第3章

ManyacommonsoldierintheElector’sservicewearsshirtsmadeupprivatelybythedelicatehandsofpersonswhowereneverseenpubliclytobeemployedinsuchcoarsework；——andmanyacomfortablemealhasbeenmadeinthetownofMunich，inprivate，bypersonsaccustomedtomoresumptuousfare，uponthesoupdestinedforthePoor，andfurnishedgratisfromthepublickitchenofthehouseofindustry。Manyotherswhostandinneedofassistance，will，intime，Ihope，getthebetteroftheirpride，andavailthemselvesoftheseadvantages。

TorenderthisestablishmentforthePooratMunichperfect，somethingisstillwanting——Thehouseofindustryistooremotefromthecenterofthetown，andmanyofthePoorliveatsuchadistancefromit，thatmuchtimeislostingoingandreturning——

Itissituated，itistrue，nearlyinthecenterofthedistrictinwhichmostofthePoorinhabit，butstilltherearemanywhodonotderivealltheadvantagesfromittheyotherwisewoulddowereitadjacenttotheirdwellings。Theonlywaytoremedythisimperfectionwouldbe，toestablishseveralsmallerpublickitchensindifferentpartsofthetown，withtwoorthreeroomsadjoiningtoeach，wherethePoormightwork——Theymighttheneitherfetchtherawmaterialsfromtheprincipalhouseofindustry，orbefurnishedwiththembythepersonswhosuperintendthosesubordinatekitchens；andwhomightserveatthesametimeasstewardsandinspectorsoftheworkingrooms，underthedirectionandcontroloftheofficerswhoareplacedattheheadofthegeneralestablishment。Thisarrangementisincontemplation，andwillbeputinexecutionassoonasconvenienthousescanbeprocuredandfittedupforthepurpose。

Inlargecities，thesepublickitchens，androomsadjoiningtothemforworking，shouldbeestablishedineveryparish；and，itisscarcelytobeconceivedhowmuchthisarrangementwouldcontributetothecomfortandcontentmentofthePoor，andtotheimprovementoftheirmorals。Theseworkingroomsmightbefittedupwithneatness；andevenwithelegance；andmadeperfectlywarm，clean，andcomfortable，ataverysmallexpence；

and，ifnothingweredonetodisgustthePoor，eitherbytreatingthemharshly，orusingFORCEtoobligethemtofrequenttheseestablishments，theywouldsoonavailthemselvesoftheadvantagesheldouttothem；andthetranquillitytheywouldenjoyinthesepeacefulretreats，would，bydegrees，calmtheagitationoftheirminds，——removetheirsuspicions，——andrenderthemhappy，——grateful，anddocile。

Thoughitmightnotbepossibletoprovideanyotherlodgingsforthemthanthemiserablebarrackstheynowoccupy，yet，astheymightspendthewholeoftheday，frommorningtilllateatnight，inthesepublicrooms，andhavenooccasiontoreturntotheirhomestillbed-time，theywouldnotexperiencemuchinconveniencefromthebadnessoftheaccommodationattheirowndwellings。

Shouldanybeattachedwithsickness，theymightbesenttosomehospital，orroomsbeprovidedforthem，aswellasfortheoldandinfirm，adjacenttothepublicworkingrooms。Certainhoursmightalsobesetapartforinstructingthechildren，daily，inreadingandwriting，inthedining-hall，orinsomeotherroomconvenientforthatpurpose。

Theexpenceofformingsuchanestablishmentineveryparishwouldnotbegreat，inthefirstoutset，andtheadvantagesderivedfromitwouldverysoonrepaythatexpence，withinterest——

ThePoormightbefedfromapublickitchenforLESSTHANHALF

whatitwouldcostthemtofeedthemselves；——theywouldturntheirindustrytobetteraccount，byworkinginapublicestablishment，andunderproperdirection，thanbyworkingathome；——aspiritofemulationwouldbeexcitedamongthem，andtheywouldpasstheirtimemoreagreeablyandcheerfully——

Theywouldbeentirelyrelievedfromtheheavyexpenseoffuelforcooking；and，inagreatmeasure，fromthatforheatingtheirdwellings；and，beingseldomathomeintheday-time，wouldwantlittlemorethanaplacetosleepin；sothattheexpenceoflodgingmightbegreatlydiminished——Itisevident，thatallthesesavingtogetherwouldoperateverypowerfullytolessenthepublicexpenceforthemaintenanceofthePoor；and，werepropermeasuresadopted，andpursuedwithcareandperseverance，Iampersuadedtheexpencewouldatlastbereducedtolittleornothing。

WithregardtothelodgingsforthePoor，Iamclearlyofopinionthatitisingeneralbest，particularlyingreattowns，thattheseshouldbeleftforthemselvestoprovide。Thistheycertainlywouldlikebetterthanbeingcrowdedtogether，andconfinedlikeprisonersinpoor-housesandhospitals；

andIreallythinkthedifferenceintheexpencewouldbeinconsiderable；andthoughtheymightbelesscomfortablyaccommodated，yettheinconveniencewouldbeamplycompensatedBYTHECHARMSWHICHLIBERTYDISPENSES。

InMunich，almostallthePoorprovidetheirownlodgings；

andtwiceayearhavecertainallowancesinmoney，toassisttheminpayingtheirrent——Manyamongthemwhoaresingle，haveindeed，nolodgingstheycancalltheirown。Theygotocertainpublic-housestosleep，wheretheyarefurnishedwithwhatiscalledabed，inagarret，foronecreutzer，(equaltoaboutone-thirdofapenny，)a-night；andfortwocreutzersa-nighttheygetaplaceinatolerablygoodbedinadecentroominapublic-houseofmorerepute。

Thereare，however，amongthePoor，manywhoareinfirm，andnotabletoshiftforthemselvesinthepublic-houses，andhavenotfamilies，ornearrelations，totakecareofthem。Forthese，aparticulararrangementhaslatelybeenmadeatMunich。Suchofthemashavefriendsoracquaintancesintownwithwhomtheycanlodge，arepermittedtodoso；butiftheycannotfindoutlodgingsthemselves，theyhavetheoption，eithertobeplacedinsomeprivatefamilytobetakencareof，orgotoahomewhichhaslatelybeenpurchasedandfittedupasanhospitalforlodgingthem[14]。

Thishouseissituatedinafineairysituation，onasmalleminenceuponthebanksoftheIsar，andoverlooksthewholeofthetown；——theplaininwhichitissituated；——andtheriver——

Itisneatlybuilt，andhasaspaciousgardenbelongingtoit。

Thereareseventeengoodroomsinthehouse；inwhichitissupposedabouteightypersonsmaybelodged。Thesewillallbefedfromonekitchen；andsuchofthemwhoareveryinfirm，willhaveotherslessinfirmplacedinthesameroomwiththem，toassistthem，andwaituponthem——Thecultivationofthegardenwillbetheiramusement，andtheproduceofittheirproperty——

Theywillbefurnishedwithworksuitabletotheirstrength；

andforallthelabourtheyperform，willbepaidinmoney，whichwillbeleftattheirowndisposal——Theywillbefurnishedwithfood，medicine，andclothing，gratis；andtothosewhoarenotabletoearnanythingbylabour，asmallsumofmoneywillbegivenweekly，toenablethemtopurchasetobacco，snuff，oranyotherarticleofhumbleluxurytowhichtheymayhavebeenaccustomed。

Icouldhavewishedthatthisasylumhadbeennearertothehouseofindustry。Itisindeednotveryfarfromit，perhapsnotmorethan400yards；butstillthatistoofar——Haditbeenunderthesameroof，oradjoiningtoit，thosewhoarelodgedinitmighthavebeenfedfromthepublickitchenofthegeneralestablishment，andhavebeenundertheimmediateinspectionoftheprincipalofficersofthehouseofindustry。Itwouldlikewisehaverenderedtheestablishmentveryinterestingtothosewhovisitit；whichisanobjectofmorerealimportancethancanwellbeimaginedbythosewhohavenothadoccasiontoknowhowmuchtheapprobationandapplauseofthepublicfacilitatedifficultenterprizes。

Themeansofunitingtherationalamusementofsociety，withthefurtheranceofschemescalculatedforthepromotionofpublicgood，isasubjecthighlydeservingtheattentionofallwhoareengagedinpublicaffairs。

CHAPTER。IX。

OfthemeansusedforextendingtheinfluenceoftheinstitutionforthepooratMunich，tootherpartsofBavaria。

OftheprogresswhichsomeoftheimprovementsintroducedatMunicharemakinginothercountries。

ThoughtheinstitutionofwhichIhaveundertakentogiveanaccount，wasconfinedtothecityofMunichanditssuburbs，yetmeasuresweretakentoextenditsinfluencetoallpartsofthecountry。

Theattempttoputanendtomendicityinthecapital，andtogiveemploymenttothePoor，havingbeencompletelysuccessful，thiseventwasformallyannouncedtothepublic，inthenews-papers；

andothertownswerecalledupontofollowtheexample。Notonlyanarrativeindetail，wasgivenofallthedifferentmeasurespursuedinthisimportantundertaking，buteverykindofinformationandassistancewasaffordedonthepartoftheinstitutionatMunich，toallwhomightbedisposedtoengageinformingsimilarestablishmentsinotherpartsofthecountry。

Copiesofallthedifferentlists，returns，certificates，etc。

usedinthemanagementofthePoor，weregivengratistoall，strangersaswellasinhabitantsofthecountry，whoappliedforthem；andnoinformationrelativetotheestablishment，ortoanyofitsdetails，waseverrefused。Thehouseofindustrywasopeneverydayfrommorningtillnighttoallvisitors；andpersonswereappointedtoaccompanystrangersintheirtourthroughthedifferentapartments，andtogivethefullestinformationrelativetothedetails，andeventoallthesecretsofthevariousmanufacturescarriedon；andprintedcopiesofthedifferenttables，tickets，checks，etc。madeuseofincarryingonthecurrentbusinessofthehouse，werefurnishedtoeveryonewhoaskedforthem；togetherwithanaccountofthemannerinwhichthesewereused，andoftheothermeasuresadoptedtopreventfraudsandpeculationinthevariousbranchesofthisextensiveestablishment。

AsfewmanufacturesinBavariaarecarriedontoanyextent；

themoreindigentoftheinhabitantsare，ingeneral，sototallyunacquaintedwitheverykindofworkinwhichthePoorcouldbemostusefullyemployed，thatthatcircumstancealoneisagreatobstacletothegeneralintroductionthroughoutthecountryofthemeasuresadoptedinMunichforemployingthePoor。Toremovethisdifficulty，thedifferenttownsandcommunitieswhoaredesirousofformingestablishmentsforgivingemploymenttothePoor，areinvitedtosendpersonsproperlyqualifiedtothehouseofindustryatMunich，wheretheymaybetaught，gratis，spinning，initsvariousbranches；knitting；sewing，etc。inordertoqualifythemtobecomeinstructorstothePoorontheirreturnhome。

Andeveninstructorsalreadyformed，andpossessingalltherequisitequalificationsforsuchanoffice，areofferedtobefurnishedbythehouseofindustryinMunichtosuchcommunitiesasshallapplyforthem。

Anotherdifficulty，apparentlynotlessweightythanthatjustmentioned，butwhichismoreeasilyandmoreeffectuallyremoved，istheembarrassmentmanyofthesmallercommunitiesarelikelytobeunderinprocuringrawmaterials，andinsellingtoadvantagethegoodsmanufactured，or，(asiscommonlythecase，)

INPARTONLYMANUFACTURED，bythePoor。Theyarn，forinstance，whichisspunbytheminacountry-townorvillage，farremovedfromanymanufactureofcloth，maylieonhandalongtimebeforeitcanbesoldtoadvantage。Toremedythis，thehouseofindustryatMunichisorderedtofurnishrawmaterialstosuchcommunitiesasshallapplyforthem，andreceiveinreturnthegoodsmanufactured，atthefullpricespaidforthesamearticlesinMunich。Notonlythesemeasures，andmanyothersofasimilarnature，aretaken，tofacilitatetheintroductionofindustryamongthePoorthroughoutthecountry；buteveryencouragementisheldouttoinduceindividualstoexertthemselvesinthislaudableundertaking。Thosecommunitieswhicharethefirsttofollowtheexampleofthecapital，arehonourablymentionedinthenews-papers；andsuchindividualsasdistinguishedthemselvesbytheirzealandactivityuponthoseoccasions，arepraisedandrewarded。

Aworthycurate，(Mr。Lechner，)preacherinoneofthechurchesinMunich，who，ofhisownaccord，hadtakenuponhimselftodefendthemeasuresadoptedwithregardtothePoor，andtorecommendtheminthemostearnestmannerfromthepulpit，wassentforbytheElector，intohiscloset，andthankedforhisexertions。

Thistransactionbeingimmediatelymadeknown，(anaccountofithavingbeenpublishedinthenews-papers，)tendednotalittletoengagetheclergyinallpartsofthecountrytoexertthemselvesinsupportoftheinstitution。

ItisnotmyintentiontoinsinuatethattheclergyinBavariastoodinneedofanysuchmotivetostimulatethemtoactioninacausesoimportanttothehappinessandwell-beingofmankind，andconsequentlysonearlyconnectedwiththesacreddutiesoftheiroffice；——onthecontrary，Ishouldbewantingincandour，aswellasgratitude，wereInottoembracethisopportunityofexpressingpublicity，theobligationsIfeelmyselfundertothemfortheirsupportandassistance。

Thenumberofexcellentsermonswhichhavebeenpreached，inordertorecommendthemeasuresadoptedbythegovernmentformakingprovisionforthePoor，showhowmuchthisusefulandrespectablebodyofmenhavehaditathearttocontributetothesuccessofthisimportantmeasure；andtheirreadinesstoco-operatewithme，(aProtestant，)uponalloccasionswheretheirassistancehasbeenasked，notonlydoeshonourtotheliberalityoftheirsentiments，butcallsformypersonalacknowledgments，andparticularthanks。

IshallconcludethisEssaywithanaccountoftheprogresswhichsomeoftheimprovementsintroducedatMunicharenowmakinginothercountries。DuringmylatejourneyinItalyfortherecoveryofmyhealth，IvisitedVerona；andbecomingacquaintedwiththeprincipaldirectorsoftwolargeandnoblehospitals，laPieta，andlaMisericorde，inthatcity，theformercontainingabout350，andthelatternear500Poor，Ihadfrequentoccasionstoconversewiththemuponthesubjectofthoseestablishments，andtogivethemanaccountofthearrangementsthathadbeenmadeinMunich。Ilikewisetookthelibertyofproposingsomeimprovements，andparticularlyinregardtothearrangementsforfeedingthesePoor；andinthemanagementofthefiresemployedforcooking。Fire-wood，theonlyfuelusedinthatcountry，isextremelyscarceanddear，andmadeaveryheavyarticleintheexpencesofthoseinstitutions。

Thoughthisscarcityoffuel，whichhadprevailedforagesinthatpartofItaly，hadrendereditnecessarytopayattentiontotheeconomyoffuel，andhadoccasionedsomeimprovementstobemadeinthemanagementofheat；yetIfound，uponexaminingthekitchensofthesetwohospitals，andcomparingthequantitiesoffuelconsumedwiththequantitiesofvictualscooked，thatSEVERN-EIGHTHSofthefire-woodtheywerethenconsumingmightbesaved[15]。Havingcommunicatedtheresultofthoseenquiriestothedirectorsofthesetwohospitals，andofferedmyservicetoalterthekitchens，andarrangethemupontheprinciplesofthatinthehouseofindustryatMunich，(whichIdescribedtothem，)

theyacceptedmyoffer，andthekitchenswererebuiltundermyimmediatedirection；andhavebothsucceeded，evenbeyondmymostsanguineexpectations。ThatofthehospitaloflaPietaisthemostcompletekitchenIhaveeverbuilt；andIwouldrecommenditasamodel，inpreferencetoanyIhaveeverseen。

Ishallgiveamoreparticulardescriptionofit，withplansandestimates，inmyEssayontheManagementofHeat。

DuringthetimeIwasemployedinbuildingthenewkitcheninthehospitaloflaPieta，IhadanopportunityofmakingmyselfacquaintedwithallthedetailsoftheclothingofthePoorbelongingtothatestablishment；andIfoundthatverygreatsavingsmightbemadeinthatarticleofexpence。Imadeaproposaltothedirectorsofthathospital，tofurnishthemwithclothingfortheirPoor，readymadeup，fromthehouseofindustryatMunich；anduponmyreturntoMunichIsentthemTWELVEcompletesuitsofclothingofdifferentsizesasasample，andaccompaniedthemwithanestimateofthepricesatwhichwecouldaffordtodeliverthematVerona。

Thesuccessofthislittleadventurehasbeenveryflattering，andhasopenedaveryinterestingchannelforcommerce，andfortheencouragementofindustryinBavaria。Thissampleofclothingbeingapproved，and，withalltheexpencesofcarriageadded，beingfoundtobenearTWENTYPERCENT。cheaperthanthatformerlyused，ordershavebeenreceivedfromItalybythehouseofindustryatMunich，toaconsiderableamount，forclothingthePoor。InthebeginningofSeptemberlast，afewdaysbeforeIleftMunichtocometoEngland，Ihadthepleasuretoassistinpackingupandsendingoff，overtheAlps，bytheTyrol，SIX

HUNDREDarticlesofclothingofdifferentkindsforthePoorofVerona；andhopesoontoseethePoorofBavariagrowingrich，bymanufacturingclothingforthePoorofItaly。

ENDOFTHEFIRSTESSAY。

FootnotestoEssayI。

[1]

Thispaper，asitcouldafterwardsbemadeuseofformakingcartridges，infactcostnothing。

[2]

Acreutzeris11/33ofanEnglishpenny。

[3]

Particularlocalreasons，whichitisnotnecessaryheretoexplain，havehithertopreventedtheestablishmentofmilitarygardensinthesetwogarrisontowns。

[4]

Thewholeamountofthisburdenwasnotmorethan30，000florins，orabout2721L。sterlingayear。

[5]

Mons。Dallarmi。

[6]

TheannualamountofthesevariousreceiptsmaybeseenintheaccountspublishedintheAppendix。

[7]

Almostallthegreatlaw-givers，andfoundersofreligions，fromtheremotestantiquity，seemtohavebeenawareoftheinfluenceofcleanlinessuponthemoralcharacterofman；andhavestronglyinculcatedit。Inmanycasesithasbeeninterwovenwiththemostsolemnritesofpublicandprivateworship，andissostillinmanycountries。TheideathatthesoulisdefiledanddepravedbyeverythingUNCLEAN，orwhichdefiesthebody，hascertainlyprevailedinallages；andhasbeenparticularlyattendedtobythosegreatbenefactorsofmankind，who，bytheintroductionofPEACEandORDERinsociety，havelabouredsuccessfullytopromotethehappinessoftheirfellow-creatures。

Orderanddisorder——peaceandwar——healthandsickness，cannotexisttogether；butCOMFORTandCONTENTMENT，andtheinseparablecompanionsofHAPPINESSandVIRTUE，canonlyarisefromorder，peace，andhealth。

[8]

UponthisoccasionImustnotforgettomentionacuriouscircumstance，whichcontributedverymuchtowardsclearingthetowneffectuallyofbeggars。Itbeingfoundthatsomeofthemosthardenedofthesevagabondswereattemptingtoreturntotheiroldpractices，andthattheyfoundmeanstoescapethepatroles，bykeepingasharplook-out，andavoidingthem，toholdthemmoreeffectuallyincheck，thepatrolessentoutuponthisservicewereorderedtogowithoutarms。Inconsequenceofthisarrangement，thebeggarsbeingnolongerabletodistinguishwhowereinsearchofthem，andwhowerenot，sawapatroleineverysoldiertheymetwithinthestreets，(andofthesethereweregreatnumbers，Munichbeingagarrisontown，)andfromthenceforwardtheywerekeptinawe。

[9]

Uponanewdivisionofthetown，whenthesuburbswereincluded，thenumberofsubdivisions(abtheilungs)wereaugmentedtotwentythree。

[10]

Thiswaswritteninthesummeroftheyear1795。

[11]

Asthesechildrenwerenotshutupandconfinedlikeprisonersinthehouseofindustry，butalllodgedinthetown，withtheirparentsorfriends，theyhadmanyopportunitiestorecreatethemselves，andtakeexerciseintheopenair；notonlyonholidays，ofwhichthereareaverylargenumberindeedkeptinBavaria；butalsoonworking-days，incomingandgoingtoandfromthehouseofindustry。Hadnotthisbeenthecase，areasonabletimewouldcertainlyhavebeenallowedthemforplayandrecreation。ThecadetsbelongingtotheMilitaryAcademyatMunichareallowednolessthanTHREEHOURSadayforexerciseandrelaxation，vizONEHOURimmediatelyafterdinner，whichisdevotedtomusic，andTWOHOURS，laterintheafternoon，forwalkinginthecountry，orplayingintheopenfieldsnearthetown。

[12]

SincethepublicationofthefirsteditionoftheEssay，theAuthorhasreceivedanaccountofthetotaldestructionoftheMilitaryWork-houseatManheim。Itwassetonfire，andburnttotheground，duringthelastsiegeofthatcitybytheAustriantroops。

[13]

Above18，000poundssterling。

[14]

Thecommittee，attheheadoftheestablishment，hasbeenenabledtomakethispurchase，bylegaciesmadetotheinstitution。

Theselegacieshavebeennumerous，andareincreasingeveryday；

whichclearlyshows，thatthemeasuresadoptedwithregardtothePoorhavemetwiththeapprobationofthepublic。

[15]

IfounduponexaminingthefamouskitchenofthegreathospitalatFlorence，thatthewasteoffuelthereisstillgreater。

CONTENTSofESSAYII。

oftheFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESonwhichGENERALESTABLISHMENTSfortheRELIEFofthePOORmaybeformedinallCountries。

CHAPTER。I。

GeneralViewoftheSubject。

DeplorableStateofthosewhoarereducedtoPoverty。

NoBodyofLawscanbesoframedastoprovideeffectuallyfortheirWants。

OnlyadequateReliefthatcanbeaffordedthemmustbederivedfromthevoluntaryAssistanceoftheHumaneandBenevolent，HowthatAssistanceistobesecured。

ObjectionstotheExpenseoftakingcareofthePooranswered。

OftheMeansofintroducingaSchemefortheReliefofthePoor。

CHAPTER。II。

OftheExtentofanEstablishmentforthePoor。

OftheDivisionofaTownorCityintoDistricts。

OftheMannerofcarryingontheBusinessofapublicEstablishmentforthePoor。

OftheNecessityofnumberingalltheHousesinaTownwhereanEstablishmentforthePoorisformed。

CHAPTER。III。

GeneralDirectionoftheAffairsofanInstitutionforthePoorattendedwithnogreatTrouble。

OfthebestMethodofcarryingonthecurrentBusiness，andofthegreatUseofprintedForms，orBlanks。

OfthenecessaryQualificationsofthosewhoareplacedattheHeadofanEstablishmentfortheReliefofthePoor。

GreatImportanceofthisSubject。

CrueltyandImpolicyofputtingthePoorintotheHandsofPersonstheycannotrespectandlove。

ThePersonspointedoutwhoaremoreimmediatelycalledupontocomeforwardwithSchemesfortheReliefofthePoor，andtogivetheiractiveAssistanceincarryingthemintoEffect。

CHAPTER。IV。

OftheNecessityofeffectualMeasuresforintroducingaSpiritofIndustryamongthePoorinforminganEstablishmentfortheirReliefandSupport。

OftheMeanswhichmaybeusedforthatPurpose；andforsettingonfootaSchemeforforminganEstablishmentforfeedingthePoor。

CHAPTER。V。

OftheMeanswhichmaybeusedbyIndividualsinaffluentCircumstancesfortheReliefofthePoorintheirNeighbourhood。

ESSAYII。

CHAPTER。I。

GeneralViewoftheSubject。

DeplorableStateofthosewhoarereducedtoPoverty。

NoBodyofLawscanbesoframedastoprovideefficaciouslyfortheirWants。

OnlyadequateReliefthatcanbeaffordedthemmustbederivedfromthevoluntaryAssistanceoftheHumaneandBenevolent。

HowthatAssistanceistobesecured。

ObjectionstotheExpenceoftakingcareofthePooransweredOftheMeansofintroducingaSchemefortheReliefofthePoor。

ThoughthefundamentalprinciplesuponwhichtheEstablishmentforthePooratMunichisfounded，aresuchasIcanventuretorecommend；andnotwithstandingthefullestinformationrelativetoeverypartofthatEstablishmentmay，Ibelieve，becollectedfromtheaccountofitwhichisgivenintheforegoingEssay；

yet，asthisinformationissodispersedindifferentpartsofthework，andsoblendedwithavarietyofotherparticulars，thatthereaderwouldfindsomedifficultyinbringingthewholeintooneview，andarrangingitsystematicallyinacompletewhole；Ishallendeavourbrieflytoresumethesubject，andgivetheresultofallmyenquiriesrelativetoit，inamoreconcise，methodical，andusefulform：andasfromtheexperience，IhavehadinprovidingforthewantsofthePoor，andreclaimingtheindolentandvicioustohabitsofusefulindustry，Imayventuretoconsidermyselfauthorisedtospeakwithsomedegreeofconfidenceuponthesubject；insteadofmerelyrecapitulatingwhathasbeensaidoftheEstablishmentforthePooratMunich，(whichwouldbeatbestbutatiresomerepetition，)Ishallnowallowmyselfagreaterrangeintheseinvestigations，andshallgivemyopinionswithoutrestraintwhichmaycomeunderconsideration。AndthoughthesystemIshallpropose，isfoundeduponthesuccessfulexperimentsmadeatMunich，asmaybeseenbycomparingitwiththedetailsofthatEstablishment；yet，asadifferenceinthelocalcircumstancesunderwhichanoperationisperformed，mustnecessarilyrequirecertainmodificationsoftheplan，Ishallendeavourtotakeduenoticeofeverymodificationwhichmayappeartometobenecessary[1]。

BeforeIenteruponthosedetails，itmaybepropertotakeamoreextensivesurveyofthesubject，andinvestigatethegeneralandfundamentalPrinciplesonwhichanEstablishmentfortheReliefofthePoor，ineverycountry，oughttobefounded。

AtthesametimeIshallconsiderthedifficultieswhicharegenerallyunderstoodtobeinseparablefromsuchanundertaking，andendeavourtoshowthattheyarebynomeansinsurmountable。

ThatdegreeofpovertywhichinvolvesinittheinabilitytoprocurethenecessariesoflifewithoutthecharitableassistanceofthePublic，is，doubtless，theheaviestofallmisfortunes；

asitnotonlybringsalongwithitthegreatestphysicalevils，pain，——anddisease，butisattendedbythemostmortifyinghumiliation，andhopelessdespondency。Itis，moreover，anincurableevil；andisratherirritatedthanalleviatedbytheremediescommonlyappliedtoremoveit。Theonlyalleviation，ofwhichitiscapable，mustbederivedfromthekindandsoothingattentionsofthetrulybenevolent。Thisistheonlybalmwhichcansooththeanguishofawoundedheart，orallaytheagitationsofamindirritatedbydisappointment，andrenderedferociousbydespair。

Andhenceitevidentlyappearsthatnobodyoflaws，howeverwiselyframed，can，inanycountry，effectuallyprovideforthereliefofthePoor，withoutthevoluntaryassistanceofindividuals；

forthoughtaxesmaybeleviedbyauthorityofthelawsforthesupportofthePoor，yet，thosekindattentionswhicharesonecessaryinthemanagementofthePoor，aswelltoreclaimthevicious，astocomfortandencouragethedespondent——thosedemonstrationsofconcernwhicharealwayssogreataconsolationtopersonsindistress——cannotbeCOMMANDEDBYFORCE。Onthecontrary，everyattempttouseFORCEinsuchcases，seldomfailstoproduceconsequencesdirectlycontrarytothoseintended[2]。

ButiftheonlyeffectualreliefforthedistressofthePoor，andthesovereignremedyforthenumerousevilstosocietywhicharisefromtheprevalenceofmendicity，indolence，poverty，andmisery，amongthelowerclassesofsociety，mustbederivedfromthecharitableandvoluntaryexertionsofindividuals；——

astheassistanceofthePubliccannotbeexpected，unlessthemostunlimitedconfidencecanbeplaced，notonlyinthewisdomofthemeasuresproposed，butalso，andMOREESPECIALLY，intheUPRIGHTNESS，ZEAL，andPERFECTDISINTERESTEDNESSofthepersonsappointedtocarrythemintoexecution；itisevidentthatthefirstobjecttobeattendedto，informingaplanofprovidingforthePoor，istomakesucharrangementsaswillCOMMANDTHE

CONFIDENCEOFTHEPUBLIC，andfixituponthemostsolidanddurablefoundation。

Thiscanmostcertainly，andmosteffectuallybedone；

firstbyengagingpersonsofhighrankandthemostrespectablecharactertoplacethemselvesattheheadoftheEstablishment：

secondly，byjoining，inthegeneraladministrationoftheaffairsoftheEstablishment，acertainnumberofpersonschosenfromthemiddlingclassofsociety；reputabletradesmen，ineasycircumstances；——headsoffamilies；——andothersofknownintegrityandofhumanedispositions[3]：

thirdly，byengagingallthosewhoareemployedintheadministrationoftheaffairsofthePoor，toservewithoutfeeorreward：

fourthly，bypublishing，atstatedperiods，suchparticularandauthenticaccountsofallreceiptsandexpenditures，thatnodoubtcanpossiblybeentertainedbythePublicrespectingtheproperapplicationofthemoniesdestinedforthereliefofthePoor：

fifthly，bypublishinganalphabeticallistofallwhoreceivealms；inwhichlistshouldbeinserted，notonlythenameoftheperson，hisage；condition；andplaceofabode；butalsotheamountoftheweeklyassistancegrantedtohim；inorderthatthosewhoentertainanydoubtsrespectingthemannerinwhichthePoorareprovidedfor，mayhavetheopportunityofvisitingthemattheirhabitations，andmakingenquiryintotheirrealsituations：

andlastly，theconfidenceofthePublic，andthecontinuanceoftheirsupport，willmosteffectuallybesecuredbyapromptandsuccessfulexecutionoftheplanadopted。

Thereisscarcelyagreaterplaguethatcaninfestsociety，thanswarmsofbeggars；andtheinconvenienciestoindividualsarisingfromthemaresogenerally，andsoseverelyfelt，thatrelieffromsogreatanevilcannotfailtoproduceapowerfulandlastingeffectuponthemindsofthePublic，andtoengageallrankstouniteinthesupportofmeasuresasconducivetothecomfortofindividuals，astheyareessentialtothenationalhonorandreputation。AndevenincountrieswherethePoordonotmakeapracticeofbegging，theknowledgeoftheirsufferingsmustbepainfultoeverybenevolentmind；andthereisnoperson，Iwouldhope，socalloustothefeelingsofhumanity，asnottorejoicemostsincerelywheneffectualreliefisafforded。

ThegreatestdifficultyattendingtheintroductionofanymeasurefoundeduponthevoluntarysupportofthePublic，formaintainingthePoor，andputtinganendtomendicity，isanopiniongenerallyentertained，thataveryheavyexpencewouldbeindispensablynecessarytocarryintoexecutionsuchanundertaking。Butthisdifficultymaybespeedilyremovedbyshowing，(whichmayeasilybedone，)thattheexecutionofawell-arrangedplanforprovidingforthePoor，andgivingusefulemploymenttotheidleandindolent，sofarfrombeingexpensive，must，intheend，beattendedwithaveryconsiderablesaving，notonlytothePubliccollectively，butalsotoindividuals。

Thosewhonowextorttheirsubsistencebybeggingandstealing，are，infact，alreadymaintainedbythePublic。Butthisisnotall；theyaremaintainedinamannerthemostexpensiveandtroublesome，tothemselvesandthePublic，thatcanbeconceived；

andthismaybesaidofallthePooringeneral。

Apoorperson，wholivesinpovertyandmisery，andmerelyfromhandtomouth，hasnotthepowerofavailinghimselfofanyofthoseeconomicalarrangements，inprocuringthenecessariesoflife，whichother，inmoreaffluentcircumstances，mayemploy；

andwhichmaybeemployedwithpeculiaradvantageinapublicEstablishment——Addedtothis，thegreaterpartofthePoor，aswellthosewhomakeaprofessionofbegging，asotherwhodonot，mightbeusefullyemployedinvariouskindsoflabour；

andsupposingthem，onewithanother，tobecapableofearningONLYHALFasmuchasisnecessarytotheirsubsistence，thiswouldreducethepresentexpencetothePublicfortheirmaintenanceatleastonehalf；andthishalfmightbereducedstillmuchlower，byaproperattentiontoorderandeconomyinprovidingfortheirsubsistence。

Weretheinhabitantsofalargetownwheremendicityisprevalent，tosubscribeonlyhalfthesumsannually，whichareextortedfromthembybeggars，Iamconfidentitwouldbequitesufficient，withaproperarrangement，forthecomfortablesupportofthePoorofalldenominations。

Notonlythosewhowereformerlycommonstreet-beggars，butallothers，withoutexception，whoreceivealms，inthecityofMunichanditssuburbs，amountingatthistimetomorethan1800

persons，aresupportedalmostentirelybyvoluntarysubscriptionsfromtheinhabitants；andIhavebeenassuredbynumbersofthemostopulentandrespectablecitizens，thatthesumsannuallyextortedfromthemformerlybybeggarsalone，exclusiveofprivatecharities，amountedtomorethanthreetimesthesumsnowgivenbythemtothesupportofthenewinstitution。Iinsistthemoreuponthispoint，asIknowthatthegreatexpencewhichhasbeensupposedtobeindispensablynecessarytocarryintoexecutionanyschemeforeffectuallyprovidingforthePoor，andputtinganendtomendicity，hasdeterredmanywell-disposedpersonsfromengaginginsousefulanenterprise。Ihaveonlytoaddmymostearnestwishes，thatwhatIhavesaidanddone，mayremoveeverydoubt，andre-animatethezealofthePublic，inacauseinwhichthedearestinterestsofhumanityaresonearlyconcerned。

Inalmosteverypublicundertaking，whichistobecarriedintoeffectbytheunitedvoluntaryexertionsofindividuals，withouttheinterferenceofgovernment，thereisadegreeofawkwardnessinbringingforwardthebusiness，whichitisdifficulttoavoid，andwhichisfrequentlynotalittleembarrassing。ThiswilldoubtlessbefeltbythosewhoengageinformingandexecutingschemesforprovidingforthePoorbyprivatesubscription；

theyshouldnot，however，sufferthemselvestobediscouragedbyadifficultywhichmaysoeasilybesurmounted。

IntheintroductionofeveryschemeforforminganEstablishmentforthePoor，whetheritbeproposedtodefraytheexpensebyvoluntarysubscriptions，orbyataxleviedforthepurpose，itwillbeproperfortheauthorsorpromotersofthemeasuretoaddressthePublicuponthesubject；toinformthemofthenatureofthemeasuresproposed；——oftheirtendencytopromotethepublicwelfare，andtopointoutthevariouswaysinwhichindividualsmaygivetheirassistancetorendertheschemesuccessful。

TherearefewcitiesinEurope，Ibelieve，inwhichthestateofthePoorwouldjustifysuchanaddressasthatwhichwaspublishedatMunichupontakingupthebeggarsinthattown；

butsomethingofthekind；withsuchalterationsaslocalcircumstancesmayrequire，Iampersuaded，wouldinmostcasesproducegoodeffects。WithregardtotheassistancethatmightbebegivenbyindividualstocarryintoeffectaschemeforprovidingforthePoor，thoughmeasuresforthatpurposemay，andoughttobesotaken，thatthePublicwouldhavelittleornotroubleintheirexecution，yettherearemanythingswhichindividualsmustbeinstructedcautiouslytoavoid；otherwisetheenterprisewillbeextremelydifficult，itnotimpracticable；

and，aboveallthings，theymustbewarnedagainstgivingalmstobeggars。

Thoughnothingwouldbemoreunjustandtyrannical，thantopreventthegenerousandhumanefromcontributingtothereliefofthePoorandnecessitous，yet，asgivingalmstobeggarstendssodirectlyandsopowerfullytoencourageidlenessandimmorality，todiscouragetheindustriousPoor，andperpetuatemendicity，withallitsattendantevils，toomuchpainscannotbetakentoguardthePublicagainstapracticesofatalinitsconsequencestosociety。

AllwhoaredesirousofcontributingtothereliefofthePoor，shouldbeinvitedtosendtheircharitabledonationstobedistributedbythosewho，beingattheheadofapublicInstitutionestablishedfortakingcareofthePoor，mustbesupposedbestacquaintedwiththeirwants。Or，ifindividualsshouldpreferdistributingtheirowncharities，theyoughtatleasttotakethetroubletoenquireafterfitobjects；andtoapplytheirdonationsinsuchamannerasnottocounteractthemeasuresofapublicandusefulEstablishment。

But，beforeIenterfartherintothesedetails，itwillbenecessarytodeterminetheproperextentandlimitsofanEstablishmentforthePoor；andshowhowatownorcityoughttobedividedindistricts，inordertofacilitatethepurposesofsuchaninstitution。

CHAPTER。II。

OftheExtentofanEstablishmentforthePoor。

OftheDivisionofaTownorCityintoDistricts。

OftheMannerofcarryingontheBusinessofapublicEstablishmentforthePoor。

OftheNecessityofnumberingalltheHousesinaTownwhereanEstablishmentforthePoorisformed。

Howeverlargeacitymaybe，inwhichanEstablishmentforthePooristobeformed，Iamclearlyofopinion，thatthereshouldbebutONEESTABLISHMENT；——withONEcommitteeforthegeneralmanagementofallitsaffairs；——andONEtreasurer。Thisunityappearsessentiallynecessary，notonlybecause，whenallthepartstendtoonecommoncentre，andactinuniontothesameend，underonedirection，theyarelessliabletobeimpededintheiroperations，ordisorderedbycollision；——butalsoonaccountofTHEVERYUNEQUALDISTRIBUTIONOFWEALTH，aswellasofmiseryandpoverty，inthedifferentdistrictsofthesametown。

SomeparishesingreatcitieshavecomparativelyfewPoor，whileothers，perhapslessopulent，areoverburthenedwiththem；

andthereseemstobenogoodreasonwhyahouse-keeperinanytownshouldbecalledupontopaymoreorlessforthesupportofthePoor，becausehehappenstoliveononesideofastreetortheother。Addedtothis，therearecertaindistrictsinmostgreattownswherepovertyandmiseryseemtohavefixedtheirhead-quarters，andwhereitwouldbeIMPOSSIBLEfortheinhabitantstosupporttheexpenceofmaintainingtheirPoor。

Wherethatisthecase，asmeasuresforpreventingmendicityineverytownmustbegeneral，inordertotheirbeingsuccessful，theenterprise，FROMTHATCIRCUMSTANCEALONE，wouldberenderedimpracticable，weretheassistanceofthemoreopulentdistrictstoberefused。

Thereisadistrict，forinstance，belongingtoMunich，(theAu，)

averylargeparish，whichmaybecalledtheSt。Giles’softhatcity，wherethealmsannuallyreceivedareTWENTYTIMESasmuchasthewholedistrictcontributestothefundsofthepublicInstitutionforthePoor——Theinhabitantsoftheotherparishes，however，haveneverconsidereditahardshiptothem，thatthePooroftheAushouldbeadmittedtosharethepublicbounty，incommonwiththePooroftheotherparishes。

Everytownmustbedivided，accordingtoitsextent，intoagreaterorlessnumberofdistricts，orsubdivisions；andeachofthesemusthaveacommitteeofinspection，orratheracommissary，withassistants，whomustbeentrustedwiththesuperintendanceandmanagementofallaffairsrelativetothereliefandsupportofthePoorwithinitslimits。

Inverylargecities，asthedetailsofageneralEstablishmentforthePoorwouldbeverynumerousandextensive，itwouldprobablyfacilitatethemanagementoftheaffairsoftheEstablishment，if，besidethesmallestsubdivisionsordistricts，therecouldbeformedotherlargerdivisions，composedofacertainnumberofdistricts，andputunderthedirectionofparticularcommittees。

Themostnatural，andperhapsthemostconvenientmethodofdividingalargecityortown，forthepurposeofintroducingageneralEstablishmentforthePoor，wouldbe，toformoftheparishestheprimarydivisions；andtodivideeachparishintosomanysubdivisions，ordistricts，asthateachdistrictmayconsistoffrom3000to4000inhabitants。Thoughtheimmediateinspectionandgeneralsuperintendanceoftheaffairsofeachparishweretobelefttoitsownparticularcommittee，yetthesupremecommitteeattheheadofthegeneralInstitutionshouldnotonlyexerciseacontrollingpowerovertheparochialcommittees，buttheselastshouldnotbeempoweredtolevymoneyupontheparishioners，bysettingonfootvoluntarysubscriptions，orotherwise；ortodisposeofanysumsbelongingtothegeneralInstitution，exceptincasesofurgentnecessity；——norshouldtheybepermittedtointroduceanynewarrangementswithrespecttothemanagementofthePoor，withouttheapprobationandconsentofthesupremecommittee：themostperfectuniformityinthemodeoftreatingthePoor，andtransactingallpublicbusinessrelativetotheInstitution，beingindispensablynecessarytosecuresuccesstotheundertaking，andfixtheEstablishmentuponafirmanddurablefoundation。

Forthesamereasons，allmoniescollectedintheparishesshouldnotbereceivedanddisposedofbytheirparticularcommittees，butoughttobepaidintothepublictreasuryoftheInstitution，andcarriedtothegeneralaccountofreceipts；——and，inlikemanner，thesumsnecessaryforthesupportofthePoorineachparishshouldbefurnishedfromthegeneraltreasury，ontheordersofthesupremecommittee。

Withregardtotheapplicationsofindividualsindistressforassistance，allsuchapplicationsoughttobemadethroughthecommissaryofthedistricttotheparochialcommittee；——andwherethenecessityisnoturgent，andparticularlywherepermanentassistanceisrequired，thedemandshouldbereferredbytheparochialcommitteetothesupremecommittee，fortheirdecision。

Incasesofurgentnecessity，theparochialcommittees，andeventhecommissariesofdistricts，shouldbeauthorizedtoadministerrelief，exofficio，andwithoutdelay；forwhichpurposetheyshouldbefurnishedwithcertainsumsinadvance，tobeafterwardsaccountedforbythem。

Thatthesupremecommitteemaybeexactlyinformedoftherealstateofthoseindistresswhoapplyforrelief，everypetition，forwardedbyaparochialcommittee，orbyacommissaryofadistrict，wheretherearenoparochialcommittees，shouldbeaccompaniedwithanexactanddetailedaccountofthecircumstancesofthepetitioner，signedbythecommissaryofthedistricttowhichhebelongs，togetherwiththeamountoftheweeklysum，orotherrelief，whichsuchcommissarymaydeemnecessaryforthesupportofthepetitioner。

TosavethecommissariesofdistrictsthetroubleofwritingthedescriptionsofthePoorwhoapplyforassistance，printedforms，similartothatwhichmaybeenseenintheAppendix，No。V。maybefurnishedtothem；——andotherprintedforms，ofalikenature，maybeintroducedwithgreatadvantageinmanyothercafesinthemanagementofthePoor。

Withregardtothemannerinwhichthesupremeandparochialcommitteesshouldbeformed；——howevertheymaybecomposed，itwillbeindispensablyrequisite，forthepreservationoforderandharmonyinallthedifferentpartsoftheEstablishment，thatonememberatleastofeachparochialcommitteebepresent，andhaveaseat，andvoice，asamemberofthesupremecommittee。

And，thatallthemembersofeachparochialcommitteemaybeequallywellinformedwithregardtothegeneralaffairsoftheEstablishment，itmayperhapsbeproperthatthosemembersattendedthemeetingsofthesupremecommitteeinrotation。

Forsimilarreasonsitmaybepropertoinvitethecommissariesofdistrictstobepresentinrotationatthemeetingsofthecommitteesoftheirrespectiveparishes，wherethereareparochialcommitteesestablished，orotherwise，atthemeetingsofthesupremecommittee[4]。

Itis，however，onlyinverylargecitiesthatIwouldrecommendtheformingparochialcommittees。Inalltownswheretheinhabitantsdonotamounttomorethan100，000souls，Iamclearlyofopinionthatitwouldbebestmerelytodividethetownintodistricts，withoutregardtothelimitsofparishes；

andtodirectalltheaffairsoftheinstitutionbyonesimplecommittee。ThismodewasadoptedatMunich，andfoundtobeeasyinpractice，andsuccessful；anditisnotwithoutsomedegreeofdiffidence，Iown，thatIhaveventuredtoproposeadeviationfromaplan，whichhasnotyetbeenjustifiedbyexperience。

Buthoweveratownmaybedividedintodistricts，itwillbeabsolutelynecessarythatALLthehousesberegularlynumbered，andanaccuratelistmadeoutofallthepersonswhoinhabitthem。Theproprietyofthismeasureistooapparenttorequireanyparticularexplanation。ItisoneoftheveryfirststepsthatoughttobetakenincarryingintoexecutionanyplanforforminganEstablishmentforthePoor；itbeingasnecessarytoknowthenamesandplacesofabodeofthose，who，byvoluntarysubscription，orotherwise，assistinrelievingthePoor，astobeacquaintedwiththedwellingsoftheobjectsthemselves；andthismeasureisasindispensablenecessarywhenaninstitutionforthePoorisformedinasmallcountry-townorvillage，aswhenitisformedinthelargestcapital。

Inmanycases，itisprobable，theestablishedlawsofthecountryinwhichaninstitutionforthePoormaybeformed，andcertainusages，theinfluenceofwhichmayperhapsbestillmorepowerfulthanthelaws，mayrendermodificationsnecessary，whichitisutterlyimpossibleformetoforesee；stillthegreatfundamentalprinciplesuponwhicheverysensibleplanforsuchanEstablishmentmustbefounded，appeartometobecertainandimmutable；andwhenrightlyunderstood，therecanbenogreatdifficultyinaccommodatingtheplantoallthoseparticularcircumstancesunderwhichitmaybecarriedintoexecution，withoutmakinganyessentialalteration。

CHAPTER。III。

GeneralDirectionoftheAffairsofanInstitutionforthePoorattendedwithnogreatTrouble。

OfthebestMethodofcarryingonthecurrentBusiness，andthegreatUseofprintedForms，orBlanks。

OfthenecessaryqualificationsofthosewhoareplacedattheHeadofanEstablishmentfortheReliefofthePoor。

GreatImportanceofthisSubject。

CrueltyandImpolicyofputtingthePoorintotheHandsofPersonstheycannotrespectandlove。

ThePersonspointedoutwhoaremoreimmediatelycalledupontocomeforwardwithSchemesfortheReliefofthePoor，andtogivetheiractiveAssistanceincarryingthemintoEffect。

Whateverthenumberofdistrictsintowhichacityisdivided，maybe，orthenumberofcommitteesemployedinthemanagementofapublicEstablishmentforthereliefofthePoor，itisindispensablynecessarythatallindividualswhoareemployedintheundertakingbepersonsofknownintegrity；——forcourageisnotmorenecessaryinthecharacterofageneral，thanunshakenintegrityinthecharacterofagovernorofapubliccharity。

Iinsistthemoreuponthispointasthewholeschemeisfoundeduponthevoluntaryassistanceofindividuals，andthereforetoensureitssuccessthemostunlimitedconfidenceofthepublicmustbereposedinthosewhoaretocarryitintoexecution；

besides，Imayadd，thatthemannerinwhichthefundsofthevariouspublicEstablishmentsforthereliefofthePooralreadyinstitutedhavebeencommonlybeenadministeredinmostcountries，doesnottendtorendersuperfluoustheprecautionsIproposeforsecuringtheconfidenceofthepublic。

TheprecedingobservationsrespectingtheimportanceofemployingnonebutpersonsofknownintegrityattheheadofaninstitutionforthereliefofthePoor，relateschieflytothenecessityofencouragingpeopleinaffluentcircumstances，andthepublicatlarge，touniteinthesupportofsuchanEstablishment——Thereisalsoanotherreason，perhapsequallyimportant，whichrendersitexpedienttoemploypersonsofthemostrespectablecharacterinthedetailsofaninstitutionofpubliccharity，——thegoodeffectssuchachoicemusthaveuponthemindsandmoralsofthePoor。

Personswhoarereducedtoindigentcircumstances，andbecomeobjectsofpubliccharity，comeunderthedirectionofthosewhoareappointedtotakecareofthemwithmindsweakenedbyadversity，andsouredbydisappointment；andfindingthemselvesseparatedfromtherestofmankind，andcutofffromallhopeofseeingbetterdays，theynaturallygrowpeevish，anddiscontented，suspiciousofthosesetoverthem，andofoneanother；andthekindesttreatment，andmostcarefulattentiontoeverycircumstancethatcanrendertheirsituationsupportable，arethereforerequired，topreventtheirbeingveryunhappy。

Andnothingsurelycancontributemorepowerfullytosoothethemindsofpersonsinsuchunfortunateandhopelesscircumstances，thantofindthemselvesunderthecareandprotectionofpersonsofgentlemanners；——humanedispositions；——andknownprobityandintegrity；suchasevenTHEY，——withalltheirsuspicionsaboutthem，mayventuretoloveandrespect，Whoeverhastakenthepainstoinvestigatethenatureofthehumanmind，andexamineattentivelythosecircumstancesuponwhichhumanhappinessdepends，mustknowhownecessaryitistohappiness，thatthemindshouldhavesomeobjectuponwhichtoplaceitsmoretenderaffections——somethingtolove，——tocherish，——toesteem，——torespect，——andtovenerate；andtheseresourcesareneversonecessaryasinthehourofadversityanddiscouragement，wherenorayofhopeislefttocheertheprospect，andstimulatetofreshexertion。

ThelotofthePoor，particularlyofthosewho，fromeasycircumstancesandareputablestationinsociety，arereducedbymisfortunes，oroppression，tobecomeaburthenonthePublic，istrulydeplorable，afterallthatcanbedoneforthem：——

andwereweseriouslytoconsidertheirsituation，Iamsureweshouldthinkthatwecouldneverdotoomuchtoalleviatetheirsufferings，andsoothetheanguishofwoundswhichcanneverbehealed。

Forthecommonmisfortunesoflife，HOPEisasovereignremedy。

Butwhatremedycanbeappliedtoevils，whichinvolveeventhelossofhopeitself？andwhatcanthosehavetohope，whoareseparatedandcutofffromsociety，andforeverexcludedfromallshareintheaffairsofmen？Tothem，honours；——distinctions；——

praise；——andevenpropertyitself；——allthoseobjectsoflaudableambitionwhichsopowerfullyexcitetheactivityofmanincivilsociety，andcontributesoessentiallytohappiness，byfillingthemindwithpleasingprospectsoffutureenjoyments，arebutemptynames；orrather，theyaresubjectsofnever-ceasingregretanddiscontent。

Thatgloommustindeedbedreadful，whichoverspreadsthemind，whenHOPE，thatbrightluminaryofthesoul，whichenlightensandcheersit，andexcitesandcallsforthintoactionallitsbestfaculties，hasdisappeared！

Therearemany，itistrue，who，fromtheirindolenceorextravagance，orothervicioushabits，fallintopovertyanddistress，andbecomeaburthenonthepublic，whoaresovileanddegenerateasnottofeelthewretchednessoftheirsituation。

Butthesearemiserableobjects，whichthetrulybenevolentwillregardwithaneyeofpeculiarcompassion；——theymustbeveryunhappy，fortheyareveryvicious；andnothingshouldbeomitted，thatcantendtoreclaimthem；——butnothingwilltendsopowerfullytoreformthem，askindusagefromthehandsofpersonstheymustlearntoloveandtorespectatthesametime。

IfIamtooprolixuponthishead，Iamsorryforit。Itisastrongconvictionofthegreatimportanceofthesubject，whichcarriesmeaway，andmakesme，perhaps，tiresome，whereIwouldwishmosttoavoidit。ThecareofthePoor，however，Imustconsiderasamatterofveryseriousimportance。Itappearstometobeoneofthemostsacreddutiesimposeduponmeninastateofcivilsociety；——oneofthosedutiesimposedimmediatelybythehandofGodhimself，andofwhichtheneglectnevergoesunpunished。

WhatIhavesaidrespectingthenecessaryqualificationsofthoseemployedintakingcareofthePoor，Ihopewillnotdeterwell-disposedpersons，whoarewillingtoassistinsousefulanundertaking，fromcomingforwardwithpropositionsfortheinstitutionofpublicEstablishmentsforthatpurpose；orfromofferingthemselvescandidatesforemploymentsinthemanagementofsuchEstablishments。Thequalificationspointedout，integrity，andagentleandhumanedisposition，——honesty，andagoodheart；——

aresuchasanyonemayboldlylayclaimto，withoutfearofbeingtaxedwithvanityorostentation——Andifindividualsinprivatestations，onanyoccasionarecalledupontolayasidetheirbashfulnessandmodestdissidence，andcomeforwardintopublicview，itmustsurelybe，whenbytheirexertionstheycanessentiallycontributetopromotemeasureswhicharecalculatedtoincreasethehappinessandprosperityofsociety。

Itisavulgarsaying，that，whatiseverybody’sbusiness，isnobody’sbusiness；anditisverycertainthatmanyschemes，evidentlyintendedforthepublicgood，havebeenneglected，merelybecausenobodycouldbeprevailedontostandforwardandbethefirsttoadoptthem。ThisdoubtlesshasbeenthecaseinregardtomanyjudiciousandwellarrangedproposalsforprovidingforthePoor；andwillprobablybesoagain。Ishallendeavour，however，toshow，thatthoughinundertakingsinwhichthegeneralwelfareofsocietyisconcerned，personsofallranksandconditionsarecalledupontogivethemtheirsupport，yet，intheINTRODUCTIONofsuchmeasuresasarehererecommended，——

aschemeofprovidingforthePoor，——therearemanywho，bytheirrankandpeculiarsituations，areclearlypointedoutasthemostpropertotakeupthebusinessatitscommencement，andbringitforwardtomaturity；aswellastotakeanactivepartinthedirectionandmanagementofsuchaninstitutionafterithasbeenestablished：anditappearstome，thatthenatureandtheendoftheundertakingevidentlypointoutthepersonswhoaremoreparticularlycalledupontosetanexampleonsuchanoccasion。

IfthecareofthePoorbeanobjectofgreatnationalimportance，——ifitbeinseparablyconnectedwiththepeaceandtranquillityofsociety，andwiththegloryandprosperityofthestate；——

iftheadvantageswhichindividualsshareinthepublicwelfareareinproportiontothecapitaltheyhaveatstakeinthisgreatnationalfund——thatistosay，inproportiontotheirrank，property，andconnexions，orgeneralinfluence；——asitisjustthateveryoneshouldcontributeinproportiontotheadvantageshereceives；itisevidentwhooughttobethefirsttocomeforwarduponsuchanoccasion。

Butitisnotmerelyonaccountofthesuperiorinteresttheyhaveinthepublicwelfare，thatpersonsofhighrankandgreatproperty，andsuchasoccupyplacesofimportanceinthegovernment，areboundtosupportmeasurescalculatedtorelievethedistressesofthePoor；——thereisstillanothercircumstancewhichrendersitindispensablynecessarythattheyshouldtakeanactivepartinsuchmeasures，andthatis，theinfluencewhichtheirexamplemusthaveuponothers。

Itisimpossibletopreventthebulkofmankindfrombeingswayedbytheexampleofthosetowhomtheyaretaughttolookupastheirsuperiors；itbehoves，therefore，allwhoenjoysuchhighprivileges，toemployalltheinfluencewhichtheirrankandfortunegivethem，topromotethepublicgood。Andthismayjustlybeconsideredasadutyofapeculiarkind；——aPERSONAL

serviceattachedtothestationtheyholdinsociety，andwhichcannotbecommuted。

Butiftheobligationswhichpersonsofrankandpropertyareunder，tosupportmeasuresdesignedforthereliefofthePoor，aresobinding，howmuchmoresomusttheybeuponthosewhohavetakenuponthemselvesthesacredofficeofpublicteachersofvirtueandmorality；——theMinistersofamostholyreligion；——

areligionwhosefirstpreceptsinculcatecharityanduniversalbenevolence，andwhosegreatobjectis，unquestionably，thepeace，order，andhappinessofsociety。

Iftherebeanywhosepeculiarprovinceitistoseekforobjectsindistressandwant，andadministertothemrelief；——iftherebeanywhoareboundbytheindispensabledutiesoftheirprofessiontoencouragebyeverymeansintheirpower，andmoreespeciallybyEXAMPLE，thegeneralpracticeofcharity；itis，doubtless，theMinistersofthegospel。Andsuchistheirinfluenceinsociety，arisingfromthenatureoftheiroffice，thattheirexampleisamatterofVERYSERIOUSIMPORTANCE。

Littlepersuasion，Ishouldhope，wouldbenecessarytoinducetheclergy，inanycountry，togivetheircordialandactiveassistanceinrelievingthedistressesofthePoor，andprovidingfortheircomfortandhappiness，byintroducingorderandusefulindustryamongthem。

Anotherclassofmen，whofromthestationtheyholdinsociety，andtheirknowledgeofthelawsofthecountry，maybehighlyusefulincarryingintoeffectsuchanundertaking，arethecivilmagistrates；and，howeveracommitteeforthegovernmentanddirectionofanEstablishmentforthePoormayinotherrespectsbecomposed，Iamclearlyofopinion，thattheChiefMagistrateofthetown，orcity，wheresuchanEstablishmentisformed，oughtalwaystobeoneofitsmembers。TheClergymanoftheplacewhoishighestinrankordignityought，likewise，tobeanother；andifhebeaBishop，orArchbishop，hisassistanceisthemoreindispensable。

Butaspersonswhoholdofficesofgreattrustandimportanceinthechurch，aswellasunderthecivilgovernment，maybesomuchengagedinthedutiesoftheirstations，asnottohavesufficientleisuretoattendtoothermatters；itmaybenecessary，whensuchdistinguishedpersonslendtheirassistanceinthemanagementofanEstablishmentforthereliefofthePoor，thateachofthembepermittedtobringwiththemapersonofhisownchoiceintothecommittee，toassisthiminthebusiness。

TheBishop，forinstance，maybringhischaplain；——theMagistrate，hisclerk；——theNobleman，orprivategentleman，hisson，orfriend，etc。Butinsmalltowns，oftwoorthreeparishes，andparticularlyincountry-townsandvillages，whichdonotconsistofmorethanoneortwoparishes，asthedetailsinthemanagementoftheaffairsofthePoorinsuchcommunitiescannotbeextensive，themembersofthecommitteemaymanagethebusinesswithoutassistants。Andindeedinallcases，eveningreatcities，whenageneralEstablishmentforthePoorisformeduponagoodplan，thedetailsoftheexecutiveandmorelaboriouspartsofthemanagementofitwillbesodividedamongthecommissariesofthedistricts，thatthemembersofthesupremecommitteewillhavelittlemoretodothanjustholdthereins，anddirectthemovementofthemachine。Caremusthoweverbetakentopreservethemostperfectuniformityinthemotionsofallitsparts，otherwiseconfusionmustensue；hencethenecessityofdirectingthewholefromonecenter。

AstheinspectionofthePoor；——thecareofthemwhentheyaresick；——thedistributionofthesumsgrantedinalmsfortheirsupport；——thefurnishingthemwithclothes；——andthecollectionofthevoluntarysubscriptionsoftheinhabitants，——willbeperformedbythecommissariesofthedistricts，andtheirassistants；——andasallthedetailsrelativetogivingemploymenttothePoor，andfeedingthem，maybemanagedbyparticularsubordinatecommittees，appointedforthosepurposes，thecurrentbusinessofthesupremecommitteewillamounttolittlemorethantheexerciseofageneralsuperintendance。

Thiscommittee，itistrue，mustdetermineuponalldemandsfromthePoorwhoapplyforassistance；butaseverysuchdemandwillbeaccompaniedwiththemostparticularaccountofthecircumstancesofthepetitioner，andthenatureandamountofassistancenecessarytohisrelief，certifiedbythecommissaryofthedistrictinwhichthepetitionerresides，——andalsobytheparochialcommittee，wheresuchareestablished，——thematterwillbesopreparedanddigested，thatthemembersofthesupremecommitteewillhaveverylittletroubletodecideonthemeritsofthecase，andtheassistancetobegranted。

Thisassistancewillconsist——inacertainsumtobegivenWEEKLY

inalmstothepetitioner，bythecommissaryofthedistrict，outofthefundsoftheInstitution；——inanallowanceofbreadonly；——inapresentofcertainarticlesofclothing，whichwillbespecified；——or，perhaps，merelyinanorderforbeingfurnishedwithwood，clothing，orfuel，fromthepublickitchensormagazinesoftheEstablishment，ATTHEPRIMECOSTofthosearticles，ASANASSISTANCEtothepetitioner，andtopreventtheNECESSITYOFHISBECOMINGABURTHENONTHEPUBLIC。

ThemannerlastmentionedofassistingthePoor，——thatoffurnishingthemwiththenecessariesoflifeatlowerpricesthanthoseatwhichtheyaresoldinthepublicmarkets，isamatterofsuchimportance，thatIshalltakeoccasiontotreatofitmorefullyhereafter。

Withrespecttothepetitionspresentedtothecommittee；——

whateverbetheassistancedemanded，thepetitionreceivedoughttobeaccompaniedbyaduplicate；totheendthat，thedecisionofthecommitteebeingenteredupontheduplicate，aswellasupontheoriginal，andtheduplicatesentbacktothecommissaryofthedistrict，thebusinessmaybefinishedwiththeleasttroublepossible；andevenwithoutthenecessaryofanymoreformalorderrelativetothematterbeinggivenbythecommittee。

IhavealreadymentionedthegreatutilityofPRINTEDFORMS，forpetitions，returns，etc。incarryingonthebusinessofanEstablishmentforthePoor，andIwouldagainmostearnestlyrecommendthegeneraluseofthem。Thosewhohavenothadexperienceinsuchmatters，canhavenoideahowmuchtheycontributetopreserveorder，andfacilitateandexpeditebusiness。TothegeneralintroductionoftheminthemanagementoftheaffairsoftheInstitutionforthePooratMunich，I

attribute，morethantoanythingelse，theperfectorderwhichhascontinuedtoreignthroughouteverypartofthatextensiveEstablishment，fromitsfirstexistencetothepresentmoment。

IncarryingonthebusinessofthatEstablishment，printedformsorblanksareused，notonlyforpetitions；——returns；——listsofthePoor；——descriptionsofthePoor；——listsoftheinhabitants；——

listsofsubscriberstothesupportofthePoor；——ordersuponthebankerortreasureroftheInstitution；——butalsoforthereportsofthemonthlycollectionsmadebythecommissariesofdistricts；——theaccountssentinbythecommissaries，oftheextraordinaryexpencesincurredinaffordingassistancetothosewhostandinneedofimmediaterelief；——thebanker’sreceipts；——

andeventhebooksinwhicharekepttheaccountsofthereceiptsandexpendituresoftheEstablishment。

Inregardtotheproperformsfortheseblanks；astheymustdepend，inagreatmeasure，uponlocalcircumstances，nogeneraldirectionscanbegiven，otherthan，inallcases，theshortestformsthatcanbedrawnup，consistentwithperspicuity，arerecommended；andthatthesubject-matterofeachparticularorsinglereturn，maybesodisposedastobeeasilytransferredtosuchgeneraltables，orgeneralaccounts，asthenatureofthereturnandothercircumstancesmayrequire。Careshouldlikewisebetakentomakethemofsuchaform，SHAPEanddimension，thattheymayberegularlyfoldedup，anddocketed，inordertotheirbeingpreservedamongthepublicrecordsoftheInstitution。

CHAPTER。IV。

OftheNecessityofeffectualMeasuresforintroducingaSpiritofIndustryamongthePoorinforminganEstablishmentfortheirReliefandSupport。

OftheMeanswhichmaybeusedforthatPurpose；andforsettingonfootaSchemeforforminganEstablishmentforfeedingthePoor。

AnobjectoftheveryfirstimportanceinforminganEstablishmentforthereliefandsupportofthePoor，istotakeeffectualmeasuresforintroducingaspiritofindustryamongthem；foritismostcertain，thatallsumsofmoney，orotherassistance，giventothePoorinalms，whichdonottendtomakethemindustrious，nevercanfailtohaveacontrarytendency，andtooperateasanencouragementtoidlenessandimmorality。

Andasthemeritofanactionistobedeterminedbythegooditproduces，thecharityofanationoughtnottobeestimatedbythemillionswhicharepaidinPoor’staxes，butbythepainswhicharetakentoseethatthesumsraisedareproperlyapplied。

AstheprovidingusefulemploymentforthePoor，andrenderingthemindustrious，is，andeverhasbeen，agreatDESIDERATUMinpoliticaleconomy，itmaybepropertoenlargealittlehere，uponthatinterestingsubject。