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mean。Anumberofnewmachineswereinstalledinacertainshoefactory，andasaresulttherewasaheavyincreaseinproductioneventhoughtherewasnoincreaseinthelaborforce。Someoftheworkmenwereinstructedintheuseofthesemachinesbyspecialdemonstratorssentoutbythemakersofthemachines。Thesemen，byreasonoftheirspecialaptitudesandthefactthattheywerenotcalledupontooperatethemachinescontinuouslyninehourseveryday，weekinandweekout，butonlyforanhourorsoatspecialtimes，werenaturallyabletorunthemachinesattheirmaximumcapacity。Whenthesedemonstratorshadleftthefactory，andthecompany’sownemployeeshadbecomeusedtooperatingthemachinesatafairrateofspeed，theforemanoftheestablishmentgraduallyspeededthemachinesanddemandedalargerandstilllargeroutput，constantlyendeavoringtodrivethemenontogreaterexertions。Evenwithaslightlylessmaximumcapacity，theintroductionofthismachineryresultedinagreatincreaseoverformerproductionwiththesameamountoflabor；

andsogreatweretheprofitsfromthebusinessinthefollowingtwoyearsastoequalthetotalcapitalizedstockofthecompany。Butnotacentgotintothepayenvelopeoftheworkmenbeyondwhattheyhadformerlybeenreceivingbeforetheintroductionofthisnewmachinery，notwithstandingthatithadmeantanaddedstrain，physicalandmental，upontheirenergies，andthattheywereforcedtoworkharderthaneverbefore。Thewholeoftheincreasedprofitsremainedwiththecompany。Nowthisrepresentedan“increaseofefficiency。”withapositivedecreaseofsocialandindustrialjustice。Theincreaseofprosperitywhichcamefromincreaseofproductioninnowaybenefitedthewage-workers。Iholdthattheyweretreatedwithgrossinjustice；

andthatsociety，actingifnecessarythroughtheGovernment，insuchacaseshouldbenditsenergiestoremedysuchinjustice；andIwillsupportanyproperlegislationthatwillaidinsecuringthedesiredend。

Thewage-workershouldnotonlyreceivefairtreatment；heshouldgivefairtreatment。Inorderthatprosperitymaybepassedarounditisnecessarythattheprosperityexist。Inorderthatlaborshallreceiveitsfairshareinthedivisionofrewarditisnecessarythattherebearewardtodivide。Anyproposaltoreduceefficiencybyinsistingthatthemostefficientshallbelimitedintheiroutputtowhattheleastefficientcando，isaproposaltolimitbysomuchproduction，andthereforetoimpoverishbysomuchthepublic，andspecificallytoreducetheamountthatcanbedividedamongtheproducers。Thisisallwrong。Ourprotestmustbeagainstunfairdivisionoftherewardforproduction。Everyencouragementshouldbegiventhebusinessman，theemployer，tomakehisbusinessprosperous，andthereforetoearnmoremoneyforhimself；andinlikefashioneveryencouragementshouldbegiventheefficientworkman。Wemustalwayskeepinmindthattoreducetheamountofproductionservesmerelytoreducetheamountthatistobedivided，isinnowaypermanentlyefficientasaprotestagainstunequaldistributionandispermanentlydetrimentaltotheentirecommunity。Butincreasedproductivenessisnotsecuredbyexcessivelaboramidunhealthysurroundings。Thecontraryistrue。

Shorterhours，andhealthfulconditions，andopportunityforthewage-

workertomakemoremoney，andthechanceforenjoymentaswellaswork，alladdtoefficiency。Mycontentionisthatthereshouldbenopenalizationofefficientproductiveness，broughtaboutunderhealthyconditions；butthateveryincreaseofproductionbroughtaboutbyanincreaseinefficiencyshouldbenefitallthepartiestoit，includingwage-workersaswellasemployersorcapitalists，menwhoworkwiththeirhandsaswellasmenwhoworkwiththeirheads。

WiththeWesternFederationofMinersImorethanoncehadserioustrouble。Theleadersofthisorganizationhadpreachedanarchy，andcertainofthemwereindictedforhavingpracticedmurderinthecaseofGovernorSteunenberg，ofIdaho。OnoneoccasioninaletterorspeechIcoupledcondemnationoftheselaborleadersandcondemnationofcertainbigcapitalists，describingthemallalikeas“undesirablecitizens。”Thisgavegreatoffensetobothsides。TheopenattackuponmewasmadeforthemostparteitherbytheNewYorknewspaperswhichwerefranklyrepresentativesofWallStreet，orelsebythoseso-

called——andmiscalled——Socialistswhohadanarchisti