第4章

Thegreatmistakecommittedinmostoftheattemptswhichhavebeenmadetointroduceaspiritofindustry，wherehabitsofidlenesshaveprevailed，hasbeenthetoofrequentandimproperuseofcoercivemeasures，bywhichthepersonstobereclaimedhavecommonlybeenoffendedandthoroughlydisgustedattheveryout-set——Forcewillnotdoit——Address，notforce，mustbeusedonthoseoccasions。

ThechildreninthehouseofindustryatMunich，who，beingplaceduponelevatedseatsroundthehallswhereotherchildrenworked，weremadetobeidlespectatorsofthatamusingscene，criedmostbitterlywhentheirrequesttobepermittedtodescendfromtheirplaces，andmixinthatbusycrowd，wasrefused；——buttheywould，mostprobably，havecriedstillmore，hadtheybeentakenabruptlyfromtheirplayandFORCEDtowork。

“Menarebutchildrenofalargergrowth；“——andthosewhoundertaketodirectthem，oughtevertobearinmindthatimportanttruth。

Thatimpatienceofcontrol，andjealousyandobstinateperseveranceinmaintainingtherightsofpersonallibertyandindependence，whichsostronglymarkthehumancharacterinallthestagesoflife，mustbemanagedwithgreatcautionandaddress，bythosewhoaredesirousofdoinggood；——or，indeed，ofdoinganythingeffectuallywithmankind。

Ithasoftenbeensaid，thatthePoorareviciousandprofligate，andthatTHEREFOREnothingbutforcewillanswertomakethemobedient，andkeeptheminorder；——but，Ishouldsay，thatBECAUSEthePoorareviciousandprofligate，itissomuchthemorenecessarytoavoidtheappearanceofforceinthemanagementofthem，topreventtheirbecomingrebelliousandincorrigible。

ThosewhoareemployedtotakeupandtamethewildhorsesbelongingtotheElectorPalatine，whicharebredintheforestnearDusseldorf，neveruseforceinreclaimingthatnobleanimal，andmakinghimdocileandobedient。Theybeginwithmakingagreatcircuit，inordertoapproachhim；andratherdecoythanforcehimintothesituationinwhichtheywishtobringhim，andeverafterwardstreathimwiththegreatestkindness；ithavingbeenfoundbyexperience，thatill-usageseldomfailstomakehim“aman-hater。”untameable，andincorrigiblyvicious——Itmay，perhaps，bethoughtfancifulandtrifling，butthefactreallyis，thatanattentiontothemeansusedbythesepeopletogaintheconfidenceofthoseanimals，andteachthemtoliketheirkeepers，theirstables，andtheirmangers，suggestedtomemanyideaswhichIafterwardsputinexecutionwithgreatsuccess，inreclaimingthoseabandonedandferociousanimalsinhumanshape，whichIundertooktotameandrendergentleanddocile。

Itishowevernecessaryineveryattempttointroduceaspiritoforderandindustryamongtheidleandprofligate，notmerelytoavoidallharshandoffensivetreatment，which，ashasalreadybeenobserved，couldonlyservetoirritatethemandrenderthemstillmoreviciousandobstinate，butitisalsoindispensablynecessarytodoeverythingthatcanbedevisedtoencourageandrewardeverysymptomofreformation。

Itwilllikewisebenecessarysometimestopunishtheobstinate；

butrecourseshouldneverbehadtopunishmentstillGOODUSAGE

hasfirstbeenfairlytriedandfoundtobeineffectual。

Thedelinquentmustbemadetoseethathehasdeservedthepunishment，andwhenitisinflicted，careshouldbetakentomakehimfeelit。Butinorderthatthepunishmentmayhavetheeffectsintended，andnotservetoirritatethepersonpunished，andexcitepersonalhatredandrevenge，insteadofdisposingthemindtoseriousreflection，itmustbeadministeredinthemostsolemnandmostDISPASSIONATEmanner；anditmustbecontinuednolongerthantilltheFIRSTDAWNofreformationappears。

Howmuchprudenceandcautionarenecessaryindispensingrewardsandpunishments；——andyet——howlittleattentionisingeneralpaidtothoseimportanttransactions！

REWARDSandPUNISHMENTSaretheonlymeansbywhichmankindcanbecontrolledanddirected；andyet，howoftendoweseethemdispensedinthemostcareless——mostimprudent——andmostimpropermanner！——howoftenaretheyconfounded！——howoftenmisapplied！——

andhowoftendoweseethemmadetheinstrumentsofgratifyingthemostsordidprivatepassions！

Totheimproperuseofthemmaybeattributedallthedisordersofcivilsociety——Totheimproperorcarelessuseofthemmay，mostunquestionably，beattributedtheprevalenceofpoverty，misery，andmendicityinmostcountries，andparticularlyinGreatBritain，wherethehealthfulnessandmildnessoftheclimate——thefertilityofthesoil——theabundanceoffuel——thenumerousandflourishingmanufactures——theextensivecommerce——

andthemillionsofacresofwastelandswhichstillremaintobecultivated，furnishthemeansofgivingusefulemploymenttoallitsinhabitants，andeventoamuchmorenumerouspopulation。

Butifinsteadofencouragingthelaudableexertionsofusefulindustry，andassistingandrelievingtheunfortunateandtheinfirm——(theonlyrealobjectsofcharity，)——themeansdesignedforthosepurposesaresomisappliedastooperateasrewardstoidlenessandimmorality，thegreaterthesumsarewhichareleviedontherichforthereliefofthepoor，themorenumerouswillthatclassbecome，andthegreaterwillbetheirprofligacy，theirinsolence，andtheirshamelessandclamorousimportunity。

Thereis，itcannotbedenied，inman，anaturalpropensitytoslothandindolence；andthoughhabitsofindustry，——likeallhabits，——mayrenderthoseexertionseasyandpleasantwhichatfirstarepainfulandirksome，yetnoperson，inanysituation，everchoselabourmerelyforitsownsake。Itisalwaystheapprehensionofsomegreaterevil，——orthehopeofsomeenjoyment，bywhichmankindarecompelledorallured，whentheytaketoindustriouspursuits。

Intherudestateofsavagenaturethewantsofmenarefew，andthesemayallbeeasilysuppliedwithoutthecommissionofanycrime；consequentlyindustry，undersuchcircumstances，isnotnecessary，norcanindolencebejustlyconsideredasavice；

butinastateofcivilsociety，wherepopulationisgreat，andthemeansofsubsistencenottobehadwithoutlabour，orwithoutdefraudingothersofthefruitsoftheirindustry，idlenessbecomesacrimeofthemostfataltendency，andconsequentlyofthemostheinousnature；andeverymeansshouldbeusedtodiscountenance，punish，andpreventit。

AndweseethatProvidence，everattentivetoprovideremediesforthedisorderswhichtheprogressofsocietyoccasionsintheworld，hasprovidedforidleness——assoonastheconditionofsocietyrendersitavice，butnotbefore——apunishmenteverywaysuitedtoitsnature，andcalculatedtopreventitsprevalencyandperniciousconsequences：——ThisisWANT，——andamostefficaciousremedyitisfortheevil，——whentheWISDOMOFMAN

doesnotinterferetocounteractit，andpreventitssalutaryeffects。

Butreservingthefatherinvestigationofthispartofmysubject——thatrespectingthemeanstobeusedforencouragingindustry——

tosomefutureopportunity，Ishallnowendeavourtoshow，inafewwords，how，underthemostunfavourablecircumstances，anarrangementforputtinganendtomendicity，andintroducingaspiritofindustryamongthePoor，mightbeintroducedandcarriedintoexecution。

IfIamobligedtotakeagreatcircuit，inordertoarriveatmyobject，itmustberemembered，thatwhereavastweightistoberaisedbyhumanmeans，avarietyofmachinerymustnecessarilybeprovided；andthatitisonlybybringingallthedifferentpowersemployedtoacttogethertothesameend，thatthepurposeinviewcanbeattained。Itwilllikewiseberemembered，thatasnomechanicalpowercanbemadetoactwithoutaforcebeappliedtoitsufficienttoovercometheresistance，notonlyofthevisinertia，butalsooffriction，sonomoralagentcanbebroughttoacttoanygivenendwithoutsufficientmotives；thatistosay，withoutsuchmotivesasTHEPERSONWHOISTOACTmaydeemsufficient，notonlytodecidehisopinion，butalsotoOVERCOME

HISINDOLENCE。

Theobjectproposed，——thereliefofthePoor，andtheprovidingfortheirfuturecomfortandhappiness，byintroducingamongthemaspiritoforderandindustry，issuchascannotfailtomeetwiththeapprobationofeverywell-disposedperson——ButIwillsuppose，thatabareconvictionoftheUTILITYofthemeasureisnotsufficientalonetoovercometheindolenceofthePublic，andinducethemtoengageACTIVELYintheundertaking；——yetaspeopleareatalltimes，andinallsituations，readyenoughtodowhattheyFEELtobetheirinterest，if，inbringingforwardaschemeofpublicutility，thepropermeansbeusedtorenderitsointerestingastoawakentheCURIOSITY，andfixtheattentionofthePublic，nodoubtscanbeentertainedofthepossibilityofcarryingitintoeffect。

Inarrangingsuchaplan，andlayingitbeforethePublic，nosmalldegreeofknowledgeofmankind，andparticularlyofthevariousmeansofactingonthem，whicharepeculiarlyadaptedtothedifferentstagesofcivilization，orratherofthepoliticalrefinementandcorruptionofsociety，would，inmostcases，beindispensablynecessary；butwiththatknowledge，andagoodshareofzeal，address，prudence，andperseverance，therearefewschemes，inwhichanhonestmanwouldwishtobeconcerned，thatmightnotbecarriedintoexecutioninanycountry。

InsuchacityasLondon，wherethereisgreatwealth；——publicspirit；——enterprize；——andzealforimprovement；littlemore，Iflattermyself，wouldbenecessarytoengageallrankstouniteincarryingintoeffectsuchascheme，thantoshowitspublicutility；and，aboveall，toprovethatthereISNOJOBatthebottomofit。

Itwould，however，beadvisable，insubmittingtothePublic，ProposalsforformingsuchanEstablishment，toshowthatthosewhoareinvitedtoassistincarryingitintoexecution，wouldnotonlyderivefromitmuchpleasureandsatisfaction，butalsomanyrealadvantages；fortoomuchpainscanneverbetakentointerestthePublicindividually，anddirectly，inthesuccessofmeasurestendingtopromotethegeneralgoodofsociety。

ThefollowingProposals，whichIwillsupposetobemadebysomepersonofknownandrespectablecharacter，whohascourageenoughtoengageinsoarduousanundertaking，willshowmyideasuponthissubjectintheclearestmanner——Whethertheyarewellfounded，mustbelefttothereadertodetermine——Astomyself，Iamsomuchpersuadedthattheschemehereproposed，bywayofexample，andmerelyforillustration，mightbeexecuted，that，hadItimefortheundertaking，(whichIhavenot，)Ishouldnothesitatetoengageinit。

PROPOSALSforformingbyprivatesubscription，anESTABLISHMENT

forfeedingthePoor，andgivingthemusefulEmployment；

AndalsoforfurnishingFoodatacheapRatetootherswhomaystandinneedofsuchAssistance。ConnectedwithanINSTITUTION

forintroducing，andbringingforwardintogeneralUse，newInventionsandImprovements，particularlysuchasrelatetotheManagementofHeatandthesavingofFuel；andtovariousothermechanicalContrivancesbywhichDOMESTICCOMFORTandECONOMYmaybepromoted。

SubmittedtothePublic，ByA。B。

TheAuthoroftheseProposalsdeclaressolemnly，inthefaceofthewholeworld，thathehasnointerestedviewwhateverinmakingtheseProposals；butisactuatedmerelyandsimplybyadesiretodogood，andpromotethehappinessandprosperityofsociety，andthehonourandreputationofhiscountry——Thatheneverwilldemand，accept，orreceiveanypayorotherrecompenceorrewardofanykindwhateverfromanypersonorpersons，forhisservicesortrouble，incarryingintoexecutiontheproposedscheme，oranypartthereof，orforanythinghemaydoorperforminfuturerelatingtoit，ortoanyofitsdetailsorconcerns。

And，moreover，thatheneverwillavailhimselfofanyopportunitiesthatmayofferintheexecutionoftheplanproposed，forderivingprofit，emolument，oradvantageofanykind，eitherforhimself，hisfriends，orconnections；——butthat，onthecontrary，hewilltakeuponhimselftobepersonallyresponsibletothePublic，andmoreimmediatelytotheSubscriberstothisUndertaking，thatNOPERSONshallFINDMEANS

tomakeajoboftheproposedEstablishment，orofanyofthedetailsofitsexecution，orofitsmanagement，aslongastheAuthoroftheseProposalsremainschargedwithitsdirection。

WithrespecttotheparticularobjectsandextentoftheproposedEstablishment，thesemaybeseenbytheaccountwhichisgivenofthemattheheadoftheseProposals；andastotheirutility，therecanbenodoubts。Theycertainlymusttendverypowerfullytopromotethecomfort，happiness，andprosperityofsociety，andwilldohonourtothenation，aswellastothoseindividualswhomaycontributetocarrythemintoexecution。

Withtheregardtothepossibilityofcarryingintoeffecttheproposedscheme；——thefacilitywithwhichthismaybedone，willbeevidentwhenthemethodofdoingit，whichwillnowbepointedout，isdulyconsidered。

Assoonasasumshallbesubscribedsufficientforthepurposesintended，theAuthoroftheseProposalswill，byletters，requestameetingoftheTWENTY-FIVEpersonswhoshallstandhighestonthelistofsubscribers，forthepurposeofexaminingthesubscription-lists，andofappointing，byballot，acommittee，composedoffivepersons，skilledinthedetailsofbuilding，andinaccounts，tocollectthesubscriptions，andtosuperintendtheexecutionoftheplan——Thiscommittee，whichwillbechosenfromamongthesubscribersatlarge，willbeauthorisedanddirected，toexaminealltheworksthatwillbenecessaryinformingtheEstablishment，andseethattheyareproperlyperformed，andatreasonableprices；——toexamineandapproveofallcontractsforwork，orformaterials；——toexamineandcheckallaccountsofexpendituresofeverykind，intheexecutionoftheplan；——andtogiveordersforallpayments。

ThegeneralarrangementoftheEstablishment，andofallitsdetails，willbelefttotheAuthoroftheseProposals；whowillberesponsiblefortheirsuccess——Heengages，however，intheprosecutionofthisbusiness，toadherefaithfullytotheplanhereproposed，andnevertodepartfromitonanypretencewhatever。

WithregardtothechoiceofaspotforerectingthisEstablishment，aplacewillbechosenwithinthelimitsofthetown，andinaconvenientandcentralasituationaspossible，wheregroundenoughforthepurposeistobehadatareasonableprice[5]——

Theagreementforthepurchase，orhireofthisground，andofthebuildings，iftherebeanyonit，will，likeallotherbargainsandcontracts，besubmittedtothecommitteefortheirapprobationandratification。

Theorderinwhichitisproposedtocarryintoexecutionthedifferentpartsoftheschemeisasfollows：——First，toestablishapublickitchenforfurnishingFoodtosuchpoorpersonsasshallberecommendedbythesubscribersforsuchassistance。

ThisFoodwillbeoffourdifferentsorts，namely，No。I。Anourishingsoupcomposedofbarley——pease——potatoes，andbread；seasonedwithsalt，pepper，andfineherbs——Theportionofthissoup，onepintandaquarter，weighingabouttwentyounces，willcostONEPENNY。

No。II。Arichpease-soup，wellseasoned；——withfriedbread；——

theportion(twentyounces)atTWOPENCE。

No。III。Arichandnourishingsoup，orbarley，pease，andpotatoes，properlyseasoned；——withfriedbread；andtwoouncesofboiledbacon，cutfineandputintoit——Theportion(20ounces)

atFOURPENCE。

No。IV。Agoodsoup；withboiledmeatandpotatoesorcabbages，orothervegetables；with1/4lb。ofgoodryebread，theportionatSIXPENCE。

Adjoiningtothekitchen，fourspaciouseating-roomswillbefittedup，ineachofwhichoneonlyofthefourdifferentkindsofFoodpreparedinthekitchenwillbeserved。

Neartheeating-rooms，otherroomswillbeneatlyfittedup，andkeptconstantlyclean，andwellwarmed；andwelllightedintheevening；inwhichthePoorwhofrequenttheEstablishmentwillbepermittedtoremainduringtheday，andtillacertainhouratnight——TheywillbeallowedandevenENCOURAGEDtobringtheirworkwiththemtotheserooms；andbydegreestheywillbefurnishedwithutensils，andrawmaterialsforworkingfortheirownemolument，bytheEstablishment。Praisesandrewardswillbebestowedonthosewhomostdistinguishthemselvesbytheirindustry，andbytheirpeaceableandorderlybehaviour。

Inthefittingupofthekitchen，carewillbetakentointroduceeveryusefulinventionandimprovement，bywhichfuelmaybesaved，andthevariousprocessesofcookeryfacilitated，andrenderedlessexpensive；andthewholemechanicalarrangementwillbemadeascompleteandperfectaspossible，inorderthatitmayserveasamodelforimitation；andcarewillbelikewisebetakeninfittingupthedining-halls，andotherroomsbelongingtotheEstablishment，tointroducethemostapprovedfire-places，——stoves，——flews，andothermechanicalcontrivancesforheatingroomsandpassages；——asalsoinlightingupthehousetomakeuseofavarietyofthebest，mosteconomical，andmostbeautifullamps；andinshort，tocollecttogethersuchanassemblageofusefulandelegantinventions，ineverypartoftheEstablishment，astorenderitnotonlyanobjectofpubliccuriosity，butalsoofthemostessentialandextensiveutility。

AndalthoughitwillnotbepossibletomaketheEstablishmentsufficientlyextensivetoaccommodateallthePoorofsolargeacity，yetitmayeasilybemadelargeenoughtoaffordacomfortableasylumtoagreatnumberofdistressedobjects；andtheinterestingandaffectingsceneitwillaffordtospectators，canhardlyfailtoattractthecuriosityofthePublic；andthereisgreatreasontohopethatthesuccessoftheexperiment，andtheevidenttendencyofthemeasuresadoptedtopromotethecomfort，happiness，andprosperityofsociety，willinducemanytoexertthemselvesinformingsimilarEstablishmentsinotherplaces——Itisevenprobablethatthesuccesswhichwillattendthisfirstessay，(forsuccessfulitmust，andwillbe，ascarewillbetakentolimititsextenttothemeansfurnishedforcarryingitintoexecution，)willencourageothers，whodonotputdowntheirnamesuponthelistsofthesubscribersatfirst，tofollowwithsubscriptionforthepurposeofaugmentingtheEstablishment，andrenderingitmoreextensivelyuseful。

Shouldthisbethecase，itispossiblethatinashorttimesubordinatepublickitchens，withroomsadjoiningthemfortheaccommodationoftheindustriousPoor，maybeestablishedinalltheparishes；——andwhenthisisdone，onlyoneshortstepmorewillbenecessaryinordertocompleteinthemanagementofthePoor。Poorratesmaythenbeentirelyabolished，andVOLUNTARYSUBSCRIPTIONS，whichcertainlyneedneveramounttoonehalfwhatthePoorratesnoware，maybesubstitutedintheroomofthem，andonegeneralestablishmentmaybeformedforthereliefandsupportofthePoorinthiscapital。

ItwillhoweverberememberedthatitisbynomeanstheintentionoftheAuthoroftheseProposalsthatthosewhocontributetotheobjectimmediatelyinview，theformingAMODEL

foranEstablishmentforfeedingandgivingemploymenttothePoor，shouldbetroubledwithanyfuturesolicitationsonthatscore；

veryfarfromit，measureswillbesotaken，bylimitingtheextentoftheundertakingtotheamountofthesumssubscribed，andbyarrangingmatterssothattheEstablishment。onceformed，shallbeabletosupportitself，thatnofartherassistancefromthesubscriberswillbenecessary——Ifanyofthemshould，oftheiraccord，followuptheirsubscriptionbyotherdonations，theseadditionalsumswillbethankfullyreceived，andfaithfullyapplied，tothegeneralorparticularpurposesforwhichtheymaybedesigned；butthesubscribersmaydependuponneverbeingtroubledwithanyfutureSOLICITATIONSonanypretencewhatever，onaccountofthepresentundertaking。

AsecondaryobjectinformingthisEstablishment，andwhichwillbeattendedtoassoonasthemeasuresforfeedingthePoor，andgivingthememployment，arecarriedintoexecution，istheformingofagrandrepositoryofallkindsofUSEFULMECHANICAL

INVENTIONS，andparticularlyofsuchasrelatetothefurnishingofhouses，andarecalculatedtopromotedomesticcomfortandeconomy。

Sucharepositorywillnotonlybehighlyinteresting，consideredasanobjectofpubliccuriosity，butitwillbereallyuseful，andwilldoubtlesscontributeverypowerfullytotheintroductionofmanyessentialimprovements。

TorenderthispartoftheEstablishmentstillmorecomplete，roomswillbesetapartforreceiving，andexposingtopublicview，allsuchnewandusefulinventionsasshall，fromtimetotime，bemade，inthis，orinanyothercountry，andsenttotheinstitution；andawrittenaccount，containingthenameoftheinventor，——theplacewherethearticlemaybebought，——andthepriceofit，willbeattachedtoeacharticle，fortheinformationofthosewhomaybedesirousofknowinganyoftheseparticulars。

Iftheamountofthesubscriptionsshouldbesufficienttodefraytheadditionalexpencewhichsuchanarrangementwouldrequire，modelswillbeprepared，uponareducedscale，forshowingtheimprovementswhichmaybemadeintheconstructionofthecoppers，orboilers，usedbybrewers，anddistillers，asalsooftheirfire-places；withaviewbothtotheeconomyofthefuel，andtoconvenience。

Completekitchenswilllikewisebeconstructed，ofthefullsize，withalltheirutensils，asmodelsforprivatefamilies——

Andthatthesekitchensmaynotbeuseless，eatingroomsmaybefittedupadjoiningtothem，andcooksengagedtofurnishtogentlemen，subscribers，orothers，towhomsubscribersmaydelegatethatright，gooddinners，attheprimecostofthevictuals，andtheexpenseofcooking，whichtogethercertainlywouldnotexceedONESHILLINGAHEAD。

ThepublickitchenfromwhencethePoorwillbefedwillbesoconstructedastoserveasamodelforhospitals，andforothergreatEstablishmentsofsimilarnature。

TheexpenseoffeedingthePoorwillbeprovidedforbysellingtheportionsofFooddeliveredfromthepublickitchenatsuchaprice，thatthoseexpensesshallbejustcovered，andnomore：——

sothattheEstablishment，whenoncecompleted，willbemadetosupportitself。

TicketsforFood(whichmaybeconsideredasdraftsuponthepublickitchen，payableatsight)willbefurnishedtoallpersonswhoapplyforthem，inasfarasitshallbepossibletosupplythedemands；butcarewillbetakentoprovide，first，forthePoorwhofrequentregularlytheworkingroomsbelongingtotheEstablishment；andsecondly，topayattentiontotherecommendationsofsubscribers，byfurnishingFoodimmediately，orwiththeleastpossibledelay，tothosewhocomewithsubscribers’tickets。

AssoonastheEstablishmentshallbecompleted，everysubscriberwillbefurnishedgratiswithticketsforFood，totheamountoftenpercent。ofhissubscription；thevalueoftheticketsbeingreckonedatwhattheportionsofFoodreallycost，whichwillbedeliveredtothosewhoproducetheticketsatthepublickitchen——Attheendofsixmonths，ticketstotheamountoftenpercent。more，andsoon，attheendofeverysixsucceedingmonths，ticketstotheamountoftenpercent。ofthesumsubscribedwillbedeliveredtoeachsubscribertillheshallactuallyhavereceivedinticketsforFood，ordraftsuponthepublickitchen，tothefullamountofONEHALFofhisoriginalsubscription——AndasthepriceatwhichthisFoodwillbecharged，willbeatthemostmoderatecomputation，atleastFIFTY

PERCENT。cheaperthanitwouldcostanywhereelse，thesubscriberswillinfactreceiveintheseticketsthefullvalueofthesumstheywillhavesubscribed；sothatintheend，thewholeadvancewillberepaid，andamostinteresting，andmostusefulpublicinstitutionwillbecompletelyestablishedWITHOUT

ANYEXPENSETOANYBODY——AndtheAuthoroftheseProposalswillthinkhimselfmostamplyrepaidforanytroublehemayhaveintheexecutionofthisscheme，bytheheartfeltsatisfactionhewillenjoyinthereflectionofhavingbeeninstrumentalindoingessentialservicetomankind。

Itishardlynecessarytoadd，thatalthoughthesubscriberswillreceiveinreturnfortheirsubscriptionsthefullvalueofthem，intickets，orordersuponthepublickitchen，forFood，yetthepropertyoftheWholeEstablishment，withallitsappurtenances，willneverthelessremainvestedsolelyandentirelyinthesubscribers，andtheirlawfulheirs；andthattheywillhavepowertodisposeofitinanywaytheymaythinkproper，asalsotogiveordersanddirectionsforitsfuturemanagement。

(Signed)

“A。B。”

London，1stJanuary1796。

TheseProposals，whichshouldbeprinted，anddistributedgratis，ingreatabundance，shouldbeaccompaniedwithsubscription-listswhichshouldbeprintedonfinewriting-paper；andtosavetroubletothesubscribers，mightbeofapeculiarform——Uponthetopofahalf-sheetoffoliowriting-papermightbeprinted，thefollowingHeadofTitle，andtheremainderofthatsideofthehalf-sheet，belowthisHead，mightbeformedintodifferentcolumns，thus：

SUBSCRIPTIONS，ForcarryingintoexecutiontheschemeforforminganEstablishmentforfeedingthePoorfromaPublicKITCHEN，andgivingthemusefulemployment，etc。proposedbyA。B。

andparticularlydescribedintheprintedpaper，datedLondon，1stJanuary1796，whichaccompaniesthisSubscriptionList。

N。B。Nopartofthemoneysubscribedwillbecalledfor，unlessitbefoundthattheamountofthesubscriptionswillbequitesufficienttocarrytheschemeproposedintocompleteexecutionwithouttroublingthesubscribersasecondtimeforfurtherassistance——

SubscribersNames。IPlaceofAbode。ISumssubscribed——

IIpound。s。d。

II

II

II

II

II

II

thatthislistisauthentic，andthatthepersonsmentionedinithaveagreedtosubscribethesumsplacedagainsttheirnames，isattestedby[]。Thepersonwhoissogoodastotakechargeofthislist，isrequestedtoauthenticateitbysigningtheabovecertificate，andthentosealitupandsenditaccordingtotheprintedaddressonthebackofit。

Theaddressuponthebackofthesubscriptionlists，(whichmaybethatoftheauthoroftheProposal，orofanyotherpersonhemayappointtoreceivetheselists，)shouldbeprintedinsuchamannerthat，whenthelistisfoldedupintheformofaletter，theaddressmaybeinitsproperplace。Thiswillsavetroubletothosewhotakechargeoftheselists；andtoomuchpainscannotbetakentogiveaslittletroubleaspossibletopersonswhoaresolicitedtocontributeINMONEYtowardscarryingintoexecutionschemesofpublicutility。

AsapublicEstablishmentlikethathereproposedwouldbehighlyinteresting，evenwereittobeconsideredinnootherlightthanmerelyasanobjectofcuriosity，thereisnodoubtbutitwouldbemuchfrequented；anditispossiblethatthisconcourseofpeoplemightbesogreatastorenderitnecessarytomakesomeregulationsinregardtoadmittance：but，whatevermeasuresmightbeadoptedwithrespecttoothers，SUBSCRIBERSoughtcertainlytohavefreeadmittanceatalltimestoeverypartoftheEstablishment，——Theyshouldevenhavearightindividuallytoexamineallthedetailsofitsadministration，andtorequirefromthoseemployedasoverseers，ormanagers，anyinformationorexplanationtheymightwant——Theyoughtlikewisetobeatlibertytotakedrawings，ortohavethemtakenbyothers，(attheirexpense，)forthemselvesorfortheirfriends，ofthekitchen，stoves，grates，furniture，etc。andingeneralofeverypartofthemachinerybelongingtotheEstablishment。

InformingtheEstablishment，andprovidingthevariousmachinery，careshouldbetakentoemploythemostingeniousandmostrespectabletradesmen；andifthenameofthemaker，andtheplaceofhisabodeweretobeengravedorwrittenoneacharticle，this，nodoubt，wouldtendtoexciteemulationamongtheartizans，andinducethemtofurnishgoodsofthebestquality，andataslowapriceaspossible——Itisevenpossible，thatinagreatandopulentcitylikeLondon，andwherepublicspiritandzealforimprovementpervadeallranksofsociety，manyrespectabletradesmenineasycircumstancesmightbefound，whowouldhaverealpleasureinfurnishinggratissuchofthearticleswantedasareintheirlineofbusiness：andtheadvantageswhichmight，withpropermanagement，bederivedfromthissource，wouldmostprobablybeveryconsiderable。

WithregardtothemanagementofthePoorwhomightbecollectedtogetherforthepurposeofbeingfedandfurnishedwithemployment，inaPublicEstablishmentlikethathererecommended，Icannotdobetterthanrefermyreadertotheaccountalreadypublished(inmyFirstEssay)ofthemannerinwhichthePooratMunichweretreatedinthehouseofindustryestablishedinthatcity，andthemeansthatwereusedtorenderthemcomfortable，HAPPY，andindustrious。

Assoonastheschemehererecommendediscarriedintoexecution，andmeasuresareeffectuallytakenforfeedingthePooratacheaprate，andgivingthemusefulemployment，nofartherdifficultieswillthenremain，atleastnonecertainlythatareinsurmountable，topreventtheintroductionofageneralplanforprovidingforallthePoor，foundedupontheprinciplesexplainedandrecommendedintheprecedingChaptersofthisEssay。

CHAPTER。V。

OftheMeanswhichmaybeusedbyIndividualsinaffluentCircumstancesfortheReliefofthePoorintheirNeighbourhood。

AsnothingtendsmorepowerfullytoencourageidlenessandimmoralityamongthePoor，andconsequentlytoperpetuatealltheevilstosocietywhicharisefromtheprevalenceofpovertyandmendicity，thaninjudiciousdistributionsofalms；individualsmustbeverycautiousinbestowingtheirprivatecharities，andinformingschemesforgivingassistancetothedistressed；

otherwisetheywillmostcertainlydomoreharmthangood——

Theeviltendencyofgivingalmsindiscriminatelytobeggarsisuniversallyacknowledged；butitisnot，Ibelieve，sogenerallyknownhowmuchharmisdonebywhatarecalledthePRIVATECHARITIES

ofindividuals——Farbeitfrommetowishtodiscourageprivatecharities；Iamonlyanxiousthattheyshouldbebetterapplied。

WithouttakinguptimeinanalyzingthedifferentmotivesbywhichpersonsofvariouscharacterareinducedtogivealmstothePoor，orofshowingtheconsequencesoftheirinjudiciousorcarelessdonations；whichwouldbeanunprofitableaswellasadisagreeableinvestigation；IshallbrieflypointoutwhatappeartometobethemosteffectualmeanswhichindividualsinaffluentcircumstancescanemployfortheassistanceofthePoorintheirneighbourhood。

ThemostcertainandefficaciousreliefthatcanbegiventothePooristhatwhichwouldbeaffordedthembyformingageneralEstablishmentforgivingthemusefulemployment，andfurnishingthemwiththenecessariesoflifeatacheaprate；inshort，formingaPublicEstablishmentsimilarinallrespectstothatalreadyrecommended，andmakingitasextensiveascircumstanceswillpermit。

Anexperimentmightfirstbemadeinasinglevillage，orinasingleparish；asmallhouse，ortwoorthreeroomsonly，mightbefittedupforthereceptionofthePoor，andparticularlyofthechildrenofthePoor；andtopreventthebadimpressionswhicharesometimesmadebynameswhichhavebeenbecomeodious，insteadofcallingitaWork-house，itmightbecalled“ASchoolofIndustry。”or，perhaps，Asylumwouldbeabetternameforit——OneoftheseroomsshouldbefittedupasakitchenforcookingforthePoor；andamiddle-agedwomenofrespectablecharacter，andaboveallofagentleandhumanedisposition，shouldbeplacedattheheadofthisEstablishment，andlodgedinthehouse——Assheshouldserveatthesametimeaschiefcook，andasstewardoftheinstitution，itwouldbenecessarythatsheshouldbeabletowriteandkeepaccounts；andincaseswherethebusinessofsuperintendingthevariousdetailsoftheEstablishmentwouldbetooextensivetobeperformedbyoneperson，oneormoreassistantsmaybegivenher。

InlargeEstablishmentsitmight，perhaps，bebesttoplaceamarriedcouple，ratheradvancedinlife，andwithoutchildren，attheheadoftheinstitution；but，whoeverareemployedinthatsituation，careshouldbetakenthattheyshouldbepersonsofirreproachablecharacter，andsuchasthePoorcanhavenoreasontosuspectofpartiality。

AsnothingwouldtendmoreeffectuallytoruinanEstablishmentofthiskind，andpreventthegoodintendedtobeproducedbyit，thanthepersonaldislikesofthePoortothoseputoverthem，andmoreespeciallysuchdislikesasarefoundedontheirsuspicionsoftheirpartiality，thegreatestcautioninthechoiceofthesepersonswillalwaysbenecessary：andingeneralitwillbebestnottotakethemfromamongthePoor，oratleastnotfromamongthoseoftheneighbourhood，norsuchashaverelations，acquaintances，orotherconnexionsamongthem。

AnotherpointtobeattendedtointhechoiceofapersontobeplacedattheheadofsuchanEstablishment，(anditisapointofmoreimportancethancanwellbeimaginedbythosewhohavenotconsideredthematterwithsomeattention)——isthelooksorEXTERNALAPPEARANCEofthepersondestinedforthisemployment。

Allthosewhohavestudiedhumannature，orhavetakennoticeofwhatpassesinthemselveswhentheyapproachforthefirsttimeapersonwhohasanythingverystronglymarkedinhiscountenance，willfeelhowveryimportantitisthatapersonplacedattheheadofanasylumforthereceptionofthePoorandtheunfortunateshouldhaveanopen，pleasingcountenance，suchasinspiresconfidenceandconciliatesaffectionandesteem。

Thosewhoareindistress，areapttobefearfulandapprehensive，andnothingwouldbesolikelytointimidateanddiscouragethemastheforbiddingaspectofasternandausterecountenanceinthepersontheyweretaughttolookuptoforassistanceandprotection。

Theexternalappearanceofthosewhoaredestinedtocommandothersisalwaysamatterofrealimportance，butitispeculiarlysowhenthosetobecommandedanddirectedareobjectsofpityandcommiseration。

WherethereareseveralgentlemenwholiveintheneighbourhoodofthesametownorvillagewhereanEstablishment，orAsylum，(asIwouldwishitmightbecalled，)forthePooristobeformed，theyshouldallunitetoformONEESTABLISHMENT，insteadofeachformingaseparateone；anditwilllikewisebeveryusefulinallcasestoinviteallranksofpeopleresidentwithinthelimitsofthedistrictinwhichanEstablishmentisformed，exceptthosewhoareactuallyinneedofassistancethemselves，tocontributetocarryintoexecutionsuchapublicundertaking；

forthoughthesumsthemoreindigentandnecessitousoftheinhabitantsmaybeabletosparemaybetrifling，yettheirbeinginvitedtotakepartinsolaudableanundertakingwillbeflatteringtothem，andthesumstheycontribute，howeversmalltheymaybe，willgivethemasortofpropertyintheEstablishment，andwilleffectuallyengagetheirgoodwishesatleast，(whichareofmoreimportanceinsuchcasesthanisgenerallyimagined，)foritssuccess。

HowfarthereliefwhichthePoorwouldreceivefromtheexecutionofaschemelikethathereproposedoughttoprecludethemfromaparticipationofotherpubliccharities，(inthedistributionofthesumsleviedupontheinhabitantsinPoor’staxes，forinstance，wheresuchexist，)mustbedeterminedineachparticularcaseaccordingtotheexistingcircumstances。

Itwill，however，alwaysbeindispensablynecessarywherethesamepoorpersonreceivescharitableassistancefromtwoormoreseparateinstitutions，orfromtwoormoreprivateindividuals，atthesametime，foreachtoknowexactlytheamountofwhattheothersgive，otherwisetoomuchortoolittlemaybegiven，andbothtendtodiscourageINDUSTRY，theonlysourceofeffectualrelieftothedistressesandthemiseryofthePoor——AndhencemayagainbeseenthegreatimportanceofwhatIhavesoofteninsistedon，therenderingofmeasuresforthereliefofthePoorasgeneralaspossible。

Toillustrateintheclearestmanner，andinasfewwordsaspossible，theplanIwouldrecommendforforminganEstablishmentforthePooronasmallscale——suchasanyindividualevenofmoderateproperty，mighteasilyexecute；Iwillsupposethatagentleman，residentinthecountryuponhisownestate，hascometoaresolutiontoformsuchanEstablishmentinavillagenearhishouse，andwillendeavourbrieflytopointoutthevariousstepshewouldprobablyfinditnecessarytotakeintheexecutionofthisbenevolentandmostusefulundertaking。

Hewouldbeginbycallingtogetherathishousetheclergymanoftheparish，overseersofthePoor，andotherparishofficers，toacquaintthemwithhisintentions，andasktheirassistanceandfriendlyco-operationintheprosecutionoftheplan；thedetailsofwhichhewouldcommunicatetothemasfarasheshouldthinkitprudentandnecessaryatthefirstoutsettoentrustthemindiscriminatelywiththatinformation——Thecharactersofthepersons，andtheprivateinteresttheymighthavetopromoteoropposethemeasuresintendedtobepursued，woulddecideuponthedegreeofconfidencewhichoughttobegiventhem。

Atthismeeting，measuresshouldbetakenforformingthemostcompleteandmostaccuratelistsofallthePoorresidentwithinthelimitsproposedtobegiventotheEstablishment，withadetailedaccountofeverycircumstance，relativetotheirsituation，andtheirwants——Muchtimeandtroublewillbesavedinmakingouttheselists，byusingprintedformsorblankssimilartothosemadeuseofatMunich；andtheseprintedformswilllikewisecontributeveryessentiallytopreserveorderandtofacilitatebusiness，inthemanagementofaprivateaswellasofapubliccharity；——asalsotopreventtheeffectsofmisrepresentationandpartialityonthepartofthosewhomustnecessarilybeemployedinthesedetails。

ConvenientformsormodelsfortheseblankswillbegivenintheAppendixtothisvolume。

Atthismeeting，measuresmaybetakenfornumberingallthehousesinthevillageordistrict，andforsettingonfootprivatesubscriptionsamongtheinhabitantsforcarryingtheproposedschemeintoexecution。

Thosewhoareinvitedtosubscribedshouldbemadeacquainted，byaprintedaddressaccompanyingthesubscriptionlists，withthenature，extent，andtendencyofthemeasuresadopted；andshouldbeassuredthat，assoonastheundertakingshallbecompleted，thePoorwillnotonlyberelieved，andtheirsituationmademorecomfortable，butmendicitywillbeeffectuallyprevented，andatthesametimethePoor’srates，ortheexpensetothepublicforthesupportofthePoor，veryconsiderablylessened。

Theseassurances，whichwillbethestrongestinducementsthatcanbeusedtoprevailontheinhabitantsofalldescriptionstoenterwarmlyintothescheme，andassistwithalacrityincarryingitintoexecution，shouldbeexpressedinthestrongestterms；andallpersonsofeverydenomination，youngandold，andofbothsexes，(paupersonlyexcepted，)shouldbeinvitedtoputdowntheirnamesinthesubscriptionlists，andthiseven，HOWEVERSMALLTHESUMSMAYBEWHICHTHEYAREABLETOCONTRIBUTE——

Althoughthesumswhichday-labourers，servants，andotherinindigentcircumstancesmaybeabletocontribute，maybeverytrifling，yetthereisoneimportantreasonwhytheyoughtalwaystobeengagedtoputdowntheirnamesuponthelistsassubscribers，andthatisthegoodseffectswhichtheirtakinganactivepartintheundertakingwillprobablyproduceONTHEMSELVES——Nothingtendsmoretomendtheheart，andawakeninthemindaregardforcharacter，thanactsofcharityandbenevolence；andanypersonwhohasoncefeltthathonestprideandsatisfactionwhichresultfromaconsciousnessofhavingbeeninstrumentalindoinggoodbyrelievingthewantsofthePoor，willberendereddoublycarefultoavoidthehumiliationofbecominghimselfanobjectofpubliccharity。

Itwasaconsiderationofthesesalutaryeffects，whichmayalwaysbeexpectedtobeproduceduponthemindsofthosewhotakeanactiveandVOLUNTARYpartinthemeasuresadoptedforthereliefofthePoor，thatmademeprefervoluntarysubscriptions，totaxes，inraisingthesumsnecessaryforthesupportofthePoor，andalltheexperienceIhavehadinthesemattershastendedtoconfirmmeintheopinionIhavealwayshadoftheirsuperiorutility，——Notonlyday-labourersanddomesticservants，buttheiryoungchildren，andallthechildrenofthenobilityandotherinhabitantsofMunich，andeventhenon-commissionedofficersandprivatesoldiersoftheregimentsingarrisoninthatcity，wereinvitedtocontributetothesupportoftheinstitutionforthePoor；andthereareveryfewindeedofanyageorcondition(paupersonlyexcepted)whosenamesarenottobefoundonthelistsofsubscribers。

ThesubscriptionsatMunicharebyfamilies，ashaselsewherebeenobserved；andthismethodIwouldrecommendinthecaseunderconsideration，andinallothers——Theheadofthefamilytakesthetroubletocollectallthesumssubscribeduponhisfamilylist，andtopaythemintothehandsofthosewho(onthepartoftheinstitution)aresentroundonthefirstSundaymorningofeverymonthtoreceivethem；butthenamesofalltheindividualswhocomposethefamilyareenteredonthelistatfulllength，withthesumeachcontributes。

Twolistsofthesametenormustbemadeoutforeachfamily；

oneofwhichmustbekeptbytheheadofthefamilyforhisinformationanddirection，andtheothersentintothosewhohavethegeneraldirectionoftheEstablishment。

Thesesubscription-listsshouldbeprinted；andtheyshouldbecarriedroundandleftwiththeheadsoffamilies，eitherbythepersonhimselfwhoundertakestoformtheEstablishment，(whichwillalwaysbebest，)oratleastbyhissteward，orsomeotherpersonofsomeconsequencebelongingtohishousehold——

FormsormodelsfortheselistsmaybeseenintheAppendix。

Whentheselistsarereturned，thepersonwhohasundertakentoformtheEstablishmentwillseewhatpecuniaryassistanceheistoexpect；andhewilleitherarrangehisplan，ordeterminethesumhemaythinkpropertocontributehimself，accordingtothatamount——HewilllikewiseconsiderhowfaritwillbepossibleandADVISABLEtoconnecthisschemewithanyEstablishmentforthereliefofthePooralreadyexisting；ortoactinconcertwiththoseinwhosehandsthemanagementofthePoorisvestedbythelaws——Thesecircumstancesareallimportant；andthemannerofproceedingincarryingtheproposedschemeintoexecutionmust，inagreatmeasure，bedeterminedbythem。Nothing，however，canpreventtheundertakingfrombeingfinallysuccessful，providedthemeansusedformakingitsoareadoptedwithcaution，andpursuedwithperseverance。

Howeveradversethosemaybetotheschemewho，weretheywelldisposed，couldmosteffectuallycontributetoitssuccess——yetnooppositionwhichcanbegiventoitbyINTERESTEDPERSONS，——

suchasfindmeanstoderiveprofittothemselvesintheadministrationoftheaffairsofthePoor；——noopposition，Isay，fromsuchpersons，(andnonesurelybutthesecaneverbedesirousofopposingit，)canpreventthesuccessofameasuresoevidentlycalculatedtoincreasethecomfortsandenjoymentsofthePoor，andtopromotethegeneralgoodofsociety。

IftheoverseersofthePoor，andotherparishofficers，andalargemajorityoftheprincipalinhabitants，couldbemadetoenterwarmlyintothescheme，itmight，andcertainlywould，inmanycases，bepossible，evenwithoutanynewlawsoractsofparliamentbeingnecessarytoauthorizetheundertaking，tosubstitutethearrangementsproposedintheplaceoftheoldmethodofprovidingforthePoor；——abolishingentirely，orinsofarasitshouldbefoundnecessary，——theoldsystem，andcarryingtheschemeproposedintoexecutionasaGENERALMEASURE。

Inallcaseswherethiscanbeeffected，itoughtcertainlytobepreferredtoanyprivateorlessgeneralinstitution；andindividuals，who，bytheirexertions，areinstrumentalinbringingaboutsousefulachange，willrenderaveryessentialservicetosociety：——Butevenincaseswhereitwouldnotbepossibletocarrytheschemeproposedintoexecutioninitsfullestextent，muchgoodmaybedonebyindividualsinaffluentcircumstancestothePoor，byformingPRIVATEESTABLISHMENTSforfeedingthemandgivingthememployment。

Muchreliefmaylikewisebeaffordedthembylayinginalargestockoffuel，purchasedwhenitischeap，andretailingitouttotheminsmallquantities，intimesofscarcity，attheprimecost。

ItishardlytobebelievedhowmuchthePoorofMunichhavebeenbenefitedbytheEstablishmentoftheWood-magazine，fromwhencetheyarefurnishedinwinter，duringtheseverefrosts，withfire-woodatthepriceitcostswhenpurchasedinsummer，inlargequantities，andatthecheapestrate。Andthisarrangementmayeasilybeadoptedinallcountries，andbyprivateindividualsaswellasbycommunities。Storesmaylikewisebelaidinofpotatoes，peas，beans，andotherarticlesoffood，tobedistributedtothePoorinlikemanner，insmallquantities，andatlowprices；whichwillbeagreatrelieftothemintimesofscarcity。Itwillhardlybenecessaryformetoobserve，thatinadministeringthiskindofrelieftothePooritwilloftenbenecessarytotakeprecautionstopreventabuses。

AnotherwayinwhichprivateindividualsmaygreatlyassistthePoor，is，byshowingthemhowtheymaymakethemselvesmorecomfortableintheirdwellings。Nothingismoreperfectlymiserableandcomfortlessthanthedomesticarrangementofpoorfamiliesingeneral；theyseemtohavenoideawhateveroforderoreconomyinanything；andeverythingaboutthemisdreary，sad，andneglected，intheextreme。Alittleattentiontoorderandarrangementwouldcontributegreatlytotheircomfortandconveniences，andalsotoeconomy。Theyoughtinparticulartobeshownhowtokeeptheirhabitationswarminwinter，andtoeconomisefuel，aswellinheatingtheirrooms，asincooking，washing，etc。

Itisnottobebelievedwhatthewasteoffuelreallyis，inthevariousprocessesinwhichitisemployedintheeconomyofhumanlife；andinnocaseisthiswastegreaterthaninthedomesticmanagementofthePoor。Theirfire-placesareingeneralconstructeduponthemostwretchedprinciples；andthefueltheyconsumeinthem，insteadofheatingtheirrooms，notunfrequentlyrendersthemreallycolder，andmoreuncomfortable，bycausingstrongcurrentsofcoldairtoflowinfromallthedoorsandwindowstothechimney。Thisimperfectionoftheirfire-placesmaybeeffectuallyremedied；——thesecurrentsofcoldairprevented，——abovehalftheirfuelsaved，——andtheirdwellingsmadeinfinitelymorecomfortable，merelybydiminishingtheirfire-places，andthethroatsoftheirchimniesjustabovethemantle-piece；whichmaybedoneasaveryeverytriflingexpence，withafewbricks，orstones，andalittlemortar，bythemostordinarybricklayer。Andwithregardtotheexpenceoffuelforcooking，sosimpleacontrivanceasanearthenpot，broadattop，forreceivingastew-pan，orkettle，andnarrowatbottom，withholesthroughitssidesnearthebottom，forlettinginairunderasmallcircularirongrate，andothersmallholesnearthetopforlettingoutthesmoke，maybeintroducedwithgreatadvantage。

Bymakinguseofthislittleportablefurnace，(whichisequallywelladaptedtoburnwood，orcoals。)——oneeighthpartofthefuelwillbesufficientforcooking，whichwouldberequiredwerethekettletobeboiledoveranopenfire——Tostrengthenthisportablefurnace，itmaybehoopedwithironhoops，orboundroundwithstrongironwire：——butIforgetthatIamanticipatingthesubjectofafutureEssay。

MuchgoodmayalsobedonetothePoorbyteachingthemhowtopreparevariouskindsofcheapandwholesomefood，andtorenderthemsavouryandpalatable——Theartofcookery，notwithstandingitsinfiniteimportancetomankind，hashithertobeenlittlestudied；andamongthemoreindigentclassesofsociety，whereitismostnecessarytocultivateit，itseemstohavebeenmostneglected——Nopresentthatcouldbemadetoapoorfamilycouldbeofmoreessentialservicetothemthanathin，lightstew-pan，withitscover，madeofwrought，orcastiron，andfittedtoaportablefurnace，orclosefire-place，constructedtosavefuel；

withtwoorthreeapprovedreceiptsformakingnourishingandsavourysoupsandbrothsatasmallexpence。

Suchapresentmightalonebesufficienttorelieveapoorfamilyfromalltheirdistresses，andmakethempermanentlycomfortable；

fortheexpencesofapoorfamilyforfoodmight，Iampersuaded，inmostcasesbediminishedONEHALFbyaproperattentiontocookery，andtotheeconomyoffuel；andthechangeinthecircumstancesofsuchafamily，whichwouldbeproducedbyreducingtheirexpensesforfoodtoonehalfwhatitwasbefore，iseasiertobeconceivedthandescribed。

Itwouldhardlyfailtore-animatethecourageofthemostdesponding；——tocheertheirdroopingspirits，andstimulatethemtofreshexertionsinthepursuitsofusefulindustry。

AstheonlyeffectualmeansofputtinganendtothesufferingsofthePooristheintroductionofaspiritofindustryamongthem，individualsshouldneverlosesightofthatgreatandimportantobject，inallthemeasurestheymayadopttorelievethem——ButinendeavouringtomakethePoorindustrious，theutmostcautionwillbenecessarytopreventtheirbeingdisgusted——Theirmindsarecommonlyinastateofgreatirritation，thenaturalconsequencesoftheirsufferings，andoftheirhopelesssituation；andtheirsuspicionsofeverybodyaboutthem，andparticularlyofthosewhoaresetoverthem，aresodeeplyrootedthatitissometimesextremelydifficulttosoothandcalmtheagitationoftheirminds，andgaintheirconfidence——Thiscanbesoonestandmosteffectuallydonebykindandgentleusage；andIamclearlyofopinionthatnoothermeansshouldeverbeused，exceptitbewithsuchhardenedandincorrigiblewretchesasarenottobereclaimedbyanymeans；

butofthese，Ibelieve，thereareveryfewindeed——Ihaveneveryetfoundone，inallthecourseofmyexperienceintakingcareofthePoor。

Wehavesometimesbeenobligedtothreatenthemostidleandprofligatewiththehouseofcorrection；butthesethreats，addedtothefearofbeingbanishedfromtheHouseofIndustry，whichhasalwaysbeenheldupandconsideredasthegreatestpunishment，havecommonlybeensufficientforkeepingtheunrulyinorder。

Iftheforceofexampleisirresistibleindebauchingmen’sminds，andleadingthemintoprofligateandviciouscourses，itisnotlesssoinreclaimingthem，andrenderingthemorderly，docile，andindustrious；andhencetheinfiniteimportanceofcollectingthePoortogetherinPublicEstablishments，whereeverythingaboutthemisanimatedbyunaffectedcheerfulness，andbythatpleasinggaiety，andairofcontentandsatisfaction，whichalwaysenliventhebusyscenesofusefulindustry。

IdonotbelieveitwouldbepossibleforanypersontobeidleintheHouseofIndustryatMunich。Ineversawanyoneidle；

oftenasIhavepassedthroughtheworking-rooms；nordidIeverseeanyonetowhomtheemploymentsofindustryseemedtobepainfulorirksome。

ThosewhoarecollectedtogetherinthepublicroomsdestinedforthereceptionandaccommodationofthePoorintheday-time，willnotneedtobeforced，norevenurgedtowork；——ifthereareintheroomseveralpersonswhoarebusilyemployedinthecheerfuloccupationsofindustry，andifimplementsandmaterialsforworkingareathand，alltheotherspresentwillnotfailtobesoondrawnintothevortex，andjoiningwithalacrityintheactivescene，theirdisliketolabourwillbeforgotten，andtheywillbecomebyhabittrulyandpermanentlyindustrious。

Suchistheirresistiblepowerofexample！——Thosewhoknowhowtomanagethismightyengineandhaveopportunitiesofemployingitwitheffect，mayproducethemostmiraculouschanges，inthemanners，disposition，andcharacter，evenofwholenations。

InfurnishingrawmaterialstothePoortowork，itwillbenecessarytousemanyprecautionstopreventfraudsandabuses，notonlyonthepartofthePoor，whoareoftenbuttoomuchdisposedtocheatanddeceivewhenevertheyfindopportunities，butalsoonthepartofthoseemployedinthedetailsofthisbusiness：——butthefullestinformationhavingalreadybeengiveninmyFirstEssay，ofallthevariousprecautionsithadbeenfoundnecessarytotakeforthepurposesinquestionintheHouseofIndustryatMunich，itisnotnecessaryformetoenlargeuponthesubjectinthisplace，ortorepeatwhathasalreadybeensaiduponitelsewhere。

WithregardtothemannerinwhichgoodandwholesomefoodforfeedingthePoormaybepreparedinapublickitchen，atacheaprate，ImustrefermyreadertomyEssayonFood；wherehewillfindalltheinformationonthatsubjectwhichhecanrequire——

InmyEssayonClothing，hewillseehowgoodandcomfortableclothingmaybefurnishedtothePoorataverymoderateexpence；andinthatontheManagementofHeat，hewillfindparticulardirectionsforthePoorforsavingfuel。

IcannotfinishthisEssay，withouttakingnoticeofadifficultywhichfrequentlyoccuringivingemploymenttothePoor，thatofdisposingtoadvantageoftheproduceoftheirlabour：——Thisisinallcasesaveryimportantobject；andtoomuchattentioncannotbepaidtoit——Aspiritofindustrycannotbekeptupbymakingitadvantageoustoindividualstobeindustrious；butwherethewageswhichthelabourerhasarighttoexpectarerefused，itwillnotbepossibletopreventhisbeingdiscouragedanddisgusted——Hemayperhapsbeforcedforacertaintimetoworkforsmallwages，topreventstarving，ifhehasnottheresourceofthrowinghimselfupontheparish，whichhemostprobablywouldpreferdoing，shoulditbeinhisoption；buthewillinfalliblyconceivesuchathoroughdisliketolabour，thathewillbecomeidleandvicious，andapermanentandheavyburdenonthepublic。

If“alabourerisworthyofhishire。”heispeculiarlyso，wherethatlabourerisapoorperson，who，withallhisexertions，canbarelyprocurethefirstnecessariesoflife；

andwhosehardlotrendershimanobjectofpityandcompassion。

Thedeplorablesituationofapoorfamily，strugglingwithpovertyandwant，——deprivedofallthecomfortsandconveniencesoflife——deprivedevenofhope；andsufferingatthesametimefromhunger，disease，andmortifyingandcrueldisappointment，isseldomconsideredwiththatattentionwhichitdeserves，bythosewhohaveneverfeltthesedistresses，andwhoarenotindangerofbeingexposedtothem。Myreadermustpardonme，ifI

frequentlyrecallhisattentiontothesescenesofmiseryandwretchedness。HemustbemadeacquaintedwiththerealsituationofthePoor——withtheextentandmagnitudeoftheirmisfortunesandsufferings，beforeitcanbeexpectedthatheshouldenterwarmlyintomeasurescalculatedfortheirrelief。

InformingEstablishments，publicorprivate，forgivingemploymenttothePoor，itwillalwaysbeindispensablynecessarytomakesucharrangementsaswillsecuretothemafairpriceforallthelabourtheyperform。TheyshouldnotbeOVER-PAID，forthatwouldbeopeningadoorforabuse；——buttheyoughttobegenerouslypaidfortheirwork；and，aboveall，theyoughtnevertobeallowedtobeidleforthewantofemployment。Thekindofemploymentitmaybepropertogivethemwilldependmuchonlocalcircumstances。ItwilldependonthehabitsofthePoor；——

thekindsofworktheyareacquaintedwith；——andthefacilitywithwhichthearticlestheycanmanufacturemaybedisposedofatagoodprice。

InveryextensiveEstablishments，therewillbelittledifficultyinfindingusefulemploymentforthePoor；forwherethenumberofpersonstobeemployedisverygreat，agreatvarietyofdifferentmanufacturesmaybecarriedonwithadvantage，andallthearticlesmanufactured，orpreparedtobeemployedinthemanufactures，maybeturnedtoagoodaccount。

InasmallEstablishment，circumscribedandconfinedtothelimitsofasinglevillageorparish，itmightperhapsbedifficulttofindagoodmarketfortheyarnspunbythePoor；

butinageneralEstablishment，extendingoverawholecountry，orlargecity，asthequantityofyarnspunbyallthePoorwithintheextensivelimitsoftheinstitutionwillbesufficienttoemployconstantlyanumberofweaversofdifferentkindsofclothandstuff，themarketforallthevariouskindsofyarnthePoormayspinwillalwaysbecertain。Thesamereasoningwillholdwithregardtovariousotherarticlesusedingreatmanufactories，uponwhichthePoormightbeveryusefullyemployed；andhencethegreatadvantageofmakingEstablishmentsforgivingemploymenttothePoorasextensiveaspossible。

ItiswhatIhaveofteninsistedon，andwhatIcannottoostronglyrecommendtoallthosewhoengageinformingsuchEstablishments。

AlthoughIcertainlyshouldnotproposetoBRINGTOGETHER，underoneroof，allthePoorofawholekingdom，as，bytheinscriptionovertheentranceintoavasthospitalbegan，butnotfinished，atNaples，itwouldappearwasoncetheintentionofthegovernmentinthatcountry；yetIamclearlyofopinionthataninstitutionforGIVINGEMPLOYMENTTOTHEPOORcanhardlybetooextensive。

ButtoreturntothesubjecttowhichthisChapterwasmoreparticularlyappropriated，thereliefthatmaybeaffordedbyprivateindividualstothePoorintheirneighbourhood；incaseitshouldnotbepossibletogetoverallthedifficultiesthatmaybeinthewaytopreventtheformingofageneralEstablishmentforthebenefitofthePoor，individualsmustcontentthemselveswithmakingsuchprivatearrangementsforthatpurposeastheymaybeable，WITHSUCHASSISTANCEASTHEYCANCOMMAND，tocarryintoexecution。

Themostsimple，andleastexpensivemeasurethatcanbeadoptedfortheassistanceofthePoorwillbethatoffurnishingthemwithrawmaterialsforworking。Flax，hemp，orwool，forinstance，forspinning；andpayingtheminmoney，atthemarketprice，fortheyarnspun。Thisyarnmayafterwardsbesenttoweaverstobemanufacturedintocloth，ormaybesenttosomegoodmarketandsold。Thedetailsofthesemercantiletransactionswillbeneithercomplicatednortroublesome，andmighteasilybemanagedbyastewardofhouse-keeper；particularlyiftheprintedtickets，andtables，Ihavesooftenhadoccasiontorecommend，areused。

Theflax，hemp，orwool，assoonasitispurchased，shouldbeweighedoutintobundlesofoneortwopoundseach，andlodgedinastore-room；andwhenoneofthesebundlesisdeliveredouttoapoorpersontobespun，itshouldbeaccompaniedwithaprintedspin-ticket，andenteredinatabletobekeptforthatpurpose；

andwhenitisreturnedspun，anabstractofthespin-ticketitself，shouldbeboundupwiththebundleofyarn，inorderthatanyfraudscommittedbythespinner，inreeling，orinanyotherway，whichmaybediscovereduponwindingofftheyarn，maybebroughthometothepersonwhocommittedthem。Whenitisknownthatsucheffectualprecautionstodetectfraudsareused，nofartherattemptswillbemadetodefraud；andamostimportantpointindeedwillbegained，andonewhichwillmostpowerfullytendtomendthemoralsofthePoor，andrestorepeacetotheirminds。When，byrenderingitevidentlyimpossibleforthemtoescapedetection，theyarebroughttogiveupallthoughtsofcheatinganddeceiving；theywillthenbecapableofapplication，andofenjoyingrealhappiness，and，withopenandplacidcountenances，willlookeveryonefullinthefacewhoaccoststhem：butaslongastheyareundertheinfluenceoftemptation——aslongastheirmindsaredegradedbyconsciousguilt，andcontinuallyagitatedbyschemesofprosecutingtheirfraudulentpractices，theyareasincapableofenjoyingpeaceorcontentment，astheyareofbeingusefulmembersofsociety。

Hencetheextremecrueltyofanill-judgedappearanceofconfidence，orcarelessneglectofprecautions，inregardtothoseemployedinplacesoftrust，whomaybeexposedtotemptationstodefraud。

Thatprayer，whichcannotbeenoughadmired，ortoooftenrepeated，“LEADUSNOTINTOTEMPTATION。”wascertainlydictatedbyinfinitewisdomandgoodness；anditshouldeverbeborneinmindbythosewhoareplacedinstationsofpowerandauthority，andwhosemeasuresmustnecessarilyhavemuchinfluenceonthehappinessormiseryofgreatnumbersofpeople。

Honestmenmaybefoundinallcountries；butIamsorrytosay，thattheresultofallmyexperienceandobservationhastendedinvariablytoprove，(whathasoftenbeenremarked，)thatitisextremelydifficulttoKEEPTHOSEHONESTwhoareexposedtocontinualandgreattemptations。

Thereis，however，onemosteffectualway，notonlyofkeepingthosehonestwhoaresoalready，butalsoofmakingthosehonestwhoarenotso；andthatis，bytakingsuchprecautionsaswillrenderitEVIDENTLYimpossibleforthosewhocommitfraudstoescapedetectionandpunishment：andtheseprecautionsareneverimpossible，andseldomdifficult；andwithalittleaddress，theymayalwaysbesotakenastobeinnowiseoffensivetothosewhoaretheobjectsofthem。

ItisevidentthatthemaximsandmeasureshererecommendedarenotapplicablemerelytothePoor，butalso，andmoreespecially，tothosewhomaybeemployedinthedetailsofrelievingthem。

Buttoreturnoncemoretothesubjectmoreimmediatelyunderconsideration——IfindividualsshouldextendtheirliberalitysofarastoestablishpublickitchensforfeedingthePoor，(whichisameasureIcannottoooften，ortooforciblyrecommend，)

itwouldbeagreatpitynottogooneeasystepfurther，andfitupafewroomsadjoiningtothekitchen，wherethePoormaybepermittedtoassembletoworkfortheirownemoluments，andwhereschoolsforinstructingthechildrenofthePoorinworking，andinreadingandwriting，maybeestablished。Neitherthefittingup，orwarmingandlightingoftheserooms，willbeattendedwithanyconsiderableexpense；whiletheadvantageswhichwillbederivedfromsuchanEstablishmentforencouragingindustry，andcontributingtothecomfortofthePoor，willbemostimportant；

andfromtheirpeculiarnature，andtendency，willbemosthighlyinterestingtoeverybenevolentmind。

ENDOFESSAYTWO。

FootnotesforEssayII。

[1]

ThisEnglishReaderisdesiredtobearinmind，thattheAuthorofthisEssay，thoughanEnglishman，isresidentinGermany；

andthathisconnectionswiththatcountryrenderitnecessaryforhimtopayparticularattentiontoitscircumstances，intreatingasubjectwhichheisdesirousofrenderinggenerallyuseful。

Theseisstillanotherreason，whichrendersitnecessaryforhimtohavecontinuallyinview，intheTreatise，thesituationofthePoorupontheContinent，andthatitisanengagementwhichhehaslaidhimselfundertowriteuponthatsubject。

[2]

Theonlystepwhich，inmyopinion，itwouldbeeither，necessary，orprudent，forthelegislaturetotakeinanycountrywhereanEstablishmentforthePooristobeformed，istoRECOMMENDtothePublicagoodplanforsuchanEstablishment，andrepeal，oralterallsuchoftheexistinglawsasmightrendertheintroductionofitdifficultorimpossible。

[3]

Thisisanobjectoftheutmostimportance，andthesuccessoftheundertakingwilldependinagreatmeasureontheattentionthatispaidtoit。

[4]

ThismeasurehasbeenfollowedbythemostsalutaryeffectsatMunich。Thecommissariesofdistrictsflatteredbythisdistinctionhaveexertedthemselveswithuncommonzealandassiduityinthedischargeoftheimportantdutiesoftheiroffice。AndveryimportantindeedistheofficeofacommissaryofadistrictintheEstablishmentforthePooratMunich。

[5]

Itwillbebest，ifitbepossible，tomentionanddescribetheplace，intheProposals。

CONTENTSofESSAYIII。

ofFOODandparticularlyofFEEDINGthePOOR

Introduction。

CHAPTER。I。

Greatimportanceofthesubjectunderconsideration。

Probabilitythatwateractsamuchmoreimportantpartinnutritionthanhashithertobeengenerallyimagined。

Surprisinglysmallquantityofsolidfoodnecessary，whenproperlyprepared，forallthepurposesofnutrition。

Greatimportanceoftheartofcookery。

Barleyremarkablynutritivewhenproperlyprepared。

TheimportanceofculinaryprocessesforpreparingfoodshownfromtheknownutilityofapracticecommoninsomepartsofGermanyofcookingforcattle。

Difficultyofintroducingachargeofcookeryintocommonuse。

Meansthatmaybeemployedforthatpurpose。

CHAPTER。II。

Ofthepleasureofeating，andofthemeansthatmaybeemployedforincreasingit。

CHAPTER。III。

OfthedifferentkindsoffoodfurnishedtothepoorinthehouseofindustryatMunich，withanaccountofthecostofthem。

OftheExpenseofprovidingthesamekindsoffoodinGreatBritain，aswellatthepresenthighpricesofprovisions，asattheordinarypricesofthem。

Ofthevariousimprovementsofwhichthesedifferentkindsofcheapfoodarecapable。

CHAPTER。IV。

OfthesmallexpenseatwhichtheBavariansoldiersarefed。

Detailsoftheirhousekeeping，foundedonactualexperiment。

Anaccountofthefuelexpendedbythemincooking。

CHAPTER。V。

Ofthegreatimportanceofmakingsoldierseattogetherinregularmesses。