第5章

Theinfluenceofsucheconomicalarrangementsextendseventothemoralcharacterofthosewhoaretheobjectsofthem。

Oftheexpenceoffeedingsoldiersinmesses。

OfthesurprisingsmallnessoftheexpenceoffeedingthepooratMunich。

SpecificproposalsrespectingthefeedingofthepoorinGreatBritain，withcalculationsoftheexpense，atthepresentpricesofprovisions。

CHAPTER。VI。

OfINDIANCORN。

Itaffordsthecheapestandmostnourishingfoodknown。

Proofsthatitismorenourishingthanrice。

Differentwaysofpreparingorcookingit。

Computationoftheexpenseoffeedingapersonwithit，foundedonexperiment。

ApprovedReceiptformakinganINDIANPUDDING。

CHAPTER。VII。

ReceiptsforpreparingvariousKindsofcheapFood。

OfMACCARONI。

OfPOTATOES。

Approvedreceiptsforboilingpotatoes。

Ofpotatoepuddings。

Ofpotatoedumplings。

Ofboiledpotatoeswithasauce。

Ofpotatoesalad。

OfBARLEY

Ismuchmorenutritiousthanwheat。

Barleymeal，agoodsubstituteforpearlbarley，formakingsoups。

Generaldirectionsforpreparingcheapsoups。

Receiptforthecheapestsoupthatcanbemade。

OfSAMP

MethodofpreparingitIsanexcellentSubstituteforBread。

OfbrownSoup。

OfRYEBREAD。

ESSAYIII。

INTRODUCTION。

Itisacommonsaying，thatnecessityisthemotherofinvention；andnothingismorestrictlyormoregenerallytrue。

Itmayevenbeshown，thatmostofthesuccessiveimprovementsintheaffairsofmeninastateofcivilsociety，ofwhichwehaveanyauthenticrecords，havebeenmadeunderthepressureofnecessity；anditisnosmallconsolation，intimesofgeneralalarm，toreflectupontheprobabilitythat，uponsuchoccasions，usefuldiscoverieswillresultfromtheunitedexertionsofthosewho，eitherfrommotivesoffear，orsentimentsofbenevolence，labourtoaverttheimpendingevil。

Thealarminthiscountryatthepresentperiod[1]，onaccountofthehighpriceofcorn，andthedangerofascarcity，hasturnedtheattentionofthePublictoaveryimportantsubject，THEINVESTIGATIONOFTHESCIENCEOFNUTRITION；——asubjectsocuriousinitself，andsohighlyinterestingtomankind，thatitseemstrulyastonishingitshouldhavebeensolongneglected：——

butinthemannerinwhichitisnowtakenup，bothbytheHouseofCommons，andtheBoardofAgriculture，thereisgreatreasontohopethatitwillreceiveathoroughscientificexamination；andifthisshouldbethecase，Iwillventuretopredict，thattheimportantdiscoveries，andimprovements，whichmustresultfromtheseenquiries，willrenderthealarmswhichgaverisetothemforeverfamousintheannalsofcivilsociety。

CHAPTER。I。

Greatimportanceofthesubjectunderconsideration。

Probabilitythatwateractsamuchmoreimportantpartinnutritionthanhashithertobeengenerallyimagined。

Surprisinglysmallquantityofsolidfoodnecessary，whenproperlyprepared，forallthepurposesofnutrition。

Greatimportanceoftheartofcookery。

Barleyremarkablynutritivewhenproperlyprepared。

TheimportanceofculinaryprocessesforpreparingfoodshownfromtheknownutilityofapracticecommoninsomepartsofGermanyofcookingforcattle。

Difficultyofintroducingachargeofcookeryintocommonuse。

Meansthatmaybeemployedforthatpurpose。

Thereis，perhaps，nooperationofNature，whichfallsunderthecognizanceofoursenses，moresurprising，ormorecurious，thanthenourishmentandgrowthofplants，andanimals；andthereiscertainlynosubjectofinvestigationmoreinterestingtomankind——Asprovidingsubsistenceis，andevermustbe，anobjectofthefirstconcerninallcountries，anydiscoveryorimprovementbywhichtheprocuringofgoodandwholesomefoodcanbefacilitated，mustcontributeverypowerfullytoincreasethecomforts，andpromotethehappinessofsociety。

Thatourknowledgeinregardtothescienceofnutritionisstillveryimperfect，iscertain；but，Ithinkthereisreasontobelieve，thatweareupontheeveofsomeveryimportantdiscoveriesrelativetothatmysteriousoperation。

SinceithasbeenknownthatWaterisnotasimpleelement，butaCOMPOUND，andcapableofbeingdecomposed，muchlighthasbeenthrownuponmanyoperationsofnaturewhichformerlywerewrappedupinobscurity。Invegetation，forinstance，ithasbeenrenderedextremelyprobable，thatwateractsamuchmoreimportantpartthanwasformerlyassignedtoitbyphilosophers——

ThatitservesnotmerelyastheVEHICLEofnourishment，butconstitutesatleastonepart，andprobablyanessentialpart，oftheFOODofplants——Thatitisdecomposedbythem，andcontributesMATERIALLYtotheirgrowth；——andthatmanuresserverathertopreparethewaterfordecomposition，thantoformofthemselves——substantially，anddirectly——thenourishmentofthevegetables。

Now，averyclearanalogymaybetraced，betweenthevegetationandgrowthofplants，andthedigestionandnourishmentofanimals；

andaswaterisindispensablynecessaryinbothprocesses，andasinoneofthem，(vegetation，)itappearsevidentlytoserveasFOOD；——whyshouldwenotsupposeitmayserveasfoodintheother？——Thereis，inmyopinion，abundantreasontosuspectthatthisisreallythecase；andIshallnowbrieflystatethegroundsuponwhichthisopinionisfounded——HavingbeenengagedforaconsiderablelengthoftimeinprovidingFoodforthePooratMunich，Iwasnaturallyled，aswellbycuriosityasmotivesofeconomy，tomakeagreatvarietyofexperimentsuponthatsubject；andIhadnotproceededfarinmyoperations，beforeI

begantoperceivethattheywereveryimportant；——evenmuchmoresothanIhadimagined。

Thedifferenceintheapparentgoodness，ofthepalatableness，andapparentnutritiousnessofthesamekindsofFood，whenpreparedofcookedindifferentways，struckmeveryforcibly；

andIconstantlyfoundthattherichnessorQUALITYofasoupdependedmoreuponaproperchoiceoftheingredients，andapropermanagementofthefireinthecombinationofthoseingredients，thanuponthequantityofsolidnutritiousmatteremployed；——muchmoreupontheartandskillofthecook，thanupontheamountofthesumslaidoutinthemarket。

Ifoundlikewise，thatthenutritiousofasoup，oritspowerofsatisfyinghunger，andaffordingnourishment，appearedalwaystobeinproportiontoitsapparentrichnessorpalatableness。

Butwhatsurprisedmenotalittle，wasthediscoveryoftheverysmallquantityofSOLIDFOOD，which，whenproperlyprepared，willsufficetosatisfyhunger，andsupportlifeandhealth；andtheverytriflingexpenceatwhichthestoutest，andmostlaboriousmanmay，inanycountry，befed。

AfteranexperimentofmorethanfiveyearsinfeedingthePooratMunichduringwhichtimeeveryexperimentwasmadethatcouldbedevised，notonlywithregardtothechoiceofthearticlesusedasFood，butalsoinrespecttotheirdifferentcombinationsandproportions；andtothevariouswaysinwhichtheycouldbepreparedorcooked；itwasfoundthattheCHEAPEST，mostSAVOURY，andmostNOURISHINGFoodthatcouldbeprovided，wasasoupcomposedofPEARLBARLEY，PEASE，POTATOES，CUTTINGSOFFINE

WHEATENBREAD，vinegar——saltandwaterincertainproportions。

Themethodofpreparingthissoupisasfollows；Thewaterandthepearlbarleyarefirstputtogetherintotheboilerandmadetoboil；thepeasearethenadded，andtheboilingiscontinuedoveragentlefireabouttwohours；——thepotatoesarethenadded，(havingbeenpreviouslypeeledwithaknife，orhavingbeenboiled，inordertotheirbeingmoreeasilydeprivedoftheirskins，)andtheboilingiscontinuedforaboutonehourmore，duringwhichtimethecontentsoftheboilerarefrequentlystirredaboutwithalargewoodenspoon，orladle，inordertodestroythetextureofthepotatoes，andtoreducethesouptooneuniformmass——Whenthisisdone，thevinegarandthesaltareadded；andlastofall，atthemomentitistobeservedup，thecuttingsofbread。

Thesoupshouldneverbesufferedtoboil，oreventostandlongbeforeitisservedupafterthecuttingsofbreadareputintoit。

Itwill，indeed，forreasonswhichwillhereafterbeexplained，bebestnevertoputthecuttingsofbreadintotheboileratall，but，(asisalwaysdoneatMunich，)toputthemintothetubsinwhichthesoupiscarriedfromthekitchenintothedining-hall；pouringthesouphotfromtheboileruponthem；

andstirringthewholewelltogetherwiththeironladlesusedformeasuringoutthesouptothePoorinthehall。

Itisofmoreimportancethancanwellbeimagined，thatthisbreadwhichismixedwiththesoupshouldnotbeboiled。

Itislikewiseofusethatitshouldbecutasfineorthinaspossible；andifitbedryandhard，itwillbesomuchthebetter。

ThebreadweuseatMunichiswhatiscalledsemelbread，beingsmallloaves，weighingfromtwotothreeounces；andaswereceivethisbreadindonationsfromthebakers，itiscommonlydryandhard，beingthatwhich，notbeingsoldintime，remainsonhand，andbecomesstaleandunsaleable；andwehavefoundbyexperience，thatthishardandstalebreadanswersforourpurposemuchbetterthananyother，foritrendersmasticationnecessary；andmasticationseemsverypowerfullytoassistinpromotingdigestion：itlikewisePROLONGSTHEDURATIONOFTHE

ENJOYMENTOFEATING，amatterofverygreatimportanceindeed，andwhichhasnothithertobeensufficientlyattendedto。

Thequantityofthissoupfurnishedtoeachperson，ateachmeal，oroneportionofit，(thecuttingsofbreadincluded，)isjustONEBAVARIANPOUNDinweight；andastheBavarianpoundistothepoundAvoirdupoisas1，123842to1，——itisequaltoaboutnineteenouncesandnine-tenthsAvoirdupois。Now，tothosewhoknowthatafullpintofsoupweighsnomorethanaboutsixteenouncesAvoirdupois，itwillnot，perhaps，atthefirstview，appearveryextraordinarythataportionweighingneartwentyounces，andconsequentlymakingnearONEPINTANDAQUARTERofthisrich，strong，savourysoup，shouldbefoundsufficienttosatisfythehungerofagrownperson；butwhenthematterisexaminednarrowly，andproperlyanalyzed，anditisfoundthatthewholequantityofSOLIDFOODwhichentersintothecompositionofoneoftheseportionsofsoup，doesnotamounttoquiteSIXOUNCES，itwillthenappeartobealmostimpossiblethatthisallowanceshouldbesufficient。

Thatitisquitesufficient，however，tomakeagoodmealforastronghealthyperson，hasbeenabundantlyprovedbylongexperience。Ihaveevenfoundthatasoupcomposedofnearlythesameingredients，exceptthepotatoes，butindifferentproportions，wassufficientlynutritive，andverypalatable，inwhichonlyaboutFOUROUNCESANDTHREEQUARTERSofsolidFoodenteredintothecompositionofaportionweighingtwentyounces。

Butthiswillnotappearincredibletothosewhoknow，thatonesinglespoonfulofsalope，weighinglessthanonequarterofanounce，putintoapintofboilingwater，formsthethickestandmostnourishingsoupthatcanbetaken；andthatthequantityofsolidmatterwhichentersintothecompositionofanotherverynutritiveFood，hartshornjelly，isnotmuchmoreconsiderable。

Thebarleyinmysoup，seemstoactmuchthesamepartasthesalopeinthisfamousrestorative；andnosubstitutethatIcouldeverfindforit，amongallthevarietyofcornandpulseofthegrowthofEurope，everproducedhalftheeffect；thatistosay，halfthenourishmentatthesameexpence。BarleymaythereforebeconsideredasthericeofGreatBritain。

Itrequires，itistrue，agreatdealofboiling；butwhenitisproperlymanaged，itthickensavastquantityofwater；and，asI

suppose，PREPARESITFORDECOMPOSITION。Italsogivesthesoupintowhichitentersasaningredient，adegreeofrichnesswhichnothingelsecangive。Ithaslittleornotasteinitself，butwhenmixedwithotheringredientswhicharesavoury，itrendersthempeculiarlygratefultothepalate[2]。

Itisamaxim，asancient，Ibelieve，asthetimeofHippocrates，that“whateverpleasesthepalatenourishes；“andIhaveoftenhadreasontothinkitperfectlyjust。Coulditbeclearlyascertainedanddemonstrated，itwouldtendtoplaceCOOKERYinamuchmorerespectablesituationamongtheartsthanitnowholds。

ThatthemannerinwhichFoodispreparedisamatterofrealimportance；andthatthewaterusedinthatprocessactsamuchmoreimportantpartthanhashithertobeengenerallyimagined，is，Ithink，quiteevident；for，itseemstometobeimpossible，uponanyothersuppositions，toaccountfortheappearances。

IftheverysmallquantityofsolidFoodwhichentersintothecompositionofaportionofsomeverynutritivesoupweretobeprepareddifferently，andtakenundersomeotherform，thatofbread，forinstance；sofarfrombeingsufficienttosatisfyhunger，andaffordacomfortableandnutritivemeal，apersonwouldabsolutelystarveuponsuchaslenderallowance；andnogreatreliefwouldbederivedfromdrinkingCRUDEwatertofillupthevoidinthestomach。

ButitisnotmerelyfromanobservationoftheapparenteffectsofcookeryuponthosearticleswhichareusedasFoodforman，thatweareledtodiscovertheimportanceoftheseculinaryprocesses。Theirutilityisprovedinamannerequallyconclusiveandsatisfactory，bytheeffortswhichhavebeenproducedbyemployingthesameprocessinpreparingFoodforbruteanimals。

Itiswellknown，thatboilingthepotatoeswithwhichhogsarefed，rendersthemmuchmorenutritive；andsincetheintroductionofthenewsystemoffeedinghornedcattle，thatofkeepingthemconfinedinthestablesalltheyearround，(amethodwhichisnowcomingfastintocommonuseinmanypartsofGermany，)greatimprovementshavebeenmadeintheartofprovidingnourishmentforthoseanimals；andparticularlybypreparingtheirFood，byoperationssimilartothoseofcookery；andtotheseimprovementsitismostprobablyowing，thatstallfeedinghas，inthatcountry，beensouniversallysuccessful。

IthaslongbeenapracticeinGermanyforthosewhofattenbullocksforthebutcher，orfeedmilch-cows，togivethemfrequentlywhatiscalledadrankordrink；whichisakindofpottage，prepareddifferentlyindifferentpartsofthecountry，andinthedifferentseasons，accordingtothegreaterfacilitywithwhichoneorotherofthearticlesoccasionallyemployedinthecompositionofitmaybeprocured；andaccordingtotheparticularfanciesofindividuals。Manyfeedersmakeagreatsecretofthecompositionoftheirdrinks，andsomehave，tomyknowledge，carriedtheirrefinementsofarasactuallytomixbrandyinthem，insmallquantities；andpretendtohavefoundtheiradvantageinaddingthiscostlyingredient。

Thearticlesmostcommonlyusedare，bran，oatmeal，brewersgrains，mashedpotatoes，mashedturnips，ryemeal，andbarleymeal，withalargeproportionofwater；sometimestwoorthreeormoreofthesearticlesareunitedinformingadrink；andofwhateveringredientsthedrinkiscomposed，alargeproportionofsaltisalwaysaddedtoit。

Thereis，perhaps，nothingnewinthismethodoffeedingcattlewithliquidmixtures，butthemannerinwhichthesedrinksarenowpreparedinGermanyis，Ibelieve，quitenew；andshowswhatIwishtoprove，thatCOOKINGRENDERSFOODREALLYMORENUTRITIVE。

Thesedrinkswereformerlygivencold，butitwasafterwardsdiscoveredthattheyweremorenourishingwhengivenwarm；andoflatetheirpreparationis，inmanyplaces，becomeaveryregularculinaryprocess。Kitchenshavebeenbuilt，andlargeboilersprovidedandfittedup，merelyforcookingforthecattleinthestables；andIhavebeenassuredbymanyveryintelligentfarmers，whohaveadoptedthisnewmodeoffeeding，(andhavealsofoundbymyownexperience，)thatitisveryadvantageousindeed；

thatthedrinksareevidentlyrenderedmuchmorenourishingandwholesomebybeingboiled；andthattheexpenceoffuel，andthetroubleattendingthisprocess，areamplycompensatedbytheadvantagesderivedfromtheimprovementoftheFood。Weevenfinditadvantageoustocontinuetheboilingaconsiderabletime，twoorthreehours，forinstance；astheFoodgoesontobestillfartherimproved，thelongertheboilingiscontinued[3]。

Thesefactsseemevidentlytoshow，thatthereissomeveryimportantsecretwithregardtonutrition，whichhasnotbeenyetproperlyinvestigated；anditseemstometobemoreprobable，thatthenumbersofinhabitantswhomaybesupportedinanycountry，uponitsinternalproduce，dependsalmostasmuchuponthestateofTHEARTOFCOOKERY，asuponthatofagriculture——

TheChinese，perhaps，understandboththeseartsbetterthananyothernation——Savagesunderstandneitherofthem。

But，ifcookerybeofsomuchimportance，itcertainlydeservestobestudiedwiththegreatestcare；anditoughtparticularlytobeattendedtointimesofgeneralalarmonaccountofascarcityofprovisions；forthereliefwhichmayinsuchcasesbederivedfromit，isimmediateandeffectual，whileallotherresourcesaredistantanduncertain。

Iamawareofthedifficultieswhichalwaysattendtheintroductionofmeasurescalculatedtoproduceandremarkablechangeinthecustomsandhabitsofmankind；andthereisperhapsnochangemoredifficulttoeffect，thanthatwhichwouldbenecessaryinordertomakeanyconsiderablesavingintheconsumptionofthosearticlescommonlyusedasFood；butstill，Iamofopinion，thatsuchachangemight，withpropermanagement，bebroughtabout。

Therewasatime，nodoubt，whenanaversiontopotatoeswasasgeneral，andasstrong，inGreatBritain，andeveninIreland，asitisnowinsomepartsofBavaria；butthisprejudicehasbeengotover；andIampersuaded，thatanynationalprejudice，howeverdeeplyrooted，maybeovercome，providedpropermeansbeusedforthatpurpose，andtimeallowedfortheiroperation。

Butnotwithstandingthedifficultyofintroducingageneraluseofsoupsthroughoutthecountry，orofanyotherkindofFood，howeverpalatable，cheap，andnourishing，towhichpeoplehavenotbeenaccustomed，yettheseimprovementsmightcertainlybemade，withgreatfacility，inallpublichospitalsandwork-houses，wherethePoorarefedatthepublicexpense；andthesavingofprovisions，(nottomentionthediminutionofexpence，)whichmightbederivedfromthisimprovement，wouldbeveryimportantatalltimes，andmoreespeciallyintimesofgeneralscarcity。

Anothermeasure，stillmoreimportant，andwhichmight，Iampersuaded，beeasilycarriedintoexecution，istheestablishmentofpublickitchensinalltowns，andlargevillages，throughoutthekingdom，whence，notonlythePoormightbefedgratis，butalsoalltheindustriousinhabitantsoftheneighbourhoodmightbefurnishedwithFoodatsocheaparate，astobeaverygreatrelieftothematalltimes；andintimesofgeneralscarcity，thisarrangementwouldalonebesufficienttopreventthosepublicandprivatecalamities，whichneverfailtoaccompanythatmostdreadfulofallvisitations，afamine。

ThesavingofFoodthatwouldresultfromfeedingalargeproportionoftheinhabitantsofanycountryfrompublickitchens，wouldbeimmense，andthatsavingwouldtend，immediately，andmostpowerfully，torenderprovisionsmoreplentifulandcheap，——diminishthegeneralalarmonaccountofthedangerofascarcity，andpreventthehoardingupofprovisionsbyindividuals，whichisoftenalonesufficient，withoutanythingelse，tobringonafamine，evenwherethereisnorealscarcity：foritisnotmerelytheFEARSofindividualswhichoperateinthesecases，andinducethemtolayinalargerstoreofprovisionsthantheyotherwisewoulddo；andwhichnaturallyincreasesthescarcityofprovisionsinthemarket，andraisestheirprices；buttherearepersonswhoaresolosttoallthefeelingsofhumanity，asoftentospeculateuponthedistressofthePublic，andallTHEIRoperationseffectuallytendtoincreasethescarcityinthemarkets，andaugmentthegeneralalarm。

Butwithoutenlargingfartherinthisplaceuponthesepublickitchens，andthenumerousandimportantadvantageswhichmayinallcountriesbederivedfromthem，IshallreturntotheinterestingsubjectswhichIhaveundertakentoinvestigate；——

thescienceofnutrition，andtheartofprovidingwholesomeandpalatableFoodatasmallexpence。

CHAPTER。II。

OfthePleasureofEating，andoftheMeansthatmaybeemployedforincreasingit。

Whathasalreadybeensaiduponthissubjectwill，Iflattermyself，bethoughtsufficienttoshowthat，FORALLTHEPURPOSES

OFNOURISHMENT，amuchsmallerquantityofsolidFoodwillsufficethanhashithertobeenthoughtnecessary；butthereisanothercircumstancetobetakenintotheaccount，andthatis，thePLEASUREOFEATING；——anenjoymentofwhichnopersonwillconsenttobedeprived。

ThepleasureenjoyedineatingdependsfirstupontheagreeablenessofthetasteoftheFood；andsecondly，uponitspowertoaffectthepalate。Nowtherearemanysubstancesextremelycheap，bywhichveryagreeabletastesmaybegiventoFood；particularlywhenthebasisornutritivesubstanceoftheFoodistasteless；andtheeffectofanykindofpalatablesolidFood，(ofmeat，forinstance，)upontheorgansoftaste，maybeincreased，almostindefinitely，byreducingthesizeoftheparticlesofsuchFood，andcausingittoactuponthepalatebyalargersurface。Andifmeansbeusedtopreventitsbeingswallowedtoosoon，whichmaybeeasilydonebymixingwithitsomehardandtastelesssubstance，suchascrumbsofbreadrenderedhardbytoasting，oranythingelseofthatkind，bywhichalongmastricationisrenderednecessary，theenjoymentofeatingmaybegreatlyincreasedandprolonged。

Theideaofoccupyingapersonagreatwhile，andaffordinghimmuchpleasureatthesametime，ineatingasmallquantityofFood，may，perhaps，appearridiculoustosome；butthosewhoconsiderthematterattentively，willperceivethatitisveryimportant。Itis，perhaps，asmuchsoasanythingthatcanemploytheattentionofthephilosopher。

Theenjoymentswhichfalltothelotofthebulkofmankindarenotsonumerousastorenderanattempttoincreasethemsuperfluous。

Andeveninregardtothosewhohaveitintheirpowertogratifytheirappetitestotheutmostextentoftheirwishes，itissurelyrenderingthemaveryimportanceservicetoshowthemhowtheymayincreasetheirpleasureswithoutdestroyingtheirhealth。

Ifagluttoncanbemadetogormandizetwohoursupontwoouncesofmeat，itiscertainlymuchbetterforhim，thantogivehimselfanindigestionbyeatingtwopoundsinthesametime。

Iwasledtomeditateuponthissubjectbymereaccident。IhadlongbeenatalosstounderstandhowtheBavariansoldiers，whoareuncommonlystout，strong，andhealthymen，andwho，incommonwithallotherGermans，areremarkablyfondofeating，couldcontrivetoliveupontheverysmallsumstheyexpendedforFood；butamorecarefulexaminationoftheeconomyoftheirtablesclearedupthepoint，andletmeintoasecretwhichawakenedallmycuriosity。Thesesoldiers，insteadofbeingstarvedupontheirscantyallowance，asmighthavebeensuspected，Ifoundactuallylivinginamostcomfortableandevenluxuriousmanner。IfoundthattheyhadcontrivednotonlytorendertheirFoodsavouryandnourishing，but，whatappearedtomestillmoreextraordinary，hadfoundthemeansofincreasingitsactionupontheorgansoftastesoasactuallytoaugment，andevenprolongtoamostsurprisingdegree，theenjoymentofeating。

Thisaccidentaldiscoverymadeadeepimpressionuponmymind，andgaveanewturntoallmyideasonthesubjectofFood——

Itopenedtomeanewandveryinterestingfieldforinvestigationandexperimentinginquiry，ofwhichIhadneverbeforehadadistinctview；andthenceforwardmydiligenceinmakingexperiments，andincollectinginformationrelativetothemannerinwhichFoodispreparedindifferentcountries，wasredoubled。

InthefollowingChaptermaybeseenthegeneralresultsofallmyexperimentsandinquiriesrelativetothissubject——Adesiretorenderthisaccountasconciseandshortaspossiblehasinducedmetoomitmuchinterestingspeculationwhichthesubjectnaturallysuggested；buttheingenuityofthereaderwillsupplythisdefect，andenablehimtodiscovertheobjectsparticularlyaimedatintheexperiments，evenwheretheyarenotmentioned，andtocomparetheresultsofpracticewiththeassumedtheory。

CHAPTER。III。

OfthedifferentkindsoffoodfurnishedtothepoorinthehouseofindustryatMunich，withanaccountofthecostofthem。

OftheExpenseofprovidingthesamekindsoffoodinGreatBritain，aswellatthepresenthighpricesofprovisions，asattheordinarypricesofthem。

Ofthevariousimprovementsofwhichthesedifferentkindsofcheapfoodarecapable。

BeforetheintroductionofpotatoesasFoodintheHouseofIndustryatMunich，(whichwasnotdonetilllastAugust，)

thePoorwerefedwithasoupcomposedinthefollowingmanner：

SOUPNoI。

WeightCostinIngredientsAvoirdupoissterlingmoney。

lb。oz。L。s。d。

4viertls[4]ofpearlbarley，equaltoabout201/3gallons……141201171/2

4viertlsofpeas……13140731/4

Cuttingsoffinewheatenbread……691001021/4

Salt……19130121/2

24maass，veryweakbeer——vinegar，orrathersmallbeerturnedsour，about24quarts……46130151/2

Water，about560quarts……10770——

148510111813/22

Broughtover111813/22

Fuel，88lb。ofdrypinewood，theBavarianclafter，(weighing3961lb。avoirdupois，)

at8s。21/4d。sterling[5]……0021/4

Wagesofthreecook-maids，attwentyflorins(37s。71/2d。)ayear，makesdaily……0032/3

Dailyexpenceforfeedingthethreecook-maids，attencreutzers(32/3pencesterling)each，accordingtoanagreementmadewiththem……0011

Dailywagesoftwomenservants，employedingoingtomarket——collectingdonationsofbread，etc。helpinginthekitchen，andassistinginservingoutthesouptothePoor……0171/4

Repairsofthekitchen，andofthekitchenfurniture，about90florins(8L。3s。7d。sterling)

ayear，makesdaily……0051/2——

Totaldailyexpense，whendinnerisprovidedfor1200persons……11521/4

Thissum(1L。15s。21/4d。)dividedby1200，thenumberofportionsofsoupfurnished，givesforeachportionameretriflemorethanONETHIRDOFAPENNY，orexactly422/1200ofapenny；

theweightofeachportionbeingabout20ounces。

But，moderateastheseexpensesare，whichhaveattendedthefeedingofthePoorofMunich，theyhavelatelybeenreducedstillfartherbyintroducingtheuseofpotatoes——ThesemostvaluablevegetableswerehardlyknowninBavariatillverylately；andsostrongwastheaversionofthepublic，andparticularlyofthePoor，againstthem，atthetimewhenwebegantomakeuseoftheminthepublickitchenoftheHouseofIndustryinMunich，thatwewereabsolutelyobliged，atfirst，tointroducethembystealth——Aprivateroominaretiredcornerwasfittedupasakitchenforcookingthem；anditwasnecessarytodisguisethem，byboilingthemdownentirely，anddestroyingtheirformandtexture，topreventtheirbeingdetected：——butthePoorsoonfoundthattheirsoupwasimprovedinitsqualities；

andtheytestifiedtheirapprobationofthechangethathadbeenmadeinitsogenerallyandloudly，thatitwasatlastthoughttobenolongernecessarytoconcealfromthemthesecretofitscomposition，andtheyarenowgrownsofondofpotatoesthattheywouldnoteasilybesatisfiedwithoutthem。

Theemployingofpotatoesasaningredientinthesouphasenabledustomakeaconsiderablesavingintheothermorecostlymaterials，asmaybeseenbycomparingthefollowingreceiptwiththatalreadygiven。

SOUP，NoII。

Ingredients。WeightCostinAvoirdupois。sterlingmoney。

lb。oz。L。s。d。

2viertlsofpearlbarley……70905913/22

2viertlsofpeas……65100375/8

8viertlsofpotatoes……23040199/11

Cuttingsofbread……691001024/11

Salt……19130121/2

Vinegar……46130151/2

Water……98215——

Totalweight148510

Expensesforfuel，servants，repairs，etc。asbefore……0355/12——

Totaldailyexpence，whendinnerisprovidedfor1200persons……1762/3

Thissum(1L。7s。62/3。)dividedby1200，thenumberofportionsofsoup，givesforeachportionONEFARTHINGverynearly；oraccurately，11/40farthing。

Thequantityofeachoftheingredientscontainedinoneportionofsoupisasfollows：

Inavoirdupoisweight。

Ingredients。Soup，NoI。Soup，NoII。

Ofpearlbarley11058/120001129/1200

Ofpeas……1960/120001050/1200

Ofpotatoes——384/1200

Ofbread……01114/120001114/1200——

Totalsolids4772/12005977/1200

Ofsalt……0316/12000316/1200

Ofweakvinegar0748/12000748/1200

Ofwater……14432/120013127/1200——

Total19968/120019968/1200

Theexpenceofpreparingthesesoupswillvarywiththepricesofthearticlesofwhichtheyarecomposed；butasthequantitiesoftheingredients，determinedbyweight，areheregiven，itwillbeeasytoascertainexactlywhattheywillcostinanycasewhatever。

Suppose，forinstance，itwererequiredtodeterminehowmuch1200portionsoftheSoup，No。I。wouldcostinLondonatthispresentmoment，(the12thofNovember1795，)whenallkindsofprovisionsareuncommonlydear。IseebyaprintedreportoftheBoardofAgriculture，ofthedaybeforeyesterday(November10)，thatthepricesofthearticlesnecessaryforpreparingthesesoupswereasfollows：

Barley，perbushelweighing46lb。at5s。6d。whichgivesforeachpoundabout11/2d；butpreparedaspearlbarley，itwillcostatleasttwopenceperpound[6]。

Boilingpeasperbushel，weighing611/4lb。(at10s。)whichgivesforeachpoundnearly11/2d。

Potatoes，perbushel，weighing581/2lb。at2s。6d。whichgivesnearlyonehalfpennyforeachpound。

AndIfindthataquarternloafofwheatenbread，weighing4lb。

5oz。costsnowinLondon1s。01/4d。；——thisbreadmustthereforebereckonedat1125/69farthingsperpound。

Saltcosts11/2。perpound；andvinegar(whichisprobablysixtimesasstrongasthatstuffcalledvinegarwhichisusedinthekitchenoftheHouseofIndustryatMunich)costs1s。8d。pergallon。

Thisbeingpremised，thecomputationsmaybemadeasfollows：

ExpenceofpreparinginLondon，inthemonthofNovember1795，1200portionsoftheSoup，NoI。

lbozsdL。s。d。

1412pearlbarley，at02perlb。1126

1314peas，at011/2——0164

6910wheatenbread，at01125/99——0166

1913salt，at011/2——0251/2

Vinegar，onegallon，at18——018

Expencesforfuel，servants，kitchenfurniture，etc。reckoningthreetimesasmuchasthosearticlesofexpenceamounttodailyatMunich……01041/4——

Total3991/4

Whichsum(3L。9s。91/4d。)dividedby1200，thenumberofportionsofsoup，gives2951/1200farthings，ornearly23/4

farthingsforeachportion。

FortheSoup，NoII。itwillbe，lb。oz。s。d。L。s。d。

709pearlbarley，at02——0119

6510peas，at011/2——082

2304potatoes，at001/2——0139

6910bread，at01125/65——0166

1913salt，at011/2——0251/2

Vinegar，onegallon——018

Expensesforfuel，servants，etc——01041/4——

Total3473/4

Thissum(3L。4s。73/4d。)dividedby1200，thenumberofportions，givesforeach21/2farthingsverynearly。

ThissoupcomesmuchhigherhereinLondon，thanitwoulddoinmostotherpartsofGreatBritain，onaccountoftheveryhighpriceofpotatoesinthiscity；butinmostpartsofthekingdom，andcertainlyineverypartofIreland，itmaybefurnished，evenatthispresentmoment，notwithstandingtheuncommonlyhighpricesofprovisions，atlessthanONEHALFPENNYtheportionof20ounces。

Thoughtheobjectmostattendedtoincomposingthesesoupswastorenderthemwholesomeandnourishing，yettheyareveryfarfrombeingunpalatable——Thebasisofthesoups，whichiswaterpreparedandthickenedbybarley，iswellcalculatedtoreceive，andtoconveytothepalateinanagreeablemanner，everythingthatissavouryintheotheringredients；andthedrybreadrenderingmasticationnecessary，prolongstheactionoftheFoodupontheorgansoftaste，andbythatmeansincreasesandPROLONGStheenjoymentofeating。

Butthoughthesesoupsareverygoodandnourishing，yettheycertainlyarecapableofavarietyofimprovements——Themostobviousmeansofimprovingthemistomixwiththemasmallquantityofsaltedmeat，boiled，andcutintoverysmallpieces，(thesmallerthebetter，)andtofrythebreadthatisputintotheminbutter，orinthefatofsaltedporkorbacon。

Thebread，bybeingfried，isnotonlyrenderedmuchharder，butbeingimpregnatedwithafatoroilysubstanceitremainshardafteritisputintothesoup，thewaternotbeingabletopenetrateitandsoftenit。

Allgoodcooksputfriedbread，cutintosmallsquarepieces，inpeas-soup；butImuchdoubtwhethertheyareawareoftheverygreatimportanceofthatpractice，orthattheyhaveanyjustideaoftheMANNERinwhichthebreadimprovesthesoup。

Thebestkindofmeatformixingwiththesesoupsissaltedpork，orbacon，orsmokedbeef。

Whatevermeatisused，itoughttobeboiledeitherinclearwaterorinthesoup；andafteritisboiled，itoughttobecutintoverysmallpieces，assmallperhaps，asbarley-corns——Thebreadmaybecutinpiecesofthesizeoflargepeas，orinthinslices；

andafteritisfried，itmaybemixedwiththemeatandputintothesoup-dishes，andthesouppouredonthemwhenitisservedout。

Anothermethodofimprovingthissoupistomixitwithsmalldumplins，ormeat-balls，madeofbread，flour，andsmokedbeef，ham，oranyotherkindofsaltedmeat，oroflivercutintosmallpieces，orratherMINCED，asitiscalled——Thesedumplinsmaybeboiledeitherinthesouporinclearwater，andputintothesoupwhenitisservedout。

Asthemeatinthesecompositionsisdesignedrathertopleasethepalatethanforanythingelse，thesoupbeingsufficientlynourishingwithoutit，itisormuchimportancethatitbereducedtoverysmallpieces，inorderthatitbebroughtintocontractwiththeorgansoftastebyalargesurface；andthatitbemixedwithsomehardsubstance，(friedbread，forinstance，crumbs，orharddumplins，)whichwillnecessarilyprolongthetimeemployedinmastication。

Whenthisisdone，andwherethemeatemployedhasmuchflavour，averysmallquantityofitwillbefoundsufficienttoanswerthepurposerequired。

ONEOUNCEofbacon，orofsmokedbeef，andONEOUNCEoffriedbread，addedtoEIGHTEENOUNCESoftheSoupNo。I。wouldaffordanexcellentmeal，inwhichthetasteofanimalfoodwoulddecidedlypredominate。

Driedsaltfish，orsmokedfish，boiledandthenminced，andmadeintodumplinswithmashedpotatoes，bread，andflour，andboiledagain，wouldbeverygood，eatenwitheitheroftheSoupNo。I。

orNo。II。

Thesesoupsmaylikewisebeimproved，bymixingwiththemvariouskindsofcheaprootsandgreenvegetables，asturnips，carrots，parsnips，celery，cabbages，sour-crout，etc。asalsobyseasoningthemwithfineherbsandblackpepper——Onionsandleeksmaylikewisebeusedwithgreatadvantage，astheynotonlyservetorendertheFoodinwhichtheyenterasingredientspeculiarlysavoury，butarereallyverywholesome。

Withregardtothebarleymadeuseofinpreparingthesesoups，thoughIalwayshaveusedpearlbarley，orrolledbarley(asitiscalledinGermany)，yetIhavenodoubtbutcommonbarley-mealwouldanswernearlyaswell；particularlyifcareweretakentoboilitgentlyforasufficientlengthoftimeoveraslowfirebeforethepeasareadded[7]。

Tillthelastyear，weusedtocookthebarley-soupandthepeas-soupseparate，andnottomixthemtillthemomentwhentheywerepouredintothetubsuponthecutbread，inordertobecarriedintothedining-hall；butIdonotknowthatanyadvantageswerederivedfromthatpractice；thesoupbeing，toallappearances，quiteasgoodsincethebarleyandthepeashavebeencookedtogetherasbefore。

Assoonasthesoupisdone，andtheboilersareemptied，theyareimmediatelyrefilledwithwater，andthebarleyforthesoupforthenextdayisputintoit，andlefttosteepovernight；

andatsixo’clockthenextmorningthefiresarelightedundertheboilers[8]。

Thepeas，however，areneversufferedtoremaininthewaterover-night，aswehavefound，byrepeatedtrials，thattheyneverboilsoftifthewaterinwhichtheyareboiledisnotboilinghotwhentheyareputintoit——WhetherthisispeculiartothepeaswhichgrowinBavaria，Iknownot。

WhenIbegantofeedthePoorofMunich，therewasalsoaquantityofmeatboiledintheirsoup；butasthequantitywassmall，andthequalityofitbutveryindifferent，Ineverthoughtitcontributedmuchtorenderingthevictualsmorenourishing：butassoonasmeanswerefoundforrenderingthesouppalatablewithoutmeat，thequantityofitusedwasgraduallydiminished，anditwasatlengthentirelyomitted。

IneverheardthatthePoorcomplainedofthewantofit；

andmuchdoubtwhethertheytooknoticeofit。

Themanagementofthefireincookingis，inallcases，amatterofgreatimportance；butinnocaseisitsonecessarytobeattendedtoasinpreparingthecheapandnutritivesoupshererecommended——Notonlythepalatableness，buteventhestrengthorrichnessofthesoup，seemstodependverymuchuponthemanagementoftheheatemployedincookingit。

Fromthebeginningoftheprocesstotheendofit，theboilingshouldbeasgentleaspossible；——andifitwerepossibletokeepthesoupalwaysJUSTBOILINGHOT，withoutactuallyboiling，itwouldbesomuchthebetter。

Causinganythingtoboilviolentlyinanyculinaryprocessisveryilljudged；foritnotonlydoesnotexpedite，eveninthesmallestdegree，theprocessofcooking，butitoccasionsamostenormouswasteoffuel；andbydrivingawaywiththesteammanyofthemorevolatileandmoresavouryparticlesoftheingredients，rendersthevictualslessgoodandlesspalatable——Tothosewhoareacquaintedwiththeexperimentalphilosophyofheat，andwhoknowthatwateroncebroughttobeBOILINGHOT，howevergentlyitmayboilinfact，CANNOTBEMADEANYHOTTER，howeverlargeandintensethefireunderitmaybemade，andwhoknowthatitisbytheHEAT——thatistosay，THEDEGREEorintensifyofit，andtheTIMEofitsbeingcontinued，andnotbythebubblinguporBOILING，(asitiscalled)ofthewaterthatculinaryoperationsareperformed——thiswillbeevident，andthosewhoknowthatmorethanFIVETIMESasmuchheatisrequiredtoSENDOFFINSTEAManygivenquantityofwaterALREADYBOILINGHOTaswouldbenecessarytoheatthesamequantityofICE-COLDwaterTOTHEBOILINGPOINT——

willseetheenormouswasteofheat，andconsequentlyoffuel，which，inallcasesmustresultfromviolentboilinginculinaryprocesses。

Topreventthesoupfromburningtotheboiler，thebottomoftheboilershouldbemadeDOUBLE；thefalsebottom，(whichmaybeverythin)beingfixedontheinsideoftheboiler，thetwosheetsofcopperbeingeverywhereincontactwitheachother；

buttheyoughtnottobeattachedtoeachotherwithsolder，exceptonlyattheedgeofthefalsebottomwhereitisjoinedtothesidesoftheboiler——Thefalsebottomshouldhavearimaboutaninchandahalfwide，projectingupwards，bywhichitshouldberivetedtothesidesoftheboiler；butonlyfewrivets，ornails，shouldbeusedforfixingthetwobottomstogetherbelow，andthoseusedshouldbeverysmall；otherwisewherelargenailsareemployedatthebottomoftheboiler，wherethefireismostintense，thesoupwillbeapttoBURNTO；atleastontheheadsofthoselargenails。

Thetwosheetsofmetalmaybemadetotoucheachothereverywhere，byhammeringthemtogetherafterthefalsebottomisfixedinitsplace；andtheymaybetackedtogetherbyafewsmallrivetsplacedhereandthere，atconsiderabledistancesfromeachother；andafterthisisdone，theboilermaybetinned。

Intinningtheboiler，ifpropercarebetaken，theedgeofthefalsebottommaybesolderedbythetintothesidesoftheboiler，andthiswillpreventthewater，orotherliquidsputintotheboiler，fromgettingbetweenthetwobottoms。

Inthismannerdoublebottomsmaybemadetosauce-pansandkettlesofallkindsusedincooking；andthiscontrivancewill，inallcases，mosteffectuallypreventwhatiscalledbythecooksburningto[9]。

Theheatissomuchobstructedinitspassagethroughthethinsheetofair，which，notwithstandingallthecarethatistakentobringthetwobottomsintoactualcontact，willstillremainbetweenthem，thesecondhastimetogiveitsheatasfastasitreceivesit，tothefluidintheboiler；andconsequentlyneveracquiresadegreeofheatsufficientforburninganythingthatmaybeuponit。

Perhapsitwouldbebesttodoublecoppersauce-pansandsmallkettlesthroughout；andasthismayandoughttobedonewithaverythinsheetofmetal，itcouldnotcostmuch，evenifthisliningweretobemadeofsilver。

ButImustnotenlargehereuponasubjectIshallhaveoccasiontotreatmorefullyinanotherplace——Toreturn，therefore，tothesubjectmoreimmediatelyunderconsideration，Food。

CHAPTER。IV。

OfthesmallexpenseatwhichtheBavariansoldiersarefed。

Detailsoftheirhousekeeping，foundedonactualexperiment。

Anaccountofthefuelexpendedbythemincooking。

Ithasoftenbeenmatterofsurprisetomany，andeventothosewhoaremostconversantinmilitaryaffairs，thatsoldierscanfindmeanstoliveupontheverysmallallowancesgrantedthemfortheirsubsistence；andIhaveoftenwonderedthatnobodyhasundertakentoinvestigatethatmatter，andtoexplainamysteryatthesametimecuriousandinteresting，inahighdegree。

Thepayofaprivatesoldierisinallcountriesverysmall，muchlessthanthewagesofaday-labourer；andinsomecountriesitissomereapittance，thatitisquiteastonishinghowitcanbemadetosupportlife。

Thepayofaprivatefoot-soldierintheserviceofHisMostSereneHighnesstheElectorPalatine，(anditisthesameforaprivategrenadierintheregimentofguards，)isFIVECREUTZERS

a-day，andnomore——Formerlythepayofaprivatefoot-soldierwasonlyfourcreutzersandahalfa-day，butlately，upontheintroductionofthenewmilitaryarrangementsinthecountry，hispayhasbeenraisedtofivecreutzers；——andwiththishereceivesonepoundthirteenouncesandahalf，Avoirdupoisweight，ofrye-bread，which，atthemediumpriceofgraininBavariaandthePalatinate，costssomethinglessthanthreecreutzers，orjustaboutONEPENNYsterling。

Thepaywhichthesoldierreceivesinmoney，——(fivecreutzersa-day，)equaltoonepennythreefarthingssterling，addedtohisdailyallowanceofbread，valuedatonepenny，makeTWOPENCE

THREEFARTHINGSa-day，forthesumtotalofhisallowance。

Thatitispossible，inanycountry，toprocureFoodsufficienttosupportlifewithsosmallasum，willdoubtlessappearextraordinarytoanEnglishreader；——butwhatwouldbehissurpriseuponseeingawholearmy，composedofthefinest，stoutest，andstrongestmenintheworld，whoarefeduponthatallowance，andwhosecountenancesshowthemostevidentmarksofruddyhealth，andperfectcontentment？

Ihavealreadyobserved，howmuchIwasstruckwiththedomesticeconomyoftheBavariansoldiers。Ithinkthesubjectmuchtoointeresting，nottobelaidbeforethePublic，eveninallitsdetails；andasIthinkitwillbemoresatisfactorytohearfromtheirownmouthsanaccountofthemannerinwhichthesesoldierslive，Ishalltranscribethereportsoftwosensiblenon-commissionedofficers，whomIemployedtogivemetheinformationIwanted。

Thesenon-commissionedofficers，whobelongtotwodifferentregimentsofgrenadiersingarrisonatMunich，wererecommendedtomebytheircolonelsasbeingverysteady，carefulmen，areeachattheheadofamessconsistingoftwelvesoldiers，themselvesreckonedinthenumber。Thefollowingaccounts，whichtheygavemeoftheirhousekeeping，andoftheexpensesoftheirtables，wereallthegenuineresultsofactualexperimentsmadeatmyparticulardesire，andatmycost。

Idonotbelievethatusefulinformationwaseverpurchasedcheaperthanuponthisoccasion；andIfancymyreaderwillbeofthesameopinionwhenhehasperusedthefollowingreports，whichareliterallytranslatedfromtheoriginalGerman。

“InobediencetotheordersofLieut。GeneralCountRumford，thefollowingexperimentsweremadebySerjeantWickenhof’smess，inthefirstcompanyofthefirst(orElector’sown)regimentofgrenadiers，atMunich，onthe10thand11thofJune1795。

June10th，1795。

BILLOFFARE

Boiledbeef，withsoupandbreaddumplins。

Detailsoftheexpence，etc。

Fortheboiledbeefandthesoup。

lb。loths。Creutzers。

20beef[10]……16

01sweetherbs……1

001/2pepper……01/2

06salt……01/2

1141/2ammunitionbread，cutfine27/8

920water……0——

Total1310Cost207/8

Allthesearticleswereputtogetherintoanearthenpot，andboiledtwohoursandaquarter。Themeatwasthentakenoutofthesoupandweighed，andfoundtoweigh1lb。30loths；which，dividedintotwelveequalportions，gaveFIVELOTHSfortheweightofeach。

Thesoup，withthebread，etc。weighed9lb。301/2loths；which，dividedintotwelveequalportions，gaveforeach267/12loths。

Thecostofthemeatandsouptogether，207/8creutzers，dividedbytwelve，gives13/4creutzers，verynearly，forthecostofeachportion。

Forthebreaddumplins。

lb。loths。Creutzers。

113offinesemelbread10

10offineflour……41/2

06salt……01/2

30ofwater……0——

Total519Cost15

Thismasswasmadeintodumplins，andthesedumplinswereboiledhalfanhourinclearwater。Upontakingthemoutofthewater，theywerefoundtoweigh5lb。24loths；anddividingthemintotwelveequalportions，eachportionweighed151/3loths；andthecostofthewhole(15creutzers)，dividedbytwelve，gives11/4

creutzersforthecostofeachportion。

Themeat，soup，anddumplinswereservedallatonceinthesamedish，andwerealleatentogether；andwiththismeal，(whichwastheirdinner，andwaseatattwelveo’clock，)eachpersonbelongingtothemesswasfurnishedwithapieceofrye-bread，weighingtenloths，andwhichcost5/16ofacreutzer——

Eachpersonwaslikewisefurnishedwithapieceofthisbread，weighingtenloths，forhisbreakfast；——anotherpiece，ofequalweight，intheafternoonatfouro’clock；andanotherintheevening。

AnalysisofthisDay’sFare。

EachpersonreceivedintheAmountofcostincourseofthedayBavarianmoney。

Insolids。Influids。

lb。loths。lb。loths。Creutzers。

Boiledbeef05……11/6

Inthesoup。

Rye-bread037/8]

Sweetherbs001/12]

Salt……001/24]……07/16

Pepper……001/24]

Water……0231/2]——

]

Total042/240231/2]

Indumplins。

Wheaten-bread033/4]

Dittoflour022/3]

Salt……001/24]……11/4

Water……071/12]——

]

Total0611/24077/12]

Drybread。

Forbreakfast010]

Atdinner010]

Intheafternoon010]……21/2

Atsupper010]——

]

Total18]——

Generaltotal22413/240311/2whichcost517/48

TheammunitionbreadisreckonedinthisestimateattwocreutzerstheBavarianpound，whichisaboutwhatitcostsatamedium；andasthedailyallowanceofthesoldiersis11/2

Bavarianpoundsofthebread，thisreckonedinmoneyamountstothreecreutzersa-day；andthisaddedtohispayatfivecreutzersa-day，makeseightcreutzersa-day，whichisthewholeofhisallowancefromthesovereignforhissubsistence。

Butitappearsfromtheforegoingaccount，thatheexpendsforFoodnomorethan517/48creutzersa-day，thereisthereforeasurplusamountingto231/48creutzersa-day，orverynearONE-THIRDOFHISWHOLEALLOWANCE，whichremains；andwhichhecandisposeofjustashethinksproper。

Thissurplusiscommonlyemployedinpurchasingbeer，brandy，tobacco，etc。BeerinBavariacoststwocreutzersapint，brandy，orrathermalt-spirits，fromfifteentoeighteencreutzers；andtobaccoisverycheap。

ToenabletheEnglishreadertoform，withoutthetroubleofcomputation，acompleteandsatisfactoryideaofthemannerinwhichtheseBavariansoldiersarefed，IhaveaddedthefollowingAnalysisoftheirfare；inwhichthequantityofeacharticleisexpressedinAvoirdupoisweight，anditscostinEnglishmoney。

Analysis。

Eachpersonbelongingtothemessreceivedinthecourseoftheday，CostinEnglishJune11th，1795。money。

lb。oz。s。d。

Dryammunitionbread1876/1000010/11

Ammunitionbreadcookedinthesoup……024/100023/264

Finewheaten(semel)

breadinthedumplins……023/100010/33——

Totalbread11346/100

Fineflourinthedumplins0165/1000018/33

Boiledbeef……031/100072/198

Inseasoning；fineherbs，saltandpepper……0013/100002/33——

Totalsolids2234/100

Waterpreparedbycooking。

Inthesoup……01452/209

Inthedumplins……0432/100——

Totalpreparedwater1284/100——

Totalsolidsandfluids3518/100

Totalexpenseforeachperson517/48creutzers，equaltoTWOPENCE

sterling，verynearly。

ButastheBavariansoldiershavenotthesamefareeveryday，theexpencesoftheirtablescannotbeascertainedfromonesingleexperiment。IshallthereforereturntoSerjeantWickenhof’sreport。

11thofJune1795。

BillofFare。

Bread，dumplins，andsoup。

Detailsofexpenses，etc。

Forthedumplins。

lb。loths。Creutzers。

213wheatenbread……14

016butter……9

10fineflour……41/2

011eggs……3

06salt……01/2

001/2pepper……01/2

316water——

7301/2Cost311/2creutzers。

Thismadeintodumplins；——thedumplins，afterbeingboiled，werefoundtoweigheightpoundseightloths，which，dividedamongtwelvepersons，gaveforeachtwenty-twoloths——Andthecostofthewhole(311/2creutzers)，dividedby12，gives215/24

creutzersforeachportion。

Forthesoup。

lb。loths。Creutzers。

1141/2ammunitionbread……27/8

06salt……01/2

01sweetherbs……1

120water——

13211/2Cost43/8creutzers。

Thissoup，whencooked，weighed11lb，26loths；which，dividedamongthetwelvepersonsbelongingtothemess，gaveforeach31

1/2loths；andthecost(43/8creutzers)，dividedbytwelve，givesnearlyTHREE-NINTHSofacreutzerforeachportion。

Forbread。

Fourpiecesofammunitionbread，weighingeachtenloths，foreachperson，——namely，onepieceforbreakfast——oneatdinner——oneintheafternoon，——andoneatsupper；inall，40loths，oronepoundandaquarter，coststwocreutzersandahalf。

Detailsofexpenses，etc。foreachperson。

lb。loths。CreutzersFor18drybread……21/2

For022breaddumplins……215/24

For0311/2breadsoup……03/8——

2301/2ofFoodCost51/2creutzers。

ThesamedetailsexpressedinAvoirdupoisweight，andEnglishmoney：

Foreachpersonlb。oz。Pence1876/100dryammunitionbread010/11

0136/10breaddumplins……0693/792

131/2breadsoup……036/264——

3986/100ofFoodCost2pence。

June20th，1795。

SerjeantKein’smess，secondregimentofgrenadiers。

BillofFare。

Boiledbeef——breadsoup——andliverdumplins。

Detailsofexpenses，etc。

Fortheboiledbeefandsoup。

lb。loths。Creutzers。

20beef……15

061/2salt……01/2

001/2pepper……01/2

02sweetherbs……01/2

224ammunitionbread31/4

170water——

221Cost191/2creutzers。

Theseingredientswereallboiledtogethertwohoursandfiveminutes；afterwhichthebeefwastakenoutofthesoupandweighed，andwasfoundtoweigh1lb。22loths；thesoupweighed15lb。；andthesedividedequallyamongthetwelvepersonsbelongingtothemess，gaveforeachportion，41/2lothsofbeef，and1lb。8lothsofsoup；andthecostofthewhole(19

3/4creutzers)，dividedby18，gives131/48creutzersforthecostofeachportion。

Detailsofexpenses，etc。fortheliverdumplins。

lb。loths。Creutzers。

228offinesemelbread15

10ofbeefliver……5

018offineflour……21/2

06ofsalt……01/2

224ofwater——

Total712Cost23creutzers。

Theseingredientsbeingmadeintodumplins，thedumplinsafterbeingproperlyboiledwerefoundtoweigh8lb——Thisgaveforeachportion211/3loths；andtheamountofthecost(23creutzers)，dividedby12，thenumberoftheportions，givesforeach111/12creutzers。

Thequantityofdryammunitionbreadfurnishedtoeachpersonwas1lb。8loths；andthis，attwocreutzersapound，amountsto21/2creutzers。

Recapitulation。

Foreachpersonlb。loths。Creutzers。

041/2ofboiledbeef，and]……131/48

18ofbreadsoup]

0211/4ofliverdumplins……111/12

18ofdrybread……21/2——

395/6ofFoodCost63/48creutzers。

InAvoirdupoisweight，andEnglishmoney，itis，——foreachperson：

lb。oz。

02。78ofboiledbeef，and]……0948/1584

18。91ofbreadsoup]

013。19ofliverdumplins……0276/306

18。76ofdrybread……010/11——

41。54ofFoodCost21/5pence。

June21st，1795。

BillofFare。

Boiledbeef，andbreadsoup，withbreaddumplins。

Detailsofexpenses，etc。fortheboiledbeefandbreadsoup。

Thesameasyesterday，Forthedumplins。

lb。loths。Creutzers。

230semelbread……151/2

018fineflour……3

06salt……01/2

30water——

622Cost19creutzers。

Thesedumplinsbeingboiled，werefoundtoweigh7lb。whichgaveforeachperson182/3loths；andeachportioncost17/12

creutzers。

Dryammunitionbreadfurnishedtoeachperson1lb。8loths，whichcost21/2creutzers。

Recapitulation。

Eachpersonbelongingtothemessreceivedthisday：

lb。loths。Creutzers。

041/2ofboiledbeef，and]……131/48

18ofbreadsoup]

0182/3ofbreaddumplins……17/12

18ofdrybread……21/2——

371/6ofFoodCost535/42creutzersInAvoirdupoisweight，andEnglishmoney，itis，lb。oz。

02。78ofboiledbeef，and]……0948/1584

18。76ofbreadsoup]

011。54ofbreaddumplins……0228/396

18。76ofdrybread……010/11——

40ofFoodCost21/12pence。

June22d，1795。

BillofFare。

Breadsoupandmeatdumplins。

Detailsofexpenses，etc。

lb。loths。

20ofbeef……15

230ofsemelbread……151/2

018offineflour……3

01ofpepper……1

012ofsalt……1

02ofsweetherbs……01/2

224ofammunitionbread31/4

216ofwatertothedumplins——

Cost391/4creutzers。

Themeatbeingcutfine，orminced，wasmixedwiththesemelorwheatenbread；andthesewiththeflour，andadueproportionofsalt，weremadeintodumplins，andboiledinthesoup——Thesedumplinswhenboiled，weighed10lb。which，dividedinto12equalportions，gave202/3lothsforeach。

Thesoupweighed15lb。whichgave1lb。8lothsforeachportion——

Ofdryammunitionbread，eachpersonreceived1lb。8loths，whichcost21/2creutzers。

Recapitulation。

Eachpersonreceivedthisdaylb。loths。Creutzers0202/3ofmeatdumplins，and]……313/48

18ofbreadsoup]

18ofammunitionbread21/2——

342/3ofFoodCost537/48creutzers。

InAvoirdupoisweight，andEnglishmoney，itis，lb。oz。Pence。

012。77ofmeatdumplins，and]……1300/1584

18。76ofbreadsoup]

18。76ofammunitionbread……010/11——

314。29ofFoodCost21/10pence。

Theresultsofalltheseexperiments，(andofmanymorewhichI

couldadd，)showthattheBavariansoldiercanlive，——andthefactisthatheactuallydoeslive，——uponalittlemorethanTWOTHIRDSofhisallowance——Ofthefivecreutzersa-daywhichhereceivesinmoney，heseldomputsmorethantwocreutzersandahalf，andnevermorethanthreecreutzersintothemess；

sothatatleastTWO-FIFTHSofhispayremains，afterhehasdefrayedalltheexpensesofhissubsistence；andasheisfurnishedwitheveryarticleofhisclothingbythesovereign，andnostoppageiseverpermittedtobemadeofanypartofhispay，onanypretencewhatever，THEREISNOSOLDIERINEUROPE

WHOSESITUATIONISMORECOMFORTABLE。