第10章

APPENDIX，NoV。

PrintedFormfortheDESCRIPTIONSofthePOOR。

DescriptionofthepoorPerson，NoNameDescribedMunich，thethof179

====================================

AgeYears。StatureFeetInchesBodilyStructureHairEyeComplexionBodilyDefectsOtherparticularMarksStateofHealthPlaceofNativityLivesheresinceCameherefromInwhatMannerProfessionReligionQualityFamilySupportshimself，atpresent，byLivesatpresentQuarter，District，Street，House，NoFloor，CanbeconsideredasaPauperbelongingtothisCity，andoughtthereforetobeIscapableofdoingthefollowingWork：

CouldbetrainedtothefollowingOccupations：

：fl。：kr。：

CouldgainbythisWorkperWeek——：：：

WantsforhisweeklySupport——：：：

ReceivesatpresentperWeekfromhisown}：：：

Means，getbywayofPension，Alms，}：：：

and……}：：：

Wants，therefore，aweeklyAllowanceofAlmsof：：：

：：：——

：fl。：kr。：

{Incomeofhisown——：：：

{Earnedbyworking——：：：

{Salary——：：：

Enjoyedheretofore{Pension——：：：

perWeek{{FromtheCourt：：：

{Alms，{FromtheCity——：：：

{{FromprivatePersons：：：

{Gotbybegging——：：：

：：：

：——：——：

Total：：：

：：：——

：fl。：kr。：

：：：

PaysHouse-rent——：：：

：：：

HasBedofhisown，theValueofwhich：：：

isabout——：：：

：：：

PossessesotherUtensilsnecessaryforHouse-：：：

keeping，worthabout——：：：

：：：

IsprovidedwiththefollowingWorkingTools：——：：：

：：：——

CanworkatHomeCouldbeemployedintheMilitaryWorkhouseIsprovidedwithRaiment，andwantsArticlesofApparelLifeandConduct，accordingtotheInformationreceivedIsgiventoandIsknowntohavecommittedCrimesandhasappearedbeforetheMagistratesHowlonghelivesinhispresentHabitationYearMonthWeeksNameandResidenceofhispresentLandlordWherehelivedbefore，andhowlongOtherRemarks。

HasbeensettledhereReceivedaLicencetomarry，fromPossessedorreceived，whenmarriedValueaboutfl。kr。

WasreducedtoPovertybyIspoorandinwant，sinceCouldnotextricatehimselffromhisDifficulties，becauseN。B。ThisFormisprintedonaHalf-sheetofstrongWritingPaper，foldedtogethersoastomaketwoLeavesinQuarto；eachLeafbeing8Incheshigh，and61/2Incheswide。

APPENDIX，NoVI。

PrintedFormforSPIN-TICKETS，suchasareusedattheMilitaryWorkhouseatMunich。

MunichMilitaryWorkhouse，179theNoreceivedlb。ofDeliveredbackskainsknotsofweighinglb。oz。

Isentitledtoreceiveperxrs。

Total，Attest。this179

ThisprintedFormisfilledupasfollows：

MunichMilitaryWorkhouse，1795the1stSept。No134。

MarySmithreceived1lb。ofFlax，No3，Deliveredback2skains3knotsofThread，weighing1lb——oz。

Isentitledtoreceiveperlb。xrs。10。

Total，tencreutzers。

Attest。this4thSept。1795

WillWildmann。

AnimprovedFormforaSpin-Ticket，withitsAbstract；whichAbstractistobecutofffromtheTicket，andfastenedtotheBundleofYarnorThread——

：Spin-Ticket。：：Abstractof：

：MunichHouseofIndustry。：：Spin-Ticket。：

：1795the10thSept。No230。：：MunichHouse：

：MarySmithreceived：：of：

：1lb。ofwool，No14。：：Industry，：

：Deliveredback2skains4knots：：1795，the10thSept。：

：ofyarn，weighing1lb——oz。：：No230。：

：Wagesperlb。forspinning12xrs。：：2skains4knots：

：Isentitledtoreceivetwelvexrs。：：ofwoollenyarn，：

：Attest。this14thofSept。1795。：：Spinner，MarySmith。：

：J。Schmidt。：：Attest。J。Schmidt。：

：：：：——

InorderthattheoriginalentryoftheSpin-Ticketsinthegeneraltables，keptbytheclerksoftheSpinners，maymorereadilybefound，alltheTicketsforthesamematerial，(flax，forinstance，)issuedbythesameclerk，duringthecourseofeachmonth，mustberegularlynumbered。

APPENDIX，NoVII。

AnAccountofEXPERIMENTSmadeattheBAKE-HOUSEoftheMILITARYWORKHOUSEatMUNICH，Novemberthe4thand5th，1794。

InbakingRYEBREAD

Theoven，whichisofanovalform，is12feetdeep，measuredfromthemouthtotheend；11feet10incheswide，and1foot11incheshigh，inthemiddle。

November4th，at10o’clockinthemorning，1736lbs。[6]ofryemealweretakenoutofthestoreroom，andsenttothebakehouse，whereitwasworkedandbakedintobread，atsixdifferenttimes，inthefollowingmanner：——

FIRSTBATCH

At45minutesafter10o’clock，themealwasmixedforthefirsttime，forwhichpurpose16quarts(Bavarianmeasure)oflukewarmwater，weighing28lbs。28loths，wereused。

At3o’clockintheafternoon，thelittleleaven(asitiscalled)

wasmade，forwhichpurpose24quarts，or43lbs。10lothsofwaterwereused；andathalfanhourafter7o’clock，thegreatleavenwasmadewith40quarts，or72lbs。6loths，ofwater。

At11o’clockthismasswaspreparedforkneading，bytheadditionof40quarts，or72lbs。6loths，moreofwater。

At15minutesafter10o’clockatnight，thekneadingofthedoughwascommenced；21/2lbs。ofsaltbeingfirstmixedwiththemass。Thedoughhavingbeensufferedtorisetillaquarterbefore2o’clock，itwaskneadedasecondtime，andthenmade，inhalfanhour’stime，into191loaves，eachofthemweighing2lbs。16loths。Theseloaveshavingbeensufferedtorisehalfanhour，theywereputintotheoven10minutesbefore3o’clock，andinanhouraftertakenoutagain，when25loavesbeingimmediatelyweighed，werefoundtoweight55lbs。15loths。Eachloaf，therefore，whenbaked，weighed2lbs。

51/2loths；andasitweighed2lbs。16lothswhenitwasputintotheoven，itlost101/2lothsinbeingbaked。

Thewholequantityofwaterusedinthisexperiment，inmakingtheleavenandthedough，was216lbs。18loths——Thequantityofmealusedwasabout310lbs。

FirstHeatingoftheOvenThiswasbegun35minutesafterfouro’clock，with2201/2lbs。

ofpine-wood，whichwasinfullflame15minutesafterfiveo’clock——At8minutesafter8o’clock，51lbs。moreofwoodwereadded；——12minutesafter11o’clock，32lbs。morewereputintotheoven；——51lbs。atoneo’clock，and12lbs。moreat30minutesafter2o’clock；sothat366lbs。16lothsofwoodwereusedforthefirstheating。

SECONDBATCH。

At20minutesafter11o’clock，theproperquantityofleavenwasmixedwiththemeal，and44quarts，or79lbs。25loths，ofwateraddedtoit。At10minutesafter3o’clock，themealwaspreparedforkneading，byaddingtoit52quarts，or93lbs。

27loths，ofwater。

At30minutesafter5o’clock，thekneadingofthedoughwasbegun；21/2lbs。ofsalthavingbeenpreviouslyadded。

At15minutesafter6o’clock，thedoughwaskneadedasecondtime，andformedinto186loaves，whichwereputintotheovenat15minutesafter7o’clock，andtakenoutagain9minutesafter8o’clock，when25loavesbeingimmediatelyweighed，werefoundtoweigh55lbs。4loths——Waterusedinmakingtheseconddough，173lbs。8loths。

SecondHeatingoftheOvenThiswasbegun20minutesafter4o’clockinthemorning，with541/2lbs。ofwood；20lbs。wereadded10minutesafter5o’clock，and60lbs。more6minutesafter6o’clock；sothatthesecondheatingoftheovenrequired134lbs。16lothsofwood。

THIRDBATCH

At20minutesafter3o’clock，theproperquantityofleavenwasmixedwiththemeal，and48quarts，or86lbs。20loths，ofwaterwereputtoit。

At6minutesafter8o’clock，thismasswaspreparedforkneading，byaddingtoit48quarts，or86lbs。20loths，ofwater——At30minutesafter9o’clock，thisdoughwasmixedwith21/2lbs。ofsalt；andat30minutesafter10o’clock，itwasmadeinto189loaves，which，afterhavingbeensufferedtoriseforhalfanhourwereputintotheoven10minutesafter11o’clock，andtakenoutagainat12o’clock。

Fiftyloavesofbread，whichwereweighedimmediatelyupontheirbeingtakenoutoftheoven，werefoundtoweigh110lbs。

30loths；whichgives2lbs。51/2lothsfortheweightofeachloaf。Thewaterusedinmakingthisbatchofbreadwas173lbs。8loths。

ThirdHeatingoftheOven。

Thiswasbegun30minutesafter8o’clock，with50lbs。ofwood；and50lbs。morebeingadded30minutesafter9o’clock，thewholequantityusedwas100lbs。

FOURTHBATCH。

Ataquarterbefore8o’clock，theproperquantityofleavenwasmixedwiththemeal，and48quarts，or86lbs。20loths，ofwaterbeingadded，at30minutespast11o’clock，thismasswaspreparedforkneading，byaddingtoit52quarts，or93lbs。

27loths，ofwater。

Fourminutesafter1o’clock，21/2lbs。ofsaltwereadded。

Thedoughbeingkneadedat15minutesaftertwoo’clock，188

loavesofbreadweremade，whichwereputintotheoven5

minutesbefore3o’clock，andtakenoutagainattheendofonehour，when25ofthemwereweighed，andfoundtoweigh，onewiththeother，2lbs。51/2loths。

Thewaterusedinmakingthisbatchofbreadwas180lbs。15loths。

FourthHeatingoftheOven。

Thiswasbegun15minutesafter12o’clock，with40lbs。ofwood，and50lbs。morebeingaddedat30minutesafter1o’clock，thetotalquantityusedwas90lbs。

FIFTHBATCH。

At1/4before12o’clock，theproperquantityofleavenwasmixedwiththemeal，and52quarts，or93lbs。27loths，ofwaterputintoit——Thismasswaspreparedforkneadingat15minutesafter4o’clock，bytheadditionof48quarts，or86lbs。20loths，ofwater。Thekneadingofthedoughwasbegunat5o’clock，andat30minutesafter5itwasmadeintoloaves，21/2lbs。ofsalthavingbeenpreviouslyadded。

186loavesbeingmadeoutofthisdough，theywereputintotheovenat10minutesbefore7o’clock，andtakenoutagainattheendofonehour，when25loaveswereweighed，andfoundtoweigh55lbs。18loths——Thequantityofwaterusedinmakingthedoughforthisbatchofbreadwas180lbs。15loths。

FifthHeatingoftheOvenTheovenwasbeguntobeheatedthefifthtimeat15minutesafterfouro’clock，with40lbs。ofwood，and40lbs。morewereaddedat6o’clock；sothatinthisheatingnomorethan80lbs。ofwoodwereconsumed。

SIXTHBATCH。

Themealwasmixedwithleavenat30minutesafter3o’clock；

forwhichpurpose32quarts，or57lbs。24loths，ofwaterwereusedat15minutesafter7o’clock。Thismasswaspreparedforkneading，bytheadditionof44quarts，or79lbs。

13loths，ofwater，andaproportionofsalt；at19minutesafter9o’clockthedoughwaskneadedthefirst，andat1/4

before10thesecondtime；andinthecourseofhalfanhour160loavesweremadeoutofit，whichwereputintotheovenat10minutesbefore11o’clock，andtakenoutagainat8minutesbefore12o’clockatmidnight。

Thewaterusedinmakingthedoughforthisbatchofbreadwas137lbs。5loths。

SixthHeatingoftheOven。

At1/4after8o’clock，thesixthandlastfirewasmadewith40lbs。ofwood；towhich，at15minutesbefore10o’clockatnight，341/2lbs。morewereadded；sothatinthelastheating741/2lbs。ofwoodonlywereconsumed。

GENERALRESULTSoftheseEXPERIMENTS。

Theingredientsemployedinmakingthebreadinthesesixexperimentswereasfollows：viz。

lbs。loths。

Ofryemeal，——17360

Ofwater，——10615

Ofsalt，——150——

Inall，28125inweight。

Ofthismass1102loavesofbreadwereformed，eachofwhich，beforeitwasbaked，weighed21/2lbs。；consequently，these1102loaves，beforetheywereputintotheoven，weighed2755

lbs。：buttheingredientsusedinmakingthemweighed2812lbs。

5loths。Henceitappears，thatthelossofweightinthesesixexperiments，inpreparingtheleaven，——fromevaporation，beforethebreadwasputintotheoven，——fromwaste，etc——amountedtonolessthan57lbs。5loths。

Insubsequentexperiments，wherelesswaterwasused，thislossappearedtobelessbymorethanonehalf。

Intheseexperiments1061lbs。5lothsofwaterwereusedto1736lbs。ofmeal，whichgives61lbs。43/4lothsofwaterto100lbs。ofmeal。Butsubsequentexperimentsshowed56lbs。

ofwatertobequitesufficientfor100lbs。ofthemeal。

These1102loaves，whenbaked，weighedatamedium2lbs。51/2

lothseach；consequently，takentogether，theyweighed2393lbs。

13loths：andastheyweighed2755lbs。whentheywereputintotheoven，theymusthavelost361lbs。19lothsinbeingbaked，whichgives101/2loths，equalto21/160ornearly1/8ofitsoriginalweightbeforeitwasbaked，forthediminutionoftheweightofeachloaf。

AccordingtothestandingregulationsofthebakingbusinesscarriedoninthebakehouseoftheMilitaryWorkhouseatMunich，foreach100lbs。ofryemealwhichthebakerreceivesfromthestore-keeper，heisobligedtodeliver139lbs。ofwell-bakedbread；namely，64loaves，eachweighing2lbs。51/2loths。

Andasinthebefore-mentionedsixexperiments，1736lbs。ofmealwereused，itisevidentthat1111loaves，insteadof1102

loaves，oughttohavebeenproduced；for100lbs。ofmealareto64loavesas1736lbs，to1111loaves。Henceitappearsthat9loaveslesswereproducedintheseexperimentsthanoughttohavebeenproduced。

Therewerereasonstosuspectthatthiswassocontrivedbythebaker，withadesigntogetthenumberofloaveshewasobligedtodeliverforeach100lbs。ofmeallessened；——butinthisattempthedidnotsucceed。

QuantityofFuelconsumedintheseExperiments。

Drypine-wood。

lbs。loths。

Inheatingtheovenfirsttime，——36616

secondtime，——13416

thirdtime，——1000

fourthtime，——900

fifthtime，——800

sixthtime，——7416——

Total，84516

Employedinkeepingupasmallfirenearthemouthoftheovenwhilethebreadwasputtingintoit，——3416

Totalconsumptionofwoodinthesixexperiments，——880lbs。

Theresultsoftheseexperimentsshow，inastrikingmanner，howimportantitistothesavingoffuelinbakingbread，tokeeptheovencontinuallygoing，withouteverlettingitcool：

forinthefirstexperimentwhentheovenwascold，whenitwasbeguntobeheated，thequantityofwoodrequiredtoheatitwas3661/2lbs。；butinthesixthexperiment，aftertheovenhadbeenwellwarmedintheprecedingexperiments，thequantityoffuelrequiredwasonly741/2lbs。

Asintheseexperiments2393lbs。13lothsofbreadwerebakedwiththeheatgeneratedinthecombustionof880lbs。ofwood，thisgivestoeachpoundofbread111/3loths，or34/96ofapound，ofwood。

Inthefifthexperiment，orbatch，186loavesweighing(at2lbs。

51/2lothseach)304lbs。werebaked，andonly80lbs。ofwoodconsumed，whichgivesbutatriflemorethan1/4ofapoundofwoodtoeachpoundofbread；or1poundofwoodto4poundsofbread。

Aseachloafweighed2lbs。16lothswhenitwasputintotheoven，andonly2lbs。51/2lothswhenitcameoutofit，thelossofweighteachloafsustainedinbeingbakedwas101/2

loths，ashasalreadybeenobserved。Nowthislossofweightcouldonlyarisefromtheevaporationofthesuperabundantwaterexistinginthedough；andasitisknownhowmuchheat，andconsequentlyHOWMUCHFUELisrequiredtoreduceanygivenquantityofwater，atanygiventemperature，tosteam，itispossible，fromthesedata，todeterminehowmuchfuelwouldberequiredtobakeanygivenquantityofbread，uponthesuppositionthatNOPARTOFTHEHEATGENERATEDINTHE

COMBUSTIONOFTHEFUELWASLOST，eitherinheatingtheapparatus，orinanyotherway；butthatthewholeofitwasemployedinbakingthebread，andinthatprocessalone。

Andthoughthesecomputationswillnotshowhowtheheatwhichislostmightbesaved，yet，astheyascertainwhattheamountofthislossreallyisinanygivencase，theyenableustodetermine，withaconsiderabledegreeofprecision，notonlytherelativemeritofdifferentarrangementsforeconomizingfuelintheprocessofbaking，buttheyshowalso，atthesanetime，theprecisedistanceofeachfromthatpointofperfection，whereanyfartherimprovementswouldbeimpossible：

Andonthataccount，thesecomputationsarecertainlyinteresting。

IncomputinghowmuchheatisNECESSARYtobakeanygivenquantityofbread，itwilltendmuchtosimplifytheinvestigation，ifweconsidertheloafasbeingfirstheatedtothetemperatureofboilingwater，andthenbakedinconsequenceofitsredundantwaterbeingsentofffromitinsteam。

Butasthedoughiscomposedoftwodifferentsubstances，viz。

ryemealandwater，andasthesesubstanceshavebeenfoundbyexperimenttocontaindifferentquantitiesofabsoluteheat；

or，inotherwords，torequiredifferentquantitiesofheat，toheatequalquantitiesorweightsofthemtoanygiventemperature，oranygivennumberofdegrees，itwillbenecessarytodeterminehowmuchofeachoftheingredientsisemployedinforminganygivenquantityofdough。

Now，intheforegoingexperiments，as1102loavesofbreadwereformedof1736lbs。ofryemeal，itappears，thattheremusthavebeen1。47lb。ofthemealineachloaf；andastheseloavesweighed21/2lbs。eachwhentheywereputintotheoven，eachofthemmust，inastateofdough，havebeencomposedof1。47lb。ofryemeal，and1。03lb。ofwater。

Supposingtheseloavestohavebeenatthetemperatureof55

degreesofFahrenheit’sThermometerwhentheywereputintotheoven，theheatnecessarytoheatoneofthemtothetemperatureof212degrees，orthepointofboilingwater，maybethuscomputed。

Byanexperiment，ofwhichIintendhereaftertogiveanaccounttothePublic，Ifound，that20lbs。ofice-coldwatermightbemadetoboil，withtheheatgeneratedinthecombustionof1lb。ofdrypine-wood，suchaswasusedinbakingthebreadinthesixexperimentsbeforementioned。

Now，if20lbs。ofwatermaybeheated180degrees，(namelyfrom32to212degrees，)bytheheatgeneratedinthecombustionof1lb。ofwood，1。03lb。ofwatermaybeheated157degrees，(from55degrees，ortemperate，to212degrees，)

with0。4436ofapoundofthewood。

Supposenowthatryemealcontainedthesamequantityofabsoluteheataswater，——asthequantityofmealineachloaf，was1。47lb。，itappears，thatthisquantitywouldhaverequired，(upontheabovesupposition，)toheatitfromthetemperatureof55degrees，tothatof212degrees；aquantityofheatequaltothatwhichwouldbegeneratedinthecombustionof0。06405ofapoundofthewoodinquestion。

Butitappears，bytheresultofexperimentspublishedbyDr。Crawford，thatthequantitiesofheatrequiredtoheatanynumberofdegrees，thesamegivenquantity(inweight)ofwaterandofwheat，(anditispresumed，thatthespecificorabsoluteheatofryecannotbeverydifferentfromthatofwheat，)

aretoeachother，as2。9to1，——waterrequiringmoreheattoit，thanthegraininthatproportion：Consequently，thequantityofwoodrequiredtoheatfrom55to212degrees，the1。47lb。ofryemealwhichenteredintothecompositionofeachloaf，insteadofbeing。06405ofapound，asabovedetermined，uponthefalsesuppositionthatthespecificheatofwaterandthatofryewerethesame，would，infact，amounttonomorethan0。02899；for2。9(thespecificheatofwater)

isto1(thespecificheatofrye)，as0。06405isto0。02899。

Henceitappears，thatthewoodrequiredasfueltoheat(fromthetemperatureof55degreestothatof212degrees)aloafofryebread(inthestateofdough)，weighing21/2lbs。，wouldbeasfollows，namely：

Ofpine-wood，Toheat1。03lb。ofwater，whichentersintothecompositionofthedough，……0。04436

Toheattheryemeal，1。47lbinweight，……0。02899——

Total，0。07335lb。

Tocompletethecomputationofthequantityoffuelnecessaryintheprocessofbakingbread，itremainstodetermine，howmuchheatisrequired，tosendoffinsteam，fromoneoftheloavesinquestion(afterithasbeenheatedtothetemperatureof212degrees)，the101/2loths，equalto21/64ofapoundofwater，whicheachloafisknowntoloseinbeingbaked。

Nowitappears，fromtheresultofMr。Watt’singeniousexperimentsonthequantityoflatentheatinsteam，thatthequantityofheatnecessarytochangeanygivenquantityofwaterALREADYBOILINGHOTtosteam，isaboutfivetimesandahalfgreaterthanwouldbesufficienttoheatthesamequantityofwater，fromthetemperatureoffreezing，tothatofboilingwater。

Butwehavejustobserved，that20lbs。ofice-coldwatermaybeheatedtotheboilingpoint，withtheheatgeneratedinthecombustionof1lb。ofpine-wood；itappearsthereforethat20lbs。

ofboilingwaterwouldrequire51/2timesasmuch，or51/2lbs。

ofwoodtoreduceittosteam。

Andif20lbs。ofboilingwaterrequire51/2lbs。ofwood，21/64ofapoundofwaterboilinghotwillrequire0。09023ofapoundofwoodtoreduceittosteam。

Ifnow，tothisquantityoffuel，——0。09023lb。

weaddthatnecessaryforheatingtheloaftothetemperatureofboilingwater，asabovedetermined，——0。07335lb——

thisgivesthetotalquantityoffuelnecessaryforbakingoneoftheseloavesofbread，——0。16353lb。

Nowastheseloaves，whenbakedintobread，weighed2lbs。5

1/2loths=211/64lbs。eachandrequired，inbeingbaked，theconsumptionof0。16353ofapoundofwood，thisgivesfortheexpenceoffuelinbakingbread0。07532ofapoundofpine-woodtoeachpoundofryebread；whichisabout131/4

lbs。ofbreadtoeachpoundofwood。

Butwehaveseen，fromtheresultsofthebefore-mentionedexperiments，thatwhenthebreadwasbakedundercircumstancesthemostfavourabletotheeconomyoffuel，nolessthan80lbs。

ofpine-woodwereemployedinheatingtheoventobake304lbs。

ofbread，whichgiveslessthan4lbs。ofbreadtoeachpoundofwood；consequently，TWOTHIRDSatleastoftheheatgeneratedinthecombustionofthefuelmust，inthatcase，havebeenlost；andinalltheotherexperimentsthelossofheatappearstohavebeenstillmuchgreater。

Aconsiderablelossofheatinbakingwillalwaysbeinevitable；

butitseemsprobable，thatthislossmight，withproperattentiontotheconstructionoftheoven，andtothemanagementofthefire，bereducedatleasttoonehalfthequantitygeneratedfromthefuelinitscombustion。Inthemannerinwhichthebakingbusinessisnowgenerallycarriedon，muchmorethanthreequartersoftheheatgenerated，orwhichmightbegeneratedfromthefuelconsumed，islost。

APPENDIX，NoVIII。

ThefollowingAccountofthePersonsintheHouseofIndustryinDublin，the30thofApril1796，andoftheDetailsoftheMannerandExpenceoffeedingthem，wasgiventotheAuthor，byorderoftheGovernorsofthatInstitution。

AverageoftheDescriptionofPoorfortheWeekending30thofApril1796。

Males。Females。Total。

Employed——74352426

InfirmandIncurable——172585757

Idiots——161329

Blind——51016——

2679601227

IntheInfirmary。

SickPatients，Servants，etc。88200}

}——343

Lunaticks——1540}——

Total1570

Employedatactuallabour322Persons。

Dittoatmenialoffices104ditto——

Total426

Amongstthe1570Personsabovementioned，are282Childrenand447compelledPersons。

OftheChildren，205aretaughttospell，read，andwrite。

Saturday，April30，1796。

1227PersonsfedatBreakfast。

120ServantsinNew-House，a8oz。bread——60}lbs。loaveslb。value。

336Incurables，Children，etc。}186is4111/2L。114

a6ditto——126}

771Workers，etc。gotStirabout——

1227

WeightofmealforStirabout4cwt。costsL。318

120ServantsinNew-House}

get1quartbutter-milkGal。P。}

each300}167gallonsof1084Workers，Incurables，etc。}butter-milk1pintditto1354}value1L。

23Sucklersgetnobutter-milk}——

Allowedforwaste——14}

1227

Broughtdown，L。5158

s。d。

FueltocooktheStirabout，3bush。cost23}

}0301/2

Saltforditto，1qr。3lbcost——091/2}——

TheBreakfastcostL。51881/2

Quantityofwater，5barrels6gallons。

1227PersonsfedatDinner——BREADandMEALPOTTAGE。

120Servantsa9oz——68}

bread}lbs。loaves。lb。value。

1107Workers，Incurables，}6211/2is13801/2L。5104

etc。8oz。ditto——5531/2}

Weightofmealforthepottage，1cwt。3qrs——0135

Pepperforditto，halfapound——011

Gingerforditto，1pound——013

Saltforditto，21pound——007

Fuelforditto，3bushels2pecks——0271/2——

DinnercostL。6931/2

SUPPER。

For165SicklyWomenon6oz，bread。62}lbs。loaveslb。value。

251Children，3oz。do。47}109is24101911

N。B。TheexpensesofFoodfortheHospital，inwhichthereare343persons，isnotincludedintheaboveaccount。

Sunday，May1，1796。

1220PersonsfedatBreakfast。

120Servants，a8oz。bread。

330Incurables，Children，etc。6oz。do。

770Workers，etc。getStirabout——

1220Persons。

ThesamequantityofprovisionsdeliveredthisdayforBreakfastasonSaturday，andcostthesame：viz。

5L。18s。81/2d。

1220PersonsfedatDinner——BREAD，BEEFandBROTH。

Cost120Servants，a9oz。bread，68}lbs。loaveslbs。L。s。d。

1100Workers，Incurables，etc。}618is13711/2596

8do——550}——

1220Persons。

Cwt。qrs。lbs。

Weightofrawbeef，4210

Allowedforbone，100——

5210——7193

Mealforthebroth，120——1311/2

Wastebreadfordo。100——000

Saltfordo。0024——008

Pepperfordo。0001/2——011

Fuel，4bushels2pecks，——0341/2——

TotalL。14170

SUPPER。

Thesamenumberofwomenandchildrenasyesterday，andtheSuppercostthesame：viz。19s。11d。

Wednesday，May4，1796。

1216PersonsfedatBreakfast。

120ServantsinNew-House，a8oz。bread334Incurables，Children，etc。a6oz。do。

762Workers，etc。getStirabout——

1216Persons。

Thesamequantityofprovisions，etc。deliveredthisdayforBreakfastasforSaturday，andcostthesame：viz。

8L18s。81/2d。

1216PersonsfedatDinner——CALECANNONandBEER。

Cost。

WeightofrawpotatoesCwt。qrs。lbs。L。s。d。

forCalecannon，——1900——366

Anallowanceforwaste，100——

Weightused，1800——

Rawgreensforditto，——800——160

Butterforditto，——100——3120

Pepperforditto，——0001/2——011

Gingerforditto，——001——013

Onionsforditto，——0014——020

Saltforditto，——0024——008

Fuel，4bushels2pecks，——034

Timeofboilingaboutfourhours。

1193Personsget1}

pintofbeerGalls。p。}Barrs。

each，making1491}Galls。Galls。

23Onthebreast}151is331253——

getnobeer。}

1216}

Allowedfor}

waste，——17}

BreadtoIncurablesandChildrenonthebreast，43loaves，——1154——

TotalL。12135

SUPPER。

ThesamenumberofWomenandChildrenasonSaturday，andcostthesame：viz。19s11d。

N。B。Alltheseaccountsareinavoirdupoisweight，andIrishmoney。

APPENDIX，NoIX。

AnAccountofanEXPERIMENTmade(undertheDirectionoftheAUTHOR)intheKitchenoftheHOUSEofINDUSTRYatDUBLIN，inCOOKINGforthePOOR。

Maythe6th，1796，adinnerwasprovidedfor927personsofCalecannon，akindoffoodingreatreputeinIreland，composedofPotatoes，boiledandmashed，mixedwithaboutone-fifthoftheirweightofboiledGreens，cutfinewithsharpshovels，andseasonedwithbutter，onions，salt，pepper，andginger。Theingredientswereboiledinaverylargeironboiler，ofacircular，orratherhemisphericalform，capableofcontainingnear400gallons，andremarkablythickandheavy。273gallonsofpumpwaterwereputintothisboiler；andthefollowingTablewillshow，inasatisfactorymanner，theprogressandtheresultoftheexperiment：

HeatContentsoftheBoilerFuellaidoftheTime。onCoals。LiquidQuantityPecksWeightIngredients。Gall。lbs。

7h48m4106lb。55Watertoboil273

8h15m1261/2theGreens40m1261/2andPotatoes9h0m1261/2

15m25380

30m1261/290

45m253110

10h0m1261/2150

20m212TheGreenswerenowput2951/2

in。

2m180

30m1261/2190

45m212

11htheGreenstakenoutand1615

Potatoesputin。

11h10m253180

20m1261/2200

30m212

45mPotatoesdone。

GENERALRESULTSoftheEXPERIMENT。

ThefuelusedwasWhitehavencoal：thequantity17pecks，weighing4501/2lbs。

Thepotatoesbeingmashed，(withoutpeelingthem，)andthegreenschoppedfinewithasharpshovel，theyweremixedtogether，and98lbsofbutter，14lbs。ofonionsboiledandchoppedfine，40lbs。ofsalt，1lb。ofblackpepperinpowder，and1/2lb。ofginger，beingadded，andthewholewellmixedtogether，thisfoodwasservedoutinportionsof1quart，orabout2lbs。each，inwoodennoggins，holdingeach1quartwhenfull。

EachoftheseportionsofCalecannon(asthisfoodiscalledinIreland)servedonepersonfordinnerandsupper；andeachportioncostabout21/14pence，Irishmoney，oritcostsomethinglessthanONEPENNYsterlingperpound。

Twelvepencesterling，makethirteenpenceIrish。

Theexpence(reckonedinIrishmoney)ofpreparingthisfood，wasasfollows：viz。

L。s。d。

Potatoes，19cwt。at3s。6d。percwt——366

(N。B。Theyweighednomorethan1615lbs。

whenpickedandwashed。)

Greens，26flaskets，at10d。each，——1110

Butter，98lbs。at72s。percwt——330

Onions，14lbs。at2s。perstone，——020

Ginger，1/2lbs——013

Salt，40lbs——011

Pepper，1lb——011——

L。7169

Expenceforfuel，17pecksofcoal，at1L。3s。3d。perton，——0321/2——

TotalL。719111/2

Withthiskindoffoodthereisnoallowanceofbread，norisanynecessary。

Itwouldbehardlypossibletoinventamorenourishingormorepalatablekindoffood，thanCalecannon，asitismadeinIreland；

buttheexpenceofitmightbeconsiderablydiminished，byusinglessbutterinpreparingit。

Saltedherrings(whichdonotingeneralcostmuchmorethanapennythepound)mightbeusedwithgreatadvantagetogiveitarelish，particularlywhenasmallproportionofbutterisused。

Inthisexperiment，273gallonsofwater，weighingabout2224lbs。

avoirdupois，andbeingatthetemperatureof55degrees，wasmadetoboil，(intwohoursand32minutes，)withthecombustionof3461/2lbs。ofcoal；whichgivesratherlessthan61/2lbs。ofwater，toeachpoundofcoalconsumed；

thewaterbeingheated157degrees，orfrom55to212degrees。

Accordingtomyexperiments，20lbs。ofwatermaybeheated180degrees，(namelyfrom32degreesthefreezingpoint，to212degreesthetemperatureofboilingwater，)withtheheatgeneratedinthecombustionof1lb。ofpine-wood；

consequently，thesamequantityofwood(1lb。)wouldheat23lb。ofwater157degrees，orfrom55to212degrees。

ButM。Lavoisierhasshownusbyhisexperiments，thatthequantityofheatgeneratedinthecombustionofanygivenweightofcoal，isgreaterthanthatgeneratedinthecombustionofthesameweightofdrywood，intheproportionof1089to600；

consequently，1lb。ofcoaloughttomake403/4lbs。ofwater，atthetemperature55degrees，boil。

Butintheforegoingexperiment，1lb。ofcoalwasconsumedinmaking61/2lbs。ofwaterboil；consequently，morethan5/6

oftheheatgenerated，orwhichmightwithpropermanagementhavebeengeneratedinthecombustionofthecoal，waslost，owingtothebadconstructionoftheboilerandofthefire-place。

Hadtheconstructionoftheboilerandofthefire-placebeenasperfectastheywereinmyexperiments，aquantityoffuelwouldhavebeensufficient，smallerthanthatactuallyused，intheproportionof61/2to403/4，orinsteadof4501/2lbs。

ofcoal，713/4lbs。wouldhavedonethebusiness；and，insteadofcosting3s。21/2d。，theywouldhavecostlessthan61/4Irishmoney，or53/4d。sterling，whichisonlyabout1/3percent。ofthecostoftheingredientsusedinpreparingthefood，fortheexpenceoffuelforcookingit。

Thesecomputationsmayservetoshow，thatIdidnotexaggerate，whenIgaveitasmyopinion，(inmyEssayonFood，)thattheexpenceforthefuelnecessarytobeemployedincookingoughtnevertoexceed，eveninthiscountry，TWOPERCENT。ofthevalueoftheingredientsofwhichthefoodiscomposed；thatistosay，whenkitchenfire-placesarewellconstructed。

Hadtheingredientsusedinthisexperiment，viz。

2234lbs。ofwater1615lbs。ofpotatoes，98lbs。ofbutter，14lbs。ofonions，40lbs。ofsalt，1lb。ofpepper，and01/2lb。ofginger，——

makinginall39921/2lbs。，beenmadeintoasoup，insteadofbeingmadeintoCalecannon，this，at11/4lb。(equaltoonepintandaquarter)，theportionwouldhaveservedtofeed3210

persons。

ButifIcanshow，thatinIreland，whereallthecoalstheyburnareimportedfromEngland，agoodandsufficientmealofvictualsfor3210personsmaybeprovidedwiththeexpenceofonly53/4d。forthefuelnecessarytocookit；ItrustthattheaccountIventuredtopublishinmyfirstEssay，oftheexpenceforfuelinthekitchenoftheMilitaryWorkhouseatMunich，namely，thatitdidnotamounttosomuchas41/2d。

aday，when1000personswerefed，willnolongerappearquitesoincredible，asitcertainlymustappeartothosewhoarenotawareoftheenormouswastewhichismadeoffuelinthevariousprocessesinwhichitisemployed。

Ishallthinkmyselfveryfortunate，ifwhatIhavedoneintheprosecutionofthesemyfavouritestudies，shouldinduceingeniousmentoturntheirattentiontotheinvestigationofascience，hithertomuchneglected，andwhereeverynewimprovementmusttenddirectlyandpowerfullytoincreasethecomfortsandenjoymentsofmankind。

ENDOFTHEFIRSTVOLUME。

FootnotesforEssayV。

[1]

ThenumberofhorsesinBavariaaloneamounttoabove160，000

[2]

AparticularaccountofthesemilitarypostsisgivenintheSecondChapteroftheFirstEssay。

[3]

Sufficeittomentiononeamongnumberlessfacts，whichmightbebroughttoprovetheseassertions：TheBeggarsofourcapitalcarryonanincreasingandverylucrativetrade，withconfessionalandcommuniontestimonials，whichtheyselltopeoplewhodaringlytransgresstheholyecclesiasticallaws，byneglectingtoconfessandreceivetheholysacramentoftheLord’sSupperatEaster。Someoftheseimpiouswretchesreceivethesacrament，atleasttwiceinaday，inordernottolosetheircustomers；ifthedemandsforcommuniontestimonialsaregreat，orcomelate——Yepriestsandpreachersofthegospel，canyoustillforbearraisingyourvoicesagainstBeggars？

[4]

TothesethePresidentoftheChamberofFinanceshassincebeenadded。

[5]

Sincetheyear1792theElector，torelievetheInstitutionfromthatburden，hasorderedthepoliceguardstobepaidoutofthePublicTreasuryoftheChamberofFinances。

[6]

TheBavarianpoundwhichwasusedintheseexperiments，andwhichisdividedinto32loths，istothepoundAvoirdupoisas12，384isto10，000，——ornearlyas5to4。

EndofEssays，Vol。1