第8章

CHAPTERXVI。

BOSTON。

FromNewYorkwereturnedtoBostonbyHartford，thecapitaloroneofthecapitalsofConnecticut。ThisproudlittleStateiscomposedoftwooldprovinces，ofwhichHartfordandNewHavenwerethetwometropolitantowns。Indeed，therewasathirdcolony，calledSaybrook，whichwasjoinedtoHartford。Asneitherofthetwocould，ofcourse，giveway，whenHartfordandNewHavenweremadeintoone，thehousesoflegislatureandtheseatofgovernmentarechangedaboutyearbyyear。ConnecticutisaveryproudlittleState，andhasapleasantlegendofitsownstanchnessintheoldcolonialdays。In1662thecolonieswereunited，andacharterwasgiventothembyCharlesII。Butsomeyearslater，in1686，whenthebaddaysofJamesII。hadcome，thischarterwasconsideredtobetooliberal，andorderwasgiventhatitshouldbesuspended。

OneSirEdmundAndrosshadbeenappointedgovernorofallNewEngland，andsentwordfromBostontoConnecticutthatthecharteritselfshouldbegivenuptohim。ThisthemenofConnecticutrefusedtodo。WhereuponSirEdmundwithamilitaryfollowingpresentedhimselfattheirAssembly，declaredtheirgoverningpowerstobedissolved，and，aftermuchpalaver，causedthecharteritselftobelaiduponthetablebeforehim。Thediscussionhadbeenlong，havinglastedthroughthedayintothenight，andtheroomhadbeenlightedwithcandles。Onasuddeneachlightdisappeared，andSirEdmundwithhisfollowerswereinthedark。

Asamatterofcourse，whenthelightwasrestoredthecharterwasgone；andSirEdmund，thegovernor-general，wasbaffled，asallgovernors-generalandallSirEdmundsalwaysareinsuchcases。

Thecharterwasgone，agallantCaptainWadsworthhavingcarrieditoffandhiddenitinanoak-tree。ThecharterwasrenewedwhenWilliamIII。cametothethrone，andnowhangstriumphantlyintheStateHouseatHartford。Thecharteroakhas，alas！succumbedtotheweather，butwasstandingafewyearssince。ThemenofHartfordareveryproudoftheircharter，andregarditastheparentoftheirexistinglibertiesquiteasmuchasthoughnonationalrevolutionoftheirownhadintervened。

And，indeed，theNorthernStatesoftheUnion——especiallythoseofNewEngland——referalltheirlibertiestotheoldcharterswhichtheyheldfromthemothercountry。Theyrebelled，astheythemselveswouldseemtosay，andsetthemselvesupasaseparatepeople，notbecausethemothercountryhadrefusedtothembylawsufficientlibertyandsufficientself-control，butbecausethemothercountryinfringedthelibertiesandpowersofself-controlwhichsheherselfhadgiven。Themothercountry，sotheseStatesdeclare，hadactedthepartofSirEdmundAndross——hadendeavoredtotakeawaytheircharters。Sotheyalsoputoutthelights，andtookthemselvestoanoak-treeoftheirown——whichisstillstanding，thoughwindsfromtheinfernalregionsarenowbatteringitsbranches。Longmayitstand！

Whetherthemothercountrydidordidnotinfringethechartersshehadgiven，Iwillnothereinquire。Astothenatureofthoseallegedinfringements，aretheynotwrittendowntothenumberoftwenty-sevenintheDeclarationofIndependence？TheymostlybeginwithHe。“He“hasdonethis，and“He“hasdonethat。The“He“ispoorGeorgeIII。，whosetwenty-sevenmortalsinsagainsthisTransatlanticcoloniesarethusrecapitulated。Itwouldavailnothingtoarguenowwhetherthosedeedsweresinsorvirtues，norwouldithaveavailedthen。Thechildhadgrownupandwasstrong，andchosetogoaloneintotheworld。Theyoungbirdwasfledged，andflewaway。PoorGeorgeIII。withhiscacklingwascertainlynotefficaciousinrestrainingsuchaflight。Butitisgratifyingtoseehowthisnewpeople，whentheyhaditintheirpowertochangealltheirlaws，tothrowthemselvesuponanyUtopiantheorythatthefollyofawildphilanthropycoulddevise，todiscardasabominableeveryvestigeofEnglishruleandEnglishpower，——itisgratifyingtoseethat，whentheycouldhavedoneallthis，theydidnotdoso，butpreferredtoclingtothingsEnglish。TheiroldcoloniallimitswerestilltobethebordersoftheirStates。

TheiroldcharterswerestilltoberegardedasthesourcesfromwhencetheirStatepowershadcome。Theoldlawsweretoremaininforce。TheprecedentsoftheEnglishcourtsweretobeheldaslegalprecedentsinthecourtsofthenewnation，andarenowsoheld。ItwasstilltobeEngland，butEnglandwithoutakingmakinghislaststruggleforpoliticalpower。Thiswastheideaofthepeopleandthiswastheirfeeling；andthatideahasbeencarriedoutandthatfeelinghasremained。

IntheconstitutionoftheStateofNewYorknothingissaidaboutthereligionofthepeople。Itwasregardedasasubjectwithwhichtheconstitutionhadnoconcernwhatever。ButassoonaswecomeamongthestricterpeopleofNewEngland，wefindthattheconstitution-makershavenotbeenableabsolutelytoignorethesubject。InConnecticutitisenjoinedthat，asitisthedutyofallmentoworshiptheSupremeBeing，andtheirrighttorenderthatworshipinthemodemostconsistentwiththeirconsciences，nopersonshallbebylawcompelledtojoinorbeclassedwithanyreligiousassociation。Thelineofargumentishardlylogical，theconclusionnotbeinginaccordancewithorhangingonthefirstofthetwopremises。Butneverthelessthemeaningisclear。Inafreecountrynomanshallbemadetoworshipafteranyspecialfashion；butitisdecreedbytheconstitutionthateverymanisboundbydutytoworshipaftersomefashion。Thearticlethengoesontosayhowtheywhodoworshiparetobetaxedforthesupportoftheirpeculiarchurch。IamnotquiteclearwhethertheNewYorkershavenotmanagedthisdifficultywithgreatersuccess。

WhenwecometotheOldBayState——toMassachusetts——wefindtheChristianreligionspokenofintheconstitutionasthatwhichinsomeoneofitsformsshouldreceivetheadherenceofeverygoodcitizen。

Hartfordisapleasantlittletown，withEnglish-lookinghouses，andanEnglish-lookingcountryaroundit。Here，aseverywherethroughtheStates，oneisstruckbythesizeandcomfortoftheresidences。Isojournedthereatthehouseofafriend，andcouldfindnolimittothenumberofspacioussitting-roomswhichitcontained。Themodestdining-roomanddrawing-roomwhichsufficewithusformenofsevenoreighthundredayearwouldberegardedasverymeanaccommodationbypersonsofsimilarincomesintheStates。

IfoundthatHartfordwasallalivewithtrade，andthatwageswerehigh，becausetherearetheretwofactoriesforthemanufactureofarms。Colt\'spistolscomefromHartford，asalsodoSharpe\'srifles。Whereverarmscanbeprepared，orgunpowder；whereclothesorblanketsfitforsoldierscanbemade，ortentsorstandards，orthingsappertaininginanywaytowarfare，theretradewasstillbrisk。Nobeingismorecostlyinhisrequirementsthanasoldier，andnosoldiersocostlyastheAmerican。Hemusteatanddrinkofthebest，andhavegoodbootsandwarmbedding，andgoodshelter。

TherewereduringtheChristmasof1861abovehalfamillionofsoldierssotobeprovided——thePresident，inhismessagemadeinDecembertoCongress，declaredthenumbertobeabovesixhundredthousand——andthereforeinsuchplacesasHartfordtradewasverybrisk。Iwentovertheriflefactory，andwasshowneverything，butIdonotknowthatIbroughtawaymuchwithmethatwasworthanyreader\'sattention。Thebestofrifles，Ihavenodoubt，werebeingmadewiththegreatestrapidity，andallweresenttothearmyassoonasfinished。Isawsomemurderous-lookingweapons，withswordsattachedtotheminsteadofbayonets，buthavesincebeentoldbysoldiersthattheold-fashionedbayonetisthoughttobemoreserviceable。

ImmediatelyonmyarrivalinBostonIheardthatMr。EmersonwasgoingtolectureattheTremontHallonthesubjectofthewar，andIresolvedtogoandhearhim。IwasacquaintedwithMr。Emerson，andbyreputationknewhimwell。AmongusinEnglandheisregardedastranscendentalandperhapsevenasmysticinhisphilosophy。His“RepresentativeMen“istheworkbywhichheisbestknownonoursideofthewater，andIhaveheardsomereadersdeclarethattheycouldnotquiteunderstandMr。Emerson\'s“RepresentativeMen。“Formyself，IconfessthatIhadbrokendownoversomeportionsofthatbook。SinceIhadbecomeacquaintedwithhimIhadreadothersofhiswritings，especiallyhisbookonEngland，andhadfoundthatheimprovedgreatlyonacquaintance。I

thinkthathehasconfinedhismysticismtothebookabovenamed。

Inconversationheisveryclear，andbynomeansabovethesmallpracticalthingsoftheworld。Hewould，Ifancy，knowaswellwhatinterestheoughttoreceiveforhismoneyasthoughhewerenophilosopher，andIaminclinedtothinkthatifheheldlandhewouldmakehishaywhilethesunshone，asmightanycommonfarmer。

BeforeIhadmetMr。Emerson，whenmyideaofhimwasformedsimplyonthe“RepresentativeMen，“Ishouldhavethoughtthatalecturefromhimonthewarwouldhavetakenhishearersallamongtheclouds。Asitwas，Istillhadmydoubts，andwasinclinedtofearthatasubjectwhichcouldonlybehandledusefullyatsuchatimebeforealargeaudiencebyacombinationofcommonsense，highprinciples，andeloquence，wouldhardlybesafeinMr。Emerson\'shands。Ididnotdoubtthehighprinciples，butfearedmuchthattherewouldbealackofcommonsense。Somanyhavetalkedonthatsubject，andhaveshownsogreatalackofcommonsense！Astotheeloquence，thatmightbethereormightnot。

Mr。EmersonisaMassachusettsman，verywellknowninBoston，andagreatcrowdwascollectedtohearhim。Isupposethereweresomethreethousandpersonsintheroom。Iconfessthatwhenhetookhisplacebeforeusmyprejudiceswereagainsthim。Thematterinhandrequirednophilosophy。Itrequiredcommonsense，andtheverybestofcommonsense。Itdemandedthatheshouldbeimpassioned，forofwhatinterestcananyaddressbeonamatterofpublicpoliticswithoutpassion？Butitdemandedthatthepassionshouldbewinnowed，andfreefromallrodomontade。Ifanciedwhatmightbesaidonsuchasubjectastothatoverlaudedstar-spangledbanner，andhowthestar-spangledflagwouldlookwhenwrappedinamistofmysticPlatonism。

Butfromthebeginningtotheendtherewasnothingmystic——noPlatonism；and，ifIrememberrightly，thestar-spangledbannerwasaltogetheromitted。Tothenationaleaglehedidallude。“YourAmericaneagle，“hesaid，“isverywell。Protectithereandabroad。ButbewareoftheAmericanpeacock。“Hegaveanaccountofthewarfromthebeginning，showinghowithadarisen，andhowithadbeenconducted；andhedidsowithadmirablesimplicityandtruth。HethoughttheNorthwererightaboutthewar；andasI

thoughtsoalso，Iwasnotcalledupontodisagreewithhim。Hewasterseandperspicuousinhissentences，practicalinhisadvice，and，aboveallthings，trueinwhathesaidtohisaudienceofthemselves。TheywhoknowAmericawillunderstandhowharditisforapublicmanintheStatestopracticesuchtruthinhisaddresses。Fluidcomplimentsandhigh-flownnationaleulogiumareexpected。Inthisinstancenonewereforthcoming。TheNorthhadrisenwithpatriotismtomakethiseffort，anditwasnowwarnedthatindoingsoitwassimplydoingitsnationalduty。Andthencamethesubjectofslavery。IhadbeentoldthatMr。Emersonwasanabolitionist，andknewthatImustdisagreewithhimonthathead，ifonnoother。Tomeithasalwaysseemedthattomixupthequestionofgeneralabolitionwiththiswarmustbetheworkofamantooignoranttounderstandtherealsubjectofthewar，ortoofalsetohiscountrytoregardit。ThroughoutthewholelectureIwaswaitingforMr。Emerson\'sabolitiondoctrine，butnoabolitiondoctrinecame。Thewordsabolitionandcompensationwerementioned，andthentherewasanendofthesubject。IfMr。

Emersonbeanabolitionist，heexpressedhisviewsverymildlyonthatoccasion。Onthewhole，thelecturewasexcellent，andthatlittleadviceaboutthepeacockwasinitselfworthanhour\'sattention。

Thatpracticeoflecturingis“quiteaninstitution“intheStates。

SoitisinEngland，myreaderswillsay。ButinEnglanditisdoneinadifferentway，withadifferentobject，andwithmuchlessofresult。Withus，ifIamnotmistaken，lecturesaremostlygivengratuitouslybythelecturer。Theyaregotuphereandtherewithsomephilanthropicalobject，andinthehopethatanhouratthedisposalofyoungmenandwomenmayberescuedfromidleness。

Thesubjectschosenaresocial，literary，philanthropic，romantic，geographical，scientific，religious——anythingratherthanpolitical。Thelecture-roomsarenotusuallyfilledtooverflowing，andthereisoftenaquestionwhethertherealgoodachievedisworththetroubletaken。Themostpopularlecturesaregivenbybigpeople，whosepresenceislikelytobeattractive；andthewholething，Ifearwemustconfess，isnotpre-eminentlysuccessful。IntheNorthernStatesofAmericathematterstandsonaverydifferentfooting。Lecturestherearemorepopularthaneithertheatersorconcerts。Enormoushallsarebuiltforthem。

Ticketsforlongcoursesaretakenwithavidity。Verylargesumsarepaidtopopularlecturers，sothattheprofessionislucrative——

moreso，Iamgiventounderstand，thanisthecognateprofessionofliterature。Thewholethingisdoneingreatstyle。Musicisintroduced。Thelecturerstandsonalargeraisedplatform，onwhichsitaroundhimthebaldandhoary-headedandsuperlativelywise。Ladiescomeinlargenumbers，especiallythosewhoaspiretosoarabovethefrivolitiesoftheworld。Politicsisthesubjectmostpopular，andmostgeneral。ThemenandwomenofBostoncouldnomoredowithouttheirlecturesthanthoseofPariscouldwithouttheirtheaters。Itisthedecorousdiversionofthebestorderedofhercitizens。Thefastyoungmengotoclubs，andthefastyoungwomentodances，asfastyoungmenandwomendoinotherplacesthatarewicked；butlecturingisthefavoritediversionofthesteady-mindedBostonian。Afterall，Idonotknowthattheresultisverygood。ItdoesnotseemthatmuchwillbegainedbysuchlecturesoneithersideoftheAtlantic——exceptthatrespectablekillingofaneveningwhichmightotherwisebekilledlessrespectably。Itisbutanindustriousidleness，anattemptataroyalroadtoinformation，thathabitofattendinglectures。Letanymanorwomansaywhathehasbroughtawayfromanysuchattendance。Itisattractive，thatideaofbeingstudiouswithoutanyofthelaborofstudy；butIfearitisillusive。Ifaneveningcanbesopassedwithoutennui，Ibelievethatthatmayberegardedasthebestresulttobegained。Butthenitsooftenhappensthattheeveningisnotpassedwithoutennui！Ofcourseinsayingthis，Iamnotalludingtolecturesgiveninspecialplacesasacourseofspecialstudy。Medicallecturesare，ormaybe，anecessarypartofmedicaleducation。AsmanyastwoorthreethousandoftenattendthesepopularlecturesinBoston，butIdonotknowwhetheronthataccountthepopularsubjectsaremuchbetterunderstood。NeverthelessIresolvedtohearmore，hopingthatImightinthatwayteachmyselftounderstandwhatwerethepopularpoliticsinNewEngland。WhetherornoImayhavelearnedthisinanyotherway，Idonotperhapsknow；butatanyrateIdidnotlearnitinthisway。

ThenextlecturewhichIattendedwasalsogivenintheTremontHall，andonthisoccasionalsothesubjectofthewarwastobetreated。Thespecialtreacheryoftherebelswas，Ithink，themattertobetakeninhand。Onthisoccasionalsotheroomwasfull，andmyhopesofapleasanthourranhigh。ForsomefifteenminutesIlistened，andIamboundtosaythatthegentlemandiscoursedinexcellentEnglish。HewasmasterofthatwonderfulfluencywhichispeculiarlythegiftofanAmerican。Hewentonfromonesentencetoanotherwithrhythmictonesandunerringpronunciation。Heneverfaltered，neverrepeatedhiswords，neverfellintothosevilehalf-mutteredhemsandhawsbywhichanEnglishmaninsuchapositionsogenerallybetrayshistimidity。

Butduringthewholetimeofmyremainingintheroomhedidnotgiveexpressiontoasinglethought。Hewentonfromonesoftplatitudetoanother，andutteredwordsfromwhichIwoulddefyanyoneofhisaudiencetocarryawaywiththemanything。Andyetitseemedtomethathisaudiencewassatisfied。Iwasnotsatisfied，andmanagedtoescapeoutoftheroom。

ThenextlecturertowhomIlistenedwasMr。Everett。Mr。

Everett\'sreputationasanoratorisverygreat，andIwasespeciallyanxioustohearhim。Ihadlongsinceknownthathispowerofdeliverywasverymarvelous；thathistones，elocution，andactionwereallgreat；andthathewasabletocommandthemindsandsympathiesofhisaudienceinaremarkablemanner。Hissubjectalsowasthewar——orratherthecausesofthewaranditsqualification。HadtheNorthgiventotheSouthcauseofprovocation？HadtheSouthbeenfairandhonestinitsdealingstotheNorth？Hadanycompromisebeenpossiblebywhichthewarmighthavebeenavoided，andtherightsanddignityoftheNorthpreserved？SeeingthatMr。EverettisaNorthernmanandwaslecturingtoaBostonaudience，oneknewwellhowthesequestionswouldbeanswered，butthemanneroftheansweringwouldbeeverything。ThislecturewasgivenatRoxbury，oneofthesuburbsofBoston。SoIwentouttoRoxburywithaparty，andfoundmyselfhonoredbybeingplacedontheplatformamongthebald-headedonesandthesuperlativelywise。Thisprivilegeisnaturallygratifying，butitentailsonhimwhoissogratifiedtheinconvenienceofsittingatthelecturer\'sback，whereasitis，perhaps，betterforthelistenertobebeforehisface。

Icouldnotbutbeamusedbyonelittlescenicincident。Whenweallwentupontheplatform，someoneproposedthattheclergymenshouldleadthewayoutofthelittlewaiting-roominwhichwebald-headedonesandsuperlativelywisewereassembled。Buttothisthemanageroftheaffairdemurred。Hewantedtheclergymenforapurpose，hesaid。Andsotheprofaneonesledtheway，andtheclergymen，ofwhomtheremightbesomesixorseven，clusteredinaroundthelectureratlast。Earlyinhisdiscourse，Mr。

Everetttolduswhatitwasthatthecountryneededatthisperiodofhertrial。Patriotism，courage，thebraveryofthemen，thegoodwishesofthewomen，theself-denialofall——“and，“continuedthelecturer，turningtohisimmediateneighbors，“theprayersoftheseholymenwhomIseearoundme。“Ithadnotbeenfornothingthattheclergymenweredetained。

Mr。Everettlectureswithoutanybookorpaperbeforehim，andcontinuesfromfirsttolastasthoughthewordscamefromhimonthespurofthemoment。Itisknown，however，thatitishispracticetopreparehisorationswithgreatcareandcommitthementirelytomemory，asdoesanactor。Indeed，herepeatsthesamelectureoverandoveragain，Iamtold，withoutthechangeofawordorofanaction。IdidnotlikeMr。Everett\'slecture。Ididnotlikewhathesaid，ortheseemingspiritinwhichitwasframed。ButIamboundtoadmitthathispoweroforatoryisverywonderful。Thoseamonghiscountrymenwhohavecriticisedhismannerinmyhearing，havesaidthatheistooflorid，thatthereisanaffectationinthemotionofhishands，andthattheintendedpathosofhisvoicesometimesapproachestooneartheprecipiceoverwhichthefallissodeepandrapid，andatthebottomofwhichliesabsoluteridicule。Judgingformyself，Ididnotfinditso。Mypositionforseeingwasnotgood，butmyearwasnotoffended。Criticsalsoshouldbearinmindthatanoratordoesnotspeakchieflytothemorfortheirapproval。Hewhowrites，orspeaks，orsingsforthousands，mustwrite，speak，orsingasthosethousandswouldhavehim。Thattoadaintyconnoisseurwillbefalsemusic，whichtothegeneralearshallbeaccountedastheperfectionofharmony。Aneloquencealtogethersuitedtothefastidiousandhypercritical，wouldprobablyfailtocarryofftheheartsandinterestthesympathiesoftheyoungandeager。Asregardsmanners，tone，andchoiceofwordsIthinkthattheoratoryofMr。Everettplaceshimveryhigh。Hisskillinhisworkisperfect。Heneverfallsbackuponaword。Heneverrepeatshimself。Hisvoiceisalwaysperfectlyundercommand。Asforhesitationortimidity，thedaysforthosefailingshavelongpassedbywithhim。Whenhemakesapoint，hemakesitwell，anddrivesithometotheintelligenceofeveryonebeforehim。Eventhatappealtotheholymenaroundhimsoundedwell——orwouldhavedonesohadInotbeenpresentatthatlittlearrangementintheanteroom。Ontheaudienceatlargeitwasmanifestlyeffective。

ButneverthelessthelecturegavemebutapoorideaofMr。Everettasapolitician，thoughitmademeregardhimhighlyasanorator。

Itwasimpossiblenottoperceivethathewasanxioustoutterthesentimentsoftheaudienceratherthanhisown；thathewasmakinghimselfanecho，apowerfulandharmoniousechoofwhatheconceivedtobepublicopinioninBostonatthatmoment；thathewasneitherleadingnorteachingthepeoplebeforehim，butallowinghimselftobeledbythem，sothathemightbestplayhispresentpartfortheirdelectation。Hewasneitherboldnorhonest，asEmersonhadbeen，andIcouldnotbutfeelthateverytyroofapoliticianbeforehimwouldthusrecognizehiswantofboldnessandofhonesty。Asastatesman，orasacriticofstatecraft，andofotherstatesmen，heiswantinginbackbone。FormanyyearsMr。EveretthasbeennoteveninimicaltoSouthernpoliticsandSoutherncourses，norwasheamongthosewho，duringthelasteightyearsprevioustoMr。Lincoln\'selection，foughtthebattleforNorthernprinciples。Idonotsaythatonthisaccountheisnowfalsetoadvocatethewar。Buthecannotcarrymenwithhimwhen，athisage，headvocatesitbyargumentsopposedtothetenorofhislongpoliticallife。HisabuseoftheSouthandofSouthernideaswasasvirulentasmightbethatofayoungladnowbeginninghispoliticalcareer，orofonewhohadthroughlifeadvocatedabolitionprinciples。HeheapedreproachesonpoorVirginia，whosepositionasthechiefoftheborderStateshasgiventoherhardlythepossibilityofavoidingaScyllaofruinontheoneside，oraCharybdisofrebellionontheother。WhenhespokeashedidofVirginia，ridiculingtheideaofhersacredsoil，evenI，EnglishmanasIam，couldnotbutthinkofWashington，ofJefferson，ofRandolph，andofMadison。HeshouldnothavespokenofVirginiaashedidspeak；fornomancouldhaveknownbetterVirginia\'sdifficulties。ButVirginiawasatadiscountinBoston，andMr。EverettwasspeakingtoaBostonaudience。AndthenhereferredtoEnglandandtoEurope。Mr。

EveretthasbeenministertoEngland，andknowsthepeople。Heisastudentofhistory，andmust，Ithink，knowthatEngland\'scareerhasnotbeenunhappyorunprosperous。ButEnglandalsowasatadiscountinBoston，andMr。EverettwasspeakingtoaBostonaudience。Theyaresendingustheiradviceacrossthewater，saidMr。Everett。Andwhatistheiradvicetous？Thatweshouldcomedownfromthehighplacewehavebuiltforourselves，andbeevenastheyare。Theyscreechatusfromthelowdepthsinwhichtheyarewallowngintheirmisery，andcallonustojointhemintheirwretchedness。IamnotquotingMr。Everett\'sverywords，forI

havenotthembyme；butIamnotmakingthemstronger，norsostrongashemadethem。AsIthoughtofMr。Everett\'sreputation，andofhisyearsofstudy，ofhislongpoliticallifeandunsurpassedsourcesofinformation，IcouldnotbutgrieveheartilywhenIheardsuchwordsfallfromhim。IcouldnotbutaskmyselfwhetheritwereimpossiblethatunderthepresentcircumstancesofherconstitutionthisgreatnationofAmericashouldproduceanhonest，high-mindedstatesman。WhenLincolnandHamlin，theexistingPresidentandVice-PresidentoftheStates，werein1860

asyetbutthecandidatesoftheRepublicanparty，BellandEverettalsowerethecandidatesoftheoldWhig，conservativeparty。

Theirexpresstheorywasthis——thatthequestionofslaveryshouldnotbetouched。TheirpurposewastocrushagitationandrestoreharmonybyanimpartialbalancebetweentheNorthandSouth:afinepurpose——thefinestofallpurposes，haditbeenpracticable。ButsuchacourseofcompromisewasnowatadiscountinBoston，andMr。EverettwasspeakingtoaBostonaudience。Asanorator，Mr。

Everett\'sexcellenceis，Ithink，nottobequestioned；butasapoliticianIcannotgivehimahighrank。

AfterthatIheardMr。WendellPhillips。Ofhim，too，asanorator，alltheworldofMassachusettsspeakswithgreatadmiration，andIhavenodoubtsospeakswithjustice。Heis，however，knownasthehottestandmostimpassionedadvocateofabolition。Notmanymonthssincethecauseofabolition，asadvocatedbyhim，wassounpopularinBoston，thatMr。Phillipswascompelledtoaddresshisaudiencesurroundedbyaguardofpolicemen。OfthisgentlemanImayatanyratesaythatheisconsistent，devoted，anddisinterested。Heisanabolitionistbyprofession，andseekstofindineveryturnofthetideofpoliticssomestreamonwhichhemaybringhimselfnearertohisobject。Intheolddays，previoustotheselectionofMr。Lincoln，indayssooldthattheyarenownearlyeighteenmonthspast，Mr。Phillipswasananti-Unionman。HeadvocatedstronglythedisseveranceoftheUnion，sothatthecountrytowhichhebelongedmighthavehandscleanfromthetaintofslavery。HehadprobablyacknowledgedtohimselfthatwhiletheNorthandSouthwereboundtogethernohopeexistedofemancipation，butthatiftheNorthstoodalonetheSouthwouldbecometooweaktofosterandkeepalivethe“socialinstitution。“Inwhich，ifsuchwerehisopinions，Iaminclinedtoagreewithhim。ButnowheisallfortheUnion，thinkingthatavictoriousNorthcancompeltheimmediateemancipationofSouthernslaves。AstowhichIbegtosaythatIamboldtodifferfromMr。Phillipsaltogether。

ItsoonbecameevidenttomethatMr。Phillipswasunwell，andlecturingatadisadvantage。Hismannerwasclearlythatofanaccustomedorator，buthisvoicewasweak，andhewasnotuptotheeffectwhichheattemptedtomake。Hishearerswereimpatient，repeatedlycallinguponhimtospeakout，andonthataccountI

triedhardtofeelkindlytowardhimandhislecture。ButImustconfessthatIfailed。Tomeitseemedthatthedoctrinehepreachedwasoneofrapine，bloodshed，andsocialdestruction。HewouldcalluponthegovernmentanduponCongresstoenfranchisetheslavesatonce——nowduringthewar——sothattheSouthernpowermightbedestroyedbyaconcurrenceofmisfortunes。Andhewoulddosoatonce，onthespurofthemoment，fearinglesttheSouthshouldbebeforehim，andthemselvesemancipatetheirownbondsmen。

Ihavesometimesthoughtthatthereisnobeingsovenomous，soblood-thirstyasaprofessedphilanthropist；andthatwhenthephilanthropist\'sardorliesnegroward，itthenassumesthedeepestdieofvenomandblood-thirstiness。TherearefourmillionsofslavesintheSouthernStates，noneofwhomhaveanycapacityforself-maintenanceorself-control。Fourmillionsofslaves，withthenecessitiesofchildren，withthepassionsofmen，andtheignoranceofsavages！AndMr。Phillipswouldemancipatetheseatablow；would，wereitpossibleforhimtodoso，setthemlooseuponthesoiltoteartheirmasters，destroyeachother，andmakesuchahellupontheearthashasneverevenyetcomefromtheuncontrolledpassionsandunsatisfiedwantsofmen。ButCongresscannotdothis。AllthemembersofCongressputtogethercannot，accordingtotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates，emancipateasingleslaveinSouthCarolina；notiftheywereallunanimous。NoemancipationinaslaveStatecancomeotherwisethanbythelegislativeenactmentofthatState。Butitwasthenthoughtthatinthiscomingwinterof1860-61theactionofCongressmightbesetaside。TheNorthpossessedanenormousarmyunderthecontrolofthePresident。TheSouthwasinrebellion，andthePresidentcouldpronounce，andthearmyperhapsenforce，theconfiscationofallpropertyheldinslaves。Ifanywhoheldthemwerenotdisloyal，thequestionofcompensationmightbesettledafterward。

Howthosefourmillionslavesshouldlive，andhowwhitemenshouldliveamongthem，insomeStatesorpartsofStatesnotequaltotheblacksinnumber——astothatMr。Phillipsdidnotgiveushisopinion。

AndMr。PhillipsalsocouldnotkeephistongueawayfromtheabominationsofEnglishmenandthemiraculouspowersofhisowncountrymen。ItwasonthisoccasionthathetoldusmorethanoncehowYankeescarriedbrainsintheirfingers，whereas“commonpeople“——alludingbythatnametoEuropeans——hadthemonly，ifatall，insidetheirbrain-pans。AndthenheinformedusthatLordPalmerstonhadalwayshatedAmerica。AmongtheRadicalstheremightbeoneortwowhounderstoodandvaluedtheinstitutionsofAmerica，butitwasawell-knownfactthatLordPalmerstonwashostiletothecountry。Nothingbuthiddenenmity——enmityhiddenornothidden——couldbeexpectedfromEngland。ThatthepeopleofBoston，orofMassachusetts，oroftheNorthgenerally，shouldfeelsoreagainstEngland，istomeintelligible。Iknowhowthemindsofmenaremovedinmassestocertainfeelingsandthatitevermustbeso。Menincommontalkarenotboundtoweightheirwords，tothink，andspeculateontheirresults，andbesureofthepremisesonwhichtheirthoughtsarefounded。Butitisdifferentwithamanwhorisesbeforetwoorthreethousandofhiscountrymentoteachandinstructthem。AfterthatIheardnomorepoliticallecturesinBoston。

OfcourseIvisitedBunkerHill，andwenttoLexingtonandConcord。

FromthetopofthemonumentonBunkerHillthereisafineviewofBostonharbor，andseenfromthencetheharborispicturesque。Themouthiscrowdedwithislandsandjuttingnecksandpromontories；

andthoughtheshoresareinnoplacerichenoughtomakethescenerygrand，thegeneraleffectisgood。Themonument，however，issoconstructedthatonecanhardlygetaviewthroughthewindowsatthetopofit，andthereisnooutsidegalleryroundit。

ImmediatelybelowthemonumentisamarblefigureofMajorWarren，whofellthere，——notfromthetopofthemonument，assomeonewasledtobelievewheninformedthatonthatspotthemajorhadfallen。BunkerHill，whichislittlemorethanamound，isatCharlestown——adull，populous，respectable，andveryunattractivesuburbofBoston。

BunkerHillhasobtainedaconsiderablename，andisaccountedgreatintheannalsofAmericanhistory。InEnglandwehaveallheardofBunkerHill，andsomeofusdislikethesoundasmuchasFrenchmendothatofWaterloo。IntheStatesmentalkofBunkerHillaswemay，perhaps，talkofAgincourtandsuchfavoritefields。But，afterall，littlewasdoneatBunkerHill，and，asfarasIcanlearn，novictorywasgainedtherebyeitherparty。

TheroadfromBostontothetownofConcord，onwhichstandsthevillageofLexington，isthetruesceneoftheearliestandgreatestdeedsofthemenofBoston。ThemonumentatBunkerHillstandshighandcommandsattention，whilethoseatLexingtonandConcordareverylowlyandcommandnoattention。ButitisofthatroadandwhatwasdoneonitthatMassachusettsshouldbeproud。

Whenthecolonistsfirstbegantofeelthattheywereoppressed，andahalfresolvewasmadetoresistthatoppressionbyforce，theybegantocollectafewarmsandsomegunpowderatConcord，asmalltownabouteighteenmilesfromBoston。OfthispreparationtheEnglishgovernorreceivedtidings，anddeterminedtosendapartyofsoldierstoseizethearms。Thisheendeavoredtodosecretly；buthewastoocloselywatched，andwordwassentdownoverthewatersbywhichBostonwasthensurroundedthatthecolonistsmightbepreparedforthesoldiers。AtthattimeBostonNeck，asitwas，andisstillcalled，wastheonlyconnectionbetweenthetownandthemain-land，andtheroadoverBostonNeckdidnotleadtoConcord。Boatsthereforewerenecessarilyused，andtherewassomedifficultyingettingthesoldierstothenearestpoint。Theymadetheirway，however，totheroad，andcontinuedtheirrouteasfarasLexingtonwithoutinterruption。

Here，however，theywereattacked，andthefirstbloodofthatwarwasshed。Theyshotthreeorfourofthe——rebels，IsupposeI

shouldinstrictlanguagecallthem，andthenproceededontoConcord。ButatConcordtheywerestoppedandrepulsed，andalongtheroadbackfromConcordtoLexingtontheyweredrivenwithslaughteranddismay。Andthustherebellionwascommencedwhichledtotheestablishmentofapeoplewhich，letusEnglishmensayandthinkwhatwemayofthematthispresentmoment，hasmadeitselfoneofthefivegreatnationsoftheearth，andhasenabledustoboastthatthetwooutofthefivewhoenjoythegreatestlibertyandthewidestprosperityspeaktheEnglishlanguageandareknownbyEnglishnames。Forallthathascomeandisliketocome，Isayagain，longmaythathonorremain。IcouldnotbutfeelthatthatroadfromBostontoConcorddeservesanameintheworld\'shistorygreater，perhaps，thanhasyetbeengiventoit。

ConcordisatpresenttobenotedastheresidenceofMr。EmersonandofMr。Hawthorne，twoofthosemanymenoflettersofwhosepresenceBostonanditsneighborhoodhavereasontobeproud。OfMr。EmersonIhavealreadyspoken。Theauthorofthe“ScarletLetter“IregardascertainlythefirstofAmericannovelists。I

knowwhatmenwillsayofMr。Cooper，——andIalsoamanadmirerofCooper\'snovels。ButIcannotthinkthatMr。Cooper\'spowerswereequaltothoseofMr。Hawthorne，thoughhismodeofthoughtmayhavebeenmoregenial，andhischoiceofsubjectsmoreattractiveintheirday。Inpointofimagination，which，afterall，isthenovelist\'sgreatestgift，IhardlyknowanylivingauthorwhocanheaccountedsuperiortoMr。Hawthorne。

Verymuchhas，undoubtedly，beendoneinBostontocarryoutthattheoryofColonelNewcome\'s——Emollitmores，bywhichtheColonelmeanttosignifyhisopinionthatacompetentknowledgeofreading，writing，andarithmetic，withatasteforenjoyingthoseaccomplishments，goesveryfartowardthemakingofaman，andwillbynomeansmaragentleman。InBostonnearlyeveryman，woman，andchildhashadhisorhermannerssofarsoftened；andthoughtheymaystilloccasionallybesomewhatroughtotheoutertouch，theinwardeffectisplainlyvisible。Withus，especiallyamongouragriculturalpopulation，theabsenceofthatinnersofteningisasvisible。

Iwenttoseeapubliclibraryinthecity，which，ifnotfoundedbyMr。Bates，whosenameissowellknowninLondonasconnectedwiththehouseofMessrs。Baring，hasbeengreatlyenrichedbyhim。

Itisbyhismoneythatithasbeenenabledtodoitswork。Inthislibrarythereisacertainnumberofthousandsofvolumes——agreatmanyvolumes，asthereareinmostpubliclibraries。Therearebooksofallclasses，fromponderousunreadablefolios，ofwhichlearnedmenknowthetitle-pages，downtothelightestliterature。Novelsarebynomeanseschewed，——arerather，ifI

understoodaright，consideredasoneofthestaplesofthelibrary。

Fromthislibraryanybook，exceptingsuchrarevolumesasinalllibrariesareconsideredholy，isgivenouttoanyinhabitantofBoston，withoutanypayment，onpresentationofasimplerequestonapreparedform。Inpointoffact，itisagratuitouscirculatinglibraryopentoallBoston，richorpoor，youngorold。Thebooksseemedingeneraltobeconfidedtoyoungchildren，whocameasmessengersfromtheirfathersandmothers，orbrothersandsisters。

Noquestionwhateverisasked，iftheapplicantisknownortheplaceofhisresidenceundoubted。Iftherebenosuchknowledge，ortherebeanydoubtastotheresidence，theapplicantisquestioned，theobjectbeingtoconfinetheuseofthelibrarytothebonafideinhabitantsofthecity。Practicallythebooksaregiventothosewhoaskforthem，whoevertheymaybe。Bostoncontainsover200，000inhabitants，andallthose200，000areentitledtothem。Sometwentymenandwomenarekeptemployedfrommorningtillnightincarryingonthiscirculatinglibrary；andthereis，moreover，attachedtotheestablishmentalargereading-

roomsuppliedwithpapersandmagazines，opentothepublicofBostononthesameterms。

OfcourseIaskedwhetheragreatmanyofthebookswerenotlost，stolen，anddestroyed；andofcourseIwastoldthattherewerenolosses，nothefts，andnodestruction。Astothefts，thelibrariandidnotseemtothinkthatanyinstanceofsuchanoccurrencecouldbefound。Amongthepoorerclasses，abookmightsometimesbelostwhentheywerechangingtheirlodgings；butanythingsolostwasmorethanreplacedbythefines。Abookistakenoutforaweek，andifnotbroughtbackattheendofthatweek——whentheloancanberenewedifthereaderwishes——afine，Ithinkoftwocents，isincurred。Thechildren，whentoolatewiththebooks，bringinthetwocentsasamatterofcourse，andthesumsocollectedfullyreplacesalllosses。Itwasallcouleurderose；thelibrarianesseslookedveryprettyandlearned，and，ifIrememberaright，mostlyworespectacles；theheadlibrarianwasenthusiastic；thenice，instructivebookswereproperlydogs-eared；

myownproductionswereinenormousdemand；thecallforbooksoverthecounterwasbrisk；andthereading-roomwasfullofreaders。

Ithas，Idaresay，occurredtoothertravelerstoremarkthattheproceedingsatsuchinstitutions，whenvisitedbythemontheirtravels，arealwaysrosecolored。Itisnaturalthatthebrightsideshouldbeshowntothevisitor。Itmaybethatmanybooksarecalledforandreturnedunread；thatmanyofthosetakenoutaresotakenbypersonswhooughttopayfortheirnovelsatcirculatinglibraries；thatthelibrarianandlibrarianessesgetverytiredoftheirlonghoursofattendance，forIfoundthattheywereverylong；andthatmanyidlerswarmthemselvesinthatreading-room。

Neverthelessthefactremains——thelibraryispublictoallthemenandwomeninBoston，andbooksaregivenoutwithoutpaymenttoallwhomaychoosetoaskforthem。WhyshouldnotthegreatMr。MudieemulateMr。Bates，andopenalibraryinLondononthesamesystem？

Thelibrariantookmeintoonespecialroom，ofwhichhehimselfkeptthekey，toshowmeapresentwhichthelibraryhadreceivedfromtheEnglishgovernment。Theroomwasfilledwithvolumesoftwosizes，allboundalike，containingdescriptionsanddrawingsofallthepatentstakenoutinEngland。Accordingtothislibrarian，suchaworkwouldbeinvaluableastoAmericanpatents；butheconceivedthatthesubjecthadbecometooconfusedtorenderanysuchanundertakingpossible。“Ineverallowasinglevolumetobeusedforamomentwithoutthepresenceofmyselforoneofmyassistants，“saidthelibrarian；andthenheexplainedtome，whenIaskedhimwhyhewassoparticular，thatthedrawingswould，asamatterofcourse，becutoutandstolenifheomittedhiscare。

“Buttheymaybecopied，“Isaid。“Yes；butifJonesmerelycopiesone，Smithmaycomeafterhimandcopyitalso。JoneswillprobablydesiretohinderSmithfromhavinganyevidenceofsuchapatent。“Astotheordinaryborrowingandreturningofbooks，thepoorestlaborer\'schildinBostonmightbetrustedashonest；butwhenaquestionoftradecameup——ofcommercialcompetition——thenthelibrarianwasboundtobethinkhimselfthathiscountrymenareverysmart。“Ihope，“saidthelibrarian，“youwillletthemknowinEnglandhowgratefulwearefortheirpresent。“AndIherebyexecutethatlibrarian\'scommission。

IshallalwayslookbacktosociallifeinBostonwithgreatpleasure。Imettheremanymenandwomenwhomtoknowisadistinction，andwithwhomtobeintimateisagreatdelight。ItwasaPuritancity，inwhichstrictoldRoundheadsentimentsandlawsusedtoprevail；butnow-a-daysgingerishotinthemouththere，and，inspiteofthewar，therewerecakesandale。TherewasalawpassedinMassachusettsintheolddaysthatanygirlshouldbefinedandimprisonedwhoallowedayoungmantokissher。

Thatlawhasnow，Ithink，fallenintoabeyance，andsuchmattersareregulatedinBostonmuchastheyareinotherlargetownsfarthereastward。Itstill，Iconceive，callsitselfaPuritancity；butithasdivesteditsPuritanismofausterity，andclingsrathertothepoliticsandpublicbearingofitsoldfathersthantotheirsocialmannersandpristineseverityofintercourse。Theyounggirlsare，nodoubt，muchmorecomfortableunderthenewdispensation——andtheelderlymenalso，asIfancy。Sunday，asregardstheouterstreets，issabbatical。ButSundayeveningswithindoorsIalwaysfoundtobewhatmyfriendsinthatcountrycall“quiteagoodtime。“ItisnotthethinginBostontosmokeinthestreetsduringtheday；butthewisest，thesagest，andthemostholy——eventhoseholymenwhomthelecturersawaroundhim——

seldomrefuseacigarinthedining-roomassoonastheladieshavegone。Perhapseventhewickedweedwouldmakeitsappearancebeforethatsadeclipse，therebypostponingorperhapsabsolutelyannihilatingthemelancholyperiodofwidowhoodtobothparties，andwouldlightitselfundertheveryeyesofthosewhoinsternercitieswilllendnocountenancetosuchlightings。Ahme，itwasverypleasant！IconfessIlikethisabandonmentofthestricterrulesofthemoredecorousworld。Ifearthatthereiswithinmeanaptitudetothemilderdebaucherieswhichmakessuchdeviationspleasant。IliketodrinkandIliketosmoke，butIdonotliketoturnwomenoutoftheroom。Thencomesthequestionwhetheronecanhaveallthatonelikestogether。InsomesmallcirclesinNewEnglandIfoundpeoplesimpleenoughtofancythattheycould。InMassachusettstheMaineliquorlawisstillthelawoftheland，but，likethatotherlawtowhichIhavealluded，ithasfallenverymuchoutofuse。Atanyrate，ithadnotreachedthehousesofthegentlemenwithwhomIhadthepleasureofmakingacquaintance。ButhereImustguardmyselffrombeingmisunderstood。IsawbutonedrunkenmanthroughallNewEngland，andhewasveryrespectable。Hewas，however，souncommonlydrunkthathemightbeallowedtocountfortwoorthree。ThePuritansofBostonare，ofcourse，simpleintheirhabitsandsimpleintheirexpenses。Champagneandcanvas-backducksIfoundtobetheprovisionsmostinvogueamongthosewhodesiredtoadherecloselytothemanneroftheirforefathers。Uponthewhole，Ifoundthewaysoflifewhichhadbeenbroughtoverinthe“Mayflower“fromthesternsectsofEngland，andpreservedthroughtherevolutionarywarforliberty，tobeverypleasantways；andImadeupmymindthataYankeePuritancanbeanuncommonlypleasantfellow。Iwishthatsomeofthemdidnotdinesoearly；forwhenamansitsdownathalf-pasttwo，thatkeepingupoftheafter-dinnerrecreationstillbedtimebecomeshardwork。

InBostonthehousesareveryspaciousandexcellent，andtheyarealwaysfurnishedwiththoseluxurieswhichitissodifficulttointroduceintoanoldhouse。Theyhavehotandcoldwaterpipesintoeveryroom，andbathsattachedtothebedchambers。Itisnotonlythatcomfortisincreasedbysucharrangements，butthatmuchlaborissaved。InanoldEnglishhouseitwilloccupyaservantthebestpartofthedaytocarrywaterupanddownforalargefamily。Everythingalsoisspacious，commodious，andwelllighted。

Icertainlythinkthatinhouse-buildingtheAmericanshavegonebeyondus，forevenournewhousesarenotcommodiousasaretheirs。OnepracticewhichtheyhaveintheircitieswouldhardlysuitourlimitedLondonspaces。Whenthebodyofthehouseisbuilt，theythrowoutthedining-roombehind。Itstandsalone，asitwere，withnootherchamberaboveit，andremovedfromtherestofthehouse。Itisconsequentlybehindthedoubledrawing-roomswhichformthegroundfloor，andisapproachedfromthemandalsofromthebackofthehall。Thesecondentrancetothedining-roomisthusnearthetopofthekitchenstairs，whichnodoubtisitsproperposition。Thewholeoftheupperpartofthehouseisthuskeptfortheprivateusesofthefamily。Tomethisplanofbuildingrecommendeditselfasbeingverycommodious。

IfoundthespiritforthewarquiteashotatBostonnow(inNovember)ifnothotterthanitwaswhenIwastheretenweeksearlier；andIfoundalso，tomygrief，thatthefeelingagainstEnglandwasasstrong。Icaneasilyunderstandhowdifficultitmusthavebeen，andstillmustbe，toEnglishmenathometounderstandthis，andseehowithascometopass。Ithasnotarisen，asIthink，fromtheoldjealousyofEngland。Ithasnotsprungfromthatsourcewhichforyearshasinducedcertainnewspapers，especiallytheNewYorkHerald，tovilifyEngland。I

donotthinkthatthemenofNewEnglandhaveeverbeen，asregardsthismatter，inthesameboatwiththeNewYorkHerald。ButwhenthiswarbetweentheNorthandSouthfirstbrokeout，evenbeforetherewasasyetawar，theNorthernmenhadtaughtthemselvestoexpectwhattheycalledBritishsympathy，meaningBritishencouragement。Theyregarded，andproperlyregarded，theactionoftheSouthasarebellion，andsaidamongthemselvesthatsostaidandconservativeanationasGreatBritainwouldsurelycountenancetheminquellingrebels。Ifnot，shoulditcometopassthatGreatBritainshouldshownosuchcountenanceandsympathyforNorthernlaw，ifGreatBritaindidnotrespondtoherfriendasshewasexpectedtorespond，thenitwouldappearthatcottonwasking，atleastinBritisheyes。Thewardidcome，andGreatBritainregardedthetwopartiesasbelligerents，standing，asfarasshewasconcerned，onequalgrounds。ThisitwasthatfirstgaverisetothatfretfulangeragainstEnglandwhichhasgonesofartowardruiningtheNortherncause。Weknowhowsuchpassionsareswelledbybeingventilated，andhowtheyarecommunicatedfrommindtomindtilltheybecomenational。Politicians——AmericanpoliticiansIheremean——havetheirownfuturecareerseverbeforetheireyes，andaredriventomakecapitalwheretheycan。HenceitisthatsuchmenasMr。Sewardinthecabinet，andMr。Everettoutofit，canreconcileittothemselvestospeakastheyhavedoneofEngland。ItwasbuttheotherdaythatMr。Everettspoke，inoneofhisorations，ofthehopethatstillexistedthattheflagoftheUnitedStatesmightstillfloatoverthewholecontinentofNorthAmerica。WhatwouldhesayofanEnglishstatesmanwhoshouldspeakofputtinguptheUnionJackontheStateHouseinBoston？Suchwordstellforthemomentonthehearers，andhelptogainsomeslightpopularity；buttheytellformorethanamomentonthosewhoreadthemandrememberthem。

AndthencamethecaptureofMessrs。SlidellandMason。IwasatBostonwhenthosemenweretakenoutofthe“Trent“bythe“SanJacinto，“andbroughttoFortWarreninBostonHarbor。CaptainWilkeswastheofficerwhohadmadethecapture，andheimmediatelywasrecognizedasahero。Hewasinvitedtobanquetsandfeted。

Speechesweremadetohimasspeechesarecommonlymadetohighofficerswhocomehome，aftermanyperils，victoriousfromthewars。Hishealthwasdrunkwithgreatapplause，andthankswerevotedtohimbyoneoftheHousesofCongress。Itwassaidthataswordwastobegiventohim，butIdonotthinkthatthegiftwasconsummated。Shoulditnothavebeenapoliceman\'struncheon？Hadheatthebestdoneanythingbeyondapoliceman\'swork？OfCaptainWilkesnoonewouldcomplainfordoingpoliceman\'sduty。

Ifhiscountryweresatisfiedwiththemannerinwhichhedidit，England，ifshequarreledatall，wouldnotquarrelwithhim。Itmaynowandagainbecomethedutyofabraveofficertodoworkofsolowacaliber。Itisapitythatanambitioussailorshouldfindhimselftoldoffforsomeanatask，buttheworldwouldknowthatitisnothisfault。NoonecouldblameCaptainWilkesforactingpolicemanontheseas。Butwhoeverbeforeheardofgivingamangloryforachievementssolittleglorious？HowCaptainWilkesmusthaveblushedwhenthosespeechesweremadetohim，whenthattalkabouttheswordcameup，whenthethanksarrivedtohimfromCongress！Anofficerreceiveshiscountry\'sthankswhenhehasbeeningreatperil，andhasbornehimselfgallantlythroughhisdanger；whenhehasenduredthebruntofwar，andcomethroughitwithvictory；whenhehasexposedhimselfonbehalfofhiscountryandsingedhisepauletswithanenemy\'sfire。CaptainWilkestappedamerchantmanontheshoulderinthehighseas，andtoldhimthathispassengerswerewanted。Indoingthisheshowednolackofspirit，foritmightbehisduty；butwherewashisspiritwhenhesubmittedtobethankedforsuchwork？

Andthentherearoseaclamorofjustificationamongthelawyers；

judgesandex-judgesflewtoWheaton，Phillimore，andLordStowell。

Beforetwenty-fourhourswereover，everymanandeverywomaninBostonwerearmedwithprecedents。Thentherewastheburningofthe“Caroline。“Englandhadimproperlyburnedthe“Caroline“onLakeErie，orratherinoneoftheAmericanportsonLakeErie，andhadthenbeggedpardon。IftheStateshadbeenwrong，theywouldbegpardon；butwhetherwrongorright，theywouldnotgiveupSlidellandMason。Butthelawyerssoonwaxedstronger。Themenweremanifestlyambassadors，andassuchcontrabandofwar。Wilkeswasquiteright，onlyheshouldhaveseizedthevesselalso。Hewasquiteright，forthoughSlidellandMasonmightnotbeambassadors，theywereundoubtedlycarryingdispatches。Inafewhourstherebegantobeadoubtwhetherthemencouldbeambassadors，becauseifcalledambassadors，thenthepowerthatsenttheembassymustbepresumedtoberecognized。ThatCaptainWilkeshadtakennodispatches，wastrue；butthecaptainsuggestedawayoutofthisdifficultybydeclaringthathehadregardedthetwomenthemselvesasanincarnatedembodimentofdispatches。Atanyrate，theywereclearlycontrabandofwar。TheyweregoingtodoaninjurytotheNorth。ItwasprettytohearthecharmingwomenofBoston，astheybecamelearnedinthelawofnations:

“Wheatonisquiteclearaboutit，“oneyounggirlsaidtome。ItwasthefirstIhadeverheardofWheaton，andsofarwasobligedtoknockunder。Alltheworld，ladiesandlawyers，expressedtheutmostconfidenceinthejusticeoftheseizure；butitwasclearthatalltheworldwasinastateoftheprofoundestnervousanxietyonthesubject。Tomeitseemedtobethemostsuicidalactthatanypartyinalife-and-deathstruggleevercommitted。

AllAmericansonbothsideshadfelt，fromthebeginningofthewar，thatanyassistancegivenbyEnglandtooneortheotherwouldturnthescale。ThegovernmentofMr。LincolnmusthavelearnedbythistimethatEnglandwasatleasttrueinherneutrality；thatnodesireforcottonwouldcompelhertogiveaidtotheSouthaslongassheherselfwasnotilltreatedbytheNorth。ButitseemedasthoughMr。Seward，thePresident\'sPrimeMinister，hadnobetterworkonhandthanthatofshowingineverywayhisindifferenceastocourtesywithEngland。InsultsofferedtoEnglandwould，heseemedtothink，strengthenhishands。HewouldletEnglandknowthathedidnotcareforher。Whenourminister，LordLyons，appealedtohimregardingthesuspensionofthehabeascorpus，Mr。

Sewardnotonlyansweredhimwithinsolence，butinstantlypublishedhisanswerinthepapers。Heinstitutedasystemofpassports，especiallyconstructedsoastoincommodeEnglishmenproceedingfromtheStatesacrosstheAtlantic。HeresolvedtomakeeveryEnglishmaninAmericafeelhimselfinsomewaypunished，becauseEnglandhadnotassistedtheNorth。AndnowcamethearrestofSlidellandMasonoutofanEnglishmailsteamer，andMr。

Sewardtookcaretoletitbeunderstoodthat，happenwhatmight，thosetwomenshouldnotbegivenup。

NothingduringallthistimeastonishedmesomuchastheestimationinwhichMr。Sewardwasthenheldbyhisownparty。Itis，perhaps，theworstdefectintheconstitutionoftheStates，thatnoincapacityonthepartofaminister，noamountofcondemnationexpressedagainsthimbythepeopleorbyCongress，canputhimoutofofficeduringthetermoftheexistingPresidency。ThePresidentcandismisshim；butitgenerallyhappensthatthePresidentisbroughtinona“platform“whichhasalreadynominatedforhimhiscabinetasthoroughlyastheyhavenominatedhim。Mr。SewardranMr。LincolnveryhardforthepositionofcandidateforthePresidencyontheRepublicaninterest。OnthesecondvotingoftheRepublicandelegatesattheConventionatChicago，Mr。Sewardpolled184toMr。Lincoln\'s181。

Butasaclearhalfofthetotalnumberofvoteswasnecessary——

thatis，233outof465——therewasnecessarilyathirdpolling，andMr。Lincolnwontheday。OnthatoccasionMr。ChaseandMr。

Cameron，bothofwhombecamemembersofMr。Lincoln\'scabinet，werealsocandidatesfortheWhiteHouseontheRepublicanside。I

mentionthisheretoshowthatthoughthePresidentcaninfactdismisshisministers，heisinagreatmannerboundtothem，andthataministerinMr。Seward\'spositionishardlytobedismissed。

Butfromthe1stofNovember，1861，tillthedayonwhichIlefttheStates，IdonotthinkthatIheardagoodwordspokenofMr。

Sewardasaminister，evenbyoneofhisownparty。TheRadicalorAbolitionistRepublicansallabusedhim。TheConservativeorAnti-

abolitionRepublicans，towhosepartyhewouldconsiderhimselfasbelonging，spokeofhimasamistake。HehadbeenprominentasSenatorfromNewYork，andhadbeenGovernoroftheStateofNewYork，buthadnoneoftheaptitudesofastatesman。Hewasthere，anditwasapity。HewasnotsobadasMr。Cameron，theMinisterforWar；thatwasthebesthisownpartycouldsayforhim，eveninhisownStateofNewYork。AstotheDemocrats，theirlanguagerespectinghimwasasharshasanythatIhaveheardusedtowardtheSouthernleaders。Heseemedtohavenofriends，noonewhotrustedhim；andyethewasthePresident\'schiefminister，andseemedtohaveinhisownhandsthepowerofmismanagingallforeignrelationsashepleased。But，intruth，theStatesofAmerica，greatastheyare，andmuchastheyhavedone，havenotproducedstatesmen。Thattheoryofgoverningbythelittlemenratherthanbythegreathasnotbeenfoundtoanswer，andsuchfolliesasthoseofMr。Sewardhavebeentheconsequence。

AtBoston，andindeedelsewhere，Ifoundthattherewaseventhen——

atthetimeofthecaptureofthesetwomen——notrueconceptionoftheneutralityofEnglandwithreferencetothetwoparties。Whenanyargumentwasmade，showingthatEngland，whohadcarriedthesemessengersfromtheSouth，wouldundoubtedlyhavealsocarriedmessengersfromtheNorth，theansweralwayswas——“ButtheSouthernersareallrebels。WillEnglandregarduswhoarebytreatyherfriend，asshedoesapeoplethatisinrebellionagainstitsowngovernment？“Thatwastheoldstoryoveragain，andasitwasaverylongstory，itwashardlyofusetogobackthroughallitsdetails。Butthefactwasthatunlesstherehadbeensuchabsoluteneutrality——suchequalitybetweenthepartiesintheeyesofEngland——evenCaptainWilkeswouldnothavethoughtofstoppingthe“Trent，“orthegovernmentatWashingtonofjustifyingsuchaproceeding。AnditmustberememberedthatthegovernmentatWashingtonhadjustifiedthatproceeding。TheSecretaryoftheNavyhaddistinctlydonesoinhisofficialreport；andthatreporthadbeensubmittedtothePresidentandpublishedbyhisorder。ItwasbecauseEnglandwasneutralbetweentheNorthandSouththatCaptainWilkesclaimedtohavetherightofseizingthosetwomen。

IthadbeenthePresident\'sintention，somemonthorsobeforethisaffair，tosendMr。EverettandothergentlemenovertoEnglandwithobjectsasregardstheNorthsimilartothosewhichhadcausedthesendingofSlidellandMasonwithreferencetotheSouth。WhatwouldMr。EveretthavethoughthadhebeenrefusedapassagefromDovertoCalais，becausethecarryingofhimwouldhavebeentowardtheSouthabreachofneutrality？Itwouldneverhaveoccurredtohimthathecouldbecomesubjecttosuchstoppage。HowshouldwehavebeenabusedforSouthernsympathieshadwesoacted！We，forsooth，whocarrypassengersabouttheworld，fromChinaandAustralia，roundtoChiliandPeru，whohavethechargeoftheworld\'spassengersandletters，andasanationincuroutofourpocketannuallylossofsomehalfmillionofpoundssterlingfortheprivilegeofdoingso，aretoinquirethebusinessofeveryAmericantravelerbeforewelethimonboard，andbestoppedinourworkifwetakeanybodyononesidewhosejourneyingsmaybeconceivedbytheothersidetobetothemprejudicial！NotonsuchtermswillEnglishmenbewillingtospreadcivilizationacrosstheocean！IdonotpretendtounderstandWheatonandPhillimore，oreventohavereadasinglewordofanyinternationallaw。Ihaverefusedtoreadanysuch，knowingthatitwouldonlyconfuseandmisleadme。ButIhavemycommonsensetoguideme。Twomenlivinginonestreet，quarrelandshybrickbatsateachother，andmakethewholestreetveryuncomfortable。Notonlyisnoonetointerferewiththem，buttheyaretohavetheprivilegeofdecidingthattheirbrickbatshavetherightofway，ratherthantheordinaryintercourseoftheneighborhood！Ifthatbenationallaw，nationallawmustbechanged。Itmightdoforsomecenturiesback，butitcannotdonow。UptothisperiodmysympathieshadbeenwiththeNorth。Ithought，andstillthink，thattheNorthhadnoalternative，thatthewarhadbeenforceduponthem，andthattheyhadgoneabouttheirworkwithpatrioticenergy。ButthisstoppingofanEnglishmailsteamerwastoomuchforme。

WhatwilltheydoinEngland？wasnowthequestion。ButforanyknowledgeastothatIhadtowaittillIreachedWashington。

CHAPTERXVII。

CAMBRIDGEANDLOWELL。

ThetwoplacesofmostgeneralinterestinthevicinityofBostonareCambridgeandLowell。CambridgeistoMassachusetts，and，I

mayalmostsay，istoalltheNorthernStates，whatCambridgeandOxfordaretoEngland。Itistheseatoftheuniversitywhichgivesthehighesteducationtobeattainedbythehighestclassesinthatcountry。LowellalsoisinlittletoMassachusettsandtoNewEnglandwhatManchesteristousinsogreatadegree。Itisthelargestandmostprosperouscotton-manufacturingtownintheStates。

CambridgeisnotabovethreeorfourmilesfromBoston。Indeed，thetownofCambridgeproperlysocalledbeginswhereBostonceases。TheHarvardCollege——thatisitsname，takenfromoneofitsoriginalfounders——isreachedbyhorse-carsintwentyminutesfromthecity。AnEnglishmanfeelsinclinedtoregardtheplaceasasuburbofBoston；butifhesoexpresseshimself，hewillnotfindfavorintheeyesofthemenofCambridge。

TheuniversityisnotsolargeasIhadexpectedtofindit。ItconsistsofHarvardCollege，astheundergraduates\'department，andofprofessionalschoolsoflaw，medicine，divinity，andscience。

InthefewwordsthatIwillsayaboutitIwillconfinemyselftoHarvardCollegeproper，conceivingthattheprofessionalschoolsconnectedwithithavenotinthemselvesanyspecialinterest。Theaveragenumberofundergraduatesdoesnotexceed450，andthesearedividedintofourclasses。Theaveragenumberofdegreestakenannuallybybachelorsofartissomethingunder100。Fouryears\'

residenceisrequiredforadegree，andattheendofthatperiodadegreeisgivenasamatterofcourseifthecandidate\'sconducthasbeensatisfactory。Whenayoungmanhaspursuedhisstudiesforthatperiod，goingthroughtherequiredexaminationsandlectures，heisnotsubjectedtoanyfinalexaminationasisthecasewithacandidateforadegreeatOxfordandCambridge。Itis，perhaps，inthisrespectthatthegreatestdifferenceexistsbetweentheEnglishuniversitiesandHarvardCollege。Withusayoungmanmay，Itakeit，stillgothroughhisthreeorfouryearswithasmallamountofstudy。Buthisdoingsodoesnotinsurehimhisdegree。Ifhehaveutterlywastedhistimeheisplucked，andlatebutheavypunishmentcomesuponhim。AtCambridge，inMassachusetts，thedailyworkofthemenismademoreobligatory；

butifthisbegonethroughwithsuchdiligenceastoenablethestudenttoholdhisownduringthefouryears，hehashisdegreeasamatterofcourse。Therearenodegreesconferringspecialhonor。

Amancannotgoout“inhonors“ashedoeswithus。Thereareno“firsts“or“doublefirsts；“no“wranglers；“no“senioropts“or“junioropts。“Norarethereprizesoffellowshipsandlivingstobeobtained。Itis，Ithink，evidentfromthisthatthegreatestincentivestohighexcellencearewantingatHarvardCollege。

Thereisneithertherewardofhonornorofmoney。ThereisnoneofthatgreatcompetitionwhichexistsatourCambridgeforthehighplaceofSeniorWrangler；and，consequently，thedegreeofexcellenceattainedisnodoubtlowerthanwithus。ButIconceivethatthegeneralleveloftheuniversityeducationishighertherethanwithus；thatayoungmanismoresureofgettinghiseducation，andthatasmallerpercentageofmenleavesHarvardCollegeutterlyuneducatedthangoesinthatconditionoutofOxfordorCambridge。TheeducationatHarvardCollegeismorediversifiedinitsnature，andstudyismoreabsolutelythebusinessoftheplacethanitisatouruniversities。

TheexpenseofeducationatHarvardCollegeisnotmuchlowerthanatourcolleges；withusthereare，nodoubt，moremenwhoareabsolutelyextravagantthanatCambridge，Massachusetts。Theactualauthorizedexpenditureinaccordancewiththerulesisonly50l。perannum，i。e。249dollars；butthisdoesnot，byanymeans，includeeverything。Someofthericheryoungmenmayspendasmuchas300l。perannum，butthelargestnumbervarytheirexpenditurefrom100l。to180l。perannum；andItakeitthesamethingmaybesaidofouruniversities。TherearemanyyoungmenatHarvardCollegeofverysmallmeans。Theywillliveon70l。perannum，andwillearnagreatportionofthatbyteachinginthevacations。

Therearethirty-sixscholarshipsattachedtotheuniversity，varyinginvaluefrom20l。to60l。perannum；andthereisalsoabeneficiaryfundforsupplyingpoorscholarswithassistanceduringtheircollegiateeducation。ManyarethusbroughtupatCambridgewhohavenomeansoftheirown；andIthinkImaysaythattheconsiderationinwhichtheyareheldamongtheirbrotherstudentsisinnodegreeaffectedbytheirposition。IdoubtwhetherwecansaysomuchoftheSizarsandBibleclerksatouruniversities。

AtHarvardCollegethereis，ofcourse，noneofthatold-fashioned，time-honored，delicious，medievallifewhichlendssomuchgraceandbeautytoourcolleges。Therearenogates，noporter\'slodges，nobutteries，nohalls，nobattels，andnocommonrooms。

Therearenoproctors，nobulldogs，nobursers，nodeans，nomorningandeveningchapel，noquads，nosurplices，nocapsandgowns。Ihavealreadysaidthattherearenoexaminationsfordegreesandnohonors；andIcaneasilyconceivethatintheabsenceofalltheseessentialsmanyanEnglishmanwillaskwhatrightHarvardCollegehastocallitselfauniversity。

Ihavesaidthattherearenohonors，andinoursensetherearenone。ButIshouldgiveoffensetomyAmericanfriendsifIdidnotexplainthatthereareprizesgiven——Ithinkallinmoney，andthattheyvaryfromfiftytotendollars。Thesearecalleddeturs。

ThedegreesaregivenonCommencementDay，atwhichoccasioncertainoftheexpectantgraduatesareselectedtotakepartsinapublicliteraryexhibition。Tobesoselectedseemstobetantamounttotakingadegreeinhonors。ThereisalsoadinneronCommencementDay，atwhich，however，“nowineorotherintoxicatingdrinkshallbeserved。“

ItisrequiredthateverystudentshallattendsomeplaceofChristianworshiponSundays；buthe，orhisparentsforhim，mayelectwhatdenominationofchurchheshallattend。Thereisauniversitychapelontheuniversitygroundswhichbelongs，ifI

rememberaright，totheEpiscopalianchurch。Theyoungmen，forthemostpart，liveincollege，havingroomsinthecollegebuildings；buttheydonotboardinthoserooms。Thereareestablishmentsinthetown，underthepatronageoftheuniversity，atwhichdinner，breakfast，andsupperareprovided；andtheyoungmenfrequentoneofthesehousesoranotherasthey，ortheirfriendsforthem，mayarrange。EveryyoungmannotbelongingtoafamilyresidentwithinahundredmilesofCambridge，andwhoseparentsaredesiroustoobtaintheprotectionthusprovided，isplaced，asregardshispecuniarymanagement，underthecareofapatron；andthispatronactsbyhimasafatherdoesinEnglandbyaboyatschool。Hepaysouthismoneyforhimandkeepshimoutofdebt。ThearrangementwillnotrecommenditselftoyoungmenatOxfordquitesopowerfullyasitmaydotothefathersofsomeyoungmenwhohavebeenthere。Theruleswithregardtothelodgingandboardinghousesareverystringent。Anyfestiveentertainmentistobereportedtothepresident。Nowineorspirituousliquorsmaybeused，etc。Itisnotapicturesquesystem，this；butithasitsadvantages。

Thereisahandsomelibraryattachedtothecollegewhichtheyoungmencanuse，butitisnotasextensiveasIhadexpected。Theuniversityisnotwelloffforfundsbywhichtoincreaseit。Thenewmuseuminthecollegeisalsoahandsomebuilding。Theedificesusedfortheundergraduates\'chambersandforthelecture-

roomsarebynomeanshandsome。Theyareveryugly，redbrickhouses，standinghereandtherewithoutorder。Therearesevensuch；andtheyarecalledBrattleHouse，CollegeHouse，DivinityHall，HollisHall，HolsworthyHall，MassachusettsHall，andStoughtonHall。Itisalmostastonishingthatbuildingssouglyshouldhavebeenerectedforsuchapurpose。These，togetherwiththelibrary，themuseum，andthechapel，standonalargegreen，whichmightbemadeprettyenoughifitwerekeptwellmown，likethegardensofourCambridgecolleges；butitismuchneglected。

Here，again，thewantoffunds——theauqustaresdomi——mustbepleadedasanexcuse。Onthesamegreen，butatsomelittledistancefromanyotherbuilding，standsthepresident\'spleasanthouse。

Theimmediatedirectionofthecollegeisofcoursemainlyinthehandsofthepresident，whoissupreme。Butforthegeneralmanagementoftheinstitutionthereisacorporation，ofwhichheisone。ItisstatedinthelawsoftheuniversitythattheCorporationoftheUniversityanditsOverseersconstitutetheGovernmentoftheUniversity。TheCorporationconsistsofthePresident，fiveFellowssocalled，andaTreasurer。TheseFellowsarechosen，asvacanciesoccur，bythemselves，subjecttotheconcurrenceoftheOverseers。ButtheseFellowsareinnowiseliketotheFellowsofourcolleges，havingnosalariesattachedtotheiroffices。TheBoardofOverseersconsistsoftheStateGovernor，otherStateofficers，thePresidentandTreasurerofHarvardCollege，andthirtyotherpersons，menofnote，chosenbyvote。TheFacultyoftheCollege，inwhichisvestedtheimmediatecareandgovernmentoftheundergraduates，iscomposedofthePresidentandtheProfessors。TheProfessorsanswertothetutorsofourcolleges，anduponthemtheeducationoftheplacedepends。

IcannotcompletethisshortnoticeofHarvardCollegewithoutsayingthatitishappyinthepossessionofthatdistinguishednaturalphilosopherProfessorAgassiz。M。AgassizhascollectedatCambridgeamuseumofsuchthingsasnaturalphilosophersdelighttoshow，whichIamtoldisallbutinvaluable。Asmyignoranceonallsuchmattersisofadepthwhichtheprofessorcanhardlyimagine，andwhichitwouldhaveshockedhimtobehold，Ididnotvisitthemuseum。TakingtheUniversityofHarvardCollegeasawhole，Ishouldsaythatitismostremarkableinthis——thatitdoesreallygivetoitspupilsthateducationwhichitprofessestogive。Ofourownuniversitiesothergoodthingsmaybesaid，butthatonespecialgoodthingcannotalwaysbesaid。

CambridgeboastsitselfastheresidenceoffourorfivemenwellknowntofameontheAmericanandalsoontheEuropeansideoftheocean。PresidentFelton\'s*nameisveryfamiliartous；andwhereverGreekscholarshipisheldinrepute，thatisknown。SoalsoisthenameofProfessorAgassiz，ofwhomIhavespoken。

RussellLowellisoneoftheprofessorsofthecollege——thatRussellLowellwhosangofBirdofredumSawin，andwhoseBiglowPaperswereeditedwithsuchanardoroflovebyourTomBrown，Birdofredumisworthyofalltheardor。Mr。DanaisalsoaCambridgeman——hewhowas“twoyearsbeforethemast，“andwhosincethathaswrittentousofCuba。ButMr。Dana，thoughresidingatCambridge，isnotofCambridge；and，thoughaliteraryman，hedoesnotbelongtoliterature。Heis——couldhehelpit？——a“specialattorney。“Imustnot，however，degradehim；forintheStatesbarristersandattorneysareallone。Icannotbutthinkthathecouldhelpit，andthatheshouldnotgiveuptolawwhatwasmeantformankind。Ifear，however，thatsuccessfulLawhascaughthiminherintolerantclutches，andthatLiterature，whosurelywouldbethenoblermistress，mustwearthewillow。Lastandgreatestisthepoet-laureateoftheWest，forMr。LongfellowalsolivesatCambridge。

*SincethesewordswerewrittenPresidentFeltonhasdied——I，asI

returnedonmywayhomeward，hadthemelancholyprivilegeofbeingpresentathisfuneral。IfeelboundtorecordherethegreatkindnesswithwhichMr。FeltonassistedmeinobtainingsuchinformationasIneededrespectingtheinstitutionoverwhichhepresided。

IamnotatallawarewhetherthenatureofthemanufacturingcorporationofLowellisgenerallyunderstoodbyEnglishmen。I

confessthatuntilImadepersonalacquaintancewiththeplan，I

wasabsolutelyignorantonthesubject。IknewthatLowellwasamanufacturingtownatwhichcottonismadeintocalico，andatwhichcalicoisprinted——asisthecaseatManchester；butI

conceivedthiswasdoneatLowell，asitisdoneatManchester，byindividualenterprise——thatIoranyoneelsecouldopenamillatLowell，andthatthemanufacturerstherewereordinarytraders，astheyareatothermanufacturingtowns。Butthisisbynomeansthecase。

ThatwhichmostsurprisesanEnglishvisitorongoingthroughthemillsatLowellisthepersonalappearanceofthemenandwomenwhoworkatthem。Astherearetwiceasmanywomenastherearemen，itistothemthattheattentionischieflycalled。Theyarenotonlybetterdressed，cleaner，andbettermountedineveryrespectthanthegirlsemployedatmanufactoriesinEngland，buttheyaresoinfinitelysuperiorastomakeastrangerimmediatelyperceivethatsomeverystrongcausemusthavecreatedthedifference。Weallknowtheclassofyoungwomenwhomwegenerallyseeservingbehindcountersintheshopsofourlargercities。Theyareneat，welldressed，careful，especiallyabouttheirhair，composedintheirmanner，andsometimesalittlesuperciliousintheproprietyoftheirdemeanor。ItisexactlythesameclassofyoungwomenthatoneseesinthefactoriesatLowell。Theyarenotsallow，nordirty，norragged，norrough。Theyhaveaboutthemnosignsofwant，oroflowculture。ManyofusalsoknowtheappearanceofthosegirlswhoworkinthefactoriesinEngland；andIthinkitwillbeallowedthatasecondglanceatthemisnotwantingtoshowthattheyareineveryrespectinferiortotheyoungwomenwhoattendourshops。Thematter，indeed，requiresnoargument。Anyyoungwomanatashopwouldbeinsultedbybeingaskedwhethershehadworkedatafactory。ThedifferencewithregardtothemenatLowellisquiteasstrong，thoughnotsostriking。Workingmendonotshowtheirstatusintheworldbytheiroutwardappearanceasreadilyaswomen；and，asIhavesaidbefore，thenumberofthewomengreatlyexceededthatofthemen。

Onewouldofcoursebedisposedtosaythatthesuperiorconditionoftheworkersmusthavebeenoccasionedbysuperiorwages；andthis，toacertainextent，hasbeenthecause。Butthehigherpaymentisnotthechiefcause。Women\'swages，includingallthattheyreceiveattheLowellfactories，averageabout14s。aweek，whichis，Itakeit，fullyathirdmorethanwomencanearninManchester，ordidearnbeforethelossoftheAmericancottonbegantotelluponthem。ButifwagesatManchesterwereraisedtotheLowellstandard，theManchesterwomenwouldnotbeclothed，fed，caredfor，andeducatedliketheLowellwomen。Thefactis，thattheworkmenandtheworkwomenatLowellarenotexposedtothechancesofanopenlabormarket。Theyaretakenin，asitwere，toaphilanthropicalmanufacturingcollege，andthenlookedafterandregulatedmoreasgirlsandladsatagreatseminary，thanashandsbywhoseindustryprofitistobemadeoutofcapital。ThisisallveryniceandprettyatLowell，butIamafraiditcouldnotbedoneatManchester。

ThereareatpresenttwelvedifferentmanufactoriesatLowell，eachofwhichhaswhatiscalledaseparatecorporation。TheMerrimackManufacturingCompanywasincorporatedin1822，andthusLowellwascommenced。TheLowellMachine-shopwasincorporatedin1845，andsincethatnonewestablishmenthasbeenadded。In1821，acertainBostonmanufacturingcompany，whichhadmillsatWaltham，nearBoston，wasattractedbythewater-poweroftheRiverMerrimack，onwhichthepresenttownofLowellissituated。AcanalcalledthePawtucketCanalhadbeenmadeforpurposesofnavigationfromonereachoftherivertoanother，withtheobjectofavoidingthePawtucketFalls；andthiscanal，withtheadjacentwater-poweroftheriver，waspurchasedfortheBostoncompany。TheplacewasthencalledLowell，afteroneofthepartnersinthatcompany。

Itmustbeunderstoodthatwater-poweraloneisusedforpreparingthecottonandworkingthespindlesandloomsofthecottonmills。

Steamisappliedinthetwoestablishmentsinwhichthecottonsareprinted，forthepurposesofprinting，butIthinknowhereelse。

Whenthemillsareatfullwork，abouttwoandahalfmillionyardsofcottongoodsaremadeeveryweek，andnearlyamillionpoundsofcottonareconsumedperweek，(ie。842，000lbs。，)buttheconsumptionofcoalisonly30，000tonsintheyear。Thiswillgivesomeideaofthevalueofthewater-power。ThePawtucketCanalwas，asIsay，bought，andLowellwascommenced。Thetownwasincorporatedin1826，andtherailwaybetweenitandBostonwasopenedin1835，underthesuperintendenceofMr。Jackson，thegentlemanbywhomthepurchaseofthecanalhadinthefirstinstancebeenmade。Lowellnowcontainsabout40，000inhabitants。

Thefollowingextractistakenfromthehand-booktoLowell:“Mr。

F。C。Lowellhad，inhistravelsabroad，observedtheeffectoflargemanufacturingestablishmentsonthecharacterofthepeople，andintheestablishmentatWalthamthefounderslookedforaremedyforthesedefects。Theythoughtthateducationandgoodmoralswouldevenenhancetheprofit，andthattheycouldcompetewithGreatBritainbyintroducingamorecultivatedclassofoperatives。Forthispurposetheybuiltboarding-houses，which，underthedirectsupervisionoftheagent，werekeptbydiscreetmatrons“——IcananswerforthediscreetmatronsatLowell——“mostlywidows，noboardersbeingallowedexceptoperatives。Agentsandoverseersofhighmoralcharacterwereselected；regulationswereadoptedatthemillsandboarding-houses，bywhichonlyrespectablegirlswereemployed。Themillswerenicelypaintedandswept“——I

canalsoanswerforthepaintingandsweepingatLowell——“treessetoutintheyardsandalongthestreets，habitsofneatnessandcleanlinessencouraged；andtheresultjustifiedtheexpenditure。

AtLowellthesamepolicyhasbeenadoptedandextended；morespaciousmillsandelegantboarding-houseshavebeenerected；“astotheelegance，itmaybeamatteroftaste，butastothecomfort，thereisnoquestion——“thesamecareastotheclassesemployed；morecapitalhasbeenexpendedforcleanlinessanddecoration；ahospitalhasbeenestablishedforthesick，where，forasmallprice，theyhaveanexperiencedphysicianandskillfulnurses。Aninstitute，withanextensivelibrary，fortheuseofthemechanics，hasbeenendowed。Theagentshavestoodforwardinthesupportofschools，churches，lectures，andlyceums，andtheirinfluencecontributedhighlytotheelevationofthemoralandintellectualcharacteroftheoperatives。Talenthasbeenencouraged，broughtforward，andrecommended。“Forsomeconsiderabletimetheyoungwomenwrote，edited，andpublishedanewspaperamongthemselves，calledtheLowellOffering。“AndLowellhassuppliedagentsandmechanicsforthelatermanufacturingplaceswhohavegiventonetosociety，andextendedthebeneficialinfluenceofLowellthroughtheUnitedStates。

Girlsfromthecountry，withatrueYankeespiritofindependence，andconfidentintheirownpowers，passafewyearshere，andthenreturntogetmarriedwithadowersecuredbytheirexertions，withmoreenlargedideasandextendedmeansofinformation，andtheirplacesaresuppliedbyyoungerrelatives。AlargeproportionofthefemalepopulationofNewEnglandhasbeenemployedatsometimeinmanufacturingestablishments，andtheyarenotonthisaccountlessgoodwives，mothers，oreducatorsoffamilies。“Thentheaccountgoesontotellhowthehealthofthegirlshasbeenimprovedbytheirattendanceatthemills；howtheyputmoneyintothesavingsbanks，andbuyrailwaysharesandfarms；howtherearethirtychurchesinLowell，alibrary，banks，andinsuranceoffice，；

howthereisacemetery，andapark；andhoweverythingisbeautiful，philanthropic，profitable，andmagnificent。

ThusLowellistherealizationofacommercialUtopia。OfallthestatementsmadeinthelittlebookwhichIhavequoted，Icannotpointoutonewhichisexaggerated，muchlessfalse。Ishouldnotcalltheplaceelegant；inotherrespectsIamdisposedtostandbythebook。BeforeIhadmadeanyinquiryintothecauseoftheapparentcomfort，itstruckmeatoncethatsomegreateffortatexcellencewasbeingmade。Iwentintooneofthediscreetmatrons\'residences；and，perhaps，maygivebutanindifferentideaofherdiscretion，whenIsaythatsheallowedmetogointothebed-rooms。Ifyouwanttoascertaintheinnerwaysorhabitsoflifeofanyman，woman，orchild，see，ifitbepracticabletodoso，hisorherbed-room。Youwilllearnmorebyaminute\'sglanceroundthatholyofholies，thanbyanyconversation。Looking-

glassesandsuchlike，suspendeddresses，andtoilet-belongings，iftakenwithoutnotice，cannotlieorevenexaggerate。Thediscreetmatronatfirstshowedmeroomsonlypreparedforuse，forattheperiodofmyvisitLowellwasbynomeansfull；butshesoonbecamemoreintimatewithme，andIwentthroughtheupperpartofthehouse。MyreportmustbealtogetherinherfavorandinthatofLowell。Everythingwascleanly，wellordered，andfeminine。Therewasnotabedonwhichanywomanneedhavehesitatedtolayherselfifoccasionrequiredit。IfearthatthiscannotbesaidofthelodgingsofthemanufacturingclassesatManchester。Theboardersalltaketheirmealstogether。Asarule，theyhavemeattwiceaday。Hotmeatfordinneriswiththemasmuchamatterofcourse，orprobablymoreso，thanwithanyEnglishmanorwomanwhomayreadthisbook。ForintheStatesofAmericaregulationsonthismatteraremuchmorerigidthanwithus。Coldmeatisrarelyseen，andtoliveadaywithoutmeatwouldbeasgreataprivationastopassanightwithoutbed。

Therulesfortheguidanceoftheseboarding-housesareveryrigid。

Thehousesthemselvesbelongtothecorporations，ordifferentmanufacturingestablishments，andthetenantsarealtogetherinthepowerofthemanagers。Nonebutoperativesaretobetakenin。

Thetenantsareanswerableforimproperconduct。Thedoorsaretobeclosedatteno\'clock。Anyboarderswhodonotattenddivineworshiparetobereportedtothemanagers。Theyardsandwalksaretobekeptclean，andsnowremovedatonce；andtheinmatesmustbevaccinated，etc。etc。etc。ItisexpresslystatedbytheHamiltonCompany——andIbelievebyallthecompanies——thatnooneshallbeemployedwhoishabituallyabsentfrompublicworshiponSunday，orwhoisknowntobeguiltyofimmorality，itisstatedthattheaveragewagesofthewomenaretwodollars，oreightshillings，aweek，besidestheirboard。IfoundwhenIwastherethatfromthreedollarstothreeandahalfaweekwerepaidtothewomen，ofwhichtheypaidonedollarandtwenty-fivecentsfortheirboard。Asthiswouldnotfullycovertheexpenseoftheirkeep，twenty-fivecentsaweekforeachwasalsopaidtotheboarding-housekeepersbythemillagents。Thissubstantiallycametothesamething，asitleftthetwodollarsaweek，oreightshillings，withthegirlsoverandabovetheircostofliving。Theboardincludedwashing，lights，food，bed，andattendance——leavingasurplusofeightshillingsaweekforclothesandsaving。NowletmeaskanyoneacquaintedwithManchesteranditsoperatives，whetherthatisnotUtopiarealized。Factorygirls，forwhomeverycomfortoflifeissecured，with21l。ayearoverforsavinganddress！Oneseesthefailing，however，atamoment。ItisUtopia。

AnyLadyBountifulcantutorthreeorfourpeasantsandmakethemluxuriouslycomfortable。ButnoLadyBountifulcangiveluxuriouscomforttohalfadozenparishes。Lowellisnownearlyfortyyearsold，andcontainsbut40，000inhabitants。Fromtheverynatureofitscorporationsitcannotspreaditself。Chicago，whichhasgrownoutofnothinginamuchshorterperiod，andwhichhasnofactories，hasnow120，000inhabitants。Lowellisaverywonderfulplaceandshowswhatphilanthropycando；butIfearitalsoshowswhatphilanthropycannotdo。