextpropositionisthattheAftonpassedbetweentheS。B。CarsonandtheIowashore。

Thatisundisputed。

"NextIshallshowthatshestruckfirsttheshortpier，thenthelongpier，thentheshortoneagainandthereshestopped。"

Mr。Lincolnthencitedthetestimonyofeighteenwitnessesonthispoint。

"Howdidtheboatstrikewhenshewentin？Hereisanendlessvarietyofopinion。Buttenofthemsaywhatpiershestruck；

threeofthemtestifythatshestruckfirsttheshort，thenthelongandthentheshortforthelasttime。Noneoftherestsubstantiallycontradictthis。IassumethatthesemenhavegotthetruthbecauseIbelieveitanestablishedfact。Mynextpropositionisthataftershestrucktheshortandlongpierandbeforeshegotbacktotheshortpiertheboatgotrightwithherbowup。SosaysthepilotParker——thathegotherthroughuntilherstarboardwheelpassedtheshortpier。Thiswouldmakeherheadaboutevenwiththeheadofthelongpier。Hesaysherheadwasashighorhigherthantheheadofthelongpier。Otherwitnessesconfirmedthisone。Thefinalstrokewasinthesplashdooraftthewheel。Witnessesdiffer，butthemajoritysaythatshestruckthus。"

Courtadjourned。

14thday，Wednesday，Sept。23，1857。

Mr。A。LINCOLNresumed。Hesaidheshouldconcludeassoonaspossible。Hesaidthecoloredmapoftheplaintiffwhichwasbroughtinduringonestageofthetrialshoweditselfthatthecrosscurrentsallegeddidnotexist。Thatthecurrentasrepresentedwoulddriveanascendingboattothelongpierbutnottotheshortpier，astheyurge。Heexplainedfromamodelofaboatwherethesplashdooris，justbehindthewheel。Theboatstruckonthelowershoulderoftheshortpierassheswungaroundinthesplashdoor；thenasshewentonaroundshestruckthepointorendofthepier，wheresherested。"Herengineers，"

saidMr。Lincoln，"saythestarboardwheelthenwasrushingaroundrapidly。Thentheboatmusthavestrucktheupperpointofthepiersofarbackasnottodisturbthewheel。ItisfortyfeetfromthesternoftheAftontothesplashdoor，andthusitappearsthatshehadbutfortyfeettogotoclearthepier。HowwasitthattheAftonwithallherpowerflankedoverfromthechanneltotheshortpierwithoutmovingonefootahead？Supposeshewasinthemiddleofthedraw，herwheelwouldhavebeen31

feetfromtheshortpier。Thereasonshewentoverthusisherstarboardwheelwasnotworking。Ishalltrytoestablishthefactthatthewheelwasnotrunningandthataftershestruckshewentaheadstrongonthissamewheel。Uponthelastpointthewitnessesagree，thatthestarboardwheelwasrunningaftershestruck，andnowitnessessaythatitwasrunningwhileshewasoutinthedrawflankingover。"

Mr。LincolnreadfromthetestimoniesofvariouswitnessestoprovethatthestarboardwheelwasnotworkingwhiletheAftonwasoutinthestream。

"Otherwitnessesshowthatthecaptainsaidsomethingofthemachineryofthewheel，andtheinferenceisthatheknewthewheelwasnotworking。Thefactisundisputedthatshedidnotmoveoneinchaheadwhileshewasmovingthis31feetsideways。

Thereisevidenceprovingthatthecurrentthereisonlyfivemilesanhour，andtheonlyexplanationisthatherpowerwasnotallused——thatonlyonewheelwasworking。Thepilotsaysheorderedtheengineerstobackherup。Theengineersdifferfromhimandsaidtheykeptongoingahead。Thebowwassoswungthatthecurrentpresseditover；thepilotpressedthesternoverwiththerudder，thoughnotsofastbutthatthebowgainedonit，andonlyonewheelbeinginmotiontheboatnearlystoodstillsofarasmotionupanddownisconcerned，andthusshewasthrownuponthispier。TheAftoncameintothedrawaftershehadjustpassedtheCarson，andastheCarsonnodoubtkeptthetruecoursetheAftongoingaroundhergotoutoftheproperway，gotacrossthecurrentintotheeddywhichiswestofastraightlinedrawndownfromthelongpier，wascompelledtoresorttothesechangesofwheels，whichshedidnotdowithsufficientadroitnesstosaveher。Wasitnotherownfaultthatsheenteredwrong，sofarwrongthatshenevergotright？Isthedefencetoblameforthat？

"Forseveraldayswewereentertainedwithdepositionsaboutboats’smellingabar。’WhydidtheAftonthen，aftershehadcomeupsmellingsoclosetothelongpiersheeroffsostrangely。Whenshegottothecentreoftheverynoseshewassmellingsheseemedsuddenlytohavelosthersenseofsmellandtohaveflankedovertotheshortpier。"

Mr。Lincolnsaidtherewasnopracticabilityintheprojectofbuildingatunnelundertheriver，forthere"isnotatunnelthatisasuccessfulprojectinthisworld。Asuspensionbridgecannotbebuiltsohighbutthatthechimneysoftheboatswillgrowuptilltheycannotpass。Thesteamboatmenwilltakepainstomakethemgrow。Thecarsofarailroadcannotwithoutimmenseexpenserisehighenoughtogetevenwithasuspensionbridgeorgolowenoughtogetthroughatunnel；suchexpenseisunreasonable。

"Theplaintiffshavetoestablishthatthebridgeisamaterialobstructionandthattheyhavemanagedtheirboatwithreasonablecareandskill。Astothelastpointhighwindshavenothingtodowithit，foritwasnotawindyday。Theymustshowdueskillandcare。Difficultiesgoingdownstreamwillnotdo，fortheyweregoingupstream。Difficultieswithbargesintowhavenothingtodowiththeaccident，fortheyhadnobarge。"Mr。

Lincolnsaidhehadmuchmoretosay，manythingshecouldsuggesttothejury，buthewishedtoclosetosavetime。

TOJESSEK。DUBOIS。

DEARDUBOIS：

BLOOMINGTON，Dec。19，1857。

J。M。DouglasoftheI。C。R。R。Co。ishereandwillcarrythisletter。Hesaystheyhavealargesum(near$90，000)whichtheywillpayintothetreasurynow，iftheyhaveanassurancethattheyshallnotbesuedbeforeJan。，1859——otherwisenot。

Ireallywishyoucouldconsenttothis。Douglassaystheycannotpaymore，andIbelievehim。

Idonotwritethisasalawyerseekinganadvantageforaclient；butonlyasafriend，onlyurgingyoutodowhatIthinkIwoulddoifIwereinyoursituation。Imeanthisasprivateandconfidentialonly，butIfeelagooddealofanxietyaboutit。

Yoursasever，A。LINCOLN。

TOJOSEPHGILLESPIE。

SPRINGFIELD，Jan。19，1858。

MYDEARSIR：

ThismorningCol。McClernandshowedmeapetitionforamandamusagainsttheSecretaryofStatetocompelhimtocertifytheapportionmentactoflastsession；andhesaysitwillbepresentedtothecourtto—morrowmorning。Weshallbeallowedthreeorfourdaystogetupareturn，andI，forone，wantthebenefitofconsultationwithyou。

Pleasecomerightup。

Yoursasever，A。LINCOLN。

TOJ。GILLESPIE。

SPRINGFIELD，Feb7，1858

MYDEARSIR：

YesterdaymorningthecourtoverruledthedemurrertoHatchesreturninthemandamuscase。McClernandwaspresent；saidnothingaboutpleadingover；andsoIsupposethematterisended。

Thecourtgavenoreasonforthedecision；butPecktellsmeconfidentiallythattheywereunanimousintheopinionthateveniftheGov’rhadsignedthebillpurposely，hehadtherighttoscratchhisnameoffsolongasthebillremainedinhiscustodyandcontrol。

Yoursasever，A。LINCOLN。

TOH。C。WHITNEY。

SPRINGFIELD，December18，1857。

HENRYC。WHITNEY，ESQ。

MYDEARSIR：——CominghomefromBloomingtonlastnightIfoundyourletterofthe15th。

IknowofnoexpressstatuteordecisionsastowhataJ。P。

upontheexpirationofhistermshalldowithhisdocketbooks，papers，unfinishedbusiness，etc。，butsofarasIknow，thepracticehasbeentohandovertothesuccessor，andtoceasetodoanythingfurtherwhatever，inperfectanalogotoSections110

and112，andIhavesupposedanddosupposethisisthelaw。I

thinkthesuccessormayforthwithdowhatevertheretiringJ。P。

mighthavedone。AstotheprovisotoSection114Ithinkitwasputintocoverpossiblecases，bywayofcaution，andnottoauthorizetheJ。P。togoforwardandfinishupwhatevermighthavebeenbegunbyhim。

TheviewItake，Ibelieve，istheCommonlawprinciple，astoretiringofficersandtheirsuccessors，towhichIrememberbutoneexception，whichisthecaseofSheriffandministerialofficersofthatclass。

Ihavenothadtimetoexaminethissubjectfully，butIhavegreatconfidenceIamright。Youmustnotthinkofofferingmepayforthis。

Mr。JohnO。Johnsonismyfriend；Igaveyournametohim。HeisdoingtheworkoftryingtogetupaRepublicanorganization。I

donotsuppose"LongJohn"eversaworheardofhim。Letmesaytoyouconfidentially，thatIdonotentirelyappreciatewhattheRepublicanpapersofChicagoaresoconstantlysayingagainst"LongJohn。"IconsiderthosepaperstrulydevotedtotheRepublicancause，andnotunfriendlytome；butIdothinkthatmoreofwhattheysayagainst"LongJohn"isdictatedbypersonalmalicethanthemselvesareconsciousof。Wecannotaffordtolosetheservicesof"LongJohn"andIdobelievetheunrelentingwarfaremadeuponhimisinjuringourcause。Imeanthistobeconfidential。

Ifyouquietlyco—operatewithMr。J。O。Johnsonongettingupanorganization，Ithinkitwillberight。

Yourfriendasever，A。LINCOLN。

1858

ANOTHERPOLITICALPATRONAGEREFERENCE

TOEDWARDG。MINER。

SPRINGFIELD，Feb。19，1858。

MYDEARSIR：

Mr，G。A。SuttonisanapplicantforsuperintendentoftheadditionoftheInsaneAsylum，andIunderstanditpartlydependsonyouwhetherhegetsit。

Suttonismyfellow—townsmanandfriend，andIthereforewishtosayforhimthatheisamanofsterlingintegrityandasamastermechanicandbuildernotsurpassedbyanyinourcity，oranyIhaveknownanywhere，asfarasIcanjudge。IhopeyouwillconsidermeasbeingreallyinterestedforMr。Suttonandnotaswritingmerelytorelievemyselfofimportunity。PleaseshowthistoCol。WilliamRossandlethimconsideritasmuchintendedforhimasforyourself。

Yourfriendasever，A。LINCOLN。

POLITICALCOMMUNICATION

TOW。H。LAMON，ESQ。

SPRINGFIELD，JUNE11，1858

DEARSIR：——Yoursofthe9thwrittenatJolietisjustreceived。

TwoorthreedaysagoIlearnedthatMcLeanhadappointeddelegatesinfavorofLovejoy，andthenceforwardIhaveconsideredhisrenominationafixedfact。Myopinion——ifmyopinionisofanyconsequenceinthiscase，inwhichitisnobusinessofminetointerfere——remainsunchanged，thatrunninganindependentcandidateagainstLovejoywillnotdo；thatitwillresultinnothingbutdisasterallround。Inthefirstplace，whosoeversorunswillbebeatenandwillbespottedforlife；inthesecondplace，whiletheraceisinprogress，hewillbeunderthestrongesttemptationtotradewiththeDemocrats，andtofavortheelectionofcertainoftheirfriendstotheLegislature；thirdly，Ishallbeheldresponsibleforit，andRepublicanmembersoftheLegislaturewhoarepartialtoLovejoywillforthatpurposeopposeus；andlastly，itwillintheendloseusthedistrictaltogether。Thereisnosafewaybutaconvention；andifinthatconvention，uponacommonplatformwhichallarewillingtostandupon，onewhohasbeenknownasanabolitionist，butwhoisnowoccupyingnonebutcommonground，cangetthemajorityofthevotestowhichalllookforanelection，thereisnosafewaybuttosubmit。

AstotheinclinationofsomeRepublicanstofavorDouglas，thatisoneofthechancesIhavetorun，andwhichIintendtorunwithpatience。

Iwriteinthecourtroom。Courthasopened，andImustclose。

Yoursasever，A。LINCOLN。

BRIEFAUTOBIOGRAPHY，JUNE15，1858。

ThecompileroftheDictionaryofCongressstatesthatwhilepreparingthatworkforpublication，in1858，hesenttoMr。

Lincolntheusualrequestforasketchofhislife，andreceivedthefollowingreply：

BornFebruary12，1809，inHardinCounty，Kentucky。

Education，defective。

Profession，alawyer。

HavebeenacaptainofvolunteersinBlackHawkwar。

Postmasterataverysmalloffice。

FourtimesamemberoftheIllinoisLegislatureandwasamemberofthelowerhouseofCongress。

Yours，etc。，A。LINCOLN。

EndofVolume2

TheWritingsofAbrahamLincolnbyAbrahamLincolnVOLUMETHREE

THELINCOLN—DOUGLASDEBATESI

POLITICALSPEECHES&DEBATESofLINCOLNWITHDOUGLAS

IntheSenatorialCampaignof1858inIllinoisSPEECHATSPRINGFIELD，JUNE17，1858

[ThefollowingspeechwasdeliveredatSpringfield，Ill。，atthecloseoftheRepublicanStateConventionheldatthattimeandplace，andbywhichConventionMr。LINCOLNhadbeennamedastheircandidateforUnitedStatesSenator。Mr。DOUGLASwasnotpresent。]

Mr。PRESIDENTANDGENTLEMENOFTHECONVENTION：——Ifwecouldfirstknowwhereweare，andwhitherwearetending，wecouldbetterjudgewhattodo，andhowtodoit。Wearenowfarintothefifthyearsinceapolicywasinitiatedwiththeavowedobjectandconfidentpromiseofputtinganendtoslaveryagitation。

Undertheoperationofthatpolicy，thatagitationhasnotonlynotceased，buthasconstantlyaugmented。Inmyopinion，itwillnotceaseuntilacrisisshallhavebeenreachedandpassed。"A

housedividedagainstitselfcannotstand。"Ibelievethisgovernmentcannotendurepermanentlyhalfslaveandhalffree。

IdonotexpecttheUniontobedissolved；Idonotexpectthehousetofall；butIdoexpectitwillceasetobedivided。Itwillbecomeallonething，oralltheother。Eithertheopponentsofslaverywillarrestthefurtherspreadofit，andplaceitwherethepublicmindshallrestinthebeliefthatitisinthecourseofultimateextinction，oritsadvocateswillpushitforwardtillitshallbecomealikelawfulinalltheStates，oldaswellasnew，NorthaswellasSouth。

Havewenotendencytothelattercondition？

Letanyonewhodoubts，carefullycontemplatethatnowalmostcompletelegalcombination—pieceofmachinery，sotospeakcompoundedoftheNebraskadoctrineandtheDredScottdecision。

Lethimconsider，notonlywhatworkthemachineryisadaptedtodo，andhowwelladapted，butalsolethimstudythehistoryofitsconstruction，andtrace，ifhecan，orratherfail，ifhecan，totracetheevidencesofdesign，andconcertofaction，amongitschiefarchitects，fromthebeginning。

Thenewyearof1854foundslaveryexcludedfrommorethanhalftheStatesbyStateConstitutions，andfrommostoftheNationalterritorybyCongressionalprohibition。Fourdayslater，commencedthestrugglewhichendedinrepealingthatCongressionalprohibition。ThisopenedalltheNationalterritorytoslavery，andwasthefirstpointgained。

But，sofar，Congressonlyhadacted，andanindorsementbythepeople，realorapparent，wasindispensabletosavethepointalreadygained，andgivechanceformore。

Thisnecessityhadnotbeenoverlooked，buthadbeenprovidedfor，aswellasmightbe，inthenotableargumentof"squattersovereignty，"otherwisecalled"sacredrightofself—government，"

whichlatterphrase，thoughexpressiveoftheonlyrightfulbasisofanygovernment，wassopervertedinthisattempteduseofitastoamounttojustthis：Thatifanyonemanchoosetoenslaveanother，nothirdmanshallbeallowedtoobject。ThatargumentwasincorporatedintotheNebraskaBillitself，inthelanguagewhichfollows：

"ItbeingthetrueintentandmeaningofthisActnottolegislateslaveryintoanyTerritoryorState，nortoexcludeittherefrom，buttoleavethepeoplethereofperfectlyfreetoformandregulatetheirdomesticinstitutionsintheirownway，subjectonlytotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates。"

Thenopenedtheroarofloosedeclamationinfavorof"squattersovereignty，"and"sacredrightofself—government。""But，"saidoppositionmembers，"letusamendthebillsoastoexpresslydeclarethatthepeopleoftheTerritorymayexcludeslavery。"

"Notwe，"saidthefriendsofthemeasure，anddowntheyvotedtheamendment。

WhiletheNebraskaBillwaspassingthroughCongress，alawcase，involvingthequestionofanegro’sfreedom，byreasonofhisownerhavingvoluntarilytakenhimfirstintoafreeState，andthenintoaterritorycoveredbytheCongressionalProhibition，andheldhimasaslaveforalongtimeineach，waspassingthroughtheUnitedStatesCircuitCourtfortheDistrictofMissouri；andbothNebraskaBillandlawsuitwerebroughttoadecisioninthesamemonthofMay，1854。Thenegro’snamewas"DredScott，"whichnamenowdesignatesthedecisionfinallymadeinthecase。BeforethethennextPresidentialelection，thelawcasecameto，andwasarguedin，theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates；butthedecisionofitwasdeferreduntilaftertheelection。Still，beforetheelection，SenatorTrumbull，ontheflooroftheSenate，requestedtheleadingadvocateoftheNebraskaBilltostatehisopinionwhetherthepeopleofaterritorycanconstitutionallyexcludeslaveryfromtheirlimits；

andthelatteranswers："ThatisaquestionfortheSupremeCourt。"

Theelectioncame。Mr。Buchananwaselected，andtheindorsement，suchasitwas，secured。Thatwasthesecondpointgained。Theindorsement，however，fellshortofaclearpopularmajoritybynearlyfourhundredthousandvotes，(approximately10%

ofthevote)andso，perhaps，wasnotoverwhelminglyreliableandsatisfactory。TheoutgoingPresident，inhislastannualmessage，asimpressivelyaspossibleechoedbackuponthepeopletheweightandauthorityoftheindorsement。TheSupremeCourtmetagain，didnotannouncetheirdecision，butorderedareargument。ThePresidentialinaugurationcame，andstillnodecisionofthecourt；buttheincomingPresident，inhisinauguraladdress，ferventlyexhortedthepeopletoabidebytheforth—comingdecision，whateveritmightbe。Then，inafewdays，camethedecision。

ThereputedauthoroftheNebraskaBillfindsanearlyoccasiontomakeaspeechatthiscapitalindorsingtheDredScottdecision，andvehementlydenouncingalloppositiontoit。ThenewPresident，too，seizestheearlyoccasionoftheSillimanlettertoindorseandstronglyconstruethatdecision，andtoexpresshisastonishmentthatanydifferentviewhadeverbeenentertained！

AtlengthasquabblespringsupbetweenthePresidentandtheauthoroftheNebraskaBill，onthemerequestionoffact，whethertheLecomptonConstitutionwasorwasnotinanyjustsensemadebythepeopleofKansas；andinthatquarrelthelatterdeclaresthatallhewantsisafairvoteforthepeople，andthathecaresnotwhetherslaverybevoteddownorvotedup。

Idonotunderstandhisdeclaration，thathecaresnotwhetherslaverybevoteddownorvotedup，tobeintendedbyhimotherthanasanaptdefinitionofthepolicyhewouldimpressuponthepublicmind，——theprincipleforwhichhedeclareshehassufferedsomuch，andisreadytosuffertotheend。Andwellmayheclingtothatprinciple！Ifhehasanyparentalfeeling，wellmayheclingtoit。ThatprincipleistheonlyshredleftofhisoriginalNebraskadoctrine。UndertheDredScottdecision"squattersovereignty"squattedoutofexistence，tumbleddownliketemporaryscaffolding；likethemouldatthefoundry，servedthroughoneblast，andfellbackintoloosesand；helpedtocarryanelection，andthenwaskickedtothewinds。HislatejointstrugglewiththeRepublicans，againsttheLecomptonConstitution，involvesnothingoftheoriginalNebraskadoctrine。

Thatstrugglewasmadeonapoint——therightofapeopletomaketheirownconstitution——uponwhichheandtheRepublicanshaveneverdiffered。

TheseveralpointsoftheDredScottdecision，inconnectionwithSenatorDouglas’s"carenot"policy，constitutethepieceofmachinery，initspresentstateofadvancement。Thiswasthethirdpointgained。Theworkingpointsofthatmachineryare：

Firstly，Thatnonegroslave，importedassuchfromAfrica，andnodescendantofsuchslave，caneverbeacitizenofanyState，inthesenseofthattermasusedintheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates。Thispointismadeinordertodeprivethenegro，ineverypossibleevent，ofthebenefitofthatprovisionoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionwhichdeclaresthat"ThecitizensofeachStateshallbeentitledtoallprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensintheseveralStates。"

Secondly，That，"subjecttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates，"neitherCongressnoraTerritorialLegislaturecanexcludeslaveryfromanyUnitedStatesTerritory。ThispointismadeinorderthatindividualmenmayfilluptheTerritorieswithslaves，withoutdangeroflosingthemasproperty，andthustoenhancethechancesofpermanencytotheinstitutionthroughallthefuture。

Thirdly，ThatwhethertheholdinganegroinactualslaveryinafreeStatemakeshimfree，asagainsttheholder，theUnitedStatescourtswillnotdecide，butwillleavetobedecidedbythecourtsofanyslaveStatethenegromaybeforcedintobythemaster。Thispointismade，nottobepressedimmediately；but，ifacquiescedinforawhile，andapparentlyindorsedbythepeopleatanelection，thentosustainthelogicalconclusionthatwhatDredScott’smastermightlawfullydowithDredScott，inthefreeStateofIllinois，everyothermastermaylawfullydowithanyotherone，oronethousandslaves，inIllinois，orinanyotherfreeState。

Auxiliarytoallthis，andworkinghandinhandwithit，theNebraskadoctrine，orwhatisleftofit，istoeducateandmouldpublicopinion，atleastNorthernpublicopinion，nottocarewhetherslaveryisvoteddownorvotedup。Thisshowsexactlywherewenoware；andpartially，also，witherwearetending。

Itwillthrowadditionallightonthelatter，togobackandrunthemindoverthestringofhistoricalfactsalreadystated。

Severalthingswillnowappearlessdarkandmysteriousthantheydidwhentheyweretranspiring。Thepeopleweretobeleft"perfectlyfree，""subjectonlytotheConstitution。"WhattheConstitutionhadtodowithit，outsiderscouldnotthensee。

Plainlyenoughnow，——itwasanexactlyfittedniche，fortheDredScottdecisiontoafterwardcomein，anddeclaretheperfectfreedomofthepeopletobejustnofreedomatall。Whywastheamendment，expresslydeclaringtherightofthepeople，voteddown？Plainlyenoughnow，——theadoptionofitwouldhavespoiledthenichefortheDredScottdecision。Whywasthecourtdecisionheldup？WhyevenaSenator’sindividualopinionwithheld，tillafterthePresidentialelection？Plainlyenoughnow，——thespeakingoutthenwouldhavedamagedthe"perfectlyfree"argumentuponwhichtheelectionwastobecarried。WhytheoutgoingPresident’sfelicitationontheindorsement？Whythedelayofareargument？WhytheincomingPresident’sadvanceexhortationinfavorofthedecision？Thesethingslooklikethecautiouspattingandpettingofaspiritedhorsepreparatorytomountinghim，whenitisdreadedthathemaygivetheriderafall。Andwhythehastyafter—indorsementofthedecisionbythePresidentandothers？

Wecannotabsolutelyknowthatalltheseexactadaptationsaretheresultofpreconcert。Butwhenweseealotofframedtimbers，differentportionsofwhichweknowhavebeengottenoutatdifferenttimesandplacesandbydifferentworkmen，Stephen，Franklin，Roger，andJames，forinstance，andwhenweseethesetimbersjoinedtogether，andseetheyexactlymaketheframeofahouseoramill，allthetenonsandmortisesexactlyfitting，andallthelengthsandproportionsofthedifferentpiecesexactlyadaptedtotheirrespectiveplaces，andnotapiecetoomanyortoofew，——notomittingevenscaffolding，——or，ifasinglepiecebelacking，weseetheplaceintheframeexactlyfittedandpreparedyettobringsuchpiecein，——insuchacase，wefinditimpossiblenottobelievethatStephenandFranklinandRogerandJamesallunderstoodoneanotherfromthebeginning，andallworkeduponacommonplanordraftdrawnupbeforethefirstblowwasstruck。

ItshouldnotbeoverlookedthatbytheNebraskaBillthepeopleofaStateaswellasTerritoryweretobeleft"perfectlyfree，"

"subjectonlytotheConstitution。"WhymentionaState？TheywerelegislatingforTerritories，andnotfororaboutStates。

CertainlythepeopleofaStateareandoughttobesubjecttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates；butwhyismentionofthisluggedintothismerelyTerritoriallaw？WhyarethepeopleofaTerritoryandthepeopleofaStatethereinlumpedtogether，andtheirrelationtotheConstitutionthereforetreatedasbeingpreciselythesame？Whiletheopinionofthecourt，byChiefJusticeTaney，intheDredScottcase，andtheseparateopinionsofalltheconcurringJudges，expresslydeclarethattheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesneitherpermitsCongressnoraTerritorialLegislaturetoexcludeslaveryfromanyUnitedStatesTerritory，theyallomittodeclarewhetherornotthesameConstitutionpermitsaState，orthepeopleofaState，toexcludeit。Possibly，thisisamereomission；butwhocanbequitesure，ifMcLeanorCurtishadsoughttogetintotheopinionadeclarationofunlimitedpowerinthepeopleofaStatetoexcludeslaveryfromtheirlimits，justasChaseandMacesoughttogetsuchdeclaration，inbehalfofthepeopleofaTerritory，intotheNebraskaBill，——Iask，whocanbequitesurethatitwouldnothavebeenvoteddownintheonecaseasithadbeenintheother？ThenearestapproachtothepointofdeclaringthepowerofaStateoverslaveryismadebyJudgeNelson。Heapproachesitmorethanonce，Usingthepreciseidea，andalmostthelanguage，too，oftheNebraskaAct。Ononeoccasion，hisexactlanguageis，"ExceptincaseswherethepowerisrestrainedbytheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates，thelawoftheStateissupremeoverthesubjectofslaverywithinitsjurisdiction。"InwhatcasesthepoweroftheStatesissorestrainedbytheUnitedStatesConstitution，isleftanopenquestion，preciselyasthesamequestion，astotherestraintonthepoweroftheTerritories，wasleftopenintheNebraskaAct。Putthisandthattogether，andwehaveanothernicelittleniche，whichwemay，erelong，seefilledwithanotherSupremeCourtdecision，declaringthattheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesdoesnotpermitaStatetoexcludeslaveryfromitslimits。Andthismayespeciallybeexpectedifthedoctrineof"carenotwhetherslaverybevoteddownorvotedup"shallgainuponthepublicmindsufficientlytogivepromisethatsuchadecisioncanbemaintainedwhenmade。

SuchadecisionisallthatslaverynowlacksofbeingalikelawfulinalltheStates。Welcomeorunwelcome，suchdecisionisprobablycoming，andwillsoonbeuponus，unlessthepowerofthepresentpoliticaldynastyshallbemetandoverthrownWeshallliedownpleasantlydreamingthatthepeopleofMissouriareonthevergeofmakingtheirStatefree，andweshallawaketotherealityinsteadthattheSupremeCourthasmadeIllinoisaslaveState。Tomeetandoverthrowthepowerofthatdynastyistheworknowbeforeallthosewhowouldpreventthatconsummation。Thatiswhatwehavetodo。Howcanwebestdoit？

Therearethosewhodenounceusopenlytotheirfriends，andyetwhispertoussoftlythatSenatorDouglasistheaptestinstrumentthereiswithwhichtoeffectthatobject。Theywishustoinferall，fromthefactthathenowhasalittlequarrelwiththepresentheadofthedynasty，andthathehasregularlyvotedwithusonasinglepoint，uponwhichheandwehaveneverdiffered。Theyremindusthatheisagreatman，andthatthelargestofusareverysmallones。Letthisbegranted。But"alivingdogisbetterthanadeadlion。"JudgeDouglas，ifnotadeadlion，forthisworkisatleastacagedandtoothlessone。

Howcanheopposetheadvancesofslavery？Hedon’tcareanythingaboutit。Hisavowedmissionisimpressingthe"publicheart"tocarenothingaboutit。AleadingDouglasDemocraticnewspaperthinksDouglas’ssuperiortalentwillbeneededtoresisttherevivaloftheAfricanslavetrade。DoesDouglasbelieveanefforttorevivethattradeisapproaching？Hehasnotsaidso。Doeshereallythinkso？Butifitis，howcanheresistit？ForyearshehaslaboredtoproveitasacredrightofwhitementotakenegroslavesintothenewTerritories。Canhepossiblyshowthatitislessasacredrighttobuythemwheretheycanbeboughtcheapest？AndunquestionablytheycanbeboughtcheaperinAfricathaninVirginia。Hehasdoneallinhispowertoreducethewholequestionofslaverytooneofamererightofproperty；and，assuch，howcanheopposetheforeignslavetrade，howcanherefusethattradeinthat"property"shallbe"perfectlyfree，"——unlesshedoesitasaprotectiontothehomeproduction？Andasthehomeproducerswillprobablynotasktheprotection，hewillbewhollywithoutagroundofopposition。

SenatorDouglasholds，weknow，thatamanmayrightfullybewiserto—daythanhewasyesterday；thathemayrightfullychangewhenhefindshimselfwrong。Butcanwe，forthatreason，runahead，andinferthathewillmakeanyparticularchange，ofwhichhehimselfhasgivennointimation？Canwesafelybaseouractionuponanysuchvagueinference？Now，asever，IwishnottomisrepresentJudgeDouglas’sposition，questionhismotives，ordoaughtthatcanbepersonallyoffensivetohim。Whenever，ifever，heandwecancometogetheronprinciplesothatourcausemayhaveassistancefromhisgreatability，Ihopetohaveinterposednoadventitiousobstacles。Butclearlyheisnotnowwithus；hedoesnotpretendtobe，——hedoesnotpromiseevertobe。

Ourcause，then，mustbeintrustedto，andconductedby，itsownundoubtedfriends，——thosewhosehandsarefree，whoseheartsareinthework，whodocarefortheresult。TwoyearsagotheRepublicansofthenationmusteredoverthirteenhundredthousandstrong。Wedidthisunderthesingleimpulseofresistancetoacommondanger，witheveryexternalcircumstanceagainstus。Ofstrange，discordant，andevenhostileelementswegatheredfromthefourwinds，andformedandfoughtthebattlethrough，undertheconstanthotfireofadisciplined，proud，andpamperedenemy。Didwebraveallthentofalternow，——now，whenthatsameenemyiswavering，dissevered，andbelligerent？Theresultisnotdoubtful。Weshallnotfail；ifwestandfirm，weshallnotfail。Wisecounselsmayaccelerate，ormistakesdelayit，but，soonerorlater，thevictoryissuretocome。

SPEECHATCHICAGO，JULY10，1858。

INREPLYTOSENATORDOUGLAS

DELIVEREDATCHICAGO，SATURDAYEVENING，JULY10，1858。

(Mr。DOUGLASWASNOTPRESENT。)

[Mr。LINCOLNwasintroducedbyC。L。Wilson，Esq。，andashemadehisappearancehewasgreetedwithaperfectstormofapplause。

Forsomemomentstheenthusiasmcontinuedunabated。Atlast，whenbyawaveofhishandpartialsilencewasrestored，Mr。

LINCOLNsaid，]

MYFELLOW—CITIZENS：——Onyesterdayevening，upontheoccasionofthereceptiongiventoSenatorDouglas，Iwasfurnishedwithaseatveryconvenientforhearinghim，andwasotherwiseverycourteouslytreatedbyhimandhisfriends，andforwhichIthankhimandthem。Duringthecourseofhisremarksmynamewasmentionedinsuchawayas，Isuppose，rendersitatleastnotimproperthatIshouldmakesomesortofreplytohim。Ishallnotattempttofollowhiminthepreciseorderinwhichheaddressedtheassembledmultitudeuponthatoccasion，thoughI

shallperhapsdosointhemain。

Therewasonequestiontowhichheaskedtheattentionofthecrowd，whichIdeemofsomewhatlessimportance——atleastofpropriety——formetodwelluponthantheothers，whichhebroughtinnearthecloseofhisspeech，andwhichIthinkitwouldnotbeentirelyproperformetoomitattendingto，andyetifIwerenottogivesomeattentiontoitnow，Ishouldprobablyforgetitaltogether。WhileIamuponthissubject，allowmetosaythatI

donotintendtoindulgeinthatinconvenientmodesometimesadoptedinpublicspeaking，ofreadingfromdocuments；butI

shalldepartfromthatrulesofarastoreadalittlescrapfromhisspeech，whichnoticesthisfirsttopicofwhichIshallspeak，——thatis，providedIcanfinditinthepaper：

"Ihavemadeupmymindtoappealtothepeopleagainstthecombinationthathasbeenmadeagainstme；theRepublicanleadershavingformedanalliance，anunholyandunnaturalalliance，withaportionofunscrupulousFederaloffice—holders。IintendtofightthatalliedarmywhereverImeetthem。Iknowtheydenythealliance；butyetthesemenwhoaretryingtodividetheDemocraticpartyforthepurposeofelectingaRepublicanSenatorinmyplacearejustasmuchtheagentsandtoolsofthesupportersofMr。Lincoln。HenceIshalldealwiththisalliedarmyjustastheRussiansdealtwiththeAlliesatSebastopol，——

thatis，theRussiansdidnotstoptoinquire，whentheyfiredabroadside，whetherithitanEnglishman，aFrenchman，oraTurk。

NorwillIstoptoinquire，norshallIhesitate，whethermyblowsshallhittheRepublicanleadersortheirallies，whoareholdingtheFederaloffices，andyetactinginconcertwiththem。"

Well，now，gentlemen，isnotthatveryalarming？Justtothinkofit！rightattheoutsetofhiscanvass，I，apoor，kind，amiable，intelligentgentleman，——Iamtobeslaininthisway！

Why，myfriendtheJudgeisnotonly，asitturnsout，notadeadlion，norevenalivingone，——heistheruggedRussianBear！

Butiftheywillhaveit——forhesaysthatwedenyit——thatthereisanysuchalliance，ashesaysthereis，——andIdon’tproposehangingverymuchuponthisquestionofveracity，——butifhewillhaveitthatthereissuchanalliance，thattheAdministrationmenandweareallied，andwestandintheattitudeofEnglish，French，andTurk，heoccupyingthepositionoftheRussian，inthatcaseIbegthathewillindulgeuswhilewebarelysuggesttohimthatthesealliestookSebastopol。

Gentlemen，onlyafewmorewordsastothisalliance。Formypart，Ihavetosaythatwhethertherebesuchanalliancedepends，sofarasIknow，uponwhatmaybearightdefinitionofthetermalliance。IffortheRepublicanpartytoseetheothergreatpartytowhichtheyareopposeddividedamongthemselves，andnottrytostopthedivision，andratherbegladofit，——ifthatisanalliance，IconfessIamin；butifitismeanttobesaidthattheRepublicanshadformedanalliancegoingbeyondthat，bywhichthereiscontributionofmoneyorsacrificeofprincipleontheonesideortheother，sofarastheRepublicanpartyisconcerned，——iftherebeanysuchthing，IprotestthatI

neitherknowanythingofit，nordoIbelieveit。Iwill，however，say，——asIthinkthisbranchoftheargumentisluggedin，——IwouldbeforeIleaveitstate，forthebenefitofthoseconcerned，thatoneofthosesameBuchananmendidoncetellmeofanargumentthathemadeforhisoppositiontoJudgeDouglas。

HesaidthatafriendofourSenatorDouglashadbeentalkingtohim，andhad，amongotherthings，saidtohim：

"……why，youdon’twanttobeatDouglas？""Yes，"saidhe，"Idowanttobeathim，andIwilltellyouwhy。IbelievehisoriginalNebraskaBillwasrightintheabstract，butitwaswronginthetimethatitwasbroughtforward。ItwaswrongintheapplicationtoaTerritoryinregardtowhichthequestionhadbeensettled；itwasbroughtforwardatatimewhennobodyaskedhim；itwastenderedtotheSouthwhentheSouthhadnotaskedforit，butwhentheycouldnotwellrefuseit；andforthissamereasonheforcedthatquestionuponourparty。Ithassunkthebestmenalloverthenation，everywhere；andnow，whenourPresident，strugglingwiththedifficultiesofthisman’sgettingup，hasreachedtheveryhardestpointtoturninthecase，hedesertshimandIamforputtinghimwherehewilltroubleusnomore。"

Now，gentlemen，thatisnotmyargument；thatisnotmyargumentatall。IhaveonlybeenstatingtoyoutheargumentofaBuchananman。Youwilljudgeifthereisanyforceinit。

Popularsovereignty！Everlastingpopularsovereignty！Letusforamomentinquireintothisvastmatterofpopularsovereignty。Whatispopularsovereignty？Werecollectthatatanearlyperiodinthehistoryofthisstruggletherewasanothernameforthesamething，——"squattersovereignty。"Itwasnotexactlypopularsovereignty，butsquattersovereignty。Whatdothosetermsmean？Whatdothosetermsmeanwhenusednow？AndvastcreditistakenbyourfriendtheJudgeinregardtohissupportofit，whenhedeclaresthelastyearsofhislifehavebeen，andallthefutureyearsofhislifeshallbe，devotedtothismatterofpopularsovereignty。Whatisit？Why，itisthesovereigntyofthepeople！Whatwassquattersovereignty？I

suppose，ifithadanysignificanceatall，itwastherightofthepeopletogovernthemselves，tobesovereignintheirownaffairswhiletheyweresquatteddowninacountrynottheirown，whiletheyhadsquattedonaTerritorythatdidnotbelongtothem，inthesensethataStatebelongstothepeoplewhoinhabitit，whenitbelongedtothenation；suchrighttogovernthemselveswascalled"squattersovereignty。"

Now，Iwishyoutomark：Whathasbecomeofthatsquattersovereignty？whathasbecomeofit？CanyougetanybodytotellyounowthatthepeopleofaTerritoryhaveanyauthoritytogovernthemselves，inregardtothismootedquestionofslavery，beforetheyformaStateconstitution？Nosuchthingatall；

althoughthereisageneralrunningfire，andalthoughtherehasbeenahurrahmadeineveryspeechonthatside，assumingthatpolicyhadgiventhepeopleofaTerritorytherighttogovernthemselvesuponthisquestion，yetthepointisdodged。To—dayithasbeendecided——nomorethanayearagoitwasdecided——bytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates，andisinsisteduponto—daythatthepeopleofaTerritoryhavenorighttoexcludeslaveryfromaTerritory；thatifanyonemanchoosestotakeslavesintoaTerritory，alltherestofthepeoplehavenorighttokeepthemout。Thisbeingso，andthisdecisionbeingmadeoneofthepointsthattheJudgeapproved，andoneintheapprovalofwhichhesayshemeanstokeepmedown，——putmedownIshouldnotsay，forIhaveneverbeenup，——hesaysheisinfavorofit，andstickstoit，andexpectstowinhisbattleonthatdecision，whichsaysthatthereisnosuchthingassquattersovereignty，butthatanyonemanmaytakeslavesintoaTerritory，andalltheothermenintheTerritorymaybeopposedtoit，andyetbyreasonoftheConstitutiontheycannotprohibitit。Whenthatisso，howmuchisleftofthisvastmatterofsquattersovereignty，Ishouldliketoknow？

Whenwegetback，wegettothepointoftherightofthepeopletomakeaconstitution。Kansaswassettled，forexample，in1854。ItwasaTerritoryyet，withouthavingformedaconstitution，inaveryregularway，forthreeyears。Allthistimenegroslaverycouldbetakeninbyanyfewindividuals，andbythatdecisionoftheSupremeCourt，whichtheJudgeapproves，alltherestofthepeoplecannotkeepitout；butwhentheycometomakeaconstitution，theymaysaytheywillnothaveslavery。

Butitisthere；theyareobligedtotolerateitsomeway，andallexperienceshowsitwillbeso，fortheywillnottakethenegroslavesandabsolutelydeprivetheownersofthem。Allexperienceshowsthistobeso。AllthatspaceoftimethatrunsfromthebeginningofthesettlementoftheTerritoryuntilthereissufficiencyofpeopletomakeaStateconstitution，——allthatportionoftimepopularsovereigntyisgivenup。Thesealisabsolutelyputdownuponitbythecourtdecision，andJudgeDouglasputshisownuponthetopofthat；yetheisappealingtothepeopletogivehimvastcreditforhisdevotiontopopularsovereignty。

Again，whenwegettothequestionoftherightofthepeopletoformaStateconstitutionastheyplease，toformitwithslaveryorwithoutslavery，ifthatisanythingnew，IconfessIdon’tknowit。HasthereeverbeenatimewhenanybodysaidthatanyotherthanthepeopleofaTerritoryitselfshouldformaconstitution？WhatisnowinitthatJudgeDouglasshouldhavefoughtseveralyearsofhislife，andpledgehimselftofightalltheremainingyearsofhislifefor？CanJudgeDouglasfindanybodyonearththatsaidthatanybodyelseshouldformaconstitutionforapeople？[Avoice，"Yes。"]Well，Ishouldlikeyoutonamehim；Ishouldliketoknowwhohewas。[Samevoice，"JohnCalhoun。"]

No，sir，IneverheardofevenJohnCalhounsayingsuchathing。

HeinsistedonthesameprincipleasJudgeDouglas；buthismodeofapplyingit，infact，waswrong。ItisenoughformypurposetoaskthiscrowdwheneveraRepublicansaidanythingagainstit。

Theyneversaidanythingagainstit，buttheyhaveconstantlyspokenforit；andwhoeverwillundertaketoexaminetheplatform，andthespeechesofresponsiblemenoftheparty，andofirresponsiblemen，too，ifyouplease，willbeunabletofindonewordfromanybodyintheRepublicanranksopposedtothatpopularsovereigntywhichJudgeDouglasthinksthathehasinvented。IsupposethatJudgeDouglaswillclaim，inalittlewhile，thatheistheinventoroftheideathatthepeopleshouldgovernthemselves；thatnobodyeverthoughtofsuchathinguntilhebroughtitforward。WedonotrememberthatinthatoldDeclarationofIndependenceitissaidthat：

"Weholdthesetruthstobeself—evident，thatallmenarecreatedequal；thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertaininalienablerights；thatamongthesearelife，liberty，andthepursuitofhappiness；thattosecuretheserights，governmentsareinstitutedamongmen，derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned。"

Thereistheoriginofpopularsovereignty。Who，then，shallcomeinatthisdayandclaimthatheinventedit？

TheLecomptonConstitutionconnectsitselfwiththisquestion，foritisinthismatteroftheLecomptonConstitutionthatourfriendJudgeDouglasclaimssuchvastcredit。IagreethatinopposingtheLecomptonConstitution，sofarasIcanperceive，hewasright。Idonotdenythatatall；and，gentlemen，youwillreadilyseewhyIcouldnotdenyit，evenifIwantedto。ButI

donotwishto；foralltheRepublicansinthenationopposedit，andtheywouldhaveopposeditjustasmuchwithoutJudgeDouglas’saidaswithit。Theyhadalltakengroundagainstitlongbeforehedid。Why，thereasonthatheurgesagainstthatconstitutionIurgedagainsthimayearbefore。Ihavetheprintedspeechinmyhand。Theargumentthathemakes，whythatconstitutionshouldnotbeadopted，thatthepeoplewerenotfairlyrepresentednorallowedtovote，Ipointedoutinaspeechayearago，whichIholdinmyhandnow，thatnofairchancewastobegiventothepeople。["Readit，Readit。"]Ishallnotwasteyourtimebytryingtoreadit。["Readit，Readit。"]

Gentlemen，readingfromspeechesisaverytediousbusiness，particularlyforanoldmanthathastoputonspectacles，andmoresoifthemanbesotallthathehastobendovertothelight。

Alittlemore，now，astothismatterofpopularsovereigntyandtheLecomptonConstitution。TheLecomptonConstitution，astheJudgetellsus，wasdefeated。Thedefeatofitwasagoodthingoritwasnot。Hethinksthedefeatofitwasagoodthing，andsodoI，andweagreeinthat。Whodefeatedit？

[Avoice：JudgeDouglas。]

Yes，hefurnishedhimself，andifyousupposehecontrolledtheotherDemocratsthatwentwithhim，hefurnishedthreevotes；

whiletheRepublicansfurnishedtwenty。

Thatiswhathedidtodefeatit。IntheHouseofRepresentativesheandhisfriendsfurnishedsometwentyvotes，andtheRepublicansfurnishedninetyodd。Now，whowasitthatdidthework？

[Avoice：Douglas。]

Why，yes，Douglasdidit！Tobesurehedid。

Letus，however，putthatpropositionanotherway。TheRepublicanscouldnothavedoneitwithoutJudgeDouglas。Couldhehavedoneitwithoutthem？Whichcouldhavecomethenearesttodoingitwithouttheother？

[Avoice：Whokilledthebill？]

[Anothervoice：Douglas。]

GroundwastakenagainstitbytheRepublicanslongbeforeDouglasdidit。Theproportionofoppositiontothatmeasureisaboutfivetoone。

[Avoice：Whydon’ttheycomeoutonit？]

Youdon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout，myfriend。Iamquitewillingtoansweranygentlemaninthecrowdwhoasksanintelligentquestion。

Now，whoinallthiscountryhaseverfoundanyofourfriendsofJudgeDouglas’swayofthinking，andwhohaveacteduponthismainquestion，thathaseverthoughtofutteringawordinbehalfofJudgeTrumbull？

[Avoice：Wehave。]

IdefyyoutoshowaprintedresolutionpassedinaDemocraticmeeting——ItakeituponmyselftodefyanymantoshowaprintedresolutionofaDemocraticmeeting，largeorsmall——infavorofJudgeTrumbull，oranyofthefivetooneRepublicanswhobeatthatbill。EverythingmustbefortheDemocrats！Theydideverything，andthefivetotheonethatreallydidthethingtheysnubover，andtheydonotseemtorememberthattheyhaveanexistenceuponthefaceoftheearth。

Gentlemen，IfearthatIshallbecometedious。Ileavethisbranchofthesubjecttotakeholdofanother。ItakeupthatpartofJudgeDouglas’sspeechinwhichherespectfullyattendedtome。

JudgeDouglasmadetwopointsuponmyrecentspeechatSpringfield。Hesaystheyaretobetheissuesofthiscampaign。

ThefirstoneofthesepointshebasesuponthelanguageinaspeechwhichIdeliveredatSpringfield，whichIbelieveIcanquotecorrectlyfrommemory。Isaidtherethat"wearenowfarintothefifthyearsinceapolicywasinstitutedfortheavowedobject，andwiththeconfidentpromise，ofputtinganendtoslaveryagitation；undertheoperationofthatpolicy，thatagitationhasnotonlynotceased，buthasconstantlyaugmented。"

"Ibelieveitwillnotceaseuntilacrisisshallhavebeenreachedandpassed。’Ahousedividedagainstitselfcannotstand。’Ibelievethisgovernmentcannotendurepermanentlyhalfslaveandhalffree。""IdonotexpecttheUniontobedissolved，"——Iamquotingfrommyspeech，"——Idonotexpectthehousetofall，butIdoexpectitwillceasetobedivided。Itwillbecomeallonethingoralltheother。Eithertheopponentsofslaverywillarrestthespreadofitandplaceitwherethepublicmindshallrestinthebeliefthatitisinthecourseofultimateextinction，oritsadvocateswillpushitforwarduntilitshallbecomealikelawfulinalltheStates，northaswellassouth。"