第1章

ThirdEssayOfFoodandParticularlyofFeedingthePoor。

FourthEssayOfChimneyFire-placeswithproposalsforimprovingthemtosaveFuel；torenderdwelling-housesmoreComfortableandSalubrious，andeffectuallytopreventChimniesfromSmoking。

FifthEssayAShortAccountofseveralpublicinstitutionslatelyformedinBavaria。togetherwiththeAppendixtotheFirstVolume。

DedicationTohismostserenehighnessTHEELECTORPALATINEreigningdukeofbavaria。etc。etc。etc。

SIR，InrequestingpermissiontodedicatetoyoumostSereneElectoralHighnesstheseEssays，Ihadseveralimportantobjectsinview：IwasdesirousofshowingtotheworldthatI

hadnotpresumedtopublishanaccountofpublicmeasuresandinstitutions，plannedandexecutedinyourElectorialHighness’sdominions，——byyourorders，——andunderyourimmediateauthorityandprotection，withoutyourleaveandapprobation。IwasalsodesirousofavailingmyselfoftheillustriousnameofaSovereigneminentlydistinguishedbyhismunificenceinpromotingusefulknowledge，andbyhissolicitudeforthehappinessandprosperityofhissubjects，torecommendtheimportantobjectsIhaveundertakentoinvestigate，totheattentionoftheGreat，——theWise，——andtheBenevolent。

Andlastly，Iwasanxioustohaveanopportunityoftestifying，inapublicmanner，mygratitudetoyourmostSereneElectoralHighnessforallyourkindnesstome；andmoreespeciallyforthedistinguishedhonouryouhavedonemebyselectingandemployingmeasaninstrumentinyourhandsofdoinggood。

Ihavethehonourtobe，withthemostprofoundrespect，andwithunalterableattachment，SIR，YourMostSereneELECTORIALHIGHNESS’sDevotedServant，RUMFORD。

London，July，1st，1796。

CONTENTSofESSAYI。

anACCOUNTofanESTABLISHMENTFORTHEPOORATMUNICH

togetherwithADetailofvariousPublicMeasures，connectedwiththatInstitution，whichhavebeenadoptedandcarriedintoeffectforputtinganEndtoMendicity，andintroducingOrder，andusefulIndustry，amongthemoreIndigentoftheInhabitantsofBavaria。

IntroductionCHAPTER。I。

OftheprevalenceofmendicityinBavariaatthetimewhenthemeasuresforputtinganendtoitwereadopted。

CHAPTER。II。

Variouspreparationsmadeforputtinganendtomendicityinbavaria。

Cantonmentofthecavalryinthecountrytownsandvillages。

FormationofthecommitteeplacedattheheadoftheinstitutionforthepooratMunich。

Thefundsofthatinstitution。

CHAPTER。III。

Preparationsmadeforgivingemploymenttothepoor。

Difficultiesattendingthatundertaking。

Themeasuresadoptedcompletelysuccessful。

Thepoorreclaimedtohabitsofusefulindustry。

DescriptionofthehouseofindustryatMunich。

CHAPTER。IV。

AnaccountofthetakingupofthebeggarsatMunich。

Theinhabitantsarecalleduponfortheirassistance。

Generalsubscriptionforthereliefandsupportofthepoor。

Allotherpublicandprivatecollectionsforthepoorabolished。

CHAPTER。V。

Thedifferentkindsofemploymentgiventothebeggarsupontheirbeingassembledinthehouseofindustry。

Theirgreatawkwardnessatfirst。

Theirdocility，andtheirprogressinusefulindustry。

Themannerinwhichtheyweretreated。

Themannerinwhichtheywerefed。

ThePrecautionsusedtopreventAbusesinthePublicKitchenfromwhichtheywerefed。

CHAPTER。VI。

Apologyforthewantofmethodintreatingthesubjectunderconsideration。

Ofthevariousmeansusedforencouragingindustryamongthepoor。

Oftheinternalarrangementandgovernmentofthehouseofindustry。

Whycalledthemilitarywork-house。

Ofthemannerinwhichthebusinessiscarriedonthere。

Ofthevariousmeansusedforpreventingfraudsincarryingonthebusinessinthedifferentmanufactures。

Oftheflourishingstateofthosemanufactures。

CHAPTER。VII。

Afurtheraccountofthepoorwhowerebroughttogetherinthehouseofindustry：——andoftheinterestingchangewhichwasproducedintheirmannersanddispositions。

Variousproofsthatthemeansusedformakingthemindustrious，comfortable，andhappy，weresuccessful。

CHAPTER。VIII。

Ofthemeansusedforthereliefofthosepoorpersonswhowerenotbeggars。

Ofthelargesumsofmoneydistributedtothepoorinalms。

Ofthemeansusedforrenderingthosewhoreceivedalmsindustrious。

Ofthegeneralutilityofthehouseofindustrytothepoor，andthedistressedofalldenominations。

Ofpublickitchensforfeedingthepoor，unitedwithestablishmentsforgivingthememployment；andofthegreatadvantageswhichwouldbederivedfromformingthemineveryparish。

OfthemannerinwhichthepoorofMunicharelodged。

CHAPTER。IX。

OfthemeansusedforextendingtheinfluenceoftheinstitutionforthepooratMunich，tootherpartsofBavaria。

OftheprogresswhichsomeoftheimprovementsintroducedatMunicharemakinginothercountries。

INTRODUCTION。

SituationoftheAuthorintheServiceofHisMostSereneHighnesstheELECTORPALATINE，ReigningDukeofBAVARIA。

ReasonswhichinducedhimtoundertaketoformanEstablishmentfortheReliefofthePoor。

Amongthevicissitudesofalifechequeredbyagreatvarietyofincidents，andinwhichIhavebeencalledupontoactinmanyinterestingscenes，Ihavehadanopportunityofemployingmyattentionuponasubjectofgreatimportance；asubjectintimatelyandinseparablyconnectedwiththehappinessandwell-beingofallcivilsocieties；andwhich，fromitsnature，cannotfailtointeresteverybenevolentmind；——itistheprovidingforthewantsofthePoor，andthesecuringtheirhappinessandcomfortbytheintroductionoforderandindustryamongthem。

Thesubject，thoughitissohighlyinterestingtomankind，hasnotyetbeeninvestigatedwiththatsuccessthatcouldhavebeenwished。Thisfactisapparent，notonlyfromtheprevalenceofindolence，misery，andbeggary，inalmostallthecountriesofEurope；butalsofromthegreatvarietyofopinionamongthosewhohavetakenthematterintoseriousconsideration，andhaveproposedmethodsforremedyingthoseevils；sogenerally，andsojustlycomplainedof。

WhatIhavetoofferuponthethissubjectbeingnotmerelyspeculativeopinion，butthegenuineresultofactualexperiments；

ofexperimentsmadeuponaverylargescale，andundercircumstanceswhichrenderthempeculiarlyinteresting；Icannothelpflatteringmyselfthatmyreaderswillfindbothamusement，andusefulinformation，fromtheperusalofthefollowingsheets。

Asitmayperhapsappearextraordinarythatamilitarymanshouldundertakeaworksoforeigntohisprofession，asthatofformingandexecutingaplanforprovidingforthePoor，Ihavethoughtitnotimpropertoprefacethenarrativeofmyoperations，byashortaccountofthemotiveswhichinducedmetoengageinthisundertaking。Andinordertothrowstillmorelightuponthewholetransaction，Ishallbeginwithafewwordsofmyself，ofmysituationinthecountryinwhichIreside，andofthedifferentobjectswhichwerehadinviewinthevariouspublicmeasuresinwhichIhavebeenconcerned。Thisinformationisnecessaryinordertoformaclearideaofthecircumstancesunderwhichtheoperationsinquestionwereundertaken，andthedifferentpublicmeasureswhichwereadoptedatthesametime。

Havingintheyear1784，withHisMajesty’sgraciouspermission，engagedmyselfintheserviceofHisMostSereneHighnesstheElectorPalatine，ReigningDukeofBavaria，IhavesincebeenemployedbyHisElectoralHighnessinvariouspublicservices，andparticularlyinarranginghismilitaryaffairs，andintroducinganewsystemoforder，discipline，andeconomyamonghistroops。

Intheexecutionofthiscommission，evermindfulofthatgreatandimportanttruth，thatnopoliticalarrangementcanbereallygood，exceptinsofarasitcontributestothegeneralgoodofsociety，Ihaveendeavouredinallmyoperationstounitetheinterestofthesoldierwiththeinterestofcivilsociety，andtorenderthemilitaryforce，evenintimeofpeace，subservienttothePUBLICGOOD。

Tofacilitateandpromotetheseimportantobjects，toestablisharespectablestandingmilitaryforce，whichshoulddotheleastpossibleharmtothepopulation，morals，manufactures，andagricultureofthecountry，itwasnecessarytomakesoldierscitizens，andcitizenssoldiers。Tothisendthesituationofthesoldierwasmadeaseasy，comfortable，andeligibleaspossible；hispaywasincreased，hewascomfortably，andevenelegantlyclothed，andhewasallowedeverykindoflibertynotinconsistentwithgoodorderandduesubordination；hismilitaryexercisesweresimplified，hisinstructionrenderedshortandeasy，andallobsoleteanduselesscustomsandusageswerebanishedfromtheservice。Greatattentionwaspaidtotheexternalappearanceofthebuildings；andnothingwasleftundone，thatcouldtendtomakethemencomfortableintheirdwellings。Schoolswereestablishedinalltheregiments，forarithmetic；andintotheseschools，notonlythesoldiersandtheirchildren，butalsothechildrenoftheneighbouringcitizensandpeasants，wereadmittedgratis，andevenschool-books，paper[1]，pens，andink，werefurnishedforthem，attheexpenseoftheSovereign。

Besidestheseschoolsofinstruction，others，calledschoolsofindustry，wereestablishedintheregiments，wherethesoldiersandtheirchildrenweretaughtvariouskindsofwork，andfromwhencetheyweresuppliedwithrawmaterials，toworkfortheirownemolument。

Asnothingissocertainfataltomorals，andparticularlytothemoralsofthelowerclassofmankind，ashabitualidleness，everypossiblemeasurewasadopted，thatcouldbedevised，tointroduceaspiritofindustryamongthetroops。Everyencouragementwasgiventothesoldierstoemploytheirleisuretime，whentheywereoffduty，inworkingfortheirownemolument；andamongotherencouragements，themostefficaciousofall，thatofallowingthemfulllibertytodisposeofthemoneyacquiredbytheirlabourinanywaytheyshouldthinkproper，withoutbeingobligedtogiveanyaccountofittoanybody。Theywereevenfurnishedwithworkingdresses，(acanvasfrockandtrousers，)

gratis，attheirenlisting，andwereafterwardspermittedtoretaintheirolduniformsforthesamepurpose；andcarewastaken，inallcaseswheretheywereemployed，thattheyshouldbewellpaid。

Theycommonlyreceivedfromsixteentoeighteencreutzers[2]a-dayfortheirlabour；andwiththistheyhadtheadvantageofbeingclothedandlodged，and，inmanycases，ofreceivingtheirfullpayoffivecreutzers，andapoundandahalf(1lb。131/2；oz。

Avoirdupois)ofbreadperdayfromtheSovereign。Whentheydidtheirdutyintheirregiments，bymountingguardregularlyaccordingtotheirtour(whichcommonlywaseveryfourthday，)

andonlyworkedthosedaystheyhappenedtobeoffguard，inthatcase，theyreceivedtheirfullpay；butwhentheywereexcusedfromregimentalduty，andpermittedtoworkeverydayfortheirownemolument，theirpay(atfivecreutzersperday，)wasstopped，buttheywerestillpermittedtoreceivetheirbread，andtolodgeinthebarracks。

Inallpublicworks，suchasmakingandrepairinghighways，——drainingmarshes，——repairingthebanksofrivers，etc。

soldierswereemployedaslabourers；andinallsuchcases，thegreatestcarewastakentoprovidefortheircomfortablesubsistence，andevenfortheiramusement。Goodlodgingswerepreparedforthem，andgoodandwholesomefood，atareasonableprice；andthegreatestcarewastakenofthemwhentheyhappenedtofallsick。

Frequently，whenconsiderablenumbersofthemwereatworktogether，abandofmusicwasorderedtoplaytothemwhileatwork；andonholidaystheywerepermitted，andevenencouraged，tomakemerry，withdancingandotherinnocentsportsandamusements。

Topreservegoodorderandharmonyamongthosewhoweredetachedupontheseworkingparties，acertainproportionofofficersandnon-commissionedofficerswerealwayssentwiththem，andthosecommonlyservedasoverseersoftheworks，andassuchwerepaid。

Besidesthispermissiontoworkforhireinthegarrisontowns，andupondetachedworkingparties，whichwasreadilygrantedtoallthosewhodesiredit，oratleasttoasmanyascouldpossiblybesparedfromthenecessaryserviceofthegarrison；

everyfacilityandencouragementwasgiventothesoldierwhowasanativeofthecountry，andwhohadafamilyoffriendstogoto，orprivateconcernstotakecareof，togohomeonfurlough，andtoremainabsentfromhisregimentfromoneannualexercisetotheother，thatistosay，tenmonthsandahalfeachyear。

Thisarrangementwasveryadvantageoustotheagricultureandmanufactures，andeventothepopulationofthecountry，(forthesoldierswereallowedtomarry，)andservednotalittletotheestablishmentofharmonyandafriendlyintercoursebetweenthesoldiersandthepeasantry，andtofacilitaterecruiting。

Anothermeasurewhichtendedmuchtorenderthesituationofthesoldierpleasantandagreeable，andtofacilitatetherecruitingservice，wastherenderingthegarrisonsoftheregimentspermanent。

Thismeasuremightnotbeadvisableinadespotic，orodiousgovernment；forwheretheauthorityoftheSovereignmustbesupportedbytheterrorofarms，allhabitsofsocialintercourseandfriendshipbetweenthesoldiersandthesubjectsmustbedangerous；butinallwell-regulatedgovernments，suchfriendlyintercourseisattendedwithmanyadvantages。

Apeasantwouldmorereadilyconsenttohisson’sengaginghimselftoserveasasoldierinaregimentpermanentlystationedinhisneighbourhood，thaninoneatagreatdistance，orwhosedestinationwasuncertain；andwhenthestationofaregimentispermanent，anditreceivesitsrecruitsfromthedistrictofcountryimmediatelysurroundingitshead-quarters，themenwhogohomeonfurloughhavebutashortjourneytomake，andareeasilyassembledincaseofanyemergency；anditwasthemorenecessarytogiveeveryfacilitytothesoldierstogohomeonfurloughinBavaria，aslabourersaresoveryscarceinthatcountrythatthehusbandmanwouldnotbeablewithoutthemtocultivatehisground。

Thehabitsofindustryandoforderwhichthesoldieracquiredwheningarrison，renderedhimsomuchthemoreusefulasalabourerwhenonfurlough；butnotcontentedwithmerelyfurnishinglaboursfortheassistanceofthehusbandman，Iwasdesirousofmakinguseofthearmy，asameansofintroducingusefulimprovementsintothecountry。

ThoughagricultureiscarriedtothehighestperfectioninsomepartsoftheElector’sdominions，yetinothers，andparticularlyinBavaria，itisstillmuchbehind-hand。Veryfewofthenewimprovementsinthatart，suchastheintroductionofnewandusefulplants——thecultivationofcloverandofturnips——theregularsuccessionofcrops，etc。haveyetfoundtheirwayintogeneralpracticeinthatcountry；andeventhepotatoe，thatmostusefulofalltheproductsoftheground，isscarcelyknownthere。

Itwasprincipallywithaviewtointroducethecultureofpotatoesinthatcountrythatthemilitarygardenswereformed。

Thesegardens(ofwhichthereisoneineverygarrisonbelongingtotheElector’sdominion，DusseldorfandAmbergonlyexcepted[3])arepiecesofground，in，oradjoiningtothegarrisontowns，whichareregularlylaidout，andexclusivelyappropriatedtotheuseofthenon-commissionedofficersandprivatesoldiersbelongingtotheregimentsingarrison。

Thegroundisregularlydividedintodistrictsofregiments，battalions，companies，andcorporalities(corporalschafts，)

ofwhichlastdivisionstherearefourtoeachcompany；andthequantityofgroundallottedtoeachcorporalityissuchthateachmanbelongingtoit，whethernon-commissionedofficerorprivate，hasabed365squarefeetinsuperficies。

Thispieceofgroundremainshissolepropertyaslongashecontinuestoserveintheregiment，andheisatfulllibertytocultivateitinanyway，andtodisposeoftheproduceofitinanymannerhemaythinkproper。Hemusthowevercultivateit，andplantit，andkeepitneatandfreefromweeds；otherwise，ifheshouldbeidle，andneglectit，itwouldbetakenfromhimandgiventooneofhismoreindustriouscomrades。

Thedivisionsofthesemilitarygardensaremarkedbybroaderandsmalleralleys，coveredwithgravel，andneatlykept；andinorderthateveryonewhochoosesit，maybeaspectatorofthisinterestingsceneofindustry，alltheprincipalalleys，whicharemadelargeforthatpurpose，arealwaysopenasapublicwalk。Theeffectwhichthisestablishmenthasalreadyproducedintheshorttime(littlemorethanfiveyears)sinceitwasbegun，isverystriking，andmuchgreaterandmoreimportantthanIcouldhaveexpected。

Thesoldiers，frombeingthemostindolentofmortals，andfromhavingverylittleknowledgeofgardening，oroftheproduceofagarden，foruse，arenowbecomingindustriousandskilfulcultivators，andtheyaregrownsofondofvegetables，particularlyofpotatoes，whichtheyraiseingreatquantities，thattheseusefulandwholesomeproductionsnowconstitutesaveryessentialpartoftheirdailyfood。Andtheseimprovementsarealsospreadingveryfastamongthefarmersandpeasants，throughoutthewholecountry。Thereishardlyasoldierthatgoesonfurlough，orthatreturnshomeattheexpirationofhistimeofservice，thatdoesnotcarrywithhimafewpotatoesforplanting，andalittlecollectionofgarden-seeds；andIhavenodoubtbutinaveryfewyearsweshallseepotatoesasmuchcultivatedinBavariaasinothercountries；andthattheuseofvegetablesforfoodwillbegenerallyintroducedamongthecommonpeople。Ihavealreadyhadthesatisfactiontoseelittlegardenshereandtheremakingtheirappearance，indifferentpartsofthecountry，andIhopethatverysoonnofarmer’shousewillbefoundwithoutone。

Toassistthesoldiersinthecultivationoftheirgardens，theyarefurnishedwithgardenutensilsgratis；theyarelikewisefurnishedfromtimetotimewithacertainquantityofmanure，andwithanassortmentofgarden-feeds；buttheydonotrelysolelyuponthesesupplies；thosewhoareindustriouscollectmaterialsintheirbarracks，andinthestreets，formakingmanure，andevensometimespurchaseit，andtheyraiseintheirowngardensmostofthegarden-seedstheystandinneedof。

Toenablethemtoavailthemselvesoftheirgardensasearlyinthespringaspossible，insupplyingtheirtableswithgreenvegetables，eachcompanyisfurnishedwithahot-bedforraisingearlyplants。

Toattachthesoldiersmorestronglytothesetheirlittlepossessions，byincreasingtheircomfortandconvenienceinthecultivationandenjoymentofthem，anumberoflittlesummer-houses，orratherhuts，onetoeachcompany，havebeenerectedforthepurposeofshelter，wheretheycanretirewhenitrains，orwhentheyarefatigued。

Alltheofficersoftheregiments，fromthehighesttothelowest，areorderedtogivethemeneveryassistanceinthecultivationofthesetheirgardens；buttheyareforbidden，uponpainoftheseverestpunishment，toappropriatetothemselvesanypartoftheproduceofthem，oreventoreceiveanypartofitinpresents。

CHAPTER。I。

OftheprevalenceofmendicityinBavariaatthetimewhenthemeasuresforputtinganendtoitwereadopted。

Amongthevariousmeasuresthatoccurredtomebywhichthemilitaryestablishmentofthecountrymightbemadesubservienttothepublicgoodintimeofpeace，noneappearedtobeofsomuchimportanceasthatofemployingthearmyinclearingthecountryofbeggers，thievesandothervagabonds；andinwatchingoverthepublictranquillity。

Butinordertoclearthecountryofbeggers，(thenumberofwhominBavariahadbecomequiteintolerable，)itwasnecessarytoadoptgeneralandefficaciousmeasuresformaintainingandsupportingthePoor。LawswerenotwantingtoobligeeachcommunityinthecountrytoprovideforitsownPoor；buttheselawshadbeensolongneglected，andbeggaryhadbecomesogeneral，thatextraordinarymeasures，andthemostindefatigableexertions，werenecessarytoputastoptothisevil。Thenumberofitinerantbeggars，ofbothsexes，andallages，aswellforeignersasnatives，whostrolledaboutthecountryinalldirections。levyingcontributionsfromtheindustriousinhabitants，stealingandrobbing，andleadingalifeofindolence，andthemostshamelessdebauchery，wasquiteincredible；andsonumerousweretheswarmsofbeggarsinallthegreattowns，andparticularlyinthecapital，sogreattheirimpudence，andsoperseveringtheirimportunity，thatitwasalmostimpossibletocrossthestreetswithoutbeingattacked，andabsolutelyforcedtosatisfytheirclamorousdemands。

Andthesebeggarswereingeneralbynomeanssuchasfromageorbodilyinfirmitieswereunablebytheirlabourtoearntheirlivelihood；buttheywereforthemostpart，stout，strong，healthy，sturdybeggars，who，losttoeverysenseofshame，hadembracedtheprofessionfromchoice，notnecessity；andwho，notunfrequently，addedinsolenceandthreatstotheirimportunity，andextortedthatfromfear，whichtheycouldnotprocurebytheirartsofdissimulation。

Thesebeggarsnotonlyinfestedallthestreets，publicwalks，andpublicplaces，buttheyevenmadeapracticeofgoingintoprivatehouses，wheretheyneverfailedtostealwhateverfellintheirway，iftheyfoundthedoorsopen，andnobodyathome；andthechurchesweresofullofthemthatitwasquiteanuisance，andapublicscandalduringtheperformanceofdivineservice。

Peopleattheirdevotionswerecontinuallyinterruptedbythem，andwerefrequentlyobligedtosatisfytheirdemandsinordertobepermittedtofinishtheirprayersinpeaceandquite。

Inshort，thesedetestableverminswarmedeverywhere，andnotonlytheirimpudenceandclamorousimportunitywerewithoutanybounds，buttheyhadrecoursetothemostdiabolicalarts，andmosthorridcrimes，intheprosecutionoftheirinfamoustrade。

Youngchildrenwerestolenfromtheirparentsbythesewretches，andtheireyesputout，ortheirtenderlimbsbrokenanddistorted，inorder，byexposingthemthusmaimed，toexcitethepityandcommiserationofthepublic；andeveryspeciesofartificewasmadeuseoftoagitatethesensibility，andtoextortthecontributionsofthehumaneandcharitable。

Someofthesemonstersweresovoidofallfeelingastoexposeeventheirownchildren，naked，andalmoststarved，inthestreets，inorderthat，bytheircriesandunaffectedexpressionsofdistress，theymightmovethosewhopassedbytopityandrelievethem；andinordertomakethemacttheirpartmorenaturally，theywereunmercifullybeatenwhentheycamehome，bytheirinhumanparents，iftheydidnotbringwiththemacertainsum，whichtheywereorderedtocollect。

Ihavefrequentlyseenapoorchildoffiveorsixyearsofage，lateatnight，inthemostinclementseason，sittingdownalmostnakedatthecornerofastreet，andcryingmostbitterly；ifhewereaskedwhatwasthematterwithhim，hewouldanswer，“Iamcoldandhungry，andafraidtogohome；mymothertoldmetobringhometwelvecreutzers，andIhaveonlybeenabletobegfive。MymotherwillcertainlybeatmeifIdon’tcarryhometwelvecreutzers。”Whocouldrefusesosmallasumtorelievesomuchunaffecteddistress？——Butwhathorridartsarethese，toworkuponthefeelingsofthepublic，andlevyinvoluntarycontributionsforthesupportofidlenessanddebauchery！

Buttheevilsarisingfromtheprevalenceofmendicitydidnotstophere。Thepublic，wornoutandvanquishedbythenumbersandperseveringimportunityofthebeggars；andfrequentlydisappointedintheirhopesofbeingrelievedfromtheirdepredations，bythefailureofthenumberlessschemesthatwereformedandsetonfootforthatpurpose，beganatlasttoconsiderthecaseasquitedesperate；andtosubmitpatientlytoanevilforwhichtheysawnoremedy。Theconsequencesofthissubmissionareeasytobeconceived；thebeggars，encouragedbytheirsuccess，wereattachedstillmorestronglytotheirinfamousprofession；andothers，alluredbytheirindolentlives，encouragedbytheirsuccessfulfrauds，andemboldenedbytheirimpunity，joinedthem。Thehabitofsubmissiononthepartofthepublic，gavethemasortofrighttopursuetheirdepredations；——theirgrowingnumbersandtheirsuccessgaveakindofeclattotheirprofession；andthehabitofbeggingbecamesogeneral，thatitceasedtobeconsideredasinfamous；

andwasbydegreesinamannerinterwovenwiththeinternalregulationsofsociety。Herdsmenandshepherds，whoattendedtheirflocksbytheroad-side，wereknowntoderiveconsiderableadvantagefromthecontributionswhichtheirsituationenabledthemtolevyfrompassengers；andIhavebeenassured，thatthewagestheyreceivedfromtheiremployerswereoftenregulatedaccordingly。Thechildrenineverycountryvillage，andthoseevenofthebestfarmers，madeaconstantpracticeofbeggingfromallstrangerswhopassed；andonehardlyevermetapersononfootupontheroad，particularlyawoman，whodidnotholdoutherhandandaskforcharity。

Inthegreattowns，besidesthechildrenofthepoorersort，whoalmostallmadeacustomofbegging，theprofessionalbeggarsformedadistinctclass，orcast，amongtheinhabitants；andingeneralaverynumerousone。Therewasevenakindofpoliticalconnectionbetweenthemembersofthisformidablebody；

andcertaingeneralmaximswereadopted，andregulationsobserved，inthewarfaretheycarriedonagainstthepublic。Eachbeggarhadhisparticularbeat，ordistrict，inthepossessionofwhichitwasnotthoughtlawfultodisturbhim；andcertainruleswereobservedindisposingofthedistrictsincaseofvacanciesbydeathsorresignations，promotionsorremovals。Abattle，itistrue，frequentlydecidedthecontestbetweenthecandidates；butwhenthepossessionwasonceobtained，whetherbyforceofarms，orbyanyothermeans，therightwaseverafterconsideredasindisputable。Alliancesbymarriagewerebynomeansuncommoninthiscommunity；and，strangeasitmayappear，meanswerefoundtoprocurelegalpermissionfromthecivilmagistratesforthecelebrationofthesenuptials！Thechildrenwereofcoursetrainedupintheprofessionoftheirparents；andhavingtheadvantageofanearlyeducation，werecommonlygreatproficientsintheirtrade。

Asthereisnoveryessentialdifferencebetweendeprivingapersonofhispropertybystealth，andextortingitfromhimagainsthiswill，bydintofclamorousimportunity，orunderfalsepretenceoffeigneddistressandmisfortune；sothetransitionfrombeggingtostealingisnotonlyeasy，butperfectlynatural。Thattotalinsensibilitytoshame，andallthoseotherqualificationswhicharenecessaryintheprofessionofabeggar，arelikewiseessentialtoformanaccomplishedthief；andboththeseprofessionsderiveveryconsiderableadvantagesfromtheirunion。Abeggarwhogoesaboutfromhousetohousetoaskforalms，hasmanyopportunitiestosteal，whichanotherwouldnotsoeasilyfind；andhisprofessionasabeggargiveshimagreatfacilityindisposingofwhathesteals；forhecanalwayssayitwasgivenhimincharity。Nowonderthenthatthievingandrobbingshouldbeprevalentwherebeggarsarenumerous。

ThatthiswasthecaseinBavariawillnotbedoubtedbythosewhoareinformedthatinthefouryearsimmediatelysucceedingtheintroductionofthemeasuresadoptedforputtinganendtomendicity，andclearingthecountryofbeggars，thieves，robbers，etc。aboveTENTHOUSANDofthesevagabonds，foreignersandnatives，wereactuallyarrestedanddeliveredovertothecivilmagistrates；andthatintakingupthebeggarsinMunich，andprovidingforthosewhostoodinneedofpublicassistance，nolessthan2600oftheonedescriptionandtheother，wereentereduponthelistsinoneweek；thoughthewholenumberoftheinhabitantsofthecityofMunichprobablydoesnotamounttomorethan60，000，evenincludingthesuburbs。

Thesefactsaresoveryextraordinary，thatweretheynotnotorious，Ishouldhardlyhaveventuredtomentionthem，forfearofbeingsuspectedofexaggeration；buttheyareperfectlyknowninthecountry，byeverybody；havingbeenpublishedbyauthorityinthenews-papersatthetime，withalltheirvariousdetailsandspecifications，fortheinformationofthepublic。

Whathasbeensaid，will，Ifancy，bethoughtquitesufficienttoshowthenecessityofapplyingaremedytotheevilsdescribed；

andofintroducingorderandaspiritofindustryamongthelowerclassesofthepeople。Ishallthereforeproceed，withoutanyfartherpreface，togiveanaccountofthemeasureswhichwereadoptedandcarriedintoexecutionforthatpurpose。

CHAPTER。II。

Variouspreparationsmadeforputtinganendtomendicityinbavaria。

Cantonmentofthecavalryinthecountrytownsandvillages。

FormationofthecommitteeplacedattheheadoftheinstitutionforthepooratMunich。

Thefundsofthatinstitution。

Assoonasitwasdeterminedtoundertakethisgreatanddifficultwork，andtheplanofoperationswasfinallysettled，variouspreparationsweremadeforitsexecution。

Thefirstpreliminarysteptaken，wastocantonfourregimentsofcavalryinBavariaandtheadjoiningprovinces，insuchamannerthatnotonlyeveryconsiderabletownwasfurnishedwithadetachment，butmostofthelargevillageswereoccupied；

andineverypartofthecountrysmallpartiesofthrees，fours，andfives，weresostationed；atthedistanceofone，two，andthreeleaguesfromeachother；thattheycouldeasilyperformtheirdailypatrolesfromonestationtoanotherinthecourseoftheday，withouteverbeingobligedtostopatapeasant’shouse，orevenataninn，orevertodemandforagefortheirhorses，orvictualsforthemselves，orlodgings，fromanypersonwhatever。

Thisarrangementofquarterspreventedalldisputesbetweenthemilitaryandthepeopleofthecountry。Thehead-quartersofeachregiment，wherethecommandingofficeroftheregimentresided，wasestablishedinacentralsituationwithrespecttotheextentofcountryoccupiedbytheregiment；——eachsquadronhaditscommandingofficerinthecentreofitsdistrict，——

andthesubalternsandnon-commissionedofficersweresodistributedinthedifferentcantonments，thattheprivateswerecontinuallyundertheinspectionoftheirsuperiors，whohadorderstokeepawatchfuleyeoverthem；——tovisitthemintheirquartersveryoften；——andtopreservethestrictestorderanddisciplineamongthem。

Tocommandthesetroops，ageneralofficerwasnamed，who，aftervisitingeverycantonmentinthewholecountry，tookuphisresidenceatMunich。

Printedinstructionsweregiventotheofficer，ornon-commissionedofficer，whocommandedadetachedpost，orpatrole；——regularmonthlyreturnswereorderedtobemadetothecommandingofficersoftheregiment，bytheofficerscommandingsquadrons；——

tothecommandinggeneral，bytheofficerscommandingregiments；——

andbythecommandinggeneral，tothecouncilofwar，andtotheSovereign。

Topreventdisputesbetweenthemilitaryandthecivilauthorities，and，asfaraspossible，toremoveallgroundsofjealousyandill-willbetweenthem；asalsotopreservepeaceandharmonybetweenthesoldieryandtheinhabitants，thesetroopswerestrictlyorderedandenjoinedtobehaveonalloccasionstomagistratesandotherpersonsincivilauthoritywiththeutmostrespectanddeference；——toconductthemselvestowardsthepeasantsandotherinhabitantsinthemostpeaceableandfriendlymanner；——toretiretotheirquartersveryearlyintheevening；——

andaboveall，cautiouslytoavoiddisputesandquarrelswiththepeopleofthecountry。Theywerealsoorderedtobeverydiligentandalertinmakingtheirdailypatrolesfromonestationtoanother；——toapprehendallthievesandothervagabondsthatinfestedthecountry，anddeliverthemovertothecivilmagistrates；——toapprehenddeserters，andconductthemfromstationtostationtotheirregiments；——toconductallprisonersfromonepartofthecountrytoanother；——toassistthecivilmagistrateintheexecutionofthelaws，andinpreservingpeaceandorderinthecountry，inallcaseswheretheyshouldbelegallycalleduponforthatpurpose；——toperformthedutyofmessengersincarryinggovernmentdispatchesandorders，civilaswellasmilitary，incasesofemergency；——andtobringaccountstothecapital，byexpress，ofeveryextraordinaryeventofimportancethathappensinthecountry；——toguardthefrontiers，andassisttheofficersoftherevenueinpreventingsmuggling；——tohaveawatchfuleyeoverallsoldiersonfurloughinthecountry，andwhenguiltyofexcesses，toapprehendthemandtransportthemtotheirregiments；——toassisttheinhabitantsincaseoffire，andparticularlytoguardtheireffects，andpreventtheirbeinglostofstolen，intheconfusionwhichcommonlytakesplaceonthoseoccasions；——topursueandapprehendallthieves，robbers，murderers，andothermalefactors；——andingeneral，tolendtheirassistanceonalloccasionswheretheycouldbeusefulinmaintainingpeace，order，andtranquillityinthecountry。

AstheSovereignhadanundoubtedrighttoquarterhistroopsupontheinhabitantswhentheywereemployedforthepoliceanddefenceofthecountry，theywereonthisoccasioncalledupontoprovidequartersforthemendistributedinthesecantonments；

butinordertomakethisburdenaslightaspossibletotheinhabitants，theywereonlycalledupontoprovidequartersforthenon-commissionedofficersandprivates；andinsteadofbeingobligedtotakeTHESEintotheirhouses，andtofurnishthemwithvictualsandlodgings，ashadformerlybeenthepractice，(andwhichwascertainlyagreathardship，)asmallhouseorbarrackforthemen，withstablingadjoiningtoitforthehorses，wasbuilt，orproperlodgingswerehiredbythecivilmagistrate，ineachofthesemilitarystations，andtheexpensewasleviedupontheinhabitantsatlarge。Theforageforthehorseswasprovidedbytheregiments，orbycontractorsemployedforthatpurpose；

andthemen，beingfurnishedwithacertainallowanceoffire-wood，andthenecessaryarticlesofkitchenfurniture，weremadetoprovidefortheirownsubsistence，bypurchasingtheirprovisionsatthemarkets，andcookingtheirvictualsintheirownquarters。

Theofficersprovidedtheirownlodgingsandstabling，beingallowedacertainsumforthatpurposeinadditiontotheirordinarypay。

Thewholeoftheadditionalexpencetothemilitarychest，fortheestablishmentandsupportofthesecantonments，amountedtoameretrifle；andtheburdenuponthepeople，whichattendedthefurnishingofquartersforthenon-commissionedofficersandprivates，wasveryinconsiderable，andborenoproportiontotheadvantagesderivedfromtheprotectionandsecuritytotheirpersonsandpropertiesaffordedbythesetroops[4]。

Notonlythiscantonmentofthecavalrywascarriedintoexecutionasapreliminarymeasuretothetakingupofthebeggarsinthecapital，butmanyotherpreparativeswerealsomadeforthatundertaking。

Asconsiderablesumswerenecessaryforthesupportofsuchofthepooras，fromageorotherbodilyinfirmities，wereunablebytheirindustrytoprovidefortheirownsubsistence；andastherewerenopublicfundsanywayadequatetosuchanexpence，whichcouldbeappliedtothisuse，thesuccessofthemeasuredependedentirelyuponthevoluntarysubscriptionsoftheinhabitants；andinordertoinducethesetosubscribeliberally，itwasnecessarytosecuretheirapprobationoftheplan，andtheirconfidenceinthosewhowerechosentocarryitintoexecution。AndasthenumberofbeggarswassogreatinMunich，andtheirimportunitysoverytroublesome，therecouldhavebeennodoubtbutanysensibleplanforremedyingthisevilwouldhavebeengladlyreceivedbythepublic；buttheyhadbeensooftendisappointedbyfruitlessattemptsfromtimetotimemadeforthatpurpose，thattheybegantothinktheenterprizequiteimpossible，andtoconsidereveryproposalforprovidingforthepoor，andpreventingmendicity，asamerejob。

Awareofthis，Itookmymeasuresaccordingly。Toconvincethepublicthattheschemewasfeasible，Ideterminedfirst，byagreatexertion，tocarryitintocompleteexecution，andTHENtoaskthemtosupportit。Andtosecuretheirconfidenceinthoseemployedinthemanagementofit，personsofthehighestrank，andmostrespectedcharacterwerechosentosuperintendanddirecttheaffairsoftheinstitution；andeverymeasurewastakenthatcouldbedevisedtopreventabuses。

Twoprincipleobjectsweretobeattendedto，inmakingthesearrangements；thefirstwastofurnishsuitableemploymenttosuchofthepooraswereabletowork；andthesecond，toprovidethenecessaryassistanceforthosewho，fromage，sickness，orotherbodilyinfirmities，wereunablebytheirindustrytoprovideforthemselves。Ageneralsystemofpolicewaslikewisenecessaryamongthisclassofmiserablebeings；aswellasmeasuresforreclaimingthem，andmakingthemusefulsubjects。

Thepoliceofthepoor，asalsothedistributionofalms，andalltheeconomicaldetailsoftheinstitution，wereputunderthedirectionofacommittee，composedofthepresidentofthecouncilofwar，——thepresidentofthecouncilofsupremeregency，——thepresidentoftheecclesiasticalcouncil，——andthepresidentofthechamberoffinances；andtoassisttheminthiswork，eachoftheabove-mentionedpresidentswasaccompaniedbyonecounsellorofhisrespectivedepartment，athisownchoice；

whowaspresentatallthemeetingsofthecommittee，andwhoperformedthemorelaboriouspartsofthebusiness。Thiscommittee，whichwascalledTheArmenInstitutsDeputation，hadconvenientapartmentsfittedupforitsmeetings；asecretary，clerk，andaccountant，wereappointedtoit；andtheordinaryguardsofthepolicewereputunderitsimmediatedirection。

Neitherthepresidentsnorthecounsellorsbelongingtothiscommitteereceivedanypayoremolumentwhateverforthisservice，buttookuponthemselvesthistroublemerelyfrommotivesofhumanity，andagenerousdesiretopromotethepublicgood；

andeventhesecretary，andotherinferiorofficersemployedinthisbusiness，receivedtheirpayimmediatelyfromtheTreasury；

orfromsomeotherdepartment；andnotfromthefundsdestinedforthereliefofthepoor：andinordermosteffectuallyremoveallsuspicionwithrespecttothemanagementofthisbusiness，andthefaithfulapplicationofthemoneydestinedforthepoor，insteadofappointingaTreasurertothecommittee，apublicbankerofthetown，amostrespectablecitizen[5]，wasnamedtoreceiveandpayallmoniesbelongingtotheinstitution，uponthewrittenordersofthecommittee；andexactanddetailedaccountsofallmoniesreceivedandexpendedwereorderedtobeprintedeverythreemonths，anddistributedgratisamongtheinhabitants。

Inorderthateverycitizenmighthaveitinhispowertoassurehimselfthattheaccountswereexact，andthatthesumsexpendedwerebonafidegiventothepoorinalms，themoneywaspubliclydistributedeverySaturdayinthetown-hall，inthepresenceofanumberofdeputieschosenfromamongthecitizensthemselves；andanalphabeticallistofthepoorwhoreceivedalms；——inwhichwasmentionedtheweeklysumeachpersonreceived；——andtheplaceofhisorherabode，washungupinthehallforpublicinspection。

Butthiswasnotall。Inordertofixtheconfidenceofthepublicuponthemostfirmandimmoveablebasis，andtoengagetheirgoodwillandcheerfulassistanceinsupportofthemeasuresadopted，thecitizenswereinvitedtotakeanactiveandhonourablepartintheexecutionoftheplan，andinthedirectionofitsmostinterestingdetails。

ThetownofMunich，whichcontainsabout60，000inhabitants，hadbeenformerlydividedintofourquarters。Eachofthesewasnowsubdividedintofourdistricts，makinginallsixteendistricts；andallthedwelling-houses，fromthepalaceofthesovereigntothemeanesthovel，wereregularlynumbered，andinscribedinprintedlistsprovidedforthatpurpose。

Fortheinspectionofthepoorineachdistrict，arespectablecitizenwaschosen，whowascalledthecommissaryofthedistrict，(abtheilungscommissaire，)andforhisassistance，apriest；aphysician；asurgeon；andanapothecary；allofwhom，includingthecommissary，undertookthisservicewithoutfeeorreward，frommeremotivesofhumanityandtruepatriotism。

Theapothecarywassimplyreimbursedtheoriginalcostofthemedicineshefurnished。

Togivemoreweightanddignitytotheofficeofcommissaryofadistrict，oneofthesecommissaries，inrotation，wascalledtoassistatthemeetingsofthesupremecommittee；andallapplicationsforalmsweresubmittedtothecommissariesfortheiropinion；or，moreproperly，allsuchapplicationswentthroughthemtothecommittee。Theywerelikewiseparticularlychargedwiththeinspectionandpoliceofthepoorintheirseveraldistricts。

Whenapersonalreadyuponthepoorlist，oranyother，indistress，stoodinneedofassistance，heappliedtothecommissaryofhisdistrict，who，aftervisitinghim，andenquiringintosuchthecircumstancesofhiscase，affordedhimsuchimmediateassistanceaswasabsolutelynecessary；orotherwise，ifthecasewassuchastoadmitofthedelay，herecommendedhimtotheattentionofthecommittee，andwaitedfortheirorders。Ifthepoorpersonwassick，orwounded，hewascarriedtosomehospital；orthephysician，orsurgeonofthedistrictwassentfor，andanurseprovidedtotakecareofhiminhislodgings，Ifhegrewworse，andappearedtodrawnearhisend，thepriestwassentfor，toaffordhimsuchspiritualassistanceashemightrequire；andifhedied，hewasdecentlyburied。Afterhisdeath，thecommissaryassistedattheinventorywhichwastakenofhiseffects，acopyofwhichinventorywasdeliveredovertothecommittee。Theseeffectswereafterwardssold；——andafterdeductingtheamountofthedifferentsumsreceivedinalmsfromtheinstitutionbythedeceasedduringhislifetime，andtheamountoftheexpensesofhisillnessandfuneral，theremainder，ifany，wasdeliveredovertohislawfulheirs；butwhentheseeffectswereinsufficientforthosepurposes；orwhennoeffectsweretobefound，thesurplusintheonecase，andthewholeoftheseexpencesintheother，wasbornebythefundsoftheinstitution。

Thesefundswerederivedfromthefollowingsources，viz。

First，fromstatedmonthlyallowances，fromthesovereignoutofhisprivatepurse，——fromthestates，——andfromthetreasury，orchamberoffinances。

Secondly，andprincipally，fromthevoluntarysubscriptionoftheinhabitants。

Thirdly，fromlegacieslefttotheinstitution，andFourthly，fromseveralsmallrevenuesarisingfromcertaintolls，fines，etc。whichwereappropriatedtothatuse[6]。

Severalother，andsomeofthemveryconsiderablepublicfunds，originallydesignedbytheirfoundersforthereliefofthepoor，mighthavebeentakenandappropriatedtothispurpose；but，assomeofthesefoundationshadbeenmisapplied，andothersnearlyruinedbybadmanagement，itwouldhavebeenaverydisagreeabletasktowrestthemoutofthehandsofthosewhohadtheadministrationofthem；andIthereforejudgeditmostprudentnottomeddlewiththem，avoiding，bythatmeans，agreatdealofoppositiontotheexecutionofmyplan。

CHAPTER。III。

Preparationsmadeforgivingemploymenttothepoor。

Difficultiesattendingthatundertaking。

Themeasuresadoptedcompletelysuccessful。

Thepoorreclaimedtohabitsofusefulindustry。

DescriptionofthehouseofindustryatMunich。

ButbeforeIproceedtogiveamoreparticularaccountofthefundsofthisinstitution，andoftheapplicationofthem，itwillbenecessarytomentionthepreparationswhichwheremadeforfurnishingemploymenttothepoor，andthemeanswhichwereusedforreclaimingthemfromtheirvicioushabits，andrenderingthemindustriousandusefulsubjects。Andthiswascertainlythemostdifficult，aswellasthemostcuriousandinterestingpartoftheundertaking。Totrustrawmaterialsinthehandsofcommonbeggars，certainlyrequiredgreatcautionandmanagement；——

buttoproducesototalandradicalachangeinthemorals，manners，andcustomsofthisdebauchedandabandonedrace，aswasnecessarytorenderthemorderlyandusefulmembersofsociety，willnaturallybeconsideredasanarduous，ifnotimpossible，enterprize。InthisIsucceeded；——fortheproofofthisfactI

appealtotheflourishingstateofthedifferentmanufactoriesinwhichthesepoorpeoplearenowemployed，——totheirorderlyandpeaceabledemeanour——totheircheerfulness——totheirindustry，——

tothedesiretoexcel，whichmanifestsitselfamongthemuponalloccasions，——andtotheveryairoftheircountenances。

Strangers，whogotoseethisinstitution，(andthereareveryfewwhopassthroughMunichwhodonottakethattrouble，)cannotsufficientlyexpresstheirsurpriseattheairofhappinessandcontentmentwhichreignsthroughouteverypartofthisextensiveestablishment，andcanhardlybepersuaded，thatamongthosetheyseesocheerfullyengagedinthatinterestingsceneofindustry，byfarthegreaterpartwere，fiveyearsago，themostmiserableandmostworthlessofbeings，——commonbeggarsinthestreets。

Anaccountofthemeansemployedinbringingaboutthischangecannotfailtobeinterestingtoeverybenevolentmind；andthisiswhathasencouragedmetolaythesedetailsbeforethepublic。

Byfarthegreaternumberofthepoorpeopletobetakencareofwerenotonlycommonbeggars，buthadbeenupfromtheirveryinfancyinthatprofession；andweresoattachedtotheirindolentanddissolutewayofliving，astopreferittoallothersituations。Theywerenotonlyunacquaintedwithallkindsofwork，buthadthemostinsuperableaversiontohonestlabour；

andhadbeensolongfamiliarizedwitheverycrime，thattheyhadbecomeperfectlycalloustoallsenseofshameandremorse。

Withpersonsofthisdescription，itiseasytobeconceivedthatprecepts；——admonitions；——andpunishments，wouldbeoflittleornoavail。Butwherepreceptsfail，HABITSmaysometimesbesuccessful。

Tomakeviciousandabandonedpeoplehappy，ithasgenerallybeensupposednecessary，FIRSTtomakethemvirtuous。Butwhynotreversethisorder？WhynotmakethemfirstHAPPY，andthenvirtuous？IfhappinessandvirtuebeINSEPARABLEtheendwillbeascertainlyobtainedbytheonemethodasbytheother；anditismostundoubtedlymucheasiertocontributetothehappinessandcomfortofpersonsinastateofpovertyandmisery，than，byadmonitionsandpunishments，toreformtheirmorals。

Deeplystruckwiththeimportanceofthistruth，allmymeasuresweretakenaccordingly。EverythingwasdonethatcouldbedevisedtomakethepoorpeopleIhadtodealwithcomfortableandhappyintheirnewsituation；andmyhopes，thatahabitofenjoyingtherealcomfortsandconvenienceswhichwereprovidedforthem，wouldintime，softentheirhearts；——opentheireyes；——andrenderthemgratefulanddocile，werenotdisappointed。

ThepleasureIhavehadinthesuccessofthisexperimentismucheasiertobeconceivedthandescribed。WouldGodthatmysuccessmightencourageotherstofollowmyexample！Ifitweregenerallyknownhowlittletrouble，andhowlittleexpence，arerequiredtodomuchgood，theheart-feltsatisfactionwhicharisesfromrelievingthewants，andpromotingthehappinessofourfellow-creatures，issogreat，thatIampersuaded，actsofthemostessentialcharitywouldbemuchmorefrequent，andthemassofmiseryamongmankindwouldconsequentlybemuchlessened。

HavingtakenmyresolutiontomaketheCOMFORTofthepoorpeople，whoweretobeprovidedfor，theprimaryobjectofmyattention，Iconsideredwhatcircumstanceinlife，afterthenecessaries，foodandraiment，contributesmosttocomfort，andIfoundittobeCLEANLINESS。Andsoveryextensiveistheinfluenceofcleanliness，thatitreacheseventothebrutecreation。

Withwhatcareandattentiondothefeatheredracewashthemselvesandputtheirplumageinorder；andhowperfectlyneat，cleanandelegantdotheyeverappear！Amongthebeastsofthefieldwefindthatthosewhicharethemostcleanlyaregenerallythemostgayandcheerful；oraredistinguishedbyacertainairoftranquillityandcontentment；andsingingbirdsarealwaysremarkablefortheneatnessoftheirplumage。Andsogreatistheeffectofcleanlinessuponman，thatitextendseventohismoralcharacter。Virtueneverdweltlongwithfilthandnastiness；nordoIbelievethereeverwasapersonSCRUPULOUSLY

ATTENTIVETOCLEANLINESSwhowasaconsummatevillain[7]。

Orderanddisorder——peaceandwar——healthandsickness，cannotexisttogether；butCOMFORTandCONTENTMENTtheinseparablecompanionsofHAPPINESSandVIRTUE，canonlyarisefromorder，peace，andhealth。

Bruteanimalsareevidentlytaughtcleanlinessbyinstinct；andcantherebeastrongerproofofitsbeingessentiallynecessarytotheirwell-beingandhappiness？——Butifcleanlinessisnecessarytothehappinessofbrutes，howmuchmoresomustitbetothehappinessofthehumanrace？

Thegoodeffectsofcleanliness，orratherthebadeffectsoffilthandnastiness，may，Ithink，beverysatisfactorilyaccountedfor。Ourbodiesarecontinuallyatwarwithwhateveroffendsthem，andeverythingoffendsthemthatadherestothem，andirritatesthem，——andthroughbylonghabitwemaybesoaccustomedtosupportaphysicalill，astobecomealmostinsensibletoit，yetitneverleavesthemindperfectlyatpeace。

Therealwaysremainsacertainuneasiness，anddiscontent；——

anindecision，andanaversionfromallseriousapplication，whichshowsevidentlythatthemindisnotatrest。

Thosewhofrombeingafflictedwithlongandpainfuldisease，suddenlyacquirehealth，arebestabletojudgeoftheforceofthisreasoning。Itisbythedelightfulsensationtheyfeel，atbeingrelievedfrompainanduneasiness，thattheylearntoknowthefullextentoftheirformermisery；andthehumanheartisneversoeffectuallysoftened，andsowellpreparedanddisposedtoreceivevirtuousimpressions，asuponsuchoccasions。

ItwaswithaviewtobringthemindsofthepoorandunfortunatepeopleIhadtodealwithtothisstate，thatItooksomuchpainstomakethemcomfortableintheirnewsituation。Thestateinwhichtheyhadbeenusedtolivewascertainlymostwretchedanddeplorable；buttheyhadbeensolongaccustomedtoit，thattheyweregrowninsensibletotheirownmisery。Itwasthereforenecessary，inordertoawakentheirattention，tomakethecontrastbetweentheirformersituation，andthatwhichwaspreparedforthem，asstrikingaspossible。Tothisend，everythingwasdonethatcouldbedevisedtomakethemREALLYCOMFORTABLE。

Mostofthemhadbeenusedtolivinginthemostmiserablehovels，inthemidstofvermin，andeverykindoffilthiness；ortosleepinthestreets，andunderthehedges，halfnaked，andexposedtoalltheinclemenciesoftheseasons。Alargeandcommodiousbuilding，fittedupintheneatestandmostcomfortablemanner，wasnowprovidedfortheirreception。

Inthisagreeableretreattheyfoundspaciousandelegantapartments，keptwiththemostscrupulousneatness；wellwarmedinwinter；welllighted；agoodwarmdinnereveryday，gratis；

cookedandservedupwithallpossibleattentiontoorderandcleanliness；——materialsandutensilsforthosewhorequiredinstruction；——themostgenerouspay，INMONEY，forallthelabourperformed；andthekindestusagefromeveryperson，fromthehighesttothelowest，belongingtotheestablishment。Here，inthisasylumfortheindigentandunfortunate，noillusage；——

noharshlanguage，ispermitted。Duringfiveyearsthattheestablishmenthasexisted，notablowhasbeengiventoanyone；

noteventoachildbyhisinstructor。

Astherulesandregulationsforthepreservationoforderarefew，andeasytobeobserved，theinstancesoftheirbeingtransgressedarerare；andasallthelabourperformed，ispaidforbythepiece；andnotbytheday；andiswellpaid；andasthosewhogainthemostbytheirworkinthecourseoftheweek，receiveproportionalrewardsontheSaturdayevening；thesearemosteffectualencouragementstoindustry。

ButbeforeIproceedtogiveanaccountoftheinternaleconomyofthisestablishment，itwillbenecessarytodescribethebuildingwhichwasappropriatedtothisuse；andtheotherlocalcircumstances，necessarytobeknown，inordertohaveaclearideaofthesubject。

Thisbuilding，whichisveryextensive，ispleasantlysituatedintheAu，oneofthesuburbsofthecityofMunich。Ithadformerlybeenamanufactory，butformanyyearshadbeendesertedandfallingtoruins。Itwasnowcompletelyrepaired，andinpartrebuilt。Alargekitchen，withalargeeating-roomadjoiningit，andacommodiousbake-house，wereaddedtothebuildings；andsuchothermechanicsaswereconstantlywantedinthemanufactoryformakingandrepairingthemachinerywereestablished，andfurnishedwithtools。Largehallswerefittedupforspinnersofhemp；——forspinnersofflax；——forspinnersofcotton；——forspinnersofwool；——andforspinnersofworsted；andadjoiningtoeachhallasmallroomwasfittedupforaclerkorinspectorofthehall，(spin-schreiber)。Thisroom，whichwasatthesametimeastore-room，andcounting-house，andalargewindowopeningintothehall，fromwhencethespinnersweresuppliedwithrawmaterials；——wheretheydeliveredtheiryarnwhenspun；——andfromwhencetheyreceivedanorderuponthecashier，signedbytheclerk，fortheamountoftheirlabour。

Hallswerelikewisefittedupforweaversofwoollens；——

forweaversofsergesandshalloons；——forlinenweavers；——

forweaversofcottongoods，andforstockingweavers；——

clothshearers；——dryers；——sadlers；——wool-combers；——knitters；——

sempstresses，etc。Magazineswerefittedupaswellforfinishedmanufactures，asforrawmaterials，androomsforcounting-houses，——store-roomsforthekitchenandbake-house，——anddwelling-roomsfortheinspectorsandotherofficerswhowerelodgedinthehouse。

Averyspacioushall，110feetlong，37feetwide，and22feethigh，withmanywindowsonbothsides，wasfittedupasadrying-room；andinthishalltenterswereplacedforstretchingoutanddryingeightpiecesofclothatonce。Thehallwassocontrivedastoserveforthedyerandfortheclothieratthesametime。

Afulling-millwasestablisheduponastreamofwaterwhichrunsbyonesideofthecourtroundwhichthebuildingiserected；

andadjoiningtothefulling-mill，isthedyers-shop；andthewash-house。

Thiswholeedifice，whichisveryextensive，wasfittedup，ashasalreadybeenobserved，intheneatestmannerpossible。

Indoingthis，eventheexternalappearanceofthebuildingwasattendedto。Itwashandsomelypainted；without，aswellaswithin；andpainsweretakentogiveitanairofELEGANCE，aswellasofneatnessandcleanliness。Alargecourtinthemiddleofthebuildingwaslevelled，andcoveredwithgravel；andtheapproachtoitfromeverysidewasmadeeasyandcommodious。

Overtheprincipaldoor，orrathergate，whichfrontsthestreet，isaninscription，denotingtheusetowhichthebuildingisappropriated；andthepassageleadingintothecourt，thereiswritteninlargelettersofgolduponablackground——

“NOALMSWILLBERECEIVEDHERE。”

Uponcomingintothecourtyouseeinscriptionsoverallthedoorsuponthegroundfloor，leadingtothedifferentpartsofthebuilding。Theseinscriptions，whichareallinlettersofgolduponablackground，denotetheparticularusestowhichthedifferentapartmentsaredestined。

Thisbuildinghavingbeengotready，andasufficientnumberofspinning-wheels，looms，andotherutensilsmadeuseofinthemostcommonmanufacturesbeingprovided；togetherwithasufficientstockofrawmaterials，IproceededtocarrymyplanintoexecutioninthemannerwhichwillberelatedinthefollowingChapter。

CHAPTER。IV。

AnaccountofthetakingupofthebeggarsatMunich。

Theinhabitantsarecalleduponfortheirassistance。

Generalsubscriptionforthereliefandsupportofthepoor。

Allotherpublicandprivatecollectionsforthepoorabolished。

New-Year’s-Dayhaving，fromtimeimmemorial，beenconsideredinBavariaasadaypeculiarlysetapartforgivingalms；andthebeggarsneverfailingtobealloutuponthatoccasion；Ichosethatmomentasbeingthemostfavourableforbeginningmyoperations。EarlyinthemorningofthefirstofJanuary1790，theofficersandnon-commissionedofficersofthethreeregimentsofinfantryingarrison，werestationedinthedifferentstreets，wheretheyweredirectedtowaitforfurtherorders。

Having，inthemeantime，assembled，atmylodgings，thefield-officers，andallthechiefmagistratesofthetown，ImadethemacquaintedwithmyintentiontoproceedthatverymorningtotheexecutionofaplanIhadformedfortakingupthebeggars，andprovidingforthepoor；andaskedtheirimmediateassistance。

Toshowthepublicthatitwasnotmywishtocarrythismeasureintoexecutionbymilitaryforcealone，(whichmighthaverenderedthemeasureodious，)butthatIwasdisposedtoshowallbecomingdeferencetothecivilauthority，Ibeggedthemagistratestoaccompanyme，andthefield-officersofthegarrison，intheexecutionofthefirstandmostdifficultpartoftheundertaking，thatofarrestingthebeggars。Thistheymostreadilyconsentedto，andweimmediatelysalliedoutintothestreet，myselfaccompaniedbythechiefmagistrateofthetown，andeachofthefield-officersbyaninferiormagistrate。

Wewerehardlygotintothestreetwhenwewereaccostedbyabeggar，whoaskedusforalms。Iwentuptohim，andlayingmyhandgentlyuponhisshoulder，toldhim，thatfromthenceforwardsbeggingwouldnotbepermittedinMunich；——thatifhereallystoodinneedofassistance，(whichwouldimmediatelybeenquiredinto，)thenecessaryassistanceshouldcertainlybegivenhim，butthatbeggingwasforbidden；andifhewasdetectedinitagainhewouldbeseverelypunished。Ithendeliveredhimovertoanorderlyserjeantwhowasfollowingme，withdirectionstoconducthimtotheTown-hall，anddeliverhimintothehandsofthoseheshouldfindtheretoreceivehim；andthenturningtotheofficersandmagistrateswhoaccompaniedme，Ibeggedtheywouldtakenotice，thatIhadmyself，WITHMYOWNHANDS，arrestedthefirstbeggarwehadmet；andIrequestedthemnotonlytofollowmyexamplethemselves，byarrestingallthebeggarstheyshouldmeetwith，butthattheywouldalsoendeavourtopersuadeothers，andparticularlytheofficers，non-commissionedofficers，andsoldiersofthegarrison，thatitwasbynomeansderogatorytotheircharacterassoldiers，orinanywisedisgracefultothem，toassistinsoUSEFULandLAUDABLEanundertaking。

Thesegentlemenhavingcheerfullyandunanimouslypromisedtodotheirutmosttosecondmeinthisbusiness，dispersedintothedifferentpartsofthetown，andwiththeassistanceofthemilitary，whichtheyfoundeverywherewaitingfororders，thetownwassothoroughlyclearedofbeggarsINLESSTHANANHOUR，thatnotonewastobefoundinthestreets。

ThosewhowerearrestedwereconductedtotheTown-hall，wheretheirnameswereinscribedinprintedlistsprovidedforthatpurpose，andtheywerethendismissedtotheirownlodgings，withdirectionstorepairthenextdaytothenewlyerected“MilitaryWork-house“intheAu；wheretheywouldfindcomfortablewarmrooms；——agoodwarmdinnereveryday；andworkforallthosewhowereinaconditiontolabour。Theywerelikewisetoldthatacommissionshouldimmediatelybeappointedtoenquireintotheircircumstances，andtograntthemsuchregularweeklyallowancesofmoney，inalms，astheyshouldstandinneedof；whichwasaccordinglydone。

Orderswerethenissuedtoallthemilitaryguardsinthedifferentpartsofthetown，tosendoutpatrolesfrequentlyintothestreetsintheirneighbourhood，toarrestallthebeggarstheyshouldmeetwith，andarewardwasofferedforeachbeggartheyshouldarrestanddeliverovertothecivilmagistrate。

Theguardofthepolicewaslikewisedirectedtobevigilant；

andtheinhabitantsatlarge，ofallranksanddenominations，wereearnestlycalledupontoassistincompletingaworkofsomuchpublicutility，andwhichhadbeensohappilybegun[8]。

Inanaddresstothepublic，whichwasprintedanddistributedgratisamongtheinhabitants，thefatalconsequencesarisingfromtheprevalenceofmendicityweredescribedinthemostlivelyandaffectingcolours，——andthemannerpointedoutinwhichtheycouldmosteffectuallyassistinputtinganendtoanevilequallydisgracefulandprejudicialtosociety。

Asthisaddress，(whichwaswrittenwithgreatsprit，byamanwellknownintheliteraryworld，ProfessorBabo，)givesaverystrikingandaveryjustpictureofthecharacter，manners，andcustoms，ofthehordsofidleanddissolutevagabondswhichinfestedMunichatthetimethemeasureinquestionwasadopted，andofthevariousartificestheymadeuseofincarryingontheirdepredations；Ihavethoughtitmightnotbeimpropertoannexit，atfulllength，intheAppendix，No。I。

Thisaddress，whichwaspresentedtoalltheheadsoffamiliesinthecity，andtomanybymyself，havinggoneroundtothedoorsofmostoftheprincipalcitizensforthatpurpose，wasaccompaniedbyprintedlists，inwhichtheinhabitantswererequestedtosetdowntheirnames；——placesofabode；——andthesumstheychosetocontributemonthly，forthesupportoftheestablishment。Theselists，(translationsofwhicharealsoinsertedintheAppendix，No。II。)weredeliveredtotheheadsoffamilies，withduplicates，totheendthatonecopybeingsentintothecommittee，theothermightremainwiththemasterofthefamily。

ThesesubscriptionsbeingPERFECTLYVOLUNTARY，mightbeaugmentedordiminishedatpleasure。Whenanypersonchosetoalterhissubscription，hesenttothepublicofficefortwoblanksubscriptionlists，andfillingthemupanew，withsuchalterationsashethoughtpropertomake，hetookuphisoldlistattheoffice，anddepositedthenewoneinitsstead。

Thesubscriptionlistsbeingallcollected，theyweresorted，andregularlyenteredaccordingtothenumbersofthehousesofthesubscribers，insixteengenerallists[9]，answeringtothesixteensubdivisionsordistrictsofthecity；andacopyofthegenerallistofeachdistrictwasgiventothecommissaryofthedistrict。

Thesecopies，whichwereproperlyauthenticated，servedforthedirectionofthecommissaryincollectingthesubscriptionsinhisdistrict，whichwasdoneregularlythelastSundaymorningofeverymonth。

Theamountofthecollectionwasimmediatelydeliveredbythecommissaryintothehandsofthebankeroftheinstitution，forwhichhereceivedtworeceiptsfromthebanker；oneofwhichhetransmittedtothecommittee，withhisreportofthecollection，whichhewasdirectedtosendinassoonasthecollectionwasmade。

Asthereweresomepersonswho，frommodesty，orothermotives，didnotchoosetohaveitknownpubliclyhowmuchtheygaveinalmstothepoor，andonthataccountwerenotwillingtohaveputdowntotheirnamesuponthelistofthesubscribers，thewholesumtheyweredesirousofappropriatingtothatpurpose；

toaccommodatematterstothepeculiardelicacyoftheirfeelings，thefollowingarrangementwasmade，andcarriedintoexecutionwithgreatsuccess。

Thosewhoweredesirousofcontributingprivatelytothereliefofthepoor，werenotifiedbyanadvertisementpublishedinthenews-papers，thattheymightsendtothebankeroftheinstitutionanysumsforthatpurposetheymightthinkproper，underanyfeignedname，orunderanymottoorotherdevice；

andthatnotonlyareceiptwouldbegiventothebearer，fortheamount，withoutandquestionsbeingaskedhim，but，forgreatersecurity，apublicacknowledgementofthereceiptofthesumwouldbepublishedbythebanker，withamentionofthefeignednameofdeviceunderwhichitcame，INTHENEXTMUNICHGAZETTE。

Toaccommodatethosewhomightbedisposedtogivetriflingsumsoccasionally，forthereliefofthepoor，andwhodidnotchoosetogo，ortosendtothebanker，fixedpoor-boxeswereplacedinallthechurches，andmostoftheinns；coffee-houses；andotherplacesofpublicresort；butnobodywasevercalledupontoputanythingintotheseboxes，norwasanypoor’s-boxcarriedround，oranyprivatecollectionoralms-gatheringpermittedtobemadeuponanyoccasion，orunderanypretencewhatever。

Whentheinhabitantshadsubscribedliberallytothesupportoftheinstitution，itwasbutjusttosecurethemfromallfurtherimportunityinbehalfofthepoor。Thiswaspromised，anditwasmosteffectuallydone；thoughnotwithoutsomedifficulty，andaveryconsiderableexpencetotheestablishment。

ThepoorstudentsintheLatinGermanschools；——thesistersofthereligiousorderofcharity；——thedirectorsofthehospitaloflepers；——andsomeotherpublicestablishments，hadbeensolonginthehabitofmakingcollections，bygoingroundamongtheinhabitantsfromhousetohouseatstatedperiods，askingalms，thattheyhadacquiredasortofrighttolevythoseperiodicalcontributions，ofwhichitwasnotthoughtprudenttodispossessthemwithoutgivingthemanequivalent。Andinorderthatthisequivalentmightnotappeartobetakenfromthesumssubscribedbytheinhabitantsforthesupportofthepoor，itwaspaidoutofthemonthlyallowancewhichtheinstitutionreceivedfromthechamberoffinances，orpublictreasuryofthestate。

Besidestheseperiodicalcollections，therewereothers，stillmoretroublesometotheinhabitants，fromwhichitwasnecessarytofreethem；andsomeoftheselastwereevensanctionedbylegalauthority。ItisthecustominGermanyforapprenticesinmostofthemechanicaltrades，assoonastheyhavefinishedtheirapprenticeshipswiththeirmasters，totravel，duringthreeorfouryears，intheneighbouringcountriesandprovinces，toperfectthemselvesintheirprofessionsbyworkingasjourneymenwherevertheycanfindemployment。Whenoneofthoseitinerantjourneymen-tradesmencomesintoatown，andcannotfindemploymentinit，heisconsideredASHAVINGARIGHTtobegtheassistanceoftheinhabitants，andparticularlyofthoseofthetradeheprofesses，toenablehimtogotothenexttown；andthisassistanceitwasnotthoughtjusttorefuse。Thiscustomwasnotonlyverytroublesometotheinhabitants，butgaverifetoinnumerableabuses。Greatnumbersofidlevagabondswerecontinuallystrollingaboutthecountryunderthenameoftravellingjourneymen-tradesmen；andthoughanyperson，whopresentedhimselfassuchinanystrangeplacewasobligedtoproduce(forhislegitimation)acertificatefromhislastmaster，inwhoseservicehehadbeenemployed，yetsuchcertificatesweresoeasilycounterfeited，orobtainedbyfraud，thatlittlereliancecouldbeplacedinthem。

Toremedyalltheseevils，thefollowingarrangementwasmade：

thosetravellingjourneymen-tradesmenwhoarriveatMunich，anddonotfindemployment，areobligedtoquitthetownimmediately，ortorepairtothemilitarywork-house，wheretheyareeitherfurnishedwithwork，orasmallsumisgiventhemtoenablethemtopursuetheirjourneyfarther。

Anotherarrangementbywhichtheinhabitantshavebeenrelievedfrommuchimportunity，andbywhichastophasbeenputtomanyabuses，isthenewregulationrespectingthosewhosufferbyfire；suchsuffererscommonlyobtainfromgovernmentspecialpermissiontomakecollectionsofcharitabledonationsamongtheinhabitantsincertaindistricts，duringalimitedtime。InsteadofthepermissiontomakecollectionsinthecityofMunich，thesufferersnowreceivecertainsumsfromthefundsoftheinstitutionforthepoor。Bythisarrangement，notonlytheinhabitantsarerelievedfromtheimportunitywhichalwaysattendspubliccollectionsofalms，butthesuffererssaveagreatdealoftime，whichtheyformerlyspentingoingaboutfromhousetohouse；andthesaleofthesepermissionstoundertakers，andmanyotherabuses，buttoofrequentbeforethisarrangementtookplace，arenowprevented。

ThedetailedaccountpublishedintheAppendix，No。III。ofthereceiptsandexpendituresoftheinstitutionduringfiveyears，willshowtheamountoftheexpenseincurredinrelievingtheinhabitantsfromthevariousperiodicalandothercollectionsbeforementioned。

Butnottolosesighttoolongofthemostinterestingobjectofthisestablishment，wemustfollowthepeoplewhowerearrestedinthestreets，totheasylumwhichwaspreparedforthem，butwhichnodoubtappearedtothematfirstamostodiousprison。

CHAPTER。V。

Thedifferentkindsofemploymentgiventothebeggarsupontheirbeingassembledinthehouseofindustry。

Theirgreatawkwardnessatfirst。

Theirdocility，andtheirprogressinusefulindustry。

Themannerinwhichtheyweretreated。

Themannerinwhichtheywerefed。

ThePrecautionsusedtopreventAbusesinthePublicKitchenfromwhichtheywerefed。

Asbyfarthegreaterpartofthesepoorcreaturesweretotallyunacquaintedwitheverykindofusefullabour，itwasnecessarytogivethemsuchwork，atfirst，aswasveryeasytobeperformed，andinwhichtherawmaterialswereoflittlevalue；

andthen，bydegrees，astheybecamemoreadroit，toemploytheminmanufacturingmorevaluablearticles。