第2章

Ashempisaverycheapcommodity，andasthespinningofhempiseasilylearned，particularlywhenitisdesignedforverycoarseandordinarymanufactures，15，000poundsofthatarticlewerepurchasedinthepalatinate，andtransportedtoMunich；

andseveralhundredspinningwheels，properforspinningit，wereprovided；andseveralgoodspinners，asinstructors，wereengaged，andinreadiness，whenthishouseofindustrywasopenedforthereceptionofthepoor。

Flaxandwoolwerelikewiseprovided，andsomefewgoodspinnersofthosearticleswereengagedasinstructors；butbyfarthegreaternumberofthepoorbeganwithspinningofhemp；andsogreatwastheirawkwardnessatfirst，thattheyabsolutelyruinedalmostalltherawmaterialsthatwereputintotheirhands。

Byanexactcalculationofprofitandloss，itwasfoundthatthemanufactoryactuallylostmorethan3000florinsuponthearticlesofhempandflax，duringthefirstthreemonths；butwewerenotdiscouragedbytheseunfavourablebeginnings；theywereindeedeasytobeforeseen，consideringthesortofpeoplewehadtodealwith，andhownecessaryitwastopaythemataveryhighrateforthelittleworktheywereabletoperform，inordertoperseverewithcheerfulnessinacquiringmoreskillandaddressintheirlabour。Iftheestablishmentwassupportedatsomelittleexpenceinthebeginning，itafterwardsrichlyrepaidtheseadvances，aswillbeseeninthesequelofthisaccount。

AstheclothingofthearmywasthemarketuponwhichI

principallydepended，indisposingofthemanufactureswhichshouldbemadeinthehouse，thewoollenmanufactorywasanobjectmostnecessarytobeattendedto，andfromwhichI

expectedtoderivemostadvantagetotheestablishment；butstillitwasnecessarytobeginwiththemanufactureofhempandflax，notonlybecausethosearticlesarelessvaluablethanwool，andthelossarisingfromtheirbeingspoiledbytheawkwardnessofbeginnersisoflessconsequence，butalsoforanotherreason，whichappearstometobeofsomuchmoreimportanceastorequireaparticularexplanation。

Itwashintedabovethatitwasfoundnecessary，inordertoencouragebeginnersintheseindustriouspursuits，topaythemataveryhighrateforthelittleworktheywereabletoperform；

buteverybodyknowsthatnomanufacturecanpossiblysubsistlong，whereexorbitantpricesarepaidforlabour；anditiseasytoconceivewhatdiscontentanddisgustwouldbeoccasionedamongtheworkmenuponloweringthepriceswhichhadforalengthoftimebeengivenforlabour，Byemployingthepoorpeopleinquestionatfirstinthemanufacturesofhempandflax，manufactureswhichwerenotintendedtobecarriedontoanyextent，itwaseasyafterwards，whentheyhadacquiredacertaindegreeofaddressintheirwork，totakethemfromthesemanufactures，andputthemtospinningofwool，worsted，orcotton；carehavingbeentakentofixthepriceoflabourintheselast-mentionedmanufacturesatareasonablerate。

Thedroppingthemanufactureofanyparticulararticlealtogether，orpursuingitlessextensively，couldproducenobadeffectuponthegeneralestablishment；buttheloweringofthepriceoflabour，inanyinstance，couldnotfailtoproducemany。

Itisnecessary，inanundertakinglikethis，cautiouslytoavoideverythingthatcouldproducediscouragementanddiscontentamongthoseuponwhoseindustryalonesuccessmustdepend。

Itiseasytoconceivethatsogreatanumberofunfortunatebeings，ofallagesandsexes，takenasitwereoutoftheirveryelement，andplacedinasituationsoperfectlynewtothem，couldnotfailtobeproductiveofveryinterestingsituations。

WouldtoGodIwereabletodojusticetothissubject！butnolanguagecandescribetheaffectingscenestowhichIwasawitnessuponthisoccasion。

Theexquisitedelightwhichasensiblemindmustfeel，uponseeingmanyhundredsofwretchedbeingawakingfromastateofmiseryandinactivity，asfromadream；andapplyingthemselveswithcheerfulnesstotheemploymentsofusefulindustry；——uponseeingthefirstdawnofplacidcontentbreakuponacountenancecoveredwithhabitualgloom，andfurrowedanddistortedbymisery；——

thisiseasiertobeconceivedthandescribed。

Duringthefirstthreeorfourdaysthatthesepoorpeoplewereassembled，itwasnotpossibleentirelytopreventconfusion：

therewasnothinglikemutinousresistanceamongthem；buttheirsituationwassonewtothem，andtheyweresoveryawkwardinit，thatitwasdifficulttobringthemintoanytolerableorder。

Atlength，however，bydistributingtheminthedifferenthalls，andassigningtoeachhisparticularplace，(theplacesbeingalldistinguishedbynumbers，)theywerebroughtintosuchorderastoenabletheinspectors，andinstructors，tobegintheiroperations。

Thosewhounderstoodanykindofwork，wereplacedintheapartmentswheretheworktheyunderstoodwascarriedon；andtheothers，beingclassedaccordingtotheirsexes，andasmuchaspossibleaccordingtotheirages，wereplacedundertheimmediatecareofthedifferentinstructors。Bymuchthelargernumberwereputtospinningofhemp；——others，andparticularlytheyoungchildrenfromfourtosevenyearsofage，weretaughttoknit，andtosew；andthemostawkwardamongthemen，andparticularlytheold，thelame，andtheinfirm，wereputtothecardingofwool。

Oldwomen，whosesightwastooweaktospin，orwhosehandstrembledwithpalsy，weremadetospoolyarnfortheweavers；

andyoungchildren，whoweretooweaktolabour，wereplaceduponseatserectedforthatpurposeroundtheroomswhereotherchildrenworked。

Asitwaswinter，fireswerekeptineverypartofthebuilding，frommorningtillnight；andalltheroomswerelighteduptillnineo’clockintheevening。Everyroomandeverystair-casewasneatlysweptandcleanedtwiceaday；oneearlyinthemorning，beforethepeoplewereassembled，andoncewhiletheywereatdinner——Carewastaken，byplacingventilators，andoccasionallyopeningthewindows，tokeeptheairoftheroomsperfectlysweet，andfreefromalldisagreeablesmells；andtheroomsthemselveswerenotonlyneatlywhite-washedandfittedup，andarrangedineveryrespectwithelegance，butcarewastakentocleanthewindowsveryoften；——tocleanthecourtyardeveryday；——

andeventoclearawaytherubbishfromthestreetinfrontofthebuilding，toaconsiderabledistanceoneveryside。

Thosewhofrequentedthisestablishmentwereexpectedtoarriveatthefixedhourinthemorning，whichhourvariedaccordingtotheseasonoftheyear；iftheycametoolate，theyweregentlyreprimanded；andiftheypersistedinbeingtardy，withoutbeingabletogiveasufficientexcusefornotcomingsooner，theywerepunishedbybeingdeprivedoftheirdinner，whichotherwisetheyreceivedeverydaygratis。

Atthehourofdinner，alargebellwasrunginthecourt，whenthoseatworkinthedifferentpartsofthebuildingrepairedtothedining-hall；wheretheyfoundawholesomeandnourishingrepast；consistingofaboutAPOUNDANDAQUARTER，Avoirdupoisweight，ofaveryrichsoupofpeasandbarley，mixedwithcuttingsoffinewhitebread；andapieceofexcellentryebread，weighingSEVERNOUNCES；whichlasttheycommonlyputintheirpockets，andcarriedhomefortheirsupper。Childrenwereallowedthesameportionasgrownpersons；andamother，whohadoneormoreyoungchildren，wasallowedaportionforeachofthem。

Thosewho，fromsickness，orotherbodilyinfirmities，werenotabletocometothework-house；——asalsothosewho，onaccountofyoungchildrentheyhadtonurse，orsickpersonstotakecareof，founditmoreconvenienttoworkattheirownlodgings，(andofthesethereweremany，)werenotonthataccountdeprivedoftheirdinners。Uponrepresentingtheircasestothecommittee，ticketsweregrantedthem，uponwhichtheywereauthorizedtoreceivefromthepublickitchen，daily，thenumberofportionsspecifiedintheticket；andthesetheymightsendforbyachild，orbyanyotherpersontheythoughtpropertoemploy；itwasnecessary，howeverthattheticketshouldalwaysbeproduced，otherwisetheportionswerenotdelivered。Thisprecautionwasnecessary，topreventabusesonthepartofthepoor。

Manyotherprecautionsweretakentopreventfraudsonthepartofthoseemployedinthekitchen，andinthevariousotherofficesanddepartmentsconcernedinfeedingthepoor。

Thebread-corn，peas，barley，etc。werepurchasedinthepublicmarketinlargequantities，andattimeswhenthosearticlesweretobehadatreasonableprices，andwerelaidupinstore-roomsprovidedforthatpurpose，underthecareofthestore-keeperoftheMilitaryWork-house。

Thebakerreceivedhisflourbyweightfromthestore-keeper，andinreturndeliveredacertainfixedquantityofbread。

Eachloaf，whenwellbaked，andafterwardsdried，duringfourdays，inabread-roomthroughwhichtheairhadafreepassage，weighedtwopoundstenouncesAvoirdupois。Suchaloafwasdividedintosixportions；andlargebasketsfilledwiththesepiecesbeingplacedinthepassageleadingtothedining-hall，theportionsweredeliveredouttothepoorastheypassedtogointothehall，eachpersonwhopassedgivingamedaloftintothepersonwhogavehimthebread，inreturnforeachportionreceived。

Thesemedals，whichweregivenouttothepooreachdayinthehallswheretheyworked，bythesteward，orbytheinspectorsofthehall，servedtopreventfraudsinthedistributionofthebread；thepersonwhodistributeditbeingobligedtoproducethemasvouchersofthequantitygivenouteachday。

Thosewhohadreceivedtheseportionsofbread，heldthemupintheirhandsupontheircomingintothedining-hall，asasignthattheyhadarighttoseatthemselvesatthetables；andasmanyportionsofbreadastheyproduced，somanyportionsofsouptheywereentitledtoreceive；andthoseportionswhichtheydidnoteattheywereallowedtocarryaway；sothatthedeliveryofbreadwasacheckuponthedeliveryofsoup，andVICEVERSA。

Thekitchenwasfittedupwithallpossibleattention，aswelltoconveniences，astotheeconomyoffuel。Thiswillreadilybebelievedbythosewhoareinformed，thatthewholeworkofthekitchenisperformed，withgreatease，bythreecook-maids；andthatthedailyexpenceforfire-woodamountstonomorethantwelvecreutzers，orFOUR-PENCEHALFPENNYsterling，whendinnerisprovidedfor1000people。ThenumberofpersonswhoarefedDAILYfromthiskitchenis，atamedium，insummer，aboutONETHOUSAND，(rathermorethanless，)andinwinter，about1200。

Frequently，however，therehavebeenmorethan1500attable。

Asaparticularaccountofthiskitchen，withdrawings；togetherwithanaccountofanumberofnewandveryinterestingexperimentsrelativetotheeconomyoffuel，willbeannexedtothiswork，Ishalladdnothingmorenowuponthesubject；exceptitbethecertificate，whichmaybeseenintheAppendix，No。IV；

whichIhavethoughtprudenttopublish，inordertopreventmybeingsuspectedofexaggerationindisplayingtheadvantagesofmyeconomicalarrangements。

Theassertion，thatawarmdinnermaybecookedfor1000persons，atthetriflingexpenceoffour-pencehalfpennyforfuel；andthat，too，wherethecord，fivefeeteightinchesandnine-tenthslong，fivefeeteightinchesandnine-tenthshigh，andfivefeetthreeinchesandtwo-tenthswide，Englishmeasure，ofpine-wood，ofthemostindifferentquality，costsabovesevenshillings；

andwherethecordofhardwood，suchasbeechandoak，ofequaldimensions，costsmorethantwicethatsum，mayappearincredible；

yetIwillventuretoassert，andIherebypledgemyselfwiththepublictoprove，thatinthekitchenoftheMilitaryAcademyatMunich，andespeciallyinakitchenlatelybuiltundermydirectionatVerona，intheHospitaloflaPieta，Ihavecarriedtheeconomyoffuelstillfurther。

TopreventfraudsinthekitchenoftheinstitutionforthepooratMunich，theingredientsaredeliveredeachdaybythestore-keeper，tothechiefcook；andapersonofconfidence，notbelongingtothekitchen，attendsattheproperhourtoseethattheyareactuallyused。Someoneoftheinspectors，orotherchiefofficeroftheestablishment，alsoattendsatthehourofdinner，toseethatthevictualsfurnishedtothepooraregood；

welldressed；andproperlyservedup。

Asthedining-hallisnotlargeenoughtoaccommodateallthepooratonce，theydineincompaniesofasmanyascanbeseatedtogether，(about150)；thosewhoworkinthehousebeingservedfirst，andthenthosewhocomefromthetown。

Thoughmostofthosewhoworkintheirownlodgingssendfortheirdinners，yettherearemanyothers，andparticularlysuchasfromgreatageorotherbodilyinfirmitiesarenotabletowork，whocomefromthetowneverydaytothepublichalltodine；andasthesearefrequentlyobligedtowaitsometimeatthedoor，beforetheycanbeadmittedintothedining-hall；——thatistosay，tillallthepoorwhoworkinthehousehavefinishedtheirdinners；——fortheirmorecomfortableaccommodation，alargeroom，providedwithastoveforheatingitinwinter，hasbeenconstructed，adjoiningtothebuildingoftheinstitution，butnotwithinthecourt，wherethesepoorpeopleassemble，andareshelteredfromtheinclemencyoftheweatherwhiletheywaitforadmittanceintothedining-hall。

Topreserveorderanddecorumatthesepublicdinners，andtopreventcrowdingandjostlingatthedoorofthedining-hall，thesteward，orsomeotherofficerofthehouseofsomeauthority，isalwayspresentinthehallduringdinner；andtwoprivatesofthepoliceguards，whoknowmostofthepoorpersonally，takepostatthedoorofthehall，oneoneachsideofit；andbetweenthemthepoorareobligedtopasssinglyintothehall。

Assoonasacompanyhavetakenplacesatthetable，(thesoupbeingalwaysservedoutandplaceduponthetablesbeforetheyareadmitted，)uponasignalgivenbytheofficerwhopresidesatthedinner，theyallrepeatashortprayer。PerhapsIoughttoaskpardonformentioningsoold-fashionedacustom；butIownI

amold-fashionedenoughmyselftolikesuchthings。

Asanaccountindetailwillbegiveninanotherplace，oftheexpenceoffeedingthesepoorpeople，Ishallonlyobservehere，thatthisexpensewasconsiderablylessenedbythevoluntarydonationsofbread，andoffalmeat，whichweremadebythebakersandbutchersofthetownandsuburbs。Thebeggars，notsatisfiedwiththemoneywhichtheyextortedfromallranksofpeoplebytheirunceasingimportunity，hadcontrivedtolaycertainclassesoftheinhabitantsunderregularperiodicalcontributionsofcertaincommodities；andespeciallyeatables；whichtheycollectedinkind。Ofthisnaturewerethecontributionswhichwereleviedbythemuponthebakers，butchers，keepersofeating-houses，ale-housekeepers，brewers，etc。allofwhomwereobliged，atstatedperiods；——oncea-weekatleast；——oroftener；——

todelivertosuchofthebeggarsaspresentedthemselvesatthehourappointed，veryconsiderablequantitiesofbread，meat，soup，andothereatables；andtosuchalengthweretheseshamefulimpositionscarried，thataconsiderabletrafficwasactuallycarriedonwiththearticlessocollected，betweenthebeggars，andanumberofpettyshop-keepers，orhucksters，whopurchasedthemofthebeggars，andmadeabusinessofsellingthembyretailtotheindigentandindustriousinhabitants。

Andthoughtheseabuseswerewellknowntothepublic，yetthiscustomhadsolongexisted，andsoformidablewerethebeggarsbecametotheinhabitants，thatitwasnomeanssafe，oradvisable，torefusetheirdemands。

Uponthetownbeingclearedofbeggars，theseimpositionsceasedofcourse；andtheworthycitizens，whowererelievedfromthisburthen，feltsosensiblytheservicethatwasrenderedthem，that，toshowtheirgratitude，andtheirdesiretoassistinsupportingsousefulanestablishment，theyvoluntarilyoffered，inadditiontotheirmonthlysubscriptionsinmoney，tocontributeeverydayacertainquantityofbread，meat，soup，etc。

towardsfeedingthepoorintheMilitaryWork-house。Andthesearticleswerecollectedeverydaybytheservantsoftheestablishment；whowentroundthetownwithsmallcarts，neatlyfittedup，andelegantlypainted，anddrawnbysinglesmallhorses，neatlyharnessed。

Asinthese，aswellasinallothercollectionsofpubliccharity，itwasnecessarytoarrangematterssothatthepublicmightsafelyplacethemostperfectconfidenceinthosewhowerechargedwiththesedetails；thecollectionsweremadeinamannerinwhichitwasEVIDENTLYIMPOSSIBLEforthoseemployedinmakingthemtodefraudthepoorofanypartofthatwhichtheircharitableandmoreopulentfellow-citizensdesignedfortheirrelief——Andtothiscircumstanceprincipallyitmay，Ibelieve，beattributed，thatthesedonationshaveforsuchalengthoftime(morethanfiveyears，)continuedtobesoconsiderable。

Inthecollectionofthesoup，andtheoffalmeatatthebutchers’

shops，asthosearticleswerenotveryvaluableandnoteasilyconcealedordisposedof，noparticularprecautionswerenecessary，otherthansendingroundPUBLICLYandataCERTAINHOURthecartsdestinedforthosepurposes。Uponthatforcollectingthesoup，whichwasuponfourwheels，wasalargecaskneatlypaintedwithaninscriptiononeachsideinlargeletters，“forthe“Poor。”

Thatforthemeatheldalargetubwithacover，paintedwiththesamecolours，andmarkedonbothsideswiththesameinscription。

Besidethistub，othersmallertubs，paintedinlikemanner，andbearingthesameinscription，“forthePoor。”wereprovidedandhungupinconspicuoussituationsinallthebutchers’shopsinthetown。Indoingthis，twoobjectswerehadinview，firsttheconvenienceofthebutchers；thatincuttinguptheirmeattheymighthaveaconvenientplacetolaybythatwhichtheyshoulddestineforthepoortillitshouldbecalledfor；andsecondly，togiveanopportunitytothosewhoboughtmeatintheirshopstothrowinanyoddscraps，orbones，theymightreceive，andwhichtheymightnotthinkworththetroubleofcarryinghome。

Theseoddpiecesaremorefrequentlytobemetwithinthelotswhicharesoldinthebutchers’shopsinMunichthaninalmostanyothertown；forthepriceofmeatisfixedbyauthority，thebutchershavearighttosellthewholecarcase，thebadpieceswiththegood，sothatwitheachgoodlotthereiswhatinthiscountryiscalledthezugewicht，thatistosay，anindifferentscrapofoffalmeat，orpieceofbone，tomakeuptheweight；——

andtheserefusepieceswereveryoftenthrownintothepoor’stub；andafterbeingproperlycleanedandboiled，servedtomaketheirsoupmuchmoresavouryandnourishing。

Inthecollectionofthedailydonationsofbread，asthatarticleismorevaluable，andmoreeasilyconcealedanddisposedof，moreprecautionswereusedtopreventfraudsonthepartsoftheservantswhoweresentroundtomakethecollection。

Thecartwhichwasemployedforthispurposewasfurnishedwithalargewoodenchest，firmlynaileddownuponit，andprovidedwithagoodlockandkey；andthischest，whichwasneatlypainted，andembellishedwithainscription，wassocontrived，bymeansofanopeninginthetopofalargeverticalwoodentubefixedinitslid，andmadeintheformofamouse-trap，thatwhenitwaslocked，(asitalwayswaswhenitwassentroundforthedonationsofbread，)aloafofbread，oranythingofthatsize，couldbeputintoit；butnothingcouldbetakenoutofitbythesameopening。Uponthereturnofthecart，thebread-chestwasopenedbythesteward，whokeepsthekeyofit；anditscontents，afterbeingenteredinaregisterkeptforthatpurpose，weredeliveredovertothecareofthestore-keeper。

Thebreadcollectedwascommonlysuchasnothavingbeensoldintime，hadbecometooold，hard，andstaleforthemarket；

butwhich，beingcutfine，ahandfulofitputintoabasinofgoodpease-soup，wasagreatadditiontoit。

Theamountofthesecharitabledonationsinkind，maybeseeninthetransactionsoftheoriginalreturns，whichareannexedintheAppendix，No。III。

Thecollectionsofsoupwerenotlongcontinued，itbeingfoundtobeingeneralofmuchtooinferioraqualitytobemixedwiththesoupmadeinthekitchenofthepoor-house；butthecollectionsofbread，andofmeat，continuetothistime，andarestillveryproductive。

Butthegreatestresourceinfeedingthepoor，isonewhichIambutjustbeginningtoavailmyselfof，——theuseofpotatoes[10]。

Ofthissubject，however，Ishalltreatmorelargelyhereafter。

Theabove-mentionedprecautionsusedinmakingcollectionsinkind，mayperhapsappeartrifling，andsuperfluous；theywereneverthelessverynecessary。Itwasalsofoundnecessarytochangeallthepoor’s-boxesinthechurches，topreventtheirbeingrobbed；forthoughinthosewhichwerefirstputup，theopeningswerenotonlysmall，butendedinacurvedtube，sothatitappearedalmostimpossibletogetanyofthemoneyoutoftheboxbythesameopeningbywhichitwasputintoit；yetmeanswerefound，byintroducingintotheopeningthinpiecesofelasticwood，coveredwithbird-lime，torobtheboxes。Thiswaspreventedinthenewboxes，bycausingthemoneytodescendthroughasortofbag，withaholdinthebottomofit，orratheraflexibletube，madeofchain-work，withironwire，suspendedinthemiddleofthebox。

CHAPTER。VI。

Apologyforthewantofmethodintreatingthesubjectunderconsideration。

Ofthevariousmeansusedforencouragingindustryamongthepoor。

Oftheinternalarrangementandgovernmentofthehouseofindustry。

Whycalledthemilitarywork-house。

Ofthemannerinwhichthebusinessiscarriedonthere。

Ofthevariousmeansusedforpreventingfraudsincarryingonthebusinessinthedifferentmanufactures。

Oftheflourishingstateofthosemanufactures。

Thoughallthedifferentpartsofawellarrangedestablishmentgoontogether，andharmonize，likethepartsofapieceofmusicinfullscore，yet，indescribingsuchanestablishment，itisimpossibletowritelikethemusician，inscore，andtomakeallthepartsofthenarrativeadvancetogether。Variousmovements，whichexisttogether，andwhichhavethemostintimateconnectionanddependenceuponeachother，mustneverthelessbedescribedseparately；andthegreatestcareandattention，andfrequentlynosmallshareofaddress，arenecessaryinthemanagementofsuchdescriptions，torenderthedetailsintelligible；andtogivethewholeitsfulleffectoforder；——dependence；——

connection；——andharmony。Andinnocasecanthesedifficultiesbegreater，thanindescriptionslikethoseinwhichIamnowengaged；wherethenumberoftheobjects，andofthedetails，issogreat，thatitisdifficulttodeterminewhichshouldbeattendedtofirst；andhowfaritmaysafelybepursued，withoutdangeroftheothersbeingtoofarremovedfromtheirproperplaces；——orexcluded；——orforgotten。

Thevariousmeasuresadopted，andprecautionstaken，inarrestingthebeggars，——incollectinganddistributingalms，——inestablishingorderandpoliceamongthem，——infeedingandclothingthepoor，——

andinestablishingvariousmanufacturesforgivingthememployment，areallsubjectswhichdeserve，andrequire，themostparticularexplanation；yetthosearenotonlyoperationswhichwerebegunatthesametime；andcarriedontogether；buttheyaresodependentuponeachother，thatitisalmostimpossibletohaveacompleteideaoftheone，withoutbeingacquaintedwiththeothers；oroftreatingoftheone，withoutmentioningtheothersatthesametime——This，therefore，mustbemyexcuse，ifIamtaxedwithwantofmethod，orofperspicuityinthedescriptions；andthisbeingpremised，Ishallproceedtogiveanaccountofthevariousobjectsandoperationswhichyetremaintobedescribed。

Ihavealreadyobservedhownecessaryitwastoencourage，byeverypossiblemeans，aspiritofindustryandemulationamongthose，who，fromleadingalifeofindolenceanddebauchery，weretobemadeusefulmembersofsociety；andIhavementionedsomeofthemeasureswhichwereadoptedforthatpurpose。Itremainsformetopursuethisinterestingsubject，andtotreatit，inallitsdetails，withthatcareandattentionwhichitsimportancesojustlydemands。

Thoughaverygenerouspricewaspaidforlabour，inthedifferentmanufacturesinwhichthepoorwereemployed，yet，thatalonewasnotenoughtointerestthemsufficientlyintheoccupationsinwhichtheywereengaged。Toexcitetheiractivity，andinspirethemwithatruespiritofperseveringindustry，itwasnecessarytofirethemwithemulation；——toawakeninthemadormantpassion，whoseinfluencetheyhadneverfelt；——theloveofhonestfame；——

andardentdesiretoexcel；——theloveofglory；——orbywhatothermorehumbleorpompousnamethispassion，themostnoble，andmostbeneficentthatwarmsthehumanheart，canbedistinguished。

Toexciteemulation；——praise；——distinctions；——rewardsarenecessary；andthesewereallemployed。Thosewhodistinguishedthemselvesbytheirapplication，——bytheirindustry，——bytheiraddress，——werepubliclypraisedandencouraged；——broughtforward，andplacedinthemostconspicuoussituations；——pointedouttostrangerswhovisitedtheestablishment；andparticularlynamedandproposedasmodelsforotherstocopy。Aparticulardress，asortofuniformfortheestablishment，which，thoughveryeconomical，asmaybeseenbythedetailswhichwillbegivenofitinanotherplace，wasneverthelesselegant，wasprovided；andthisdress，asitwasgivenoutgratis，andonlybestoweduponthosewhoparticularlydistinguishedthemselves，wassoonlookeduponasanhonourablemarkofapprovedmerit；andservedverypowerfullytoexciteemulationamongthecompetitors，Idoubtwhethervanity，inanyinstance，eversurveyeditselfwithmoreself-gratification，thandidsomeofthesepoorpeoplewhentheyfirstputontheirnewdress。

Hownecessaryisittobeacquaintedwiththesecretspringsofactioninthehumanheart，todirecteventhelowestandmostunfeelingclassofmankind！——Themachineisintrinsicallythesameinallsituations；——thegreatsecretis，FIRSTTOPUTITINTUNE，beforeanattemptismadetoplayuponit。Thejarringsoundsofformervibrationsmustfirstbestilled，otherwisenoharmonycanbeproduced；butwhentheinstrumentisinorder，thenotesCANNOTFAILtoanswertothetouchofaskilfulmaster。

Thougheverythingwasdonethatcouldbedevisedtoimpressthemindsofallthose，oldandyoung，whofrequentedthisestablishment，withsuchsentimentsaswerenecessaryinordertotheirbecominggoodandusefulmembersofsociety；(andintheseattemptsIwascertainlysuccessful，muchbeyondmymostsanguineexpectations；)

yetmyhopeswerechieflyplacedontherisinggeneration。

Thechildren，therefore，ofthepoor，wereobjectsofmypeculiarcareandattention。Toinducetheirparentstosendthemtotheestablishment，evenbeforetheywereoldenoughtodoanykindofwork，whentheyattendedattheregularhours，theynotonlyreceivedtheirdinnergratis，buteachofthemwaspaidTHREE

CREUTZERSadayfordoingnothing，butmerelybeingpresentwhereothersworked。

Ihavealreadymentionedthatthesechildren，whoweretooyoungtowork，wereplaceduponseatsbuiltroundthehallswhereotherchildrenworked。Thiswasdoneinordertoinspirethemwithadesiretodothat，whichotherchildren，apparentlymorefavoured，——morecaressed，——andmorepraisedthanthemselves，werepermittedtodo；andofwhichtheywereobligedtobeidlespectators；

andthishadthedesiredeffect。

Asnothingissotedioustoachildasbeingobligedtositstillinthesameplaceforaconsiderabletime，andastheworkwhichtheothermorefavouredchildrenwereengagedin，waslightandeasy，andappearedratheramusingthanotherwise，beingthespinningofhempandflax，withsmalllightwheels，turnedwiththefoot，thesechildren，whowereobligedtobespectatorsofthisbusyandentertainingscene，becamesouneasyintheirsituations，andsojealousofthosewhowerepermittedtobemoreactive，thattheyfrequentlysolicitedwiththegreatestimportunitytobepermittedtowork，andoftencriedmostheartilyifthisfavourwasnotinstantlygrantedthem。

Howsweetthesetearsweretome，caneasilybeimagined！

Thejoytheyshoweduponbeingpermittedtodescendfromtheirbenches，andmixwiththeworkingchildrenbelow，wasequaltothesolicitudewithwhichtheyhaddemandedthatfavour。

Theywereatfirstmerelyfurnishedwithawheel，whichtheyturnedforseveraldayswiththefoot，withoutbeingpermittedtoattemptanythingfurther。Assoonastheywerebecomedexterousinthesimpleoperation，andhabithadmadeitsoeasyandfamiliartothemthatthefootcouldcontinueitsmotionmechanically，withouttheassistanceofthehead；——tilltheycouldgoonwiththeirwork，eventhoughtheirattentionwasemployeduponsomethingelse；——tilltheycouldanswerquestions，andconversefreelywiththoseaboutthemuponindifferentsubjects，withoutinterruptingorembarrassingtheregularmotionofthewheel，then，——andnottillthen，——theywerefurnishedwithhemporflax，andweretaughttospin。

Whentheyhadarrivedatacertaindegreeofdexterityinspinninghempandflax，theywereputtospinningofwool；

andthiswasalwaysrepresentedtothem，andconsideredbythem，asanhonorablepromotion。Uponthisoccasiontheycommonlyreceivedsomepublicreward，anewshirt，——apairofshoes，——

orperhapstheuniformoftheestablishment，asanencouragementtothemtopersevereintheirindustrioushabits。

Asconstantapplicationtoanyoccupationfortoogreatalengthoftimeisapttoproducedisgust，andinchildrenmightevenbedetrimentaltohealth，besidethehourofdinner，anhourofrelaxationfromwork，(fromeighto’clocktillnine，)intheforenoon，andanotherhour，(fromthreeo’clocktillfour，)intheafternoon，wereallowedthem，andthesetwohourswerespentinaschool；which，forwantofroomelsewhereinthehouse，waskeptinthedining-hall，wheretheyweretaughtreading，writing，andarithmetic，byaschool-masterengagedandpaidforthatpurpose[11]。Intothisschoolotherpersonswhoworkedinthehouse，ofamoreadvancedage，wereadmitted，iftheyrequestedit；

butfewgrownpersonsseemeddesirousofavailingthemselvesofthispermission。Astothechildren，theyhadnochoiceinthematter；thosewhobelongedtotheestablishmentwereobligedtoattendtheschoolregularlyeveryday，morningandevening。Theschoolbooks，paper，pens，andink，werefurnishedattheexpenceoftheestablishment。

Todistinguishthoseamongthegrownpersonsthatworkedinthehouse，whoshowedthegreatestdexterityandindustryinthedifferentmanufacturesinwhichtheywereemployed，thebestworkmanwereseparatedfromtheothers，andformeddistinctclasses，andwereevenassignedseparateroomsandapartments。

Thisseparationwasproductiveofmanyadvantages；for，besidethespiritofemulationwhichitexcited，andkeptalive，ineverypartoftheestablishment，ifaffordedanopportunityofcarryingonthedifferentmanufacturesinaveryadvantageousmanner。Themostdexterousamongthewool-spinners，forinstance，werenaturallyemployeduponthefinestwool，suchaswasusedinthefabricationofthefinestandmostvaluablegoods；anditwasverynecessarythatthesespinnersshouldbeseparatedfromtheothers，whoworkeduponcoarsermaterials；otherwise，inthemanipulationsofthewool，asparticlesofitareunavoidablydispersedaboutinalldirectionswhenitisspun，thecoarserparticlesthusmixingwiththefinewouldgreatlyinjurethemanufacture。Itwaslikewisenecessary，forasimilarreason，toseparatethespinnerswhowereemployedinspinningwoolofdifferentcolours。Butasthese，andmanyotherlikeprecautionsarewellknowntoallmanufacturers，itisnotnecessarythatI

shouldinsistuponthemanyfartherinthisplace；norindeedisitnecessarythatIshouldenterintoallthedetailsofanyofthemanufacturescarriedonintheestablishmentIamdescribing。

Itwillbequitesufficient，ifImerelyenumeratethem，andothers，whowereemployedincarryingthemon。

Intreatingthissubjectitwillhoweverbenecessarytogobackalittle，andgiveamoreparticularaccountoftheinternalgovernmentsofthisestablishment；andfirstofallImustobserve，thatthegovernmentoftheMilitaryWork-house，asitiscalled，isquitedistinctfromthegovernmentoftheinstitutionforthepoor；theWork-housebeingmerelyamanufactory，likeanyothermanufactory，supporteduponitsownprivatecapital；whichcapitalhasnoconnectionwhateverwithanyfunddestinedforthepoor。

Itisunderthesoledirectionofitsownparticulargovernorsandoverseers，andiscarriedonatthesoleriskoftheowner。

Theinstitutionforthepoor，ontheotherhand，ismerelyaninstitutionofcharity，joinedtoageneraldirectionofthepolice，asfarasitrelatestopaupers。Thecommittee，ordeputation，asitiscalled，whichisattheheadofthisinstitution，hasthesoledirectionofallfundsdestinedforthereliefofthepoorinMunich，andthedistributionofalms。Thisdeputationhaslikewisethedirectionofthekitchen，andbake-house，whichareestablishedintheMilitaryWork-house；andofthedetailsrelativetothefeedingofthepoor；foritisfromthefundsdestinedforthereliefofthepoorthattheseexpencesaredefrayed：thedeputationisalsoinconnectionwiththeMilitaryWork-houserelativetotheclothingofthepoor，andthedistributionofrewardstothoseofthemwhoparticularlydistinguishedthemselvesbytheirgoodbehaviourandtheirindustry，butthisismerelyamercantilecorrespondence。

Thedeputationhasnorighttointerfereinanywaywhateverintheinternalmanagementofthisestablishment，consideredasamanufactory。Inthisrespectitistoallintentsandpurposesaperfectlydistinctandindependentestablishment。

Butnotwithstandingthis，thetwoestablishmentsaresodependentoneachotherinmanyrespects，thatneitherofthemcouldwellsubsistalone。

TheMilitaryWork-housebeingprincipallydesignedasamanufactoryforclothingthearmy，itscapital，whichatfirstconsistedinabout150，000florins，butwhichhassinceincreasedtoabove250，000florins，wasadvancedbythemilitarychest，andhenceitis，thatitwascalledtheMilitaryWork-house，andputunderthedirectionofthecouncilofwar。

Fortheinternalmanagementoftheestablishment，aspecialcommissionwasnamed，consistingof，onecounsellorofwar，ofthedepartmentofmilitaryeconomy，oroftheclothingofthearmy，——onecaptain，whichlastisinspectorofthehouse，andhasapartmentsinit，wherehelodges；——andthestore-keeperofthemagazineofmilitaryclothing。

Thesecommissioners，whohavethemagazineofmilitaryclothingatthesametimeundertheirdirection，have，undermyimmediatesuperintendence，thesolegovernmentanddirectionofthisestablishment；——ofalltheinferiorofficers；——servants；——

manufacturers；——andworkmen，belongingtoit；andofallmercantileoperations；——contracts；——purchases；——sales；，etc。Anditiswiththesecommissionersthattheregimentscorrespond，inordertobefurnishedwithclothing，andothernecessaries；andintotheirhandstheypaytheamountofthedifferentarticlesreceived。

Thecashbelongingtothisestablishmentisplacedinachestfurnishedwiththreeseparatelocks，ofoneofwhicheachofthecommissionersarejointly，andseverally，answerableforthecontentsofthechest。

Thesecommissionersholdtheirsessionsregularlytwiceaweek，oroftenerifcircumstancesrequireit，inaroomintheMilitaryWork-housedestinedforthatpurpose，wherethecorrespondence，andallaccountsanddocumentsbelongingtotheestablishment，andotherrecords，arekept；andwherethesecretaryofthecommissionconstantlyattends。

Whenverylargecontractsaremadeforthepurchaseofrawmaterials，particularlywhentheyaremadewithforeigners，theconditionsarefirstsubmittedbythecommissionerstothecouncilofwarfortheirapprobation；butinallconcernsoflessmoment，andparticularlyinallthecurrentbusinessoftheestablishment；——intheordinarypurchases，——sales，——andothermercantiletransactions；thecommissionersactbytheirownimmediateauthority：butallthetransactionsofthecommissionersBEINGENTEREDREGULARLYINTHEIRJOURNALS，andthemostparticularaccountofallsales，andpurchases，andotherreceiptsandexpendituresbeingkept；andinventoriesbeingtakeneveryyear，ofallrawmaterials；——manufacturesuponhand；——andothereffects，belongingtotheestablishment；andanannualaccountofprofitandloss，regularlymadeout；allpeculation，andotherabuses，aremosteffectuallyprevented。

Thesteward，orstore-keeperofrawmaterials，asheiscalled，hasthecareofallrawmaterials，andofallfinishedmanufacturesdestinedforprivatesale。Theformerarekeptinmagazines，orstore-rooms，ofwhichhealonehasthekeys，——

thelatterarekeptinroomssetapartasastore，——orshop，——

wheretheyareexposedforpublicinspection，andsale。

Topreventabusesinthesalesofthesemanufactures，theirprices，whicharedetermineduponacalculationofwhattheycost，andacertainpercent。addedfortheprofitsofthehouse，aremarkeduponthegoods，andareneveraltered；andaregularaccountiskeptofall，evenofthemostinconsiderablearticlessold，inwhichnotonlythecommodity，withitsquality，quantity，anprice，isspecified；butthenameofthepurchaser，andthedayofthemonthwhenthepurchasewasmade，arementioned。

Allarticlesofclothingdestinedforthearmywhicharemadeupinthehouse；aswellasallgoodsinthepiece，destinedformilitaryclothing，arelodgedintheMilitaryMagazine；whichissituatedatsomedistancefromtheMilitaryWork-house；andisunderthecareandinspectionoftheMilitarystore-keeper。

FromthisMilitaryMagazine，whichmaybeconsideredasanappendixtotheMilitaryWork-house，andisinfactunderthesamedirection，theregimentsaresuppliedwitheveryarticleoftheirclothing。Butinorderthatthearmyaccountsmaybemoresimple，andmoreeasilychecked，andthatthetotalannualexpenceofeachregimentmaybemorereadilyascertained，theregimentspay，atcertainfixedprices，forallthearticlestheyreceivefromtheMilitaryMagazine，andchargesuchexpendituresintheannualaccountwhichtheysendintotheWarOffice。

Theorderobservedwithregardtothedeliveryoftherawmaterialsbythestore-keeperorstewardoftheMilitaryWork-housetothoseemployedinmanufacturingthem，isasfollows：

Inthemanufacturesofwool，forinstance，hedeliverstothemaster-clothieracertainquantity，commonly100pounds，ofwool，ofacertainqualityanddescription；takenfromacertaindivision，orbin，intheMagazine；bearingacertainnumber；

inordertoitsbeingsorted。Andasaregisteriskeptofthewoolthatisputintothesebinsfromtimetotime，andasthelotsofwoolarealwayskeptseparate，itisperfectlyeasyatanytimetodeterminewhen，——andwhere，——andfromwhom，thewooldeliveredtothesortedwaspurchased；andwhatwaspaidforit；

andconsequently，totracethewoolfromthestockwhereitwasgrown，totheclothintowhichitwasformed；andeventothepersonwhoworeit。Andsimilararrangementsareadoptedwithregardtoallotherrawmaterialsusedinthevariousmanufactures。

Theadvantagesarisingfromthisarrangementaretooobvioustorequirebeingparticularlymentioned。Itnotonlypreventsnumberlessabusesonthepartofthoseemployedinthevariousmanufactures，butaffordsareadymethodofdetectinganyfraudsonthepartofthosefromwhomtherawmaterialsarepurchased。

Thewoolreceivedbythemaster-clothierisbyhimdeliveredtothewool-sorterstobesorted。Topreventfraudsonthepartofthewool-sorters，notonlyallthewool-sortersworkinthesameroom，undertheimmediateinspectionofthemasterwool-sorter，butacertainquantityofeachlotofwoolbeingsortedinthepresenceofsomeoneofthepublicofficersbelongingtothehouse，itisseenbytheexperimenthowmuchpercent。islostbyseparationofdirtandfilthinsorting；andthequantityofsortedwoolofthedifferentqualities，whichthesorterisobligedtodeliverforeachHUNDREDPOUNDSweightofwoolreceivedfromthemagazine，isfromhencedetermined。

Thegreatsecretofthewoollenmanufactoryisinthesortingofthewool，andifthisisnotparticularlyattendedto；thatistosay，ifthedifferentkindsofwoolofvariousqualitieswhicheachfleecenaturallycontains，arenotcarefullyseparated；

andifeachkindofwoolisnotemployedforthatpurpose，andFORTHATALONE，forwhichitisbestcalculated，nowoollenmanufactorycanpossiblysubsistwithadvantages。

Eachfleeceiscommonlyseparatedintofiveorsixdifferentparcelsofwool，ofdifferentqualities，bythesortersintheMilitaryWork-house；andoftheseparcels，someareemployedforwarp；——othersforwool；——othersforcombing；——andthatwhichisverycoarseandindifferent，forcoarsemittensforthepeasants；——forthelistsofbroadcloths，etc。

Thewool，whensorted，isdeliveredbackbythemaster-clothiertothesteward，whonowplacesitinthesorted-woolmagazines，whereitiskeptinseparatebins，accordingtoitsdifferentqualitiesanddestinations，tillitisdeliveredouttobemanufactured。Asthesebinsareallnumbered，andasthequalityanddestinationofthewoolwhichislodgedineachbinisalwaysthesame，itissufficientindescribingthewoolafterwardsasitpassesthroughthehandsofthedifferentmanufacturers，merelytomentionITSNUMBER；thatistosay，thenumberofthebinthesorted-woolmagazinefromwhenceitwastaken。

Asamoreparticularaccountofthesevariousmanipulations，andthemeansusedtopreventfrauds，maynotonlybeinterestingtoallwhoarecuriousinthesematters，butmayalsobeofrealusetosuchasmayengageinsimilarundertakings，Ishalltakethelibertytoenlargealittleuponthissubject。

Fromthemagazineofsortedwool，themaster-clothierreceivesthissortedwoolagain，inordertoitsbeingwolfed，——greased，——carded；——andspun，underhisinspection，andthendeliveredintothestore-roomofwoollenyarn。Aswoollenyarnhereceivesitagain，anddeliversittothecloth-weaver——Thecloth-weaverreturnsitinclothtothesteward——Thestewarddeliversittothefuller；——thefullertothecloth-shearer；——thecloth-shearertothecloth-presser；——andthecloth-pressertothesteward；——

andbythislastitisdeliveredintotheMilitaryMagazine，ifdestinedforthearmy；ifnot，itisplacedintheshopforsale。

Themaster-clothierisanswerableforallthesortedwoolhereceives，tillhedeliversittotheclerkofthewool-spinners；

andallhisaccountsaresettledwiththestewardonceaweek——

Theclerkofthespinnersisanswerableforthecardedandcombedwoolhereceivesfromthemaster-clothier，tillitisdeliveredinyarninthestore-room；andhisaccountsarelikewisesettledwiththemaster-clothier，andwiththeclerkofthestore-room，(whoiscalledtheclerkofthecontrol，)onceaweek。

Thespinnerswagesarepaidbytheclerkofthecontrol，uponthespin-ticket，signedbytheclerkofthespinners；inwhichticket，thequantity，andqualityoftheyarnspunbeingspecified，togetherwiththenameofthespinner，theweeklydeliveryofyarnbytheclerkofthespinnersintothestore-room，mustanswertothespin-ticketsreceivedandpaidbytheclerkofthecontrol。Moreeffectuallytopreventfrauds，eachdeliveryofyarntotheclerkofthespinnersisboundupinaseparatebundle，towhichisattachedanabstractofthespin-ticket，inwhichabstractisspecified，thenameofthespinner；——thedateofthedelivery；——thenumberofthespin-ticket；——andthequantityandqualityoftheyarn。Thisarrangementnotonlyfacilitatesthesettlementoftheweeklyaccountbetweentheclerkofthespinnersandtheclerkofthecontrol，whentheformermakeshisweeklydeliveryofyarnintothestore-room，butrendersiteasyalsotodetectanyfraudscommittedbythespinners。

Thewagesofthespinnersareregulatedbythefinenessoftheyarn；thatis，bythenumberofskains，orratherknots，whichtheyspinfromthepoundofwool。Eachknotiscomposedof100

threads，andeachthread，orturnofthereel，istwoBavarianyardsinlength；andtopreventfraudsinreeling，clock-reels，provedandsealed，arefurnishedbytheestablishmenttoallthespinners。Itispossible，however，notwithstandingthisprecaution，forthespinnerstocommitfrauds，bybindingupknotscontainingasmallernumberofthreadsthan100——Itistruetheyhavelittletemptationtodoso，forastheirwagesareinfactpaidbytheWEIGHToftheyarndelivered，andthenumberofknotsservingmerelytodeterminethepriceBYTHEPOUNDwhichtheyhavearighttoreceive，andadvantagestheycanderivefromfraudscommittedinreelingareverytriflingindeed。

Buttriflingastheyare，suchfraudswouldnodoubtsometimesbecommitted，wereitnotknownthatitisabsolutelyIMPOSSIBLEforthemtoescapedetection。

Notonlytheclerkofthespinnersexaminestheyarnwhenhereceivesit，andcountsthethreadsinanyoftheknotswhichappeartobetoosmall，butthenameofthespinner，withanoteofthequantityofknots，accompaniestheyarnintothestore-room，aswasbeforeobserved，andfromthencetothespooler，bywhomitiswoundoff；anyfraudscommittedinreelingcannotfailtobebroughthometothespinner。

Thebundlesofcardedwooldeliveredtothespinners，thoughtheyarecalledpounds，arenotexactpounds。Theycontaineachasmuchmorethanapound，asisnecessary，allowingforwastageinspinning，inorderthattheyarnwhenspunmayweighapound。

Iftheyarnisfoundtobewantinginweight，aproportionaldeductionismadefromthewagesofthespinner；whichdeduction，topreventfrauds，amountstoatriflemorethanthevalueoftheyarnwhichiswanting。

Fraudsinweavingarepreventedbydeliveringtheyarntotheweaversbyweight，andreceivingtheclothbyweightfromtheloom。

Intheotheroperationsofthemanufactures，suchasfulling，shearing，pressing，etc。nofraudsaretobeapprehended。

Similarprecautionsaretakentopreventfraudsinthelinen；——

cotton；——andothermanufacturescarriedoninthehouse；andsoeffectualarethemeansadopted，thatduringmorethanfiveyearssincetheestablishmentwasinstituted，noonefraudoftheleastconsequencehasbeendiscovered；theevidentimpossibilityofescapingdetectioninthosepractices，havingpreventedtheattempt。

Throughtheabove-mentioneddetailsmaybesufficienttogivesomeideaofthegeneralorderwhichreignsineverypartofthisextensiveestablishment；yet，assuccessinanundertakingofthiskinddependsessentiallyoncarryingonthebusinessinallitsvariousbranchesinthemostmethodicalmanner，andrenderingoneoperationacheckupontheother，aswellasinmakingthepersonsemployedabsolutelyresponsibleforallfraudsandneglectscommittedintheirvariousdepartments，IshalleitheraddintheAppendix，orpublishseparately，afullaccountoftheinternaldetailsofthevarioustradesandmanufacturescarriedonintheMilitaryWork-house，andcopiesofallthedifferenttickets，——returns，——tables，——accounts，etc。madeuseofincarryingonthebusinessofthisestablishment。

ThoughtheseaccountswillrenderthisworkmorevoluminousthanIcouldhavewished，yet，assuchdetailscanhardlyfailtobeveryusefultothose，who，eitheruponalarger，orsmallerscale，mayengageinsimilarundertakings，Ihavedeterminedtopublishthem。

ToshowthattheregulationsobservedincarryingonthevarioustradesandmanufacturesintheMilitaryWork-housearegood，itwill，Iflattermyself，bequitesufficienttorefertotheflourishingstateoftheestablishment；——toitsgrowingreputation；——toitsextensiveconnections，whichreacheventoforeigncountries；——tothepunctualitywithwhichallitsengagementsarefulfilled；——toitsunimpeachedcredit；——andtoitsgrowingwealth。

Notwithstandingallthedisadvantagesunderwhichitlabouredinitsinfantstate，thenetprofitsarisingfromitduringthesixyearsithasexisted，amounttoabove100，000florins；aftertheexpencesofeverykind，——salaries，——wages，——repairs，etc。havebeendeducted；inconsequenceoftheaugmentationoftheamountoftheordersreceivedandexecutedthelastyear，didnotfallmuchshortofHALFAMILLIONofflorins。

Itmaybepropertoobserve，that，notthewholearmyoftheElector，butonlythefifteenBavarianregiments，arefurnishedwithclothingfromtheMilitaryWork-houseatMunich。ThetroopsofthePalatinate，andthoseoftheDuchiesofJuliersandBergen，receivetheirclothingfromasimilarestablishmentatManheim。

TheMilitaryWork-houseatManheimwasindeederectedseveralmonthsbeforethatatMunich；butasitisnotimmediatelyconnectedwithanyinstitutionforthepoor，——asthepoorarenotfedinit，——andasitwasmyfirstattempt，orcoupd’essai，——

itis，inmanyrespects，inferiorinitsinternalarrangementstothatatMunich。Ihavethereforechosenthislastforthesubjectofmydescriptions；andwouldproposeitasamodelforimitation，inpreferencetotheother。

Asboththeseestablishmentsowetheirexistencetomyself，andastheybothremainundermyimmediatesuperintendence，itmayverynaturallybeasked，whythatatManheimhasnotbeenputuponthesamefootingwiththatatMunich？——Myanswertothisquestionwouldbe，thatavarietyofcircumstances，tooforeigntomypresentsubjecttobeexplainedhere，preventedtheestablishmentoftheMilitaryWork-houseatManheimbeingcarriedtothatperfectionwhichIcouldhavewished[12]。

ButitistimethatIshouldreturntothepoorofMunich；

forwhosecomfortandhappinessIlabouredwithsomuchpleasure，andwhosehistorywilleverremainbyfarthemostinterestingpartofthispublication。

CHAPTER。VII。

Afurtheraccountofthepoorwhowerebroughttogetherinthehouseofindustry：——andoftheinterestingchangewhichwasproducedintheirmannersanddispositions。

Variousproofsthatthemeansusedformakingthemindustrious，comfortable，andhappy，weresuccessful。

Theawkwardnessofthesepoorcreatures，whentheywerefirsttakenfromthestreetsasbeggars，andputtowork，mayeasilyconceived；butthefacilitywithwhichtheyacquiredaddressinthevariousmanufacturesinwhichtheywereemployed，wasveryremarkable，andmuchexceededmyexpectation。Butwhatwasquitesurprising，andatthesametimeinterestinginthehighestdegree，wastheapparentandrapidchangewhichwasproducedintheirmanners，——intheirgeneralbehaviour，——andevenintheveryairoftheircountenances，uponbeingalittleaccustomedtotheirnewsituations。Thekindusagetheymetwith，andthecomfortstheyenjoyed，seemedtohavesoftenedtheirhearts，andawakenedinthemsentimentsasnewandsurprisingtothemselves，astheywereinterestingtothoseaboutthem。

Themelancholygloomofmisery，andairofuneasinessandembarrassment，disappearedbylittleandlittlefromtheircountenances，andweresucceededbyatimiddawnofcheerfulness，renderedmostexquisitelyinterestingbyacertainmixtureofsilentgratitude，whichnolanguagecandescribe。

Intheinfancyofthisestablishment，whenthesepoorcreatureswerefirstbroughttogether，Iusedveryfrequentlytovisitthem，——tospeakkindlytothem，——andtoencouragethem；——andI

seldompassedthroughthehallswheretheywereatwork，withoutbeingawitnesstothemostmovingscenes。

Objects，formerlythemostmiserableandwretched，whomIhadseenforyearsasbeggarsinthestreets；-youngwomen，——perhapstheunhappyvictimsofseduction，who，havinglosttheirreputation，andbeingturnedadriftintheworld，withoutafriendandwithoutahome，werereducedtothenecessityofbegging，tosustainamiserableexistence，nowrecognizedmeastheirbenefactor；and，withtearsdroppingfastfromtheircheeks，continuedtheirworkinthemostexpressivesilence。

Iftheywereasked，whatthematterwaswiththem？theiranswerwas，(“nichts“)“nothing；“accompaniedbyalookofaffectionateregardandgratitude，soexquisitelytouchingasfrequentlytodrawtearsfromthemostinsensibleofthebystanders。

Itwasnotpossibletobemistakenwithrespecttotherealstateofthemindsofthesepoorpeople；everythingaboutthemshowedthattheyweredeeplyaffectedwiththekindnessshownthem；——

andthattheirheartswerereallysoftened，appeared，notonlyfromtheirunaffectedexpressionsofgratitude，butalsofromtheeffusionsoftheiraffectionateregardforthosewhoweredeartothem。Inshort，neverdidIwitnesssuchaffectingscenesaspassedbetweensomeofthesepoorpeopleandtheirchildren。

Itwasmentionedabovethatthechildrenwereseparatedfromthegrownpersons。Thiswasthecaseatfirst；butassoonasorderwasthoroughlyestablishedineverypartofthehouse，andthepoorpeoplehadacquiredacertaindegreeofaddressintheirwork，andevidentlytookpleasureinit，asmanyofthosewhohadchildrenexpressedanearnestdesiretohavethemnearthem，permissionwasgrantedforthatpurpose；andthespinninghalls，bydegrees，werefilledwiththemostinterestinglittlegroupsofindustriousfamilies，whoviedwitheachotherindiligenceandaddress；andwhodisplayedascene，atoncethemostbusy，andthemostcheerful，thatcanbeimagined。

Anindustriousfamilyiseverapleasingobject；buttherewassomethingpeculiarlyinterestingandaffectinginthegroupsofthesepoorpeople。Whetheritwas，thatthosewhosawthemcomparedtheirpresentsituationwiththestateofmiseryandwretchednessfromwhichtheyhadbeentaken；——orwhetheritwasthejoyandexultationwhichwereexpressedinthecountenancesofthepoorparentsincontemplatingtheirchildrenallbusilyemployedaboutthem；——ortheairofself-satisfactionwhichtheselittleurchinsputon，attheconsciousnessoftheirowndexterity，whiletheypursuedtheirworkwithredoubleddiligenceuponbeingobserved，thatrenderedthescenesosingularlyinteresting，——

Iknownot；butcertainitis，thatfewstrangerswhovisitedtheestablishment，cameoutofthesehallswithoutbeingmuchaffected。

Manyhumaneandwell-disposedpersonsareoftenwithheldfromgivingalms，onaccountofthebadcharacterofbeggarsingeneral；

butthiscircumstance，thoughitoughtundoubtedlytobetakenintoconsiderationindeterminingthemodeofadministeringourcharitableassistance，shouldcertainlynotpreventourinterestingourselvesinthefateoftheseunhappybeings。

Onthecontrary，itoughttobeanadditionalincitementtoustorelievethem；——fornothingismorecertain，thanthattheircrimesareveryoftentheEFFECTS，nottheCAUSESoftheirmisery；andwhenthisisthecase，byremovingthecause，theeffectswillcease。

Nothingismoreextraordinaryandunaccountable，thantheinconsistencyofmankindineverything；eveninthepracticeofthatdivinevirtuebenevolence；andmostofourmistakesarisemorefromindolenceandfrominattention，thanfromanythingelse。

Thebusypartofmankindaretoointentupontheirownprivatepursuits；andthosewhohaveleisure，aretooaversefromgivingthemselvestrouble，toinvestigateasubjectbuttoogenerallyconsideredastiresomeanduninteresting。Butifitbetrue，thatwearereallyhappyonlyinproportionasweoughttobeso；——

thatis，inproportionasweareinstrumentalinpromotingthehappinessofothers；nostudysurelycanbesointeresting，asthatwhichteachesushowmosteffectuallytocontributetothewell-beingofourfellow-creatures。

IfLOVEbeblind，SELF-LOVEiscertainlyveryshort-sighted；

andwithouttheassistanceofreasonandreflection，isbutabadguideinthepursuitofhappiness。

Thosewhotakepleasureindepreciatingallthesocialvirtueshaverepresentedpityasamereselfishpassion；andtherearesomecircumstanceswhichappeartojustifythisopinion。

Itiscertainthatthemisfortunesofothersaffectus，notinproportiontotheirgreatness，butinproportiontotheirnearnesstoourselves；ortothechancesthattheymayreachusinourturns。Arichmanisinfinitelymoreaffectedatthemisfortuneofhisneighbour，who，bythefailureofabankerwithwhomhehadtrustedthegreaterpartofhisfortune；——byanunluckyrunatplay，——orbyotherlosses，isreducedtoastateofaffluence，tothenecessityoflayingdownhiscarriage；——

leavingthetown；——andretiringintothecountryuponafewhundredsa-year；——thanbythetotalruinoftheindustrioustradesmanovertheway，whoisdraggedtoprison，andhisnumerousfamilyofyoungandhelplesschildrenlefttostarve。

Buthoweverselfishpitymaybe，BENEVOLENCEcertainlyspringsfromamorenobleorigin。Itisagood-natured，——generoussentiment，whichdoesnotrequirebeingputtothetortureinordertobestimulatedtoaction。Anditisthissentiment，notpity，orcompassion，whichIwouldwishtoexcite。

Pityisalwaysattendedwithpain；andifoursufferingsatbeingwitnessesofthedistressesofothers，sometimesforceustorelievethem，wecanneitherhavemuchmerit，noranylastingsatisfaction，fromsuchinvoluntaryactsofcharity；buttheenjoymentswhichresultfromactsofgenuinebenevolenceareaslastingastheyareexquisitelydelightful；andthemoretheycontributetothatinwardpeaceofmindandself-approbation，whichaloneconstituterealhappiness。Thisisthe“soul’scalmsun-shine，andtheheart-feltjoy。”whichisvirtue’sprize。

Toinducemankindtoengageinanyenterprise，itisnecessary，first，toshowthatsuccesswillbeattendedwithrealadvantage；

andsecondly，thatismaybeobtainedwithoutmuchdifficulty。

Therewardsattendantuponactsofbenevolencehavesooftenbeendescribedandcelebrated，ineverycountryandineverylanguage，thatitwouldbepresumptioninmetosupposeIcouldaddanythingnewuponasubjectalreadydiscussedbythegreatestmastersofrhetoric，andembellishedwithalltheirresistiblecharmsofeloquence；butasEXAMPLEOFSUCCESSaresometimesmoreefficaciousinstimulatingmankindtoaction，thanthemostsplendidreasoningsandadmonitions，itisuponmySUCCESSintheenterpriseofwhichIhaveundertakentogiveanaccount，thatmyhopesofengagingotherstofollowsuchanexamplearechieflyfounded；andhenceitis，thatIsooftenreturntothatpartofmysubject，andinsistwithsomuchperseveranceuponthepleasurewhichthissuccessaffordedme。IamawarethatI

exposemyselftobeingsuspectedofostentation，particularlybythosewhoarenotabletoenterfullyintomysituationandfeelings；butneitherthis，noranyotherconsideration，shallpreventmefromtreatingthesubjectinsuchamannerasmayappearbestadaptedtorendermylaboursofpublicutility。

WhyshouldInotmentioneventhemarksofaffectionateregardandrespectwhichIreceivedfromthepoorpeopleforthosehappinessIinterestedmyself，andthetestimoniesofthepublicesteemwithwhichIwashonored？——Willitbereckonedvanity，ifImentiontheconcernwhichthePoorofMunichexpressedinsoaffectingamannerwhenIwasdangerouslyill？——thattheywentpubliclyinabodyinprocessiontothecathedralchurch，wheretheyhaddivineserviceperformed，andputuppublicprayersformyrecovery？——thatfouryearsafterwards，onhearingthatIwasagaindangerouslyillatNaples。they，oftheirownaccord，setapartanhoureachevening，aftertheyhadfinishedtheirworkintheMilitaryWork-house，toprayforme？

WillitbethoughtimpropertomentiontheaffectingreceptionI

metwithfromthem，atmyfirstvisittotheMilitaryWork-houseuponmyreturntoMunichlastsummer，afteranabsenceoffifteenmonths；ascenewhichdrewtearsfromallwhowerepresent？——andmustIrefutemyselfthesatisfactionofdescribingthefeteI

gavetheminreturn，intheEnglishGarden，atwhich1800poorpeopleofallages，andabove30，000oftheinhabitantsofMunich，assisted？andallthispleasureImustforego，merelythatImaynotbethoughtvainandostentatious？——Beitsothen；——butIwouldjustbegleavetocallthereader’sattentiontomyfeelingsupontheoccasion；andthenlethimaskhimself，ifanyearthlyrewardcanpossiblybesupposedgreater；——anyenjoymentsmorecomplete，thanthoseIreceived。Lethimfiguretohimself，ifhecan，mysituation，sickinbed，wornoutbyintenseapplication，anddying，aseverybodythought，amartyrinthecausetowhichIhaddevotedmyself；——lethimimagine，Isay，myfeelings，uponhearingtheconfusednoiseoftheprayersofamultitudeofpeople，whowerepassingbyinthestreets，uponbeingtold，thatitwasthePoorofMunich，manyhundredsinnumber，whoweregoinginprocessiontothechurchtoputuppublicprayersforme：——publicprayersforme！——foraprivateperson！——astranger！——aprotestant！——Ibelieveitisthefirstinstanceofthekindthateverhappened；——andIdareventuretoaffirmthatnoproofcouldwellbestrongerthanthis，thatthemeasuresadoptedformakingthesepoorpeoplehappy，werereallysuccessful；——andletitberemembered，thatthisfactiswhatI

ammostanxioustomakeappear，INTHECLEARESTANDMOST

SATISFACTORYMANNER。

CHAPTER。VIII。

Ofthemeansusedforthereliefofthosepoorpersonswhowerenotbeggars。

Ofthelargesumsofmoneydistributedtothepoorinalms。

Ofthemeansusedforrenderingthosewhoreceivedalmsindustrious。

Ofthegeneralutilityofthehouseofindustrytothepoor，andthedistressedofalldenominations。

Ofpublickitchensforfeedingthepoor，unitedwithestablishmentsforgivingthememployment；andofthegreatadvantageswhichwouldbederivedfromformingthemineveryparish。

OfthemannerinwhichthepoorofMunicharelodged。

IngivinganaccountofthePoorofMunich。Ihavehithertoconfinedmyselfchieflytooneclassofthem，——thebeggars；butI

shallnowproceedtomentionbrieflythemeasureswhichwereadoptedtorelieveothers，whoneverwerebeggars，fromthosedistressesanddifficultiesinwhichpovertyandtheinabilitytoprovidethenecessariesoflifehadinvolvedthem。

AnestablishmentforthePoorshouldnotonlyprovideforthereliefandsupportofthosewhoaremostforwardandclamorousincallingoutforassistance；——humanityandjusticerequirethatpeculiarattentionshouldbepaidtothosewhoarebashfulandsilent——Tothose，who，inadditiontoallthedistressesarisingfrompovertyandwant，feel，thatisstillmoreinsupportabletotheirunfortunateandhopelesssituation。

Allthosewhostoodinneedofassistancewereinvitedandencouragedtomakeknowntheirwantstothecommitteeplacedattheheadoftheinstitution；andinnocasewasthenecessaryassistancerefused——Thatthisreliefwasgenerouslybestowed，willnotbedoubtedbythosewhoareinformedthatthesumsdistributedinalms，INREADYMONEYtothePoorofMunichinFIVE

YEARS，exclusiveoftheexpencesincurredinfeedingandclothingthem，amountedtoaboveTWOHUNDREDTHOUSANDFLORINS[13]。

ButthesumsofmoneydistributedamongthePoorinalmswasnottheonly，andperhapsnotthemostimportantassistancethatwasgiventhem——THEYWERETAUGHTANDENCOURAGEDTOBEINDUSTRIOUS；

andtheyprobablyderivedmoreessentialadvantagesfromthefruitsoftheirindustry，thanfromallthecharitabledonationstheyreceived。

Allwhowereabletoearnanythingbytheirlabour，werefurnishedwithwork，andeffectualmeasurestakentoexcitethemtobeindustrious——Infixingtheamountofthesumsinmoney，whichtheyreceiveweeklyuponstateddays，carewasalwaystakentofindouthowmuchthepersonapplyingforreliefwasinaconditiontoearn，andonlyjustsomuchwasgranted，as，whenaddedtotheseearnings，wouldbesufficienttoprovidethenecessariesoflife，orsuchofthemaswerenototherwisefurnishedbytheinstitution——Buteventhisprecautionwouldnotalonehavebeensufficienttohaveobligedthosewhoweredisposedtobeidle，tobecomeindustrious；for，withtheassistanceofthesmallallowanceswhichweregranted，theymighthavefoundmeans，bystealing，orotherfraudulentpractices，tohavesubsistedwithoutworking，andthesumsallowedthemwouldhaveonlyservedasanencouragementtoidleness——Thisevil，whichisalwaysmuchtobeapprehendedinestablishmentsforthePoor，andwhichisalwaysmostfatalinitsconsequences，iseffectuallypreventedatMunichbythefollowingsimplearrangement：——Alongandnarrowslipofpaper，uponwhichisprinted，betweenparallellines，intwoormorecolumns，alltheweeksintheyear，orratherthemonth，andthedayofthemonth，wheneachweekbegins，is，inthebeginningofeveryyear，giventoeachpoorperformentitledtoreceivealms；andthenameoftheperson，——withthenumberhisnamebearsinthegenerallistofthePoor；——theweeklysumgrantedtohim，——andthesumheisabletoearnweeklybylabour，areenteredinwritingattheheadofthislistoftheweeks——Thispaper，whichmustalwaysbeproducedbythepoorpersonasoftenasheappliesforhisweeklyallowanceofalms，servestoshowwhetherhehas，orhasnotfulfilledtheconditionsuponwhichtheallowancewasgrantedhim；——

thatistosay，whetherhehasbeenindustrious，andhasearnedbyhislabour，andreceived，thesumheoughttoearnweekly——

Thisfactisascertainedinthefollowingmanner：whenthepoorpersonfrequentsthehouseofindustryregularly，orwhenheworksathome，anddeliversregularlyattheendofeveryweek，theproduceofthelabourheisexpectedtoperform；whenhehasthusfulfilledtheconditionsimposedonhim，thecolumn，orratherparallel，inhispaper，(whichmaybecalledhiscertificateofindustry，)answeringtotheweekinquestion，ismarkedwithastamp，keptforthatpurposeattheMilitaryWork-house；or，ifheshouldbepreventedbyillness，oranyotheraccident，fromfulfillingthoseconditions，inthatcase，insteadofthestamp，theweekmustbemarkedbythesignatureofthecommissaryofthedistricttowhichthepoorpersonbelongs——

But，ifthecertificatebenotmarked，eitherbythestampofthehouseofindustry，orbythesignatureofthecommissaryofthedistrict，theallowancefortheweekinquestionisnotissued。

Itiseasytobeimaginedhoweffectuallythisarrangementmustoperateasachecktoidleness——But，notsatisfiedwithdiscouragingandpunishingidleness，wehaveendeavoured，byallthemeansinourpower，andmoreespeciallybyrewardsandhonorabledistinctionsofeverykind，toencourageextraordinaryexertionsofindustry。SuchofthePoorwhoearnmoreintheweekthanthesumimposedonthem，arerewardedbyextraordinarypresents，inmoney，orinsomeusefulandvaluablearticleofclothing；ortheyareparticularlyrememberedatthenextpublicdistributionofmoney，whichismadetwiceayeartothePoor，toassisttheminpayingtheirhouse-rent：andsofaristhisfrombeingmadeapretextfordiminishingtheirweeklyallowanceofalms，thatitisratherconsideredasareasonforaugmentingthem。

Therearegreatnumbersofpersons，ofvariousdescriptions，inallplaces，andparticularlyingreattowns，who，thoughtheyfindmeansjusttosupportlife，andhavetoomuchfeelingevertosubmittothedisgraceofbecomingaburthenuponthepublic，areyetveryunhappy，andconsequentlyobjectshighlydeservingofthecommiserationandfriendlyaidofthehumaneandgenerous——

itishardlypossibletoimagineasituationmoretrulydeplorablethanthatofapersonborntobetterprospects，reducedbyunmeritedmisfortunestopoverty，anddoomedtopasshiswholelifeinonecontinuedandhopelessstrugglewithwant，shame，anddespair。

Anyreliefwhichitispossibletoaffordtodistressthatappearsunderthisrespectableandmostinterestingform，oughtsurelynevertobewithheld——Butthegreatestcareandprecautionarenecessaryingivingassistancetothosewhohavebeenrenderedirritableandsuspiciousbymisfortunes，andwhohavetoomuchhonestpridenottofeelthemselvesdegradedbyacceptinganobligationtheynevercanhopetorepay。

TheestablishmentofthehouseofindustryatMunichhasbeenameansofaffordingveryessentialrelieftomanydistressedfamilies，andsinglepersonsinindigentcircumstances，who，otherwise，mostprobablyneverwouldhavereceivedanyassistance——

Manypersonsofdistinguishedbirth，andparticularlywidowsandunmarriedladieswithverysmallfortunes，frequentlysendprivatelytothishouseforrawmaterials，——flaxorwool，——whichtheyspin，andreturninyarn，——linenforsoldiersshirts，whichtheymakeup，etc。andreceiveinmoney，(commonlythroughthehandsofamaid-servant，whoisemployedasamessengerupontheseoccasions，)theamountofthewagesattheordinarypricepaidbythemanufactory，forthelabourperformed。