第7章

IdonotthinkthatNewYorkhasbeenlessgenerousintheuseofitsmoneythanothercities，orthatthemenofNewYorkgenerallyareso。PerhapsImightgofartherandsaythatinnocityhasmorebeenachievedforhumanitybythemunificenceofitsrichestcitizensthaninNewYork。Itshospitals，asylums，andinstitutionsforthereliefofallailmentstowhichfleshisheir，areverynumerous，andbeyondpraiseintheexcellenceoftheirarrangements。Andthishasbeenachievedinagreatdegreebyprivateliberality。MeninAmericaarenotasaruleanxioustoleavelargefortunestotheirchildren。Themillionairewhenmakinghiswillverygenerallygivesbackaconsiderableportionofthewealthwhichhehasmadetothecityinwhichhemadeit。Therichcitizenisalwaysanxiousthatthepoorcitizenshallberelieved。Itisapointofhonorwithhimtoraisethecharacterofhismunicipality，andtoprovidethatthedeafanddumb，theblind，themad，theidiots，theold，andtheincurableshallhavesuchalleviationintheirmisfortuneasskillandkindnesscanafford。

NoristheNewYorkerahugger-muggerwithhismoney。Hedoesnothideuphisdollarsinoldstockingsandkeeprollsofgoldinhiddenpots。Hedoesnoteveninvestitwhereitwillnotgrowbutonlyproducesmallthoughsurefruit。Hebuildshouses，hespeculateslargely，hespreadshimselfintradetotheextentofhiswings——andnotseldomsomewhatfarther。Hescattershiswealthbroadcastoverstrangefields，trustingthatitmaygrowwithanincreaseofahundredfold，butboldtobearthelossshouldthestrangefieldproveitselfbarren。Hisregretatlosinghismoneyisbynomeanscommensuratewithhisdesiretomakeit。Inthisthereisalivingspiritwhichtomediveststhedollar-worshipingidolatryofsomethingofitsugliness。Thehandwhenclosedonthegoldisinstantlyreopened。Theidolatorisanxioustoget，butheisanxiousalsotospend。Heisenergetictothelast，andhasnocomfortwithhisstockunlessitbreedswithTransatlanticrapidityofprocreation。

SomuchIsay，beinganxioustoscrapeoffsomeofthatdaubofblackpaintwithwhichIhavesmearedthefaceofmyNewYorker；

butnotdesiringtoscrapeitalloff。Formyself，Idonotlovetoliveamidtheclinkofgold，andneverhave“agoodtime，“astheAmericanssay，whenthepriceofsharesandpercentagescomeupinconversation。Thatstateofmen\'smindsherewhichIhaveendeavoredtoexplaintends，Ithink，tomakeNewYorkdisagreeable。Astrangertherewhohasnogreatinterestinpercentagessoonfindshimselfanxioustoescape。Bydegreesheperceivesthatheisoutofhiselement，andhadbettergoaway。

Hecallsatthebank，andwhenheshowshimselfignorantastothepriceatwhichhissovereignsshouldbedone，heisconsciousthatheisridiculous。Heislikeamanwhogoesouthuntingforthefirsttimeatfortyyearsofage。Hefeelshimselftobeinthewrongplace，andisanxioustogetoutofit。SuchwasmyexperienceofNewYork，ateachofthevisitsthatIpaidtoit。

Butyet，Isayagain，nootherAmericancityissointenselyAmericanasNewYork。ItisgenerallyconsideredthattheinhabitantsofNewEngland，theYankeesproperlysocalled，havetheAmericancharacteristicsofphysiognomyinthefullestdegree。

Thelanternjaws，thethinandlithebody，thedryfaceonwhichtherehasbeennotintoftherosesincethebaby\'slong-clotheswerefirstabandoned，theharsh，thickhair，thethinlips，theintelligenteyes，thesharpvoicewiththenasaltwang——notaltogetherharsh，thoughsharpandnasal——allthesetraitsaresupposedtobelongespeciallytotheYankee。Perhapsitwassoonce，butatpresenttheyare，Ithink，moreuniversallycommoninNewYorkthaninanyotherpartoftheStates。GotoWallStreet，thefrontoftheAstorHouse，andtheregionsaboutTrinityChurch，andyouwillfindthemintheirfullestperfection。

Whatcircumstancesofbloodorfood，ofearlyhabitorsubsequenteducation，havecreatedforthelatter-dayAmericanhispresentphysiognomy？Itisascompletelymarked，asmuchhisown，asisthatofanyraceunderthesunthathasbredinandinforcenturies。ButtheAmericanownsamoremixedbloodthananyotherraceknown。ThechiefstockisEnglish，whichisitselfsomixedthatnomancantraceitsramifications。WiththisaremingledthebloodsofIreland，Holland，France，Sweden，andGermany。Allthishasbeendonewithinbutafewyears，sothattheAmericanmaybesaidtohavenoclaimtoanynationaltypeofface。Nevertheless，nomanhasatypeoffacesoclearlynationalastheAmerican。HeisacknowledgedbyitalloverthecontinentofEurope，andonhisownsideofthewaterisgratifiedbyknowingthatheisnevermistakenforhisEnglishvisitor。Ithinkitcomesfromthehot-

airpipesandfromdollarworship。IntheJesuithismodeofdealingwiththingsdivinehasgivenapeculiarcastofcountenance；andwhyshouldnottheAmericanbesimilarlymouldedbyhisspecialaspirations？Astothehot-airpipes，therecan，I

think，benodoubtthattothemistobechargedthemurderofallrosycheeksthroughouttheStates。IftheeffectwastobenoticedsimplyinthedryfacesofthemenaboutWallStreet，Ishouldbeveryindifferenttothematter。ButtheyoungladiesofFifthAvenueareinthesamecategory。Theverypithandmarrowoflifeisbakedoutoftheiryoungbonesbythehot-airchamberstowhichtheyareaccustomed。HotairisthegreatdestroyerofAmericanbeauty。

InsayingthatthereisverylittletobeseeninNewYorkIhavealsosaidthatthereisnowayofseeingthatlittle。Myassertionamountstothis；thattherearenocabs。Tothereadingworldatlargethismaynotseemtobemuch，butletthereadingworldgotoNewYork，anditwillfindouthowmuchthedeficiencymeans。InLondon，inParis，inFlorence，inRome，intheHavana，oratGrandCairo，thecab-driverorattendantdoesnotmerelydrivethecaborbelaborthedonkey，butheisthevisitor\'seasiestandcheapestguide。InLondon，theTower，WestminsterAbbey，andMadameTussaudarefoundbythestrangerwithoutdifficulty，andalmostwithoutathought，becausethecab-driverknowsthewhereaboutsandtheway。

Spaceismoreoverannihilated，andthehugedistancesoftheEnglishmetropolisarebroughtwithinthescopeofmortalpower。

ButinNewYorkthereisnosuchinstitution。

InNewYorktherearestreetomnibusesaswehave——therearestreetcarssuchaslastyearwedeclinedtohave，andthereareveryexcellentpubliccarriages；butnoneofthesegiveyoutheaccommodationofacab，norcanallofthemcombineddoso。Theomnibuses，thoughcleanandexcellent，weretomeveryunintelligible。Theyhavenoconductortothem。Toknowtheirdifferentlinesandusagesamanshouldhavemadeascientificstudyofthecity。TothosegoingupanddownBroadwayIbecameaccustomed，butinthemIwasneverquiteatmyease。Themoneyhastobepaidthroughalittleholebehindthedriver\'sback，andshould，asIlearnedatlast，bepaidimmediatelyonentrance。ButingettinguptodothisIalwaysstumbledabout，anditwouldhappenthatwhenwithconsiderabledifficultyIhadsettledmyownaccount，twoorthreeladieswouldenter，andwouldhandme，withoutaword，somecoinswithwhichIhadnolife-longfamiliarity，inorderthatImightgothroughthesameceremonyontheiraccount。ThechangeIwouldusuallydropintothestraw，andthentherewouldarisetroubleandunhappiness。BeforeIbecameawareofthatlawastoinstantpayment，bellsusedtoberungatme，whichmademeuneasy。IknewIwasnotbehavingasacitizenshouldbehave，butcouldnotcompasstheexactpointsofmydelinquency。Andthen，whenIdesiredtoescape，thedoorbeingstrappeduptight，Iwouldhalloovainlyatthedriverthroughthelittlehole；whereas，hadIknownmyduty，Ishouldhaverungabell，orpulledastrap，accordingtothenatureoftheomnibusinquestion。Inamonthortwoallthesethingsmaypossiblybelearned；butthevisitorrequireshisfacilitiesforlocomotionatthefirstmomentofhisentranceintothecity。IhearditassertedbyalecturerinBoston，Mr。WendellPhillips，whosenameisthereahouseholdword，thatcitizensoftheUnitedStatescarriedbrainsintheirfingersaswellasintheirheads；whereas“commonpeople，“bywhichMr。PhillipsintendedtodesignatetheremnantofmankindbeyondtheUnitedStates，wereblessedwithnosuchextendedcerebraldevelopment。HavingoncelearnedthisfactfromMr。Phillips，IunderstoodwhyitwasthataNewYorkomnibusshouldbesodisagreeabletome，andatthesametimesosuitabletothewantsoftheNewYorkers。

Andthentherearestreetcars——verylongomnibuses——whichrunonrailsbutaredraggedbyhorses。Theyarecapableofholdingfortypassengerseach，andasfarasmyexperiencegoescarryanaverageloadofsixty。Thefareoftheomnibusissixcents，orthreepence。Thatofthestreetcarfivecents，ortwopencehalfpenny。

Theyrunalongthedifferentavenues，takingthelengthofthecity。Intheupperornewpartofthetowntheircourseissimpleenough，butastheydescendtotheBowery，PeckSlip，andPearlStreet，nothingcanbeconceivedmoredifficultordeviousthantheircourses。TheBroadwayomnibus，ontheotherhand，isastraightforward，honestvehicleinthelowerpartofthetown，becoming，however，dangerousandmiscellaneouswhenitascendstoUnionSquareandthevicinitiesoffashionablelife。

Thestreetcarsaremannedwithconductors，and，therefore，arefreefrommanyoftheperilsoftheomnibus；buttheyhaveperilsoftheirown。Theyarealwaysquitefull。BythatImeanthateveryseatiscrowded，thatthereisadoublerowofmenandwomenstandingdownthecenter，andthatthedriver\'splatforminfrontisfull，andalsotheconductor\'splatformbehind。ThatisthenormalconditionofastreetcarintheThirdAvenue。You，asastrangerinthemiddleofthecar，wishtobeputdownat，letussay，89thStreet。InthemapofNewYorknowbeforeme，thecrossstreetsrunningfromeasttowestarenumberedupnorthwardasfaras154thStreet。Itisquiteuselessforyoutogivethenumberasyouenter。EvenanAmericanconductor，withbrainsalloverhim，andananxiousdesiretoaccommodate，asisthecasewithallthesemen，cannotremember。Youareleftthereforeinmiserytocalculatethenumberofthestreetasyoumovealong，vainlyendeavoringthroughthemistyglasstodecipherthesmallnumberswhichafteradayortwoyouperceivetobewrittenonthelampposts。

ButIsoongaveupallattemptsatkeepingaseatinoneofthesecars。Itbecamemypracticetositdownontheoutsideironrailbehind，andastheconductorgenerallysatinmylapIwasinameasureprotected。AsfortheinsideofthesevehiclesthewomenofNewYorkwere，Imustconfess，toomuchforme。Iwouldnosoonerplacemyselfonaseat，thanIwouldbecalledonbyamute，unexpressive，butstillimpressivestareintomyface，tosurrendermyplace。FromcowardiceifnotfromgallantryIwouldalwaysobey；andasthisledtodiscomfortandanirritatedspirit，I

preferrednursingtheconductoronthehardbarintherear。

AndhereifIseemtosayawordagainstwomeninAmerica，IbegthatitmaybeunderstoodthatIsaythatwordonlyagainstacertainclass；andevenastothatclassIadmitthattheyarerespectable，intelligent，and，asIbelieve，industrious。Theirmanners，however，aretomemoreodiousthanthoseofanyotherhumanbeingsthatIevermetelsewhere。NorcanIgoonwiththatwhichIhavetosaywithoutcarryingmyapologyfurther，lest，perchance，IshouldbemisunderstoodbysomeAmericanwomenwhomI

wouldnotonlyexcludefrommycensure，butwouldincludeintheverywarmesteulogiumwhichwordsofminecouldexpressastothoseofthefemalesexwhomIloveandadmirethemost。Ihaveknown，doknow，andmeantocontinuetoknowasfarasinmemaylie，Americanladiesasbright，asbeautiful，asgraceful，assweet，asmortallimitsforbrightness，beauty，grace，andsweetnesswillpermit。Theybelongtothearistocracyoftheland，bywhatevermeanstheymayhavebecomearistocrats。InAmericaonedoesnotinquireastotheirbirth，theirtraining，ortheiroldnames。Thefactoftheiraristocraticpowercomesoutineverywordandlook。

Itisnotonlysowiththosewhohavetraveledorwiththosewhoarerich。Ihavefoundfemalearistocratswithfamiliesandslendermeans，whohaveasyetmadenograndtouracrosstheocean。

Thesewomenarecharmingbeyondexpression。Itisnotonlytheirbeauty。Hadhebeenspeakingofsuch，WendellPhillipswouldhavebeenrightinsayingthattheyhavebrainsalloverthem。Somuchforthosewhoarebrightandbeautiful，whoaregracefulandsweet！

Andnowawordastothosewhotomeareneitherbrightnorbeautiful，andwhocanbetononeeithergracefulorsweet。

Itisahardtask，thatofspeakingillofanywoman；butitseemstomethathewhotakesuponhimselftopraiseincursthedutyofdispraisingalsowheredispraiseis，ortohimseemstobe，deserved。Thetradeofanovelistisverymuchthatofdescribingthesoftness，sweetness，andlovingdispositionsofwomen；andthishedoes，copyingasbesthecanfromnature。Butifheonlysingsofthatwhichissweet，whereasthatwhichisnotsweettoofrequentlypresentsitself，hissongwillintheendbeuntrueandridiculous。Womenareentitledtomuchobservancefrommen，buttheyareentitledtonoobservancewhichisincompatiblewithtruth。Women，bytheconventionallawsofsociety，areallowedtoexactmuchfrommen，buttheyareallowedtoexactnothingforwhichtheyshouldnotmakesomeadequatereturn。Itiswellthatamanshouldkneelinspiritbeforethegraceandweaknessofawoman，butitisnotwellthatheshouldkneeleitherinspiritorbodyiftherebeneithergracenorweakness。Amanshouldyieldeverythingtoawomanforaword，forasmile——toonelookofentreaty。Butiftherebenolookofentreaty，noword，nosmile，Idonotseethatheiscalledupontoyieldmuch。

Thehappyprivilegeswithwhichwomenareatpresentblessedhavecometothemfromthespiritofchivalry。Thatspirithastaughtmantoendureinorderthatwomenmaybeattheirease；andhasgenerallytaughtwomentoaccepttheeasebestowedonthemwithgraceandthankfulness。ButinAmericathespiritofchivalryhassunkdeeperamongmenthanithasamongwomen。Itmustbeborneinmindthatinthatcountrymaterialwell-beingandeducationaremoreextendedthanwithus；andthat，therefore，mentherehavelearnedtobechivalrouswhowithushavehardlyprogressedsofar。

TheconductofmentowomenthroughouttheStatesisalwaysgracious。Theyhavelearnedthelesson。Butitseemstomethatthewomenhavenotadvancedasfarasthemenhavedone。Theyhaveacquiredasufficientperceptionoftheprivilegeswhichchivalrygivesthem，butnoperceptionofthatreturnwhichchivalrydemandsfromthem。WomenoftheclasstowhichIalludearealwaystalkingoftheirrights，butseemtohaveamostindifferentideaoftheirduties。Theyhavenoscrupleatdemandingfrommeneverythingthatamancanbecalledontorelinquishinawoman\'sbehalf，buttheydosowithoutanyofthatgracewhichturnsthedemandmadeintoafavorconferred。

IhaveseenmuchofthisinvariouscitiesofAmerica，butmuchmoreofitinNewYorkthanelsewhere。IhaveheardyoungAmericanscomplainofit，swearingthattheymustchangethewholetenoroftheirhabitstowardwomen。IhaveheardAmericanladiesspeakofitwithloathinganddisgust。Formyself，IhaveentertainedonsundryoccasionsthatsortoffeelingforanAmericanwomanwhichtheclosevicinityofanuncleananimalproduces。Ihavespokenofthiswithreferencetostreetcars，becauseinnopositionoflifedoesanunfortunatemanbecomemoreliabletotheseanti-feminineatrocitiesthaninthecenterofoneofthesevehicles。Thewoman，assheenters，dragsafterheramisshapen，dirtymassofbatteredwirework，whichshecallshercrinoline，andwhichaddsasmuchtohergraceandcomfortasalogofwooddoestoadonkeywhentiedtotheanimal\'sleginapaddock。Ofthisshetakesmuchheed，notmanagingitsothatitmaybeconveyedupthecarriagewithsomedecency，butstrikingitaboutagainstmen\'slegs，andheavingitwithviolenceoverpeople\'sknees。Thetouchofarealwoman\'sdressisinitselfdelicate；buttheseblowsfromaharpy\'sfinsareasloathsomeasasnake\'sslime。Iftherebetwoofthemtheytalkloudlytogether，havingatheorythatmodestyhasbeenputoutofcourtbywomen\'srights。But，thoughnotmodest，thewomanIdescribeisferociousinherpropriety。Sheignoresthewholeworldaroundherasshesits；witharaisedchinandfaceflattenedbyaffectation，shepretendstodeclarealoudthatsheispositivelynotawarethatanymanisevennearher。Shespeaksasthoughtoher，inherwomanhood，theneighborhoodofmenwasthesameasthatofdogsorcats。Theyarethere，butshedoesnothearthem，seethem，orevenacknowledgethembyanycourtesyofmotion。Butherownfacealwaysgivesherthelie。Inherassumptionofindifferenceshedisplayshernastyconsciousness，andineachattemptatawould-beproprietyisguiltyofanimmodesty。Whodoesnotknowthetimidretiringfaceoftheyounggirlwhowhenaloneamongmenunknowntoherfeelsthatitbecomeshertokeepherselfsecluded？Asmanymenastherearearoundher，somanyknightshassuchaone，readybuckleredforherservice，shouldoccasionrequiresuchservices。

Shoulditnot，shepassesonunmolested——butnot，assheherselfwillwronglythink，unheeded。ButastoherofwhomIamspeaking，wemaysaythateverytwistofherbodyandeverytoneofhervoiceisanunsuccessfulfalsehood。Shelookssquareatyouintheface，andyourisetogiveheryourseat。Yourisefromadeferencetoyourownoldconvictions，andfromthatcourtesywhichyouhaveeverpaidtoawoman\'sdress，letitbewornwitheversuchhideousdeformities。Shetakestheplacefromwhichyouhavemovedwithoutawordorabow。Shetwistsherselfround，bangingyourshinswithherwires，whileherchinisstillraised，andherfaceisstillflattened，andshedirectsherfriend\'sattentiontoanotherseatedman，asthoughthatplacewerealsovacant，andnecessarilyatherdisposure。Perhapsthemanoppositehashisownideasaboutchivalry。Ihaveseensuchathing，andhaverejoicedtoseeit。

Youwillmeetthesewomendaily，hourly，everywhereinthestreets。

Nowandagainyouwillfindtheminsociety，makingthemselvesevenmoreodioustherethanelsewhere。Whotheyare，whencetheycome，andwhytheyaresounlikethatotherraceofwomenofwhichIhavespoken，youwillsettleforyourself。Dowenotallsayofourchanceacquaintances，afterhalfanhour\'sconversation，nay，afterhalfanhourspentinthesameroomwithoutconversation，thatthiswomanisalady，andthatthatotherwomanisnot？Theyjostleeachotherevenamongus，butneverseemtomix。Theyarecloselyallied；butneitherimbuestheotherwithherattributes。Bothshallbeequallywellborn，orbothshallbeequallyillborn；butstillitisso。ThecontrastexistsinEngland；butinAmericaitismuchstronger。InEnglandwomenbecomeladylikeorvulgar。IntheStatestheyareeithercharmingorodious。

SeethatfemalewalkingdownBroadway。SheisnotexactlysuchaoneasherIhaveattemptedtodescribeonherentranceintothestreetcar；forthisladyiswelldressed，iffineclotheswillmakewelldressing。Themachineryofherhoopsisnotbattered，andaltogethersheisapersonagemuchmoredistinguishedinallherexpenditures。Butyetsheisacopyoftheotherwoman。Lookatthetrainwhichshedragsbehindheroverthedirtypavement，wheredogshavebeen，andchewersoftobacco，andeverythingconcernedwithfilthexceptascavenger。Ateveryhundredyardssomeunhappymantreadsuponthesilkenswabwhichshetrailsbehindher——looseningitdreadfullyatthegirthonewouldsay；andthenseethestyleoffaceandtheexpressionoffeatureswithwhichsheacceptsthesinner\'shalfmutteredapology。Theworld，shesupposes，oweshereverythingbecauseofhersilkentrain，evenroomenoughinacrowdedthoroughfaretodragitalongunmolested。

But，accordingtohertheory，sheowestheworldnothinginreturn。

Sheisawomanwithperhapsahundreddollarsonherback，andhavingdonetheworldthehonorofwearingthemintheworld\'spresence，expectstoberepaidbytheworld\'shomageandchivalry。

Butchivalryoweshernothing——nothing，thoughshewalkaboutbeneathahundredtimesahundreddollars——nothing，eventhoughshebeawoman。Leteverywomanlearnthis，thatchivalryoweshernothingunlessshealsoacknowledgesherdebttochivalry。Shemustacknowledgeitandpayit；andthenchivalrywillnotbebackwardinmakinggoodherclaimsuponit。

Allthishascomeofthestreetcars。ButasitwasnecessarythatIshouldsayitsomewhere，itisaswellsaidonthatsubjectasonanyother。Andnowtocontinuewiththestreetcars。Theyrun，asIhavesaid，thelengthofthetown，takingparallellines。TheywilltakeyoufromtheAstorHouse，nearthebottomofthetown，formilesandmilesnorthward——halfwayuptheHudsonRiver——for，I

believe，fivepence。Theyareveryslow，averagingaboutfivemilesanhour；buttheyareverysure。Forregularinhabitants，whohavetotravelfiveorsixmilesperhapstotheirdailywork，theyareexcellent。Ihavenothingreallytosayagainstthestreetcars。Buttheydonotfilltheplaceofcabs。

Thereare，however，publiccarriages——roomyvehicles，draggedbytwohorses，cleanandnice，andverywellsuitedtoladiesvisitingthecity。Buttheyhavenoneoftheattributesofthecab。Asarule，theyarenottobefoundstandingabout。Theyareveryslow。

Theyareverydear。Adollaranhouristheregularcharge；butonecannotregulateone\'smotionbythehour。Goingouttodinnerandbackcoststwodollars，overadistancewhichinLondonwouldcosttwoshillings。Asarule，thecostisfourtimesthatofacab，andtherapidityhalfthatofacab。Underthesecircumstances，IthinkIamjustifiedinsayingthatthereisnomodeofgettingaboutinNewYorktoseeanything。

AndnowastotheotherchargeagainstNewYork，oftherebeingnothingtosee。Howshouldtherebeanythingtheretoseeofgeneralinterest？Inotherlargecities——citiesaslargeinnameasNewYork——thereareworksofart，finebuildings，ruins，ancientchurches，picturesquecostumes，andthetombsofcelebratedmen。

ButinNewYorktherearenoneofthesethings。Arthasnotyetgrownupthere。OneortwofinefiguresbyCrawfordareinthetown，especiallythatoftheSorrowingIndian，attheroomsoftheHistoricalSociety；butartisaluxuryinacitywhichfollowsbutslowlyontheheelsofwealthandcivilization。Offinebuildings——

which，indeed，arecomprisedinart——therearenonedeservingspecialpraiseorremark。ItmightwellhavebeenthatNewYorkshoulderethishavegracedherselfwithsomethinggrandinarchitecture；butshehasnotdoneso。Somegoodarchitecturaleffectthereis，andmucharchitecturalcomfort。Ofruins，ofcourse，therecanbenone——none，atleast，ofsuchruinsastravelersadmire，thoughperhapssomeofthatsortwhichdisgracesratherthandecorates。Churchesthereareplenty，butnonethatareancient。Thecostumeisthesameasourown；andIneedhardlysaythatitisnotpicturesque。Andthetimeforthetombsofcelebratedmenhasnotyetcome。Agreatman\'sashesarehardlyofvaluetilltheyhaveallbutceasedtoexist。

ThevisitortoNewYorkmustseekhisgratificationandobtainhisinstructionfromthehabitsandmannersofmen。TheAmerican，thoughhedresseslikeanEnglishman，andeatsroastbeefwithasilverfork——orsometimeswithasteelknife——asdoesanEnglishman，isnotlikeanEnglishmaninhismind，inhisaspirations，inhistastes，orinhispolitics。Inhismindheisquicker，moreuniversallyintelligent，moreambitiousofgeneralknowledge，lessindulgentofstupidityandignoranceinothers，harder，sharper，brighterwiththesurfacebrightnessofsteel，thanisanEnglishman；butheismorebrittle，lessenduring，lessmalleable，and，Ithink，lesscapableofimpressions。ThemindoftheEnglishmanhasmoreimagination，butthatoftheAmericanmoreincision。TheAmericanisagreatobserver；butheobservesthingsmaterialratherthanthingssocialorpicturesque。Heisaconstantandreadyspeculator；butallspeculations，eventhosewhichcomeofphilosophy，arewithhimmoreorlessmaterial。InhisaspirationstheAmericanismoreconstantthananEnglishman——

orIshouldrathersayheismoreconstantinaspiring。EverycitizenoftheUnitedStatesintendstodosomething。Everyonethinkshimselfcapableofsomeeffort。ButinhisaspirationsheismorelimitedthananEnglishman。TheambitiousAmericanneversoarssohighastheambitiousEnglishman。Hedoesnotevenseeuptosogreataheight，and，whenhehasraisedhimselfsomewhatabovethecrowd，becomessoonerdizzywithhisownaltitude。AnAmericanofmark，thoughalwaysanxioustoshowhismark，isalwaysfearfulofafall。InhistastestheAmericanimitatestheFrenchman。Whoshalldaretosaythatheiswrong，seeingthatingeneralmattersofdesignandluxurytheFrenchhavewonforthemselvestheforemostname？IwillnotsaythattheAmericaniswrong，butIcannotavoidthinkingthatheisso。IdetestwhatiscalledFrenchtaste；buttheworldisagainstme。WhenI

complainedtoalandlordofahoteloutintheWestthathisfurniturewasuseless；thatIcouldnotwriteatamarbletablewhoseoutsiderimwascurvedintofantasticshapes；thatagoldclockinmybed-roomwhichdidnotgowouldgivemenoaidinwashingmyself；thataheavy，immovablecurtainshutoutthelight；

andthatpapier-machechairswithsmall，fluffyvelvetseatswerebadtositon，heansweredmecompletelybytellingmethathishousehadbeenfurnishednotinaccordancewiththetasteofEngland，butwiththatofFrance。Iacknowledgedtherebuke，gaveupmypursuitsofliteratureandcleanliness，andhurriedoutofthehouseasquicklyasIcould。AllAmericaisnowfurnishingitselfbytheruleswhichguidedthathotel-keeper。Idonotmerelyalludetoactualhouseholdfurniture——tochairs，tables，anddetestablegiltclocks。ThetasteofAmericaisbecomingFrenchinitsconversation，FrenchinitscomfortsandFrenchinitsdiscomforts，FrenchinitseatingandFrenchinitsdress，Frenchinitsmanners，andwillbecomeFrenchinitsart。TherearethosewhowillsaythatEnglishtasteistakingthesamedirection。Idonotthinkso。Istronglyhopethatitisnotso。AndthereforeI

saythatanEnglishmanandanAmericandifferintheirtastes。

ButofalldifferencesbetweenanEnglishmanandanAmerican，thatinpoliticsisthestrongestandthemostessential。Icannothere，inoneparagraph，definethatdifferencewithsufficientclearnesstomakemydefinitionsatisfactory；butItrustthatsomeideaofthatdifferencemaybeconveyedbythegeneraltenorofmybook。TheAmericanandtheEnglishmanarebothrepublicans。ThegovernmentsoftheStatesandofEnglandareprobablythetwopurestrepublicangovernmentsintheworld。Idonot，ofcourse，heremeantosaythatthegovernmentsaremorepurethanothers，butthatthesystemsaremoreabsolutelyrepublican。AndyetnomencanbemuchfartherasunderinpoliticsthantheEnglishmanandtheAmerican。TheAmericanofthepresentdayputsaballot-boxintothehandsofeverycitizen，andtakeshisstanduponthatandthatonly。ItisthedutyofanAmericancitizentovote；andwhenhehasvoted，heneedtroublehimselfnofurthertillthetimeforvotingshallcomeroundagain。Thecandidateforwhomhehasvotedrepresentshiswill，ifhehavevotedwiththemajority；andinthatcasehehasnorighttolookforfurtherinfluence。Ifhehavevotedwiththeminority，hehasnorighttolookforanyinfluenceatall。Ineithercasehehasdonehispoliticalwork，andmaygoabouthisbusinesstillthenextyear，orthenexttwoorfouryears，shallhavecomeround。TheEnglishman，ontheotherhand，willhavenoballot-box，andisbynomeansinclinedtodependexclusivelyuponvotersoruponvoting。Asfarasvotingcanshowit，hedesirestogetthesenseofthecountry；buthedoesnotthinkthatthatsensewillbeshownbyuniversalsuffrage。

Hethinksthatpropertyamountingtoathousandpoundswillshowmoreofthatsensethanpropertyamountingtoahundred；buthewillnot，onthataccount，gotoworkandapportionvotestowealth。Hethinksthattheeducatedcanshowmoreofthatsensethantheuneducated；buthedoesnotthereforelaydownanyruleaboutreading，writing，andarithmetic，orapportionvotestolearning。Heprefersthatalltheseopinionsofhisshallbringthemselvesoutandoperatebytheirownintrinsicweight。Nordoesheatallconfinehimselftovoting，inhisanxietytogetthesenseofthecountry。Hetakesitinanywaythatitwillshowitself，usesitforwhatitisworth，orperhapsfarmorethanitisworth，andweldsitintothatgiganticleverbywhichthepoliticalactionofthecountryismoved。EverymaninGreatBritain，whetherhepossessesanyactualvoteorno，candothatwhichistantamounttovotingeverydayofhislifebythemereexpressionofhisopinion。PublicopinioninAmericahashithertobeennothing，unlessithasmanagedtoexpressitselfbyamajorityofballot-boxes。PublicopinioninEnglandiseverything，letvotesgoastheymay。Letthepeoplewantameasure，andthereisnodoubtoftheirobtainingit。Onlythepeoplemustwantit——astheydidwantCatholicemancipation，reform，andcorn-lawrepeal，andastheywouldwantwarifitwerebroughthometothemthattheircountrywasinsulted。

Inattemptingtodescribethisdifferenceinthepoliticalactionofthetwocountries，IamveryfarfromtakingallpraiseforEnglandorthrowinganyreproachontheStates。ThepoliticalactionoftheStatesisundoubtedlythemorelogicalandtheclearer。That，indeed，ofEnglandissoillogicalandsolittleclearthatitwouldbequiteimpossibleforanyothernationtoassumeit，merelybyresolvingtodoso。WhereasthepoliticalactionoftheStatesmightbeassumedbyanynationto-morrow，andallitsstrengthmightbecarriedacrossthewaterinafewwrittenrulesasaretheprescriptionsofaphysicianortheregulationsofaninfirmary。Withusthethinghasgrownofhabit，hasbeenfosteredbytradition，hascreptupuncaredfor，andinsomepartsunnoticed。Itcanbewritteninnobook，canbedescribedinnowords，canbecopiedbynostatesmen，andIalmostbelievecanbeunderstoodbynopeoplebutthattowhosepeculiarusesithasbeenadapted。

InspeakingasIhaveheredoneofAmericantasteandAmericanpolitics，ImustalludetoaspecialclassofAmericanswhoaretobemetmoregenerallyinNewYorkthanelsewhere——menwhoareeducated，whohavegenerallytraveled，whoarealmostalwaysagreeable，butwho，asregardstheirpolitics，aretomethemostobjectionableofallmen。Asregardstastetheyareobjectionabletomealso。Butthatisasmallthing；andastheyarequiteaslikelytoberightasIam，Iwillsaynothingagainsttheirtaste。

Butinpoliticsitseemstomethatthesemenhavefallenintothebitterestandperhapsintothebasestoferrors。Ofthemanwhobeginshislifewithmeanpoliticalideas，havingsuckedtheminwithhismother\'smilk，theremaybesomehope。Theevilisatanyratethefaultofhisforefathersratherthanofhimself。Butwhocanhavehopeofhimwho，havingbeenthrownbybirthandfortuneintotherunningriveroffreepoliticalactivity，hasallowedhimselftobedriftedintothestagnantlevelofgeneralpoliticalservility？ThereareverymanysuchAmericans。Theycallthemselvesrepublicans，andsneerattheideaofalimitedmonarchy，buttheydeclarethatthereisnorepublicsosafe，soequalforallmen，sopurelydemocraticasthatnowexistinginFrance。UndertheFrenchEmpireallmenareequal。Thereisnoaristocracy；nooligarchy；noovershadowingofthelittlebythegreat。Onesuperiorisadmitted——admittedonearth，asasuperiorisalsoadmittedinheaven。Underhimeverythingislevel，and，providedhebenotimpeded，everythingisfree。Heknowshowtorule，andthenation，allowinghimtheprivilegeofdoingso，cangoalongitscoursesafely；caneat，drink，andbemerry。Iffewmencanrisehigh，soalsocanfewmenfalllow。Politicalequalityistheonethingdesirableinacommonwealth，andbythisarrangementpoliticalequalityisobtained。SuchisthemoderncreedofmanyaneducatedrepublicanoftheStates。

Tomeitseemsthatsuchapoliticalstateisaboutthevilesttowhichamancandescend。Itamountstoatacitabandonmentofthestrugglewhichmenaremakingforpoliticaltruthandpoliticalbeneficence，inorderthatbreadandmeatmaybeeateninpeaceduringthescoreofyearsorsothatareatthemomentpassingoverus。Thepoliticiansofthisclasshavedecidedforthemselvesthatthesummumbonumistobefoundinbreadandthecircusgames。Iftheybefreetoeat，freetorest，freetosleep，freetodrinklittlecupsofcoffee，whiletheworldpassesbeforethem，onaboulevard，theyhavethatfreedomwhichtheycovet。Butequalityisnecessaryaswellasfreedom。Theremustbenotoweringtreesinthisparterretoovershadowtheclippedshrubs，anddestroytheuniformityofagrowthwhichshouldnevermountmorethantwofeetabovetheearth。Theequalityofthispoliticianwouldforbidanytoriseabovehiminsteadofinvitingalltoriseuptohim。Itistheequalityoffearandofselfishness，andnottheequalityofcourageandphilanthropy。Andbrotherhood，too，mustbeinvoked——

fraternityaswemaybettercallitinthejargonoftheschool。

Suchpoliticianstellonemuchoffraternity，anddefineittoo。

Itconsistsinageneralraisingofthehattoallmankind；inadailywalkthatneverhurriesitselfintoajostlingtrot，inconvenienttopassengersonthepavement；inaplacidvoice，asoftsmile，andasmallcupofcoffeeonaboulevard。Itmeansallthis，butIcouldneverfindthatitmeantanymore。Thereisanationforwhichoneisalmostdriventothinkthatsuchpoliticalaspirationsasthesearesuitable；butthatnationiscertainlynottheStatesofAmerica。

AndyetonefindsmanyAmericangentlemenwhohaveallowedthemselvestobedriftedintosuchatheory。Theyhavebeguntheworldasrepublicancitizens，andassuchtheymustgoon。Butintheirtravelsandtheirstudies，andintheluxuryoftheirlife，theyhavelearnedtodisliketherowdinessoftheircountry\'spolitics。Theywantthingstobesoftandeasy；asrepublicanasyouplease，butwithaslittlenoiseaspossible。ThePresidentisthereforfouryears。Whynotelecthimforeight，fortwelve，orforlife？——foreternityifitwerepossibletofindonewhocouldcontinuetolive？ItistothiswayofthinkingthatAmericansaredriven，whenthepolishofEuropehasmadetheroughnessoftheirownelectionsodioustothem。

“Haveyouseenanyofourgreatinstitootions，sir？“ThatofcourseisaquestionwhichisputtoeveryEnglishmanwhohasvisitedNewYork，andtheEnglishmanwhointendstosaythathehasseenNewYork，shouldvisitmanyofthem。Iwenttoschools，hospitals，lunaticasylums，institutesfordeafanddumb，water-

works，historicalsocieties，telegraphoffices，andlargecommercialestablishments。IratherthinkthatIdidmyworkinathoroughandconscientiousmanner，andIowemuchgratitudetothosewhoguidedmeonsuchoccasions。PerhapsIoughttodescribealltheseinstitutions；butwereItodoso，IfearthatIshouldinflictfiftyorsixtyverydullpagesonmyreaders。IfIcouldmakeallthatIsawasclearandintelligibletoothersasitwasmadetomewhosawit，Imightdosomegood。ButIknowthatI

shouldfail。Imarveledmuchatthedevelopedintelligenceofaroomfullofdeafanddumbpupils，andwasgreatlyastonishedattheperformanceofonespecialgirl，whoseemedtobebrighterandquicker，andmorerapidlyeasywithherpenthangirlsgenerallyarewhocanhearandtalk；butIcannotconveymyenthusiasmtoothers。Onsuchasubjectawritermaybecorrect，maybeexhaustive，maybestatisticallygreat；buthecanhardlybeentertaining，andthechancesarethathewillnotbeinstructive。

Inallsuchmatters，however，NewYorkispre-eminentlygreat。AllthroughtheStatessufferinghumanityreceivessomuchattentionthathumanitycanhardlybesaidtosuffer。Thedailyrecurringboastof“ourgloriousinstitootions，sir，“alwaysprovokestheridiculeofanEnglishman。Thewordshavebecomeridiculous，anditwould，Ithink，bewellforthenationiftheterm“Institution“

couldbeexcludedfromitsvocabulary。But，intruth，theyareglorious。Thecountryinthisrespectboasts，butithasdonethatwhichjustifiesaboast。ThearrangementsforsupplyingNewYorkwithwateraremagnificent。Thedrainageofthenewpartofthecityisexcellent。Thehospitalsarealmostalluring。ThelunaticasylumwhichIsawwasperfect——thoughIdidnotfeelobligedtotheresidentphysicianforintroducingmetoalltheworstpatientsascountrymenofmyown。“AnEnglishlady，Mr。Trollope。I\'llintroduceyou。Quiteahopelesscase。Twooldwomen。They\'vebeenherefiftyyears。They\'reEnglish。AnothergentlemanfromEngland，Mr。Trollope。Averyinterestingcase！Confirmedinebriety。“

Andastotheschools，itisalmostimpossibletomentionthemwithtoohighapraise。IamspeakingherespeciallyofNewYork，thoughImightsaythesameofBoston，orofallNewEngland。IdonotknowanycontrastthatwouldbemoresurprisingtoanEnglishman，uptothatmomentignorantofthematter，thanthatwhichhewouldfindbyvisitingfirstofallafreeschoolinLondon，andthenafreeschoolinNewYork。Ifhewouldalsolearnthenumberofchildrenthatareeducatedgratuitouslyineachofthetwocities，andalsothenumberineachwhichaltogetherlackeducation，hewould，ifsusceptibleofstatistics，besurprisedalsoatthat。Butseeingandhearingarealwaysmoreeffectivethanmerefigures。ThefemalepupilatafreeschoolinLondonis，asarule，eitheraraggedpauperoracharitygirl，ifnotdegraded，atleaststigmatizedbythebadgesanddressofthecharity。WeEnglishmenknowwellthetypeofeach，andhaveafairlycorrectideaoftheamountofeducationwhichisimpartedtothem。Weseetheresultafterwardwhenthesamegirlsbecomeourservants，andthewivesofourgroomsandporters。ThefemalepupilatafreeschoolinNewYorkisneitherapaupernoracharitygirl。Sheisdressedwiththeutmostdecency。Sheisperfectlycleanly。Inspeakingtoher，youcannotinanydegreeguesswhetherherfatherhasadollaraday，orthreethousanddollarsayear。Norwillyoubeenabledtoguessbythemannerinwhichherassociatestreather。Asregardsherownmannertoyou，itisalwaysthesameasthoughherfatherwereinallrespectsyourequal。Astotheamountofherknowledge，Ifairlyconfessthatitisterrific。WheninthefirstroomwhichIvisited，aslight，slimcreaturewashadupbeforemetoexplaintomethepropertiesofthehypothenuse，Ifairlyconfessthat，asregardseducation，Ibackeddown，andthatIresolvedtoconfinemycriticismstomanner，dress，andgeneralbehavior。InthenextroomIwasmoreatmyease，findingthatancientRomanhistorywasonthetapis。“WhydidtheRomansrunawaywiththeSabinewomenaskedthemistress，herselfayoungwomanofaboutthreeandtwenty。“Becausetheywerepretty，“simperedoutalittlegirlwithacherrymouth。Theanswerdidnotgivecompletesatisfaction，andthenfollowedasomewhatabstruseexplanationonthesubjectofpopulation。Itwasalldonewithgoodfaithandaseriousintent，andshowedwhatitwasintendedtoshow——thatthegirlsthereeducatedhadintruthreachedtheconsiderationofimportantsubjects，andthattheywereleaguesbeyondthatterriblerepetitionofABC，towhich，Ifear，thatmostofourfreemetropolitanschoolsarestillnecessarilyconfined。YouandI，reader，werewecalledontosuperintendtheeducationofgirlsofsixteen，mightnotselect，asfavoritepointseitherthehypothenuseortheancientmethodsofpopulatingyoungcolonies。

Theremaybe，andtousontheEuropeansideoftheAtlantictherewillbe，acertainamountofabsurdityintheTransatlanticideathatallknowledgeisknowledge，andthatitshouldbeimpartedifitbenotknowledgeofevil。Butastothegeneralresult，nofair-mindedmanorwomancanhaveadoubt。Thattheladsandgirlsintheseschoolsareexcellentlyeducated，comeshomeasafacttothemindofanyonewhowilllookintothesubject。Thatgirlcouldnothavegotasfairatthehypothenusewithoutacompetentandabidingknowledgeofmuchthatisveryfarbeyondtheoutsidelimitsofwhatsuchgirlsknowwithus。ItwasatleastmanifestintheotherexaminationthatthegirlsknewaswellasIdidwhoweretheRomans，andwhoweretheSabinewomen。Thatallthisisofuse，wasshownintheverygesturesandbearingsofthegirl。

Emollitmores，asColonelNewcombeusedtosay。ThatyoungwomanwhomIhadwatchedwhileshecookedherhusband\'sdinneruponthebanksoftheMississippihaddoubtlesslearnedallabouttheSabinewomen，andIfeelassuredthatshecookedherhusband\'sdinnerallthebetterforthatknowledge——andfacedthehardshipsoftheworldwithabetterfrontthanshewouldhavedonehadshebeenignorantonthesubject。

InordertomakeacomparisonbetweentheschoolsofLondonandthoseofNewYork，Ihavecalledthembothfreeschools。Theyare，infact，morefreeinNewYorkthantheyareinLondon；becauseinNewYorkeveryboyandgirl，lethisparentagebewhatitmay，canattendtheseschoolswithoutanypayment。ThusaneducationasgoodastheAmericanmindcancompass，preparedwitheverycare，carriedonbyhighly-paidtutors，underamplesurveillance，providedwithallthatismostexcellentinthewayofrooms，desks，books，charts，maps，andimplements，isbroughtactuallywithinthereachofeverybody。IneednotpointouttoEnglishmenhowdifferentisthenatureofschoolsinLondon。Itmustnot，however，besupposedthatthesearecharityschools。Suchisnottheirnature。Letussaywhatwemayastothebeautyofcharityasavirtue，therecipientofcharityinitscustomarysenseamongusisevermoreorlessdegradedbytheposition。IntheStatesthathasbeenfullyunderstood，andtheschoolstowhichIalludearecarefullypreservedfromanysuchtaint。ThroughouttheStatesaseparatetaxisleviedforthemaintenanceoftheseschools，andasthetaxpayersupportsthem，heis，ofcourse，entitledtotheadvantagewhichtheyconfer。Thechildofthenon-taxpayerisalsoentitled，andtohimtheboon，ifstrictlyanalyzed，willcomeintheshapeofacharity。Butunderthesystemasitisarranged，thisisnotanalyzed。Itisunderstoodthattheschoolisopentoallinthewardtowhichitbelongs，andnoinquiryismadewhetherthepupil\'sparenthasorhasnotpaidanythingtowardtheschool\'ssupport。Ifoundthistheorycarriedoutsofarthatatthedeafanddumbschool，wheresomeofthepoorerchildrenarewhollyprovidedbytheinstitution，careistakentoclothethemindressesofdifferentcolorsanddifferentmake，inorderthatnothingmayattachtothemwhichhastheappearanceofabadge。

Politicaleconomistswillseesomethingofevilinthis。Butphilanthropistswillseeverymuchthatisgood。

ItisnotwithoutapurposethatIhavegiventhissomewhatglowingaccountofagirls\'schoolinNewYorksosoonaftermylittlepictureofNewYorkwomen，astheybehavethemselvesinthestreetsandstreetcars。Itwill，ofcourse，besaidthatthosewomenofwhomIhavespoken，bynomeansintermsofadmiration，aretheverygirlswhoseeducationhasbeensoexcellent。Thisofcourseisso；butIbegtoremarkthatIhavebynomeanssaidthatanexcellentschooleducationwillproduceallfemaleexcellencies。

Thefact，Itakeit，isthis:thatseeinghowhighinthescalethesegirlshavebeenraised，oneisanxiousthattheyshouldberaisedhigher。Oneissurprisedattheirpertvulgarityandhideousairs，notbecausetheyaresolowinourgeneralestimation，butbecausetheyaresohigh。WomenofthesameclassinLondonarehumbleenough，andthereforerarelyoffenduswhoaresqueamish。Theyshowbytheirgesturesthattheyhardlythinkthemselvesgoodenoughtositbyus；theyapologizefortheirpresence；theyconceiveittobetheirdutytobelowlyintheirgesture。Thequestioniswhichisbest，thecrouchingandcrawling，ortheimpudent，unattractiveself-composure。Not，myreader，whichactiononherpartmaythebetterconducetomycomfortortoyours。Thatisbynomeansthequestion。Whichisthebetterforthewomanherself？That，Itakeit，isthepointtobedecided。Thatthereissomethingbetterthaneither，weshallallagree——buttomythinkingthecrouchingandcrawlingisthelowesttypeofall。

AtthatschoolIsawsomefiveorsixhundredgirlscollectedinoneroom，andheardthemsing。Thesingingwasverypretty，anditwasallverynice；butIownthatIwasratherstartled，andtotellthetruthsomewhatabashed，whenIwasinvitedto“sayafewwordstothem。“Noideaofsuchasuggestionhaddawneduponme，andIfeltmyselfquiteataloss。Tobecalledupbeforefivehundredmenisbadenough，buthowmuchworsebeforethatnumberofgirls！WhatcouldIsaybutthattheywereallverypretty？AsfarasIcanremember，Ididsaythatandnothingelse。Veryprettytheywere，andneatlydressed，andattractive；butamongthemalltherewasnotapairofrosycheeks。Howshouldtherebe，wheneveryroominthebuildingwasheateduptotheconditionofanovenbythosedamnablehot-airpipes。

InEnglandatasteforverylargeshopshascomeupduringthelasttwentyyears。Afirmisnotdoingagoodbusiness，oratanyrateadistinguishedbusiness，unlesshecanassertinhistradecardthatheoccupiesatleasthalfadozenhouses——Nos。105，106，107，108，109and110。Theoldwayofpayingforwhatyouwantoverthecounterisgone；andwhenyoubuyayardoftapeoranewcarriage——

foreitherofwhicharticlesyouwillprobablyvisitthesameestablishment——yougothroughaboutthesameamountofceremonyaswhenyousellathousandpoundsoutofthestocksinpropriapersona。ButallthisisstillfurtherexaggeratedinNewYork。

Mr。Stewart\'sstorethereisperhapsthehandsomestinstitutioninthecity，andhishallofaudiencefornewcarpetsisamagnificentsaloon。“YouhavenothinglikethatinEngland，“myfriendsaidtomeashewalkedmethroughitintriumph。“Iwishwehadnothingapproachingtoit，“Ianswered。ForIconfesstoalikingfortheold-fashionedprivateshops。Harper\'sestablishmentforthemanufactureandsaleofbooksisalsoverywonderful。Everythingisdoneonthepremises，downtotheverycoloringofthepaperwhichlinesthecovers，andplacesthegildingontheirbacks。Thefirmprints，engraves，electroplates，sews，binds，publishes，andsellswholesaleandretail。Ihavenodoubtthattheauthorshaveroomsintheatticswheretheotherslightinitiatorystepistakentowardtheproductionofliterature。

NewYorkisbuiltuponanisland，whichisIbelieveabouttenmileslong，countingfromthesouthernpointattheBatteryuptoCarmansville，towhichplacethecityispresumedtoextendnorthward。ThisislandiscalledManhattan，anamewhichIhavealwaysthoughtwouldhavebeenmoregracefulforthecitythanthatofNewYork。ItisformedbytheSoundorEastRiver，whichdividesthecontinentfromLongIslandbytheHudsonRiver，whichrunsintotheSound，orratherjoinsitatthecityfoot，andbyasmallstreamcalledtheHarlemRiver，whichrunsoutoftheHudsonandmeandersawayintotheSoundatthenorthofthecity，thuscuttingthecityofffromthemain-land。Thebreadthoftheislanddoesnotmuchexceedtwomiles，andthereforethecityislong，andnotcapableofextensioninpointofbreadth。InitsolddaysitclustereditselfroundaboutthePoint，andstretcheditselfupfromtherealongthequaysofthetwowaters。Thestreetsdowninthispartofthetownaredeviousenough，twistingthemselvesaboutwithdelightfulirregularity；butasthecitygrewtherecamethetasteforparallelograms，andtheupperstreetsarerectangularandnumbered。Broadway，thestreetofNewYorkwithwhichtheworldisgenerallybestacquainted，beginsatthesouthernpointofthetownandgoesnorthwardthroughit。Forsometwomilesandahalfitwalksawayinastraightline，andthenitturnstothelefttowardtheHudson。FromthattimeBroadwayneveragaintakesastraightcourse，butcrossesthevariousavenuesinanobliquedirectiontillitbecomestheBloomingdaleRoad，andunderthatnametakesitselfoutoftown。Thereareelevenso-calledavenues，whichdescendinabsolutelystraightlinesfromthenorthern，andatpresentunsettled，extremityofthenewtown，makingtheirwaysouthwardtilltheylosethemselvesamongtheoldstreets。ThesearecalledFirstAvenue，SecondAvenue，andsoon。ThetownhadalreadyprogressedtwomilesupnorthwardfromtheBatterybeforeithadcaughttheparallelogramicfeverfromPhiladelphia，forataboutthatdistancewefind“FirstStreet“。FirstStreetrunsacrosstheavenuesfromwatertowater，andthenSecondStreet。I

willnotnamethemall，seeingthattheygoupto154thStreet！

TheydosoatleastonthemapandIbelieveonthelamp-posts。

Butthehousesarenotyetbuiltinorderbeyond50thor60thStreet。Theotherhundredstreets，eachoftwomileslong，withtheavenues，whicharemostlyunoccupiedforfourorfivemiles，isthegroundoverwhichtheyoungNewYorkersaretospreadthemselves。Idonotintheleastdoubtthattheywilloccupyitall，andthat154thStreetwillfinditselftoonarrowaboundaryforthepopulation。

IhavesaidthattherewassomegoodarchitecturaleffectinNewYork，andIalludedchieflytothatoftheFifthAvenue。TheFifthAvenueistheBelgraveSquare，theParkLane，andthePallMallofNewYork。Itiscertainlyaveryfinestreet。Thehousesinitaremagnificent——nothavingthataristocraticlookwhichsomeofourdetachedLondonresidencesenjoy，orthepalatialappearanceofanold-fashionedhotelinParis，butanairofcomfortableluxuryandcommercialwealthwhichisnotexcelledbythebesthousesofanyothertownthatIknow。Theyarehouses，nothotelsorpalaces；buttheyareveryroomyhouses，witheveryluxurythatcompletefinishcangivethem。Manyofthemcoverlargespacesoftheground，andtheirrentwillsometimesgoupashighas800

poundsand1000poundsayear。Generallythebestofthesehousesareownedbythosewholiveinthem，andrentisnot，therefore，paid。Butthisisnotalwaysthecase，andthesumsnamedabovemaybetakenasexpressingtheirvalue。InEnglandamanshouldhaveaverylargeincomeindeedwhocouldaffordtopay1000poundsayearforhishouseinLondon。Suchaonewouldasamatterofcoursehaveanestablishmentinthecountry，andbeanearl，oraduke，oramillionaire。ButitisdifferentinNewYork。Theresidentthereshowshiswealthchieflybyhishouse；andthoughhemayprobablyhaveavillaatNewportoraboxsomewhereuptheHudson，hehasnosecondestablishment。Suchahouse，therefore，willnotrepresentatotalexpenditureofabove4000poundsayear。

TherearechurchesoneachsideofFifthAvenue——perhapsfiveorsixwithinsightatonetime——whichaddmuchtothebeautyofthestreet。Theyarewellbuilt，andinfairlygoodtaste。These，addedtothegeneralwell-beingandsplendidcomfortoftheplace，giveitaneffectbetterthanthearchitectureoftheindividualhouseswouldseemtowarrant。IownthatIhaveenjoyedthevistaasIhavewalkedupanddownFifthAvenue，andhavefeltthatthecityhadarighttobeproudofitswealth。Butthegreatnessandbeautyandgloryofwealthhaveonsuchoccasionsbeenallinallwithme。Iknownogreatman，nocelebratedstatesman，nophilanthropistofpeculiarnotewhohaslivedinFifthAvenue。

Thatgentlemanontherightmadeamillionofdollarsbyinventingashirtcollar；thisoneontheleftelectrifiedtheworldbyalotion；astothegentlemanatthecornerthere，therearerumorsabouthimandtheCubanslavetradebutmyinformantbynomeansknowsthattheyaretrue。SucharethearistocracyofFifthAvenue，Icanonlysaythat，ifIcouldmakeamilliondollarsbyalotion，Ishouldcertainlyberighttoliveinsuchahouseasoneofthose。

ThesuburbsofNewYorkare，bythenatureofthelocalities，dividedfromthecitybywater。JerseyCityandHobokenareontheothersideoftheHudson，andinanotherState。WilliamsburgandBrooklynareonLongIsland，whichisapartoftheStateofNewYork。ButtheseplacesareaseasilyreachedasLambethisreachedfromWestminster。Steamferriesplyeverythreeorfourminutes；

andintotheseboatscoaches，carts，andwagonsofanysizeorweightaredriven。Infact，theymakenootherstoppagetothecommercethanthatoccasionedbythepaymentofafewcents。Suchpayment，nodoubt，isastoppage；andthereforeitisthatJerseyCity，Brooklyn，andWilliamsburgare，atanyrateinappearance，verydullanduninviting。Theyare，however，verypopulous。Manyofthequietercitizensprefertolivethere；andIamtoldthattheBrooklynteapartiesconsiderthemselvestobe，inestheticfeeling，verymuchaheadofanythingofthekindinthemoreopulentcentersofthecity。InbeautyofsceneryStatenIslandisverymuchtheprettiestofthesuburbsofNewYork。TheviewfromthehillsideinStatenIslanddownuponNewYorkharborisverylovely。ItistheonlyreallygoodviewofthatmagnificentharborwhichIhavebeenabletofind。Asforappreciatingsuchbeautywhenoneisenteringaportfromseaorleavingitforsea，Idonotbelieveinanysuchpower。Theshipcreepsuporcreepsoutwhilethemindisengagedonothermatters。Thepassengerisuneasyeitherwithhopesorfears，andthenthegreaseoftheenginesoffendsone\'snostrils。Butitisworththetourist\'swhiletolookdownuponNewYorkharborfromthehillsideinStatenIsland。WhenIwasthereFortLafayettelookedblackinthecenterofthechannel，andweknewthatitwascrowdedwiththevictimsofsecession。FortTompkinswasbeingbuilttoguardthepass——worthyofanameofrichersound；andFortsomethingelsewasbristlingwithnewcannon。FortHamilton，onLongIsland，opposite，wasfrowningatus；andimmediatelyaroundusaregimentofvolunteerswasreceivingregimentalstocksandbootsfromthehandsofitsofficers。Everythingwasbristlingwithwar；andonecouldnotbutthinkthatnotinthiswayhadNewYorkraisedherselfsoquicklytoherpresentgreatness。

ButthegloryofNewYorkistheCentralPark——itsgloryinthemindsofallnewYorkersofthepresentday。ThefirstquestionaskedofyouiswhetheryouhaveseentheCentralPark，andthesecondisastowhatyouthinkofit。Itdoesnotdotosaysimplythatitisfine，grand，beautiful，andmiraculous。Youmustswearbycockandpiethatitismorefine，moregrand，morebeautiful，moremiraculousthananythingelseofthekindanywhere。Hereyouencounterinitsmostannoyingformthatnecessityforeulogiumwhichpressesyoueverywhere。Forintruth，takenasitisatpresent，theCentralParkisnotfine，norgrand，norbeautiful。

Astothemiracle，letthatpass。Itisperhapsasmiraculousassomeothergreatlatter-daymiracles。

ButtheCentralParkisaverygreatfact，andaffordsastrongadditionalproofofthesenseandenergyofthepeople。Itisverylarge，beingoverthreemileslongandaboutthree-quartersofamileinbreadth。WhenitwasfoundthatNewYorkwasextendingitself，andbecomingoneofthelargestcitiesoftheworld，aspacewasselectedbetweenFifthandSeventhAvenues，immediatelyoutsidethelimitsofthecityasthenbuilt，butnearlyinthecenterofthecityasitisintendedtobebuilt。Thegroundarounditbecameatonceofgreatvalue；andIdonotdoubtthatthepresentfashionofFifthAvenueaboutTwentiethStreetwillincourseoftimemoveitselfuptoFifthAvenueasitlooks，orwilllook，overtheParkatSeventieth，Eightieth，andNinetiethStreets。Thegreatwater-worksofthecitybringtheCrotonRiver，whenceNewYorkissupplied，byanaqueductovertheHarlemRiverintoanenormousreservoirjustabovethePark；andhenceithascometopassthattherewillbewaternotonlyforsanitaryandusefulpurposes，butalsoforornament。AtpresentthePark，toEnglisheyes，seemstobeallroad。Thetreesarenotgrownup；

andthenewembankments，andnewlakes，andnewditches，andnewpathsgivetotheplaceanythingbutapicturesqueappearance。TheCentralParkisgoodforwhatitwillberatherthanforwhatitis。ThesummerheatissoverygreatthatIdoubtmuchwhetherthepeopleofNewYorkwilleverenjoysuchverdureasourparksshow。

Buttherewillbeapleasantassemblageofwalksandwater-works，withfreshairandfineshrubsandflowers，immediatelywithinthereachofthecitizens。Allthatartandenergycandowillbedone，andtheCentralParkdoubtlesswillbecomeoneofthegreatgloriesofNewYork。WhenIwasexpectedtodeclarethatSt。

James\'sPark，GreenPark，HydePark，andKensingtonGardensaltogetherwerenothingtoit，IconfessthatIcouldonlyremainmute。

ThosewhodesiretolearnwhatarethesecretsofsocietyinNewYork，IwouldrefertothePotipharPapers。ThePotipharPapersareperhapsnotaswellknowninEnglandastheydeservetobe。

Theywerepublished，Ithink，asmuchassevenoreightyearsago；

butareprobablyastruenowastheywerethen。WhatIsawofsocietyinNewYorkwasquietandpleasantenough；butdoubtlessI

didnotclimbintothatcircleinwhichMrs。Potipharheldsodistinguishedaposition。Itmaybetruethatgentlemenhabituallythrowfragmentsoftheirsupperandremnantsoftheirwineontotheirhost\'scarpets；butifsoIdidnotseeit。

AsIprogressinmyworkIfeelthatdutywillcalluponmetowriteaseparatechapteronhotelsingeneral，andIwillnot，therefore，heresaymuchaboutthoseinNewYork。Iaminclinedtothinkthatfewtownsintheworld，ifany，affordonthewholebetteraccommodation，buttherearemanyinwhichtheaccommodationischeaper。OftherailwaysalsoIoughttosaysomething。Thefactrespectingthem，whichismostremarkable，isthatoftheirbeingcontinuedintothecenterofthetownthroughthestreets。

Thecarsarenotdraggedthroughthecitybylocomotiveengines，butbyhorses；thepacethereforeisslow，buttheconveniencetotravelersinbeingbroughtnearertothecenteroftrademustbemuchfelt。ItisasthoughpassengersfromLiverpoolandpassengersfromBristolwerecarriedonfromEustonSquareandPaddingtonalongtheNewRoad，PortlandPlace，andRegentStreettoPallMall，oruptheCityRoadtotheBank。Asageneralrule，however，therailways，railwaycars，andallaboutthemareillmanaged。Theyaremonopolies，andthepublic，throughthepress，hasnorestrainingpoweruponthemasithasinEngland。Aparcelsentbyexpressoveradistanceoffortymileswillnotbedeliveredwithintwenty-fourhours。Ioncemademyplaintonthissubjectatthebarorofficeofahotel，andwastoldthatnoremonstrancewasofavail。“Itisamonopoly，“themantoldme，“andifwesayanything，wearetoldthatifwedonotlikeitweneednotuseit。“InrailwaymattersandpostalmatterstimeandpunctualityarenotvaluedintheStatesastheyarewithus，andthepublicseemtoacknowledgethattheymustputupwithdefects——

thattheymustgrinandbeartheminAmerica，asthepublicnodoubtdoinAustria，wheresuchaffairsaremanagedbyagovernmentbureau。

InthebeginningofthischapterIspokeofthepopulationofNewYork，andIcannotenditwithoutremarkingthatoutofthatpopulationmorethanone-eighthiscomposedofGermans。Itis，I

believe，computedthatthereareabout120，000Germansinthecity，andthatonlytwootherGermancitiesintheworld，ViennaandBerlinhavealargerGermanpopulationthanNewYork。TheGermansaregoodcitizensandthrivingmen，andaretobefoundprosperingallovertheNorthernandWesternpartsoftheUnion。Itseemsthattheyareexcellentlywelladaptedtocolonization，thoughtheyhaveinnoinstancebecomethedominantpeopleinacolony，orcarriedwiththemtheirownlanguageortheirownlaws。TheFrenchhavedonesoinAlgeria，insomeoftheWestIndiaislands，andquiteasessentiallyintoLowerCanada，wheretheirlanguageandlawsstillprevail。Andyetitis，Ithink，beyonddoubtthattheFrencharenotgoodcolonists，asaretheGermans。

OftheultimatedestinyofNewYorkasoneoftherulingcommercialcitiesoftheworld，itis，Ithink，impossibletodoubt。WhetherornoitwilleverequalLondoninpopulationIwillnotpretendtosay；evenshoulditdoso，shoulditsnumberssoincreaseastoenableittosaythatithaddoneso，thequestioncouldnotverywellbesettled。Whenitcomestopassthatanassemblageofmeninoneso-calledcityhavetobecountedbymillions，therearisestheimpossibilityofdefiningthelimitsofthatcity，andofsayingwhobelongtoitandwhodonot。Anarbitrarylinemaybedrawn，butthatarbitraryline，thoughperhapsfalsewhendrawnasincludingtoomuch，soonbecomesmorefalseasincludingtoolittle。Ealing，Acton，Fulham，Putney，Norwood，Sydenham，Blackheath，Woolwich，Greenwich，Stratford，Highgate，andHampsteadare，intruth，componentpartsofLondon，andveryshortlyBrightonwillbeasmuchso。

CHAPTERXV。

THECONSTITUTIONOFTHESTATEOFNEWYORK。

AsNewYorkisthemostpopulousStateoftheUnion，havingthelargestrepresentationinCongress——onwhichaccountithasbeencalledtheEmpireState——Iproposetostate，asshortlyasmaybe，thenatureofitsseparateconstitutionasaState。OfcourseitwillbeunderstoodthattheconstitutionsofthedifferentStatesarebynomeansthesame。Theyhavebeenarrangedaccordingtothejudgmentofthedifferentpeopleconcerned，andhavebeenalteredfromtimetotimetosuitsuchalteredjudgment。ButastheStatestogetherformonenation，andonsuchmattersasforeignaffairs，war，customs，andpost-officeregulations，areboundtogetherasmuchasaretheEnglishcounties，itis，ofcourse，necessarythattheconstitutionofeachshouldinmostmattersassimilateitselftothoseoftheothers。Theseconstitutionsareverymuchalike。

AGovernor，withtwohousesoflegislature，generallycalledtheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives，existsineachState。IntheStateofNewYorktheLowerHouseiscalledtheAssembly。InmostStatestheGovernoriselectedannually；butinsomeStatesfortwoyears，asinNewYork。InPennsylvaniaheiselectedforthreeyears。TheHouseofRepresentativesortheAssemblyis，I

think，alwayselectedforonesessiononly；butasinmanyoftheStatesthelegislatureonlysitsonceintwoyears，theelectionrecursofcourseatthesameinterval。ThefranchiseinalltheStatesisnearlyuniversal，butinnoStateisitperfectlyso。

TheGovernor，Lieutenant-Governor，andotherofficersareelectedbyvoteofthepeople，aswellasthemembersofthelegislature。

OfcourseitwillbeunderstoodthateachStatemakeslawsforitself——thattheyareinnowisedependentontheCongressassembledatWashingtonfortheirlaws——unlessforlawswhichrefertomattersbetweentheUnitedStatesasanationandothernations，orbetweenoneStateandanother。EachStatedeclareswithwhatpunishmentcrimesshallbevisited；whattaxesshallbeleviedfortheuseoftheState；whatlawsshallbepassedastoeducation；

whatshallbetheStatejudiciary。Withreferencetothejudiciary，however，itmustbeunderstoodthattheUnitedStatesasanationhaveseparatenationallawcourts，beforewhichcomeallcaseslitigatedbetweenStateandState，andallcaseswhichdonotbelongineveryrespecttoanyoneindividualState。InasubsequentchapterIwillendeavortoexplainthismorefully。InendeavoringtounderstandtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates，itisessentiallynecessarythatweshouldrememberthatwehavealwaystodealwithtwodifferentpoliticalarrangements——thatwhichreferstothenationasawhole，andthatwhichbelongstoeachStateasaseparategoverningpowerinitself。WhatislawinoneStateisnotlawinanother，neverthelessthereisaverygreatlikenessthroughoutthesevariousconstitutions，andanypoliticalstudentwhoshallhavethoroughlymasteredone，willnothavemuchtolearninmasteringtheothers。

ThisState，nowcalledNewYork，wasfirstsettledbytheDutchin1614，onManhattanIsland。Theyestablishedagovernmentin1629，underthenameoftheNewNetherlands。In1664CharlesII。grantedtheprovincetohisbrother，JamesII。，thenDukeofYork，andpossessionwastakenofthecountryonhisbehalfbyoneColonelNichols。In1673itwasrecapturedbytheDutch，buttheycouldnotholdit，andtheDukeofYorkagaintookpossessionbypatent。

AlegislativebodywasfirstassembledduringthereignofCharlesII。，in1683；fromwhichitwillbeseenthatparliamentaryrepresentationwasintroducedintotheAmericancoloniesataveryearlydate。TheDeclarationofIndependencewasmadebytherevoltedcoloniesin1776，andin1777thefirstconstitutionwasadoptedbytheStateofNewYork。In1822thiswaschangedforanother；andtheoneofwhichInowpurporttostatesomeofthedetailswasbroughtintoactionin1847。Inthisconstitutionthereisaprovisionthatitshallbeoverhauledandremodeled，ifneedsbe，onceintwentyyears。ArticleXIII。Sec。2。“Atthegeneralelectiontobeheldin1806，andineachtwentiethyearthereafter，thequestion，\'Shalltherebeaconventiontorevisetheconstitutionandamendthesame？\'shallbedecidedbytheelectorsqualifiedtovoteformembersofthelegislature？“SothattheNewYorkers，cannotbetwittedwiththepresumptionoffinalityinreferencetotheirlegislativearrangements。

Thepresentconstitutionbeginswithdeclaringtheinviolabilityoftrialbyjury，andofhabeascorpus——“unlesswhen，incasesofrebellionorinvasion，thepublicsafetymayrequireitssuspension。“Itdoesnotsaybywhomitmaybesuspended，orwhoistojudgeofthepublicsafety，but，atanyrate，itmaybepresumedthatsuchsuspensionwassupposedtocomefromthepowersoftheStatewhichenactedthelaw。Atthepresentmoment，thehabeascorpusissuspendedinNewYork，andthissuspensionhasproceedednotfromthepowersoftheState，butfromtheFederalgovernment，withoutthesanctionevenoftheFederalCongress。

“Everycitizenmayfreelyspeak，write，andpublishhissentimentsonallsubjects，beingresponsiblefortheabuseofthatright；andnolawshallbepassedtorestrainorabridgethelibertyofspeechorofthepress。“Art。I。Sec。8。ButatthepresentmomentlibertyofspeechandofthepressisutterlyabrogatedintheStateofNewYork，asitisinotherStates。ImentionthisnotasareproachagainsteithertheStateortheFederalgovernment，buttoshowhowvainalllawsarefortheprotectionofsuchrights。

Iftheybenotprotectedbythefeelingsofthepeople——ifthepeopleareatanytime，orfromanycause，willingtoabandonsuchprivileges，nowrittenlawswillpreservethem。

InArticleI。Sec。14，thereisaprovisothatnoland——land，thatis，usedforagriculturalpurposes——shallbeletonleaseforalongerperiodthantwelveyears。“Noleaseorgrantofagriculturallandforalongerperiodthantwelveyearshereaftermade，inwhichshallbereservedanyrentorserviceofanykind，shallbevalid。“Idonotunderstandtheintendedvirtueofthisproviso，butitshowsveryclearlyhowdifferentarethepracticeswithreferencetolandinEnglandandAmerica。FarmersintheStatesalmostalwaysaretheownersofthelandwhichtheyfarm，andsuchtenuresasthosebywhichtheoccupiersoflandgenerallyholdtheirfarmswithusarealmostunknown。Thereisnosuchrelationasthatoflandlordandtenantasregardsagriculturalholdings。

EverymalecitizenofNewYorkmayvotewhoistwenty-one，whohasbeenacitizenfortendays，whohaslivedintheStateforayear，andforfourmonthsinthecountyinwhichhevotes。Hecanvoteforall“officersthatnoware，orhereaftermaybe，electivebythepeople。“Art，II。Sec。1。“But，“thesectiongoesontosay，“nomanofcolor，unlessheshallhavebeenforthreeyearsacitizenoftheState，andforoneyearnextprecedinganyelectionshallhavebeenpossessedofafreeholdestateofthevalueof250

dollars，(50l。，)andshallhavebeenactuallyrated，andpaidataxthereon，shallbeentitledtovoteatsuchelection。“ThisistheonlyembargowithwhichuniversalsuffrageisladenintheStateofNewYork。

ThethirdarticleprovidesfortheelectionoftheSenateandtheAssembly。TheSenateconsistsofthirty-twomembers。AnditmayhereberemarkedthatlargeasistheStateofNewYork，andgreatasisitspopulation，itsSenateislessnumerousthanthatofmanyotherStates。InMassachusetts，forinstance，therearefortySenators，thoughthepopulationofMassachusettsisbarelyone-

thirdthatofNewYork。InVirginia，therearefiftySenators，whereasthefreepopulationisnotone-thirdofthatofNewYork。

Asaconsequence，theSenateofNewYorkissaidtobefilledwithmenofahigherclassthanaregenerallyfoundintheSenatesofotherStates。ThenfollowsinthearticlealistofthedistrictswhicharetoreturntheSenators。Thesedistrictsconsistofone，two，three，orinonecasefourcounties，accordingtothepopulation。

ThearticledoesnotgivethenumberofmembersoftheLowerHouse，nordoesitevenstatewhatamountofpopulationshallbeheldasentitledtoamember。ItmerelyprovidesforthedivisionoftheStateintodistrictswhichshallcontainanequalnumber，notofpopulation，butofvoters。TheHouseofAssemblydoesconsistof128members。

Itisthenstipulatedthateverymemberofbothhousesshallreceivethreedollarsaday，ortwelveshillings，fortheirservicesduringthesittingofthelegislature；butthissumisnevertoexceed300dollars，orsixtypounds，inoneyear，unlessanextrasessionbecalled。Thereisalsoanallowanceforthetravelingexpensesofmembers。Itis，Ipresume，generallyknownthatthemembersoftheCongressatWashingtonareallpaid，andthatthesameisthecasewithreferencetothelegislaturesofalltheStates。

NomemberoftheNewYorklegislaturecanalsobeamemberoftheWashingtonCongress，orholdanycivilormilitaryofficeundertheGeneralStatesgovernment。

AmajorityofeachHousemustbepresent，or，asthearticlesays，“shallconstituteaquorumtodobusiness。“EachHouseistokeepajournalofitsproceedings。Thedoorsaretobeopen——exceptwhenthepublicwelfareshallrequiresecrecy。Asingularprovisothisinacountryboastingsomuchoffreedom！FornospeechordebateineitherHouse，shallthelegislatorbecalledinquestioninanyotherplace。ThelegislatureassemblesonthefirstTuesdayinJanuary，andsitsforaboutthreemonths。ItsseatisatAlbany。

Theexecutivepower，ArticleIV。，istobevestedinaGovernorandaLieutenant-Governor，bothofwhomshallbechosenfortwoyears。

TheGovernormustbeacitizenoftheUnitedStates，mustbethirtyyearsofage，andhavelivedforthelastfouryearsintheState。

Heistobecommander-in-chiefofthemilitaryandnavalforcesoftheState，asisthePresidentofthoseoftheUnion。IseethatthisisalsothecaseininlandStates，whichonewouldsaycanhavenonavies。AndwithreferencetosomeStatesitisenactedthattheGovernoriscommander-in-chiefofthearmy，navy，andmilitia，showingthatsomearmyoverandbeyondthemilitiamaybekeptbytheState。InTennessee，whichisaninlandState，itisenactedthattheGovernorshallbe“commander-in-chiefofthearmyandnavyofthisState，andofthemilitia，exceptwhentheyshallbecalledintotheserviceoftheUnitedStates。“InOhiothesameisthecase，exceptthatthereisnomentionofmilitia。InNewYorkthereisnoprovisowithreferencetotheserviceoftheUnitedStates。Imentionthisasitbearswithsomestrengthonthequestionoftherightofsecession，andindicatesthejealousyoftheindividualStateswithreferencetotheFederalgovernment。

TheGovernorcanconveneextrasessionsofoneHouseorofboth。

Hemakesamessagetothelegislaturewhenitmeets——asortofQueen\'sspeech；andhereceivesforhisservicesacompensationtobeestablishedbylaw。InNewYorkthisamountsto800l。ayear。

InsomeStatesthisisaslowas200l。and300l。InVirginiaitis1000l。InCalifornia，1200l。

TheGovernorcanpardon，exceptincasesoftreason。Hehasalsoavetouponallbillssentupbythelegislature。Ifheexercisethisvetohereturnsthebilltothelegislaturewithhisreasonsforsodoing。IfthebillonreconsiderationbytheHousesbeagainpassedbyamajorityoftwo-thirdsineachhouse，itbecomeslawinspiteoftheGovernor\'sveto。ThevetoofthePresidentatWashingtonisofthesamenature。SucharethepowersoftheGovernor。Butthoughtheyareveryfull，theGovernorofeachStatedoesnotpracticallyexerciseanygreatpoliticalpower，norishe，evenpolitically，agreatman。YoumightliveinaStateduringthewholetermofhisgovernmentandhardlyhearofhim。

Thereisvestedinhimbythelanguageoftheconstitutionamuchwiderpowerthanthatintrustedtothegovernorofourcolonies。

Butinourcolonieseverybodytalks，andthinks，andknowsaboutthegovernor。Asfarasthelimitsofthecolonythegovernorisagreatman。ButthisisnotthecasewithreferencetothegovernorsinthedifferentStates。

ThenextarticleprovidesthattheGovernor\'sministers，viz，theSecretaryofState，theController，Treasurer，andAttorney-

General，shallbechoseneverytwoyearsatageneralelection。InthisrespecttheStateconstitutiondiffersfromthatofthenationalconstitution。ThePresidentatWashingtonnameshisownministers——subjecttotheapprobationoftheSenate。Hemakesmanyotherappointmentswiththesamelimitation，andtheSenate，I

believe，isnotslowtointerfere；butwithreferencetotheministersitisunderstoodthatthenamessentinbythePresidentshallstand。OftheSecretaryofState，Controller，etc。，belongingtothedifferentStates，andwhoareelectedbythepeople，inageneralway，oneneverhears。Nodoubttheyattendtheirofficesandtaketheirpay，buttheyarenotpoliticalpersonages。

Thenextarticle，No。VI。，referstothejudiciary，andisverycomplicated。AsIcannotunderstandit，Iwillnotattempttoexplainit。Moreover，itisnotwithinthescopeofmyambitiontoconveyhereallthedetailsoftheStateconstitution。InSec。20

ofthisarticleitisprovidedthatnojudicialofficer，exceptjusticesofthepeace，shallreceivetohisownuseanyfeesorperquisitesofoffice。“Howpleasantlythisenactmentmustsoundintheearsofthejusticesofthepeace！

ArticleVII。referstofiscalmatters，andismoreespeciallyinterestingasshowinghowgreatlytheStateofNewYorkhasdependedonitscanalsforitswealth。ThesecanalsarethepropertyoftheState；andbythisarticleitseemstobeprovidedthattheyshallnotonlymaintainthemselves，butmaintaintoaconsiderableextenttheStateexpenditurealso，andstandinlieuoftaxation。Itisprovided，Section6thatthe“legislatureshallnotsell，lease，orotherwisedisposeofanyofthecanalsoftheState；butthattheyshallremainthepropertyoftheState，andunderitsmanagementforever。“ButinspiteofitscanalstheStatedoesnotseemtobedoingverywell，forIseethat，in1860，itsincomewas4，780，000dollars，anditsexpenditure5，100，000，whereasitsdebtwas32，500，000dollars。OfalltheStates，Pennsylvaniaisthemostindebted，Virginiathesecond，andNewYorkthethird。NewHampshire，Connecticut，Vermont，Delaware，andTexasowenoStatedebts。AlltheotherStateshipshavetakeninballast。

Themilitiaissupposedtoconsistofallmencapableofbearingarms，underforty-fiveyearsofage。Butnooneneedbeenrolled，whofromscruplesofconscienceisaversetobearingarms。Atthepresentmomentsuchscruplesdonotseemtobeverygeneral。Thenfollows，inArticleXI。，adetailedenactmentastothechoosingofmilitiaofficers。Itmaybeperhapssufficienttosaythattheprivatesaretochoosethecaptainsandthesubalterns；thecaptainsandsubalternsaretochoosethefieldofficers；andthefieldofficersthebrigadier-generalsandinspectorsofbrigade。

TheGovernor，however，withtheconsentoftheSenate，shallnominateallmajor-generals。Nowthatrealsoldiershaveunfortunatelybecomenecessary，theaboveplanhasnotbeenfoundtoworkwell。

SuchistheconstitutionoftheStateofNewYork，whichhasbeenintendedtoworkanddoesworkquiteseparatelyfromthatoftheUnitedStates。Itwillbeseenthatthepurporthasbeentomakeitaswidelydemocraticaspossible——toprovidethatallpowerofalldescriptionshallcomedirectlyfromthepeople，andthatsuchpowershallreturntothepeopleatshortintervals。TheSenateandtheGovernoreachremainfortwoyears，butnotforthesametwoyears。IfanewSenatecommenceitsworkin1861，anewGovernorwillcomeinin1862。But，nevertheless，thereisintheformofgovernmentasthusestablishedanabsenceofthatcloseandimmediateresponsibilitywhichattendsourministers。Whenamanhasbeenvotedin，itseemsthatresponsibilityisoverfortheperiodoftherequiredservice。Hehasbeenchosen，andthecountrywhichhaschosenhimistotrustthathewilldohisbest。

IdonotknowthatthismattersmuchwithreferencetothelegislatureorgovernmentsofthedifferentStates，fortheirStatelegislaturesandgovernmentsarebutpunypowers；butinthelegislatureandgovernmentatWashingtonitdoesmatterverymuch。

ButIshallhaveanotheropportunityofspeakingonthatsubject。

NothinghasstruckmesomuchinAmericaasthefactthattheseStatelegislaturesarepunypowers。Theabsenceofanytidingswhateveroftheirdoingsacrossthewaterisaproofofthis。WhohasheardofthelegislatureofNewYorkorofMassachusetts？Itisboastedherethattheirinsignificanceisasignofthewell-

beingofthepeople；thatthesmallnessofthepowernecessaryforcarryingonthemachineshowshowbeautifullythemachineisorganized，andhowwellitworks。“Itisbettertohavelittlegovernorsthangreatgovernors，“anAmericansaidtomeonce。“Itisourglorythatweknowhowtolivewithouthavinggreatmenoverustoruleus。“Thatglory，ifeveritwereaglory，hascometoanend。ItseemstomethatallthesetroubleshavecomeupontheStatesbecausetheyhavenotplacedhighmeninhighplaces。Thelessoflawsandthelessofcontrolthebetter，providingapeoplecangorightwithfewlawsandlittlecontrol。Onemaysaythatnolawsandnocontrolwouldbebestofall——providedthatnonewereneeded。ButthisisnotexactlythepositionoftheAmericanpeople。

Thetwoprofessionsoflaw-makingandofgoverninghavebecomeunfashionable，lowinestimation，andofnoreputeintheStates。

Themunicipalpowersofthecitieshavenotfallenintothehandsoftheleadingmen。Thewordpoliticianhascometobearthemeaningofpoliticaladventurerandalmostofpoliticalblackleg。

IfAcallsBapolitician，AintendstovilifyBbysocallinghim。

WhetherornothebestcitizensofaStatewilleverbeinducedtoserveintheStatelegislaturebyanoblerconsiderationthanthatofpay，orbyahighertoneofpoliticalmoralsthanthatnowexisting，Icannotsay。ItseemstomethatsomegreatdecreaseinthenumbersoftheStatelegislatorsshouldbeafirststeptowardsuchaconsummation。TherearenotmanymenineachStatewhocanaffordtogiveuptwoorthreemonthsoftheyeartotheStateservicefornothing；butitmaybepresumedthatineachStatethereareafew。Thosewhoareinducedtodevotetheirtimebythepaymentof60l。canhardlybethemenmostfittedforthepurposeoflegislation。ItcertainlyhasseemedtomethatthemembersoftheStatelegislaturesandoftheStategovernmentsarenotheldinthatrespectandtreatedwiththatconfidencetowhich，intheeyesofanEnglishman，suchfunctionariesshouldbeheldasentitled。