第8章

TheCharak，orswingingfestival，hasbeenfrequentlywitnessedbythepresentwriterinCalcuttaitself。Theorgiehasbeensuppressedbythepoliceingreatcities，althoughithasnotceasedintheruraldistricts。In1814thebrotherhoodthuswrotehome：——

"Thisabominablefestivalwasheld，accordingtotheannualcustom，onthelastdayoftheHindooyear。TherewerefewergibbetpostserectedatSerampore，butwehearthatamongsttheswingerswasonefemale。Amanfellfromastagethirtycubitshighandbrokehisback；andanotherfellfromaswingingpost，butwasnotmuchhurt。

Somedaysafterthefirstswinging，certainnativesrevivedtheceremonies。AsMr。WardwaspassingthroughCalcuttahesawseveralHindooshangingbytheheelsoveraslowfire，asanactofdevotion。SeveralHindoosemployedintheprinting-officeappliedthisyeartoMr。Wardforprotection，toescapebeingdraggedintothesepretendedlyvoluntarypractices。Thisbroughtbeforeusfactswhichwewerenotawareof。Itseemsthatthelandlordsofthepoorandothermenofpropertyinsistuponcertainoftheirtenantsanddependantsengaginginthesepractices，andthattheyexpectandcompelbyactualforcemultitudeseveryyeartojointhecompaniesofsunyasseesinparadingthestreets，piercingtheirsides，tongues，etc。Toavoidthiscompulsion，manypooryoungmenleavetheirhousesandhidethemselves；buttheyaresureofbeingbeatenifcaught，orofhavingtheirhutspulleddown。Theinfluenceandpoweroftherichhaveagreateffectonthemultitudeinmostoftheidolatrousfestivals。Whenthelandsandrichesofthecountrywereinfewhands，thisinfluencecarriedallbeforeit。Itisstillverywidelyfelt，incompellingdependantstoassistatpublicshows，andtocontributetowardstheexpenseofsplendidceremonies。"

TheGhatmurders，causedbythecarryingofthedyingtotheGangesorasacredriver，andtheirtreatmentthere，continuetothisday，althoughLordLawrenceattemptedtointerfere。WardestimatedthenumberofsickwhosedeathishastenedonthebanksoftheGangesaloneatfivehundredayear，inhisanxietyto"usenounfairmeansofrenderingevenidolatrydetestable，"butheadmitsthat，intheopinionofothers，thisestimateisfarbelowthetruth。Webelieve，fromourownrecentexperience，thatstillitfailstogiveanyjustideaofthedestructionofparentsbychildreninthenameofreligion。

OneclasswhohadbeenthespecialobjectsofChrist\'shealingpoweranddivinesympathywasspeciallyinterestingtoCareyinproportiontotheirmiseryandabandonmentbytheirownpeople——lepers。WhenatCutwain1812，wherehissonwasstationedasmissionary，hesawtheburningofaleper，whichhethusdescribed：——"Apitabouttencubitsindepthwasdugandafireplacedatthebottomofit。Thepoormanrolledhimselfintoit；butinstantly，onfeelingthefire，beggedtobetakenout，andstruggledhardforthatpurpose。Hismotherandsister，however，thrusthiminagain；andthusaman，whotoallappearancemighthavesurvivedseveralyears，wascruellyburnedtodeath。Ifindthatthepracticeisnotuncommonintheseparts。Taughtthataviolentendpurifiesthebodyandensurestransmigrationintoahealthynewexistence，whilenaturaldeathbydiseaseresultsinfoursuccessivebirths，andafifthasaleperagain，theleper，liketheevenmorewretchedwidow，hasalwayscourtedsuicide。"CareydidnotrestuntilhehadbroughtabouttheestablishmentofaleperhospitalinCalcutta，nearwhatbecamethecentreoftheChurchMissionarySociety\'swork，andtherebenevolentphysicians，likethelateDr。KennethStuart，andChristianpeople，havemadeitpossibletorecord，asinChrist\'sdays，thattheleperiscleansedandthepoorhavetheGospelpreachedtothem。

Bynoneofthemanyyoungcivilianswhomhetrained，or，inthelateryearsofhislife，examined，wasCarey\'shumaneworkonallitssidesmorepersistentlycarriedoutthanbyJohnLawrenceinthePunjab。Whentheirnewrulerfirstvisitedtheirdistrict，theBediclanamazedhimbypetitioningforleavetodestroytheirinfantdaughters。Inwrathhebrieflytoldthemhewouldhangeverymanfoundguiltyofsuchmurder。WhensettlingthelandrevenueoftheCis-Sutlejdistrictshecausedeachfarmer，ashetouchedthepeninacceptanceoftheassessment，torecitethisformula——

"Bewamatjal醥，Betimatm醨o，Korhimatdabao"

("Thoushaltnotburnthywidow，thoushaltnotkillthydaughters，thoushaltnotburythylepers。")

>FromthehourofCarey\'sconversionheneveromittedtorememberinprayertheslaveaswellastheheathen。Thesameperiodwhichsawhisfoundationofmodernmissionswitnessedtheearliesteffortsofhiscontemporary，ThomasClarksonofWisbeach，intheneighbouringcountyofCambridge，tofreetheslave。ButClarkson，GranvilleSharp，andtheirassociatesweresooccupiedwithAfricathattheyknewnotthatGreatBritainwasresponsiblefortheexistenceofatleastninemillionsofslavesinIndia，manyofthembroughtbyHindoomerchantsaswellasArabsfromEasternAfricatofillthehareemsofMohammedans，anddodomesticserviceinthezananasofHindoos。ThestartlingfactcametobeknownonlyslowlytowardstheendofCarey\'scareer，whenhisprayers，continueddailyfrom1779，wereansweredinthefreedomofallourWestIndiaslaves。

TheEastIndiaanswercameafterhehadpassedaway，inActV。of1843，whichforeverabolishedthelegalstatusofslaveryinIndia。

ThePenalCodehassinceplacedthepr鎑ialslaveinsuchapositionthatifheisnotfreeitishisownfault。ItispenalinIndiatoholdaslave"againsthiswill，"andwetrustthetimeisnotfardistantwhenthelastthreewordsmaybestruckout。

WithtrueinstinctChristopherAnderson，inhisAnnalsoftheEnglishBible，associatesCarey，Clarkson，andCowper，asthetriumviratewho，unknowntoeachother，beganthegreatmoralchanges，intheChurch，insociety，andinliterature，whichmarkthedifferencebetweentheeighteenthandthenineteenthcenturies。

LittledidCareythink，ashestudiedunderSutcliffwithinsightofthepoet\'shouse，thatCowperwaswritingatthatverytimetheselinesinTheTaskwhilehehimselfwasprayingforthehighestofallkindsoflibertytobegiventotheheathenandtheslaves，Christ\'sfreedomwhichhaduptillthenremained"……unsungBypoets，andbysenatorsunpraised，Whichmonarchscannotgrant，norallthepowersOfearthandhellconfederatetakeaway；

Alibertywhichpersecution，fraud，Oppression，prisons，havenopowertobind：

Whichwhosotastescanbeenslavednomore。"

CHAPTERXII

WHATCAREYDIDFORSCIENCE——FOUNDEROFTHEAGRICULTURALAND

HORTICULTURALSOCIETYOFINDIA

Carey\'srelationtoscienceandeconomics——Stateofthepeasantry——Careyacarefulscientificobserver——Speciallyabotanist——BecomesthefriendofDr。RoxburghoftheCompany\'sBotanicGarden——Ordersseedsandinstrumentsofhusbandry——Allhisresearchessubordinatetohisspiritualmission——Hiseminenceasabotanistacknowledgedinthehistoryofthescience——HisownbotanicgardenandparkatSerampore——ThepoetMontgomeryonthedaisiesthere——Borneo——Carey\'spaperintheAsiaticResearchesonthestateofagricultureinBengal——ThefirsttoadvocateForestryinIndia——FoundstheAgri-HorticulturalSocietyofIndia——Issuesqueriesonagricultureandhorticulture——Remarkableresultsofhisaction——Onthemanufactureofpaper——Hisexpandedaddressonagriculturalreform——HispoliticalforesightontheimportanceofEuropeancapitalandthefutureofIndia——Anofficialestimateoftheresultsinthepresentday——Ontheusuryofthenativesandsavingsbanks——Hisacademicandscientifichonours——DestructionofhishouseandgardenbytheDamoodarfloodof1823——ReportontheHorticulturalSociety\'sgarden——TheSocietyhonoursitsfounder。

NotonlywasthefirstEnglishman，whoinmoderntimesbecameamissionary，senttoIndiawhenhedesiredtogotoTahitiorWestAfrica；andsenttoBengalfromwhichallNorthernIndiawastobebroughtunderBritishrule；andtoCalcutta——withasafeasylumatDanishSerampore——thenthemetropolisandcentreofallSouthernAsia；buthewassentattheverytimewhenthelifeofthepeoplecouldbestbepurifiedandelevatedonitsmanysides，andhewasspeciallyfittedtoinfluenceeachofthesesidessaveone。AnambassadorforChristaboveallthingslikePaul，but，alsolikehim，becomingallthingstoallmenthathemightwinsometothehigherlife，Careywassuccessively，andoftenatthesametime，acaptainoflabour，aschoolmaster，aprinter，thedeveloperofthevernacularspeech，theexpounderoftheclassicallanguage，thetranslatorofbothintoEnglishandoftheEnglishBibleintoboth，thefounderofapureliterature，thepurifierofsociety，thewatchfulphilanthropist，thesaviourofthewidowandthefatherless，ofthedespairingandthewould-besuicide，ofthedowntroddenandoppressed。Wehavenowtoseehimonthescientificorthephysicalandeconomicside，whilehestilljealouslykeepshisstrengthfortheonemotivepowerofall，thespiritual，andwithalmostequalcareavoidsthepoliticaloradministrativeashisMasterdid。Buteventhenitwashisaimtoproclaimthedivineprincipleswhichwouldusescienceandpoliticsaliketobringnationstothebirth，while，liketheapostles，leavingtheapplicationoftheseprinciplestothecourseofGod\'sprovidenceandtheconsciencesofmen。Inwhathedidforscience，forliterature，andforhumanity，asinwhatheabstainedfromdoinginthepracticalregionofpubliclife，thefirstEnglishmissionarywasanexampletoallofeveryracewhohavefollowedhiminthepastcentury。FromCareytoLivingstone，alikeinAsiaandAfrica，thegreatestChristianevangelistshavebeenthosewhohavemadescienceandliteraturethehandmaidsofmissions。

ApartfromtheextremesouthofthepeninsulaofIndia，wheretheDanishmissionarieshadexploredwithhawk\'seyes，almostnothingwasknownofitsplantsandanimals，itsmen，aswellasitsbeasts，whenCareyfoundhimselfinaruraldistrictofNorthBengalintheclosingdecadeoftheeighteenthcentury。Norhadanywriter，officialormissionary，anywhererealisedthestateofIndiaandtheneedsoftheHindooandMohammedancultivatorsasflowingfromtherelationofthepeopletothesoil。Indiawasintruthalandofmillionsofpeasantproprietorsonfive-acrefarms，rack-rentedorplunderedbypowerfulmiddlemen，bothsqueezedorliterallytorturedbytheGovernmentoftheday，anddriventodependontheusurerforeventheseedforeachcrop。Warandfaminehadalternatedinkeepingdownthepopulation。Ignoranceandfearhadbluntedthenaturalshrewdnessofthecultivator。Afoulmythology，asaddeningdemon-worship，andanexactingsocialsystem，coveredthelandaswithapall。WhatevenChristendomwasfastbecominginthetenthcentury，IndiahadbeenallthroughtheeighteenChristiancenturies。

Theboywhofromeighttofourteen"chosetoreadbooksofscience，history，voyages，etc。，morethanothers"；theyouthwhosegardenerunclewouldhavehadhimfollowthatcalling，butwhosesensitiveskinkepthimwithindoors，wherehefitteduparoomwithhisbotanicalandzoologicalmuseum；theshoemaker-preacherwhomadeagardenaroundeverycottage-manseinwhichhelived，andwasfamiliarwitheverybeast，bird，insect，andtreeintheMidlandsofEngland，becameascientificobserverfromthedayhelandedatCalcutta，anagriculturalreformerfromtheyearhefirstbuiltawoodenfarmhouseinthejungle，astheManitobaemigrantnowdoesunderverydifferentskies，andthenbegantogrowandmakeindigoamidthepeasantryatDinapoor。HethusunconsciouslyrevealshimselfandhismethodofworkinginalettertoMorrisofClipstone：——

"MUDNABATI，5thDecember1797——Totalkofcontinuanceoffriendshipandwarmaffectiontoyouwouldbefolly。Iloveyou；andnexttoseeingyourface，aletterfromyouisoneofmygreatestgratifications。Iseethehandwriting，andreadtheheartofmyfriend；norcanthedistanceofone-fourthoftheglobepreventaunionofhearts。

"HithertoIhaverefrainedfromwritingaccountsofthecountry，becauseIconcludedthatthosewhosesoulswerepantingaftertheconversionoftheheathenwouldfeelbutlittlegratifiedinhavinganaccountofthenaturalproductionsofthecountry。Butasintelligenceofthiskindhasbeenfrequentlysolicitedbyseveralofmyfriends，Ihaveaccordinglyopenedbooksofobservation，whichIhopetocommunicatewhentheyaresufficientlyauthenticatedandmatured。Ialsointendtoassignapeculiarsharetoeachofmystatedcorrespondents。ToyouIshallwritesomeaccountsofthearts，utensils，andmanufacturesofthecountry；toBrotherSutclifftheirmythologyandreligion；toBrotherRylandthemannersandcustomsoftheinhabitants；toBrotherFullertheproductionsofthecountry；toBrotherPearcethelanguage，etc。；andtotheSocietyajointaccountofthemission。"

Hehad"separatebooksforeverydistinctclass，asbirds，beasts，fishes，reptiles，etc。"Longbeforethis，on13thMarch1795，hehadwrittentothelearnedRyland，hisspecialcorrespondentonsubjectsofscienceandonHebrew，hisfirstimpressionsofthephysiographyofBengal，adding："ThenaturalhistoryofBengalwouldfurnishinnumerablenoveltiestoacuriousinquirer。IammakingcollectionsandminutedescriptionsofwhateverIcanobtain；andintendatsomefuturetimetotransmitthemtoEurope。"

"MUDNABATI，26thNovember1796——Iobservedinaformerletterthatthebeastshavebeeningeneraldescribed，butthattheundescribedbirdsweresurprisinglynumerous；and，infact，newspeciesarestillfrequentlycomingundermynotice。Wehavesparrowsandwater-wagtails，onespeciesofcrow，ducks，geese，andcommonfowls；

pigeons，teal，ortolans，plovers，snipeslikethoseinEurope；butothers，entirelyunlikeEuropeanbirds，wouldfillavolume。

Insectsareverynumerous。Ihaveseenabouttwelvesortsofgrylli，orgrasshoppersandcrickets。Antsarethemostomnivorousofallinsects；wehaveeightortensortsverynumerous。Thetermes，orwhiteants，destroyeverythingonwhichtheyfasten；theywilleatthroughanoakchestinadayortwoanddevourallitscontents。ButterfliesarenotsonumerousasinEngland，butI

thinkalldifferent。Commonfliesandmosquitoes(orgnats)areabundant，andthelattersotormentingastomakeoneconcludethatifthefliesinEgyptweremosquitoes，theplaguemustbealmostinsupportable。Herearebeetlesofmanyspecies；scorpionsoftwosorts，thestingofthesmallestnotmortal；landcrabsinabundance，andanamazingnumberofotherkindsofinsects。Fishisveryplentiful，andtheprincipalanimalfoodoftheinhabitants。I

findfewervarietiesofvegetablesthanIcouldhaveconceivedinsolargeacountry。Ediblevegetablesarescarce，andfruitfarfromplentiful。YouwillperhapswonderatoureatingmanythingsherewhichnooneeatsinEngland：asarum，threeorfoursorts，andpoppyleaves(Papaversomniferum)。Wealsocutupmallowsbythebushesforourfood(Jobxxx。4)。Amaranths，ofthreesorts，wealsoeat，besidescapsicums，pumpkins，gourds，calabashes，andtheegg-plantfruit；yetwehavenohardshipsintheserespects。Riceisthestaplearticleoffood……

"Mylovetothestudents。Godraisethemupforgreatblessings。

Greatthingsarecertainlyathand。"

Buthewasalsoaneruditebotanist。HadhearrivedinCalcuttaafewdaysearlierthanhedid，hewouldhavebeenappointedtotheplaceforwhichsheerpovertyledhimtoapply，intheCompany\'sBotanicalGarden，establishedontherightbankoftheHoogliafewmilesbelowCalcutta，byColonelAlexanderKyd，forthecollectionofindigenousandacclimatisationofforeignplants。Thereheatoncemadetheacquaintance，andtill1815retainedthelovingfriendship，ofitssuperintendent，Dr。Roxburgh，theleaderofaseriesofeminentmen，BuchananandWallich，Griffith，Falconer，T。

Thomson，andThomasAnderson，thelasttwocutoffintheripepromiseoftheirmanhood。OneofCarey\'sfirstrequestswasforseedsandinstruments，notmerelyfromscientificreasons，butthathemightcarryouthisearlyplanofworkingwithhishandsasafarmerwhileheevangelisedthepeople。On5thAugust1794hewrotetotheSociety：——"Iwishyoualsotosendmeafewinstrumentsofhusbandry，viz。，scythes，sickles，plough-wheels，andsuchthings；

andayearlyassortmentofallgardenandfloweringseeds，andseedsoffruittrees，thatyoucanpossiblyprocure；andletthembepackedinpapers，orbottleswellstopped，whichisthebestmethod。

Allthesethings，atwhateverpriceyoucanprocurethem，andtheseedsofallsortsoffieldandforesttrees，etc。，Iwillregularlyremityouthemoneyforeveryyear；andIhopethatImaydependupontheexertionsofmynumerousfriendstoprocurethem。ApplytoLondonseedsmenandothers，asitwillbealastingadvantagetothiscountry；andIshallhaveitinmypowertodothisforwhatI

nowcallmyowncountry。Onlytakecarethattheyarenewanddry。"

AgainheaddressedFulleron22ndJune1797：——

"MYVERYDEARBROTHER——IhaveyoursofAugust9，16，whichinformsmethattheseeds，etc。，wereshipped。Ihavereceivedthoseseedsandotherarticlesintolerablepreservation，andshallfindthemaveryusefularticle。AnacquaintancewhichIhaveformedwithDr。

Roxburgh，SuperintendentoftheCompany\'sBotanicGarden，andwhosewifeisdaughterofamissionaryonthecoast，maybeoffutureusetothemission，andmakethatinvestmentofvegetablesmorevaluable。"

Thustowardsthecloseofhissixyears\'sacrificeforthepeopleofDinapoordoesheestimatehimselfandhisscientificpursuitsinthelightofthegreatconflicttowhichtheCaptainofSalvationhadcalledhim。HeisopeninghishearttoFulleragain，mosttrustedofall：——

"MUDNABATI，17thJuly1799——RespectingmyselfIhavenothinginterestingtosay；andifIhad，itappearsforeigntothedesignofamissionforthemissionariestobealwaysspeakingoftheirownexperiences。Ikeepseveraljournals，itistrue，relatingtothingsprivateandpublic，respectingthemission，articlesofcuriosityandscience；buttheyaresometimescontinuedandsometimesdiscontinued：besides，mostthingscontainedinthemareoftoogeneralortrivialanaturetosendtoEngland，andIimaginecouldhavenoeffect，excepttomocktheexpectationsofournumerousfriends，whoarewaitingtohearoftheconversionoftheheathenandoverthrowofSatan\'skingdom。

"Ithereforeonlyobserve，respectingmyself，thatIhavemuchproofofthevilenessofmyheart，muchmorethanIthoughtoftilllately：and，indeed，Ioftenfearthatinsteadofbeinginstrumentalintheconversionoftheheathen，ImaysometimedishonourthecauseinwhichIamengaged。IhavehithertohadmuchexperienceofthedailysupportsofagraciousGod；butIamconsciousthatifthosesupportswereintermittedbutforalittletime，mysinfuldispositionswouldinfalliblypredominate。AtpresentIamkept，butamnotoneofthosewhoarestronganddoexploits。

"Ihaveoftenthoughtthataspiritofobservationisnecessaryinordertoourdoingorcommunicatingmuchgood；andwereitnotforaveryphlegmatichabit，Ithinkmysoulwouldbericher。I，however，appeartomyselftohavelostmuchofmycapacityformakingobservations，improvements，etc。，orofretainingwhatIattendtoclosely。Forinstance，IhavebeennearthreeyearslearningtheSanskritlanguage，yetknowverylittleofit。ThisisonlyaspecimenofwhatIfeelmyselftobeineveryrespect。Itrytoobserve，toimprintwhatIseeandhearonmymemory，andtofeelmyheartproperlyaffectedwiththecircumstances；yetmysoulisimpoverished，andIhavesomethingofalethargicdiseasecleavingtomybody……

"IwouldcommunicatesomethingonthenaturalhistoryofthecountryinadditiontowhatIhavebeforewritten，butnopartofthatpleasingstudyissofamiliartomeasthevegetableworld。"

HislettersofthisperiodtoFulleronthefruitsofIndia，andtoMorrisonthehusbandryofthenatives，mightbequotedstillasaccurateandyetpopulardescriptionsofthemango，guava，andcustardapple；plantain，jack，andtamarind；pomegranate，pine-apple，androse-apple；papaya，date，andcocoa-nut；citron，lime，andshaddock。Ofmanyofthese，andofforeignfruitswhichheintroduced，itmightbesaidhefoundthempoor，andhecultivatedthemtillhelefttosucceedinggenerationsarichandvariedorchard。

WhilestillinDinapoor，hewroteon1stJanuary1798："Seedsofsourapples，pears，nectarines，plums，apricots，cherries，gooseberries，currants，strawberries，orraspberries，putlooseintoaboxofdrysand，andsentsoastoarriveinSeptember，October，November，orDecember，wouldbeagreatacquisition，asiseveryEuropeanproduction。Nuts，filberts，acorns，etc。，wouldbethesame。Wehavelatelyobtainedthecinnamontree，andnutmegtree，whichDr。Roxburghveryobliginglysenttome。OftimbertreesI

mentionthesissoo，theteak，andthesaultree，which，beinganunnamedgenus，Dr。Roxburgh，asamarkofrespecttome，hascalledCareyasaulea。"

ThepublicationofthelastnamecausedCarey\'ssensitivemodestyextremeannoyance。"DonotprintthenamesofEuropeans。IwassorrytoseethatyouprintedthatDr。Roxburghhadnamedthesaultreebymyname。Asheisinthehabitofpublishinghisdrawingsofplants，itwouldhavelookedbetterifithadbeenmentionedfirstbyhim。"WhetherheprevailedwithhisadmiringfriendintheCompany\'sBotanicGardentochangethenametothatwhichtheusefulsaltreenowbears，theShorearobusta，weknownot，butthetermisderivedfromLordTeignmouth\'sname。Careywillgodowntoposterityinthehistoryofbotanicalresearch，notwithstandinghisownhumilityandtheaccidentsoftime。ForDr。RoxburghgavethenameofCareyatoaninterestinggenusofMyrtace？ThegreatFrenchbotanistM。BenjaminDelessertdulycommemoratesthelaboursofDr。CareyintheMus閑Botanique。

ItwasinSeramporethatthegentlebotanistfoundfullscopefortheonerecreationwhichheallowedhimself，intheinterestofhisbodyaswellasofhisotherwiseovertaskedspirit。Therehehadfiveacresofgroundlaidout，and，intime，plantedontheLinn鎍nsystem。Theparkaround，fromwhichhehadthelittleparadisecarefullywalledin，thatBrahmanibullandvillager\'scow，nightlyjackalandthoughtlessyouth，mightnotintrude，heplantedwithtreesthenrareorunknowninlowerBengal，themahoganyanddeodar，theteakandtamarind，thecarobandeucalyptus。ThefineAmericanMahoganyhassothriventhatthepresentwriterwasable，seventyyearsafterthetreeshadbeenplanted，tosupplyGovernmentwithplentifulseed。Thetreesoftheparkweresoplacedastoformanobleavenue，whichlongshadedthepressandwasknownasCarey\'sWalk。Theumbrageoustamarindformedadensecover，underwhichmorethanonegenerationofCarey\'ssuccessorsrejoicedastheywelcomedvisitorstotheconsecratedspotfromallpartsofIndia，America，andGreatBritain。ForesterslikeSirD。BrandisandDr。Cleghornatvarioustimesvisitedthisarboretum，andhavereferredtothetrees，whosedateofplantingisknown，forthepurposeofrecordingtherateofgrowth。

ForthelovedgardenCareyhimselftrainednativepeasantswho，withthemimeticinstinctoftheBengali，followedhisinstructionslikethoseoftheirownBrahmans，learnedtheLatinnames，andpronouncedthemwiththeirmaster\'sveryaccentuptillalatedate，whenHullodhur，thelastofthem，passedaway。Thegardenwithitstropicalgloriesandmoremodestexotics，everyoneofwhichwasasapersonalfriend，andtohimhadanindividualhistory，wasmorethanaplaceofrecreation。Itwashisoratory，thesceneofprayerandmeditation，theplacewherehebeganandendedthedayoflight——withGod。WhathewroteinhisearlierjournalsandlettersofthesequesteredspotatMudnabatiwastrueinadeeperandwidersenseofthegardenofSerampore：——"23rdSeptember，Lord\'sDay——Aroseaboutsunrise，and，accordingtomyusualpractice，walkedintomygardenformeditationandprayertilltheservantscametofamilyworship。"WehavethisaccountfromhissonJonathan：——

"Inobjectsofnaturemyfatherwasexceedinglycurious。Hiscollectionofmineralores，andothersubjectsofnaturalhistory，wasextensive，andobtainedhisparticularattentioninseasonsofleisureandrecreation。Thescienceofbotanywashisconstantdelightandstudy；andhisfondnessforhisgardenremainedtothelast。Noonewasallowedtointerfereinthearrangementsofthishisfavouriteretreat；anditishereheenjoyedhismostpleasantmomentsofsecretdevotionandmeditation。ThearrangementsmadebyhimwereontheLinn鎍nsystem；andtodisturbthebedorborderofthegardenwastotouchtheappleofhiseye。ThegardenformedthebestandrarestbotanicalcollectionofplantsintheEast；totheextensionofwhich，byhiscorrespondencewithpersonsofeminenceinEuropeandotherpartsoftheworld，hisattentionwasconstantlydirected；and，inreturn，hesuppliedhiscorrespondentswithrarecollectionsfromtheEast。Itwaspainfultoobservewithwhatdistressmyfatherquittedthissceneofhisenjoyments，whenextremeweakness，duringhislastillness，preventedhisgoingtohisfavouriteretreat。Often，whenhewasunabletowalk，hewasdrawnintothegardeninachairplacedonaboardwithfourwheels。

"Inordertopreventirregularityintheattendanceofthegardenershewaslatterlyparticularinpayingtheirwageswithhisownhands；

andonthelastoccasionofdoingso，hewasmuchaffectedthathisweaknesshadincreasedandconfinedhimtothehouse。But，notwithstandinghehadclosedthispartofhisearthlyscene，hecouldnotrefrainfromsendingforhisgardenersintotheroomwherehelay，andwouldconversewiththemabouttheplants；andnearhiscouch，againstthewall，heplacedthepictureofabeautifulshrub，uponwhichhegazedwithdelight。

"Onthissciencehefrequentlygavelectures，whichwerewellattended，andneverfailedtoproveinteresting。HispublicationofRoxburgh\'sFloraIndicaisastandardworkwithbotanists。Ofhisbotanicalfriendshespokewithgreatesteem；andneverfailedtodefendthemwhenerroneouslyassailed。Heencouragedthestudyofthesciencewhereveradesiretoacquireitwasmanifested。Inthisparticularhewouldsometimesgentlyreprovethosewhohadnotasteforit；buthewouldnotsparethosewhoattemptedtoundervalueit。

Hisremarkofoneofhiscolleagueswaskeenandstriking。WhenthelattersomewhatreprehendedDr。Carey，tothemedicalgentlemanattendinghim，forexposinghimselfsomuchinthegarden，heimmediatelyreplied，thathiscolleaguewasconversantwiththepleasuresofagarden，justasananimalwaswiththegrassinthefield。"

AsfromDinapoor，sofromSeramporeafterhissettlementthere，anearlyorderwasthison27thNovember1800：——"WearesendinganassortmentofHindoogodstotheBritishMuseum，andsomeothercuriositiestodifferentfriends。Dosendafewtulips，daffodils，snowdrops，lilies，andseedsofotherthings，byDoltonwhenhereturns，desiringhimnottoputthemintothehold。Sendtherootsinanetorbasket，tobehungupanywhereoutofthereachofsaltwater，andtheseedsinaseparatesmallbox。Youneednotbeatanyexpense，anyfriendwillsupplythesethings。Thecowslipsanddaisiesofyourfieldswouldbegreatacquisitionshere。"WhatthedaisiesoftheEnglishfieldsbecametoCarey，andhowhisrequestwaslongafteranswered，istoldbyJamesMontgomery，theMoravian，whoformedafterCowperthesecondpoetofthemissionaryreformation：——

THEDAISYININDIA

"Afriendofmine，ascientificbotanist，residingnearSheffield，hadsentapackageofsundrykindsofBritishseedstothelearnedandvenerableDoctorWILLIAMCAREY。Someoftheseedshadbeenenclosedinabag，containingaportionoftheirnativeearth。InMarch1821aletterofacknowledgmentwasreceivedbyhiscorrespondentfromtheDoctor，whowashimselfwellskilledinbotany，andhadagardenrichinplants，bothtropicalandEuropean。

Inthisenclosurehewaswonttospendanhoureverymorning，beforeheentereduponthoselaboursandstudieswhichhaverenderedhisnameillustriousbothathomeandabroad，asoneofthemostaccomplishedofOrientalscholarsandatranslatoroftheHolyScripturesintomanyoftheHindoolanguages。Intheletteraforementioned，whichwasshowntome，thegoodmansays：——\'ThatI

mightbesurenottoloseanypartofyourvaluablepresent，Ishookthebagoverapatchofearthinashadyplace：onvisitingwhichafewdaysafterwardsIfoundspringingup，tomyinexpressibledelight，aBellisperennisofourEnglishpastures。IknownotthatIeverenjoyed，sinceleavingEurope，asimplepleasuresoexquisiteasthesightofthisEnglishDaisyaffordedme；nothavingseenoneforupwardsofthirtyyears，andneverexpectingtoseeoneagain。\'

"Ontheperusalofthispassage，thefollowingstanzasseemedtospringupalmostspontaneouslyinmymind，asthe\'littleEnglishflower\'inthegoodDoctor\'sgarden，whomIimaginedtobethusaddressingitonitssuddenappearance：——

"Thricewelcome，littleEnglishflower！

Mymother-country\'swhiteandred，Inroseorlily，tillthishour，Nevertomesuchbeautyspread：

Transplantedfromthineisland-bed，Atreasureinagrainofearth，Strangeasaspiritfromthedead，Thineembryosprangtobirth。

"Thricewelcome，littleEnglishflower！

Whosetribes，beneathournatalskies，Shutclosetheirleaveswhilevapourslower；

But，whenthesun\'sgaybeamsarise，Withunabashedbutmodesteyes，Followhismotiontothewest，Norceasetogazetilldaylightdies，Thenfoldthemselvestorest。

"Thricewelcome，littleEnglishflower！

Tothisresplendenthemisphere，WhereFlora\'sgiantoffspringtowerIngorgeousliveriesalltheyear：

Thou，onlythou，artlittlehere，Likeworthunfriendedandunknown，YettomyBritishheartmoredearThanallthetorridzone。

"Thricewelcome，littleEnglishflower！

Ofearlyscenesbelovedbyme，Whilehappyinmyfather\'sbower，Thoushalttheblythememorialbe；

Thefairysportsofinfancy，Youth\'sgoldenage，andmanhood\'sprime。

Home，country，kindred，friends，——withthee，Ifindinthisfarclime。

"Thricewelcome，littleEnglishflower！

I\'llreartheewithatremblinghand：

Oh，fortheAprilsunandshower，ThesweetMaydewsofthatfairland。

WhereDaisies，thickasstarlight，standIneverywalk！——thatheremayshootThyscions，andthybudsexpandAhundredfromoneroot。

"Thricewelcome，littleEnglishflower！

Tomethepledgeofhopeunseen：

Whensorrowwouldmysoulo\'erpower，Forjoysthatwere，ormighthavebeen，I\'llcalltomind，how，freshandgreen，Isawtheewakingfromthedust；

Thenturntoheavenwithbrowserene，AndplaceinGODmytrust。"

>Fromeverydistantstation，fromAmboynatoDelhi，hereceivedseedsandanimalsandspecimensofnaturalhistory。Theveryschoolboyswhentheywentoutintotheworld，andtheyoungciviliansofFortWilliamCollege，enrichedhiscollections。ToJabez，hissoninAmboyna，wefindhimthuswriting：——"Ihavealreadyinformedyouofthelucklessfateofalltheanimalsyouhavesent。Iknowofnoremedyforthelivinganimalsdying，butbyalittleattentiontopackingthemyoumaysendskinsofbirdsandanimalsofeverykind，andalsoseedsandroots。IlatelyreceivedaparcelofseedsfromMoore(alargeboywho，youmayremember，wasatschoolwhentheprinting-officewasburnt)，everyoneofwhichbidsfairtogrow。

HeisinsomeoftheMalayislands。Afterallyouhavegreatlycontributedtotheenlargementofmycollection。"

"17thSeptember1816——IapprovemuchofBencoolenasaplaceforyourfuturelabours，unlessyoushouldratherchoosetheislandofBorneo……TheEnglishmaysendaResidentthitherafteratime。I

mentionthisfromaconversationIhadsomemonthsagoonthesubjectwithLordMoira，whotoldmethatthereisalargebodyofChineseonthatisland。"They"appliedtothelateLieut-GovernorofJava，requestingthatanEnglishResidentmaybesenttogovernthem，andofferingtobeatthewholeexpenseofhissalaryandgovernment。TheBorneobusinessmaycometonothing，butifitshouldsucceeditwouldbeagloriousopeningfortheGospelinthatlargeisland。Sumatra，however，islargerthananyonemancouldoccupy。"AswereadthisweseetheSeramporeapostle\'shopefulfilledafteradifferentfashion，inRajahBrooke\'ssettlementatSarawak，inthecharteroftheNorthBorneoCompany，intheopeningupofNewGuineaandinthecivilisationofthePhilippinesbytheUnitedStatesofAmerica。

ToRoxburghandhisDanishsuccessorWallich，toVoigtwhosucceededWallichinSerampore，andhundredsofcorrespondentsinIndiaandGermany，GreatBritainandAmerica，Careydidmanyaserviceinsendingplantsand——whatwasagreatersacrificeforsobusyaman——writingletters。WhathedidfortheHortusBengalensismaystandforall。

When，in1814，Dr。Roxburghwassenttoseaalmostdying，Dr。Careyeditedandprintedathisownpressthatnowveryrarevolume，theHortusBengalensis，oraCatalogueofthePlantsoftheHonourableEastIndiaCompany\'sBotanicGardeninCalcutta。Carey\'sintroductionoftwelvelargepagesisperhapshismostcharacteristicwritingonascientificsubject。Hisgenuinefriendlinessandhumilityshineforthinthetestimonyhebearstotheabilities，zeal，andsuccessofthegreatbotanistwho，intwentyyears，hadcreatedacollectionof3200species。Ofthese3000atleasthadbeengivenbytheEuropeanresidentsinIndia，himselfmostlargelyofall。Havingshownindetailtheutilityofbotanicalgardens，especiallyinalltheforeignsettlementsofGreatBritain，hedeclaredthatonlyabeginninghadbeenmadeinobservingandcataloguingthestockofAsiaticproductions。HeurgedEnglishresidentsalloverIndiatosetapartasmallplotforthereceptionoftheplantsoftheirneighbourhood，andwhenridingaboutthecountrytomarkplants，whichtheirservantscouldbringontothenursery，gettingthemtowritethenativenameofeach。

HedesideratedgardensatHurdwar，Delhi，Dacca，andSylhet，whereplantsthatwillnotliveatCalcuttamightprosper，asuggestionwhichwasafterwardscarriedoutbytheGovernmentinestablishingagardenatSaharanpoor，inaSub-Himalayanregion，whichhasbeensuccessfullydirectedbyRoyle，Falconer，andJameson。

OnDr。Roxburgh\'sdeathin1815Dr。CareywaitedtoseewhetheranEnglishbotanistwouldpublishthefruitofthirtyyears\'labourofhisfriendinthedescriptionofmorethan2000plants，nativesofEasternAsia。Athisownriskhethen，in1820，undertookthispublication，ortheFloraIndica，placingonthetitle-page，"AllThyworkspraiseThee，OLord——David。"WhentheRoxburghMSS。weremadeovertothelibraryoftheBotanicGardenatCalcutta，thefourthandfinalvolumeappearedwiththisnoteregardingthenewedition：——"TheworkwasprintedfromMSS。inthepossessionofDr。

Carey，anditwascarriedthroughthepresswhenhewaslabouringunderthedebilityofgreatage……TheadvancedageofDr。Careydidnotadmitofanylongerdelay。"

HisfirstpublicattemptatagriculturalreformwasmadeinthepaperwhichhecontributedtotheTransactionsoftheBengalAsiaticSociety，andwhichappearedin1811inthetenthvolumeoftheAsiaticResearches。InthespaceofanordinaryQuarterlyReviewarticlehedescribesthe"StateofAgricultureintheDistrictofDinapoor，"andurgesimprovementssuchasonlytheofficials，settlers，andGovernmentcouldbegin。Thesoils，the"extremelypoor"people，their"proportionallysimpleandwretchedfarmingutensils，"thecattle，theprimitiveirrigationalludedtoinDeuteronomyas"wateringwiththefoot，"andthemodesofploughingandreaping，arerapidlysketchedandillustratedbylithographedfiguresdrawntoscale。Ingreaterdetailtheprincipalcropsaretreated。ThestaplecropofriceinitsmanyvarietiesandharvestsatdifferentseasonsislucidlybroughtbeforetheGovernment，inlanguagewhichitwouldhavebeenwelltorememberorreproduceinthesubsequentavoidablefaminesofOrissaandNorthBihar。Indigoissetbeforeuswiththeskillofonewhohadgrownandmanufactureditforyears。ThehempandjuteplantsareenlargedoninlanguagewhichunconsciouslyanticipatesthevastandenrichingdevelopmentgiventothelatterasanexportandalocalmanufacturesincetheCrimeanWar。Anaccountoftheoil-seedsandthefaultymodeofexpressingtheoil，whichmadeIndianlinseedoilunfitforpainting，isfollowedbyremarksonthecultivationofwheat，towhichsubsequenteventshavegivengreatimportance。Thoughmanyparts，evenofDinapoor，werefitforthegrowthofwheatandbarley，thenativesproducedonlyadarkvarietyfrombadseed。"ForthepurposeofmakingatrialIsowedPatnawheatonalargequantityoflandintheyear1798，theflourproducedfromwhichwasofaverygoodquality。"Thepulses，tobacco，theegg-plant，thecapsicums，thecucumbers，thearumroots，turmeric，ginger，andsugar-cane，allpassinreviewinastylewhichthenon-scientificreadermayenjoyandtheexpertmustappreciate。Improvementsinmethodandtheintroductionofthebestkindsofplantsandvegetablesaresuggested，notwithstanding"thepoverty，prejudices，andindolenceofthenatives。"

Thispaperismostremarkable，however，forthetruenotewhichitswriterwasthefirsttostrikeonthesubjectofforestry。Ifwereflectthatitwasnottill1846thattheGovernmentmadethefirstattemptatforestconservancy，inordertopreservethetimberofMalabarfortheBombaydockyard；andnottilltheconquestofPegu，in1855，thattheMarquisofDalhousiewasledbytheFriendofIndiatoappointDietrichBrandisofBonntocarefortheforestsofBurma，andDr。CleghornforthoseofSouthIndia，weshallappreciatethewiseforesightofthemissionary-scholar，who，havingfirstmadehisownparkamodelofforestteaching，wrotesuchwordsastheseearlyinthecentury：——"Thecultivationoftimberhashitherto，Ibelieve，beenwhollyneglected。Severalsortshavebeenplanted……alloverBengal，andwouldsoonfurnishaverylargeshareofthetimberusedinthecountry。Thesissoo，theAndamanredwood，theteak，themahogany，thesatin-wood，thechikrasi，thetoona，andthesirishashouldbeprincipallychosen。Theplantingofthesetreessingle，atthedistanceofafurlongfromeachother，woulddonoinjurytothecropsofcorn，butwould，bycoolingtheatmosphere，ratherbeadvantageous。Inmanyplacesspotsnowunproductivewouldbeimprovedbyclumpsorsmallplantationsoftimber，underwhichgingerandturmericmightbecultivatedtogreatadvantage。Insomesituationssaul……wouldprosper。Indeedtheimprovementsthatmightbemadeinthiscountrybytheplantingoftimbercanscarcelybecalculated。TeakisatpresentbroughtfromtheBurmandominions……TheFrenchnaturalistshavealreadybeguntoturntheirattentiontothecultureofthisvaluabletreeasanobjectofnationalutility。ThiswillbefoundimpracticableinFrance，butmayperhapsbeattemptedsomewhereelse。ToEngland，thefirstcommercialcountryintheworld，itsimportancemustbeobvious。"

Tenyearspassed，Careycontinuedtowatchandtoextendhisagri-horticulturalexperimentsinhisowngarden，andtocorrespondwithbotanistsinallpartsoftheworld，butstillnothingwasdonepubliclyinIndia。Atlast，on15thApril1820，when"theadvantagesarisingfromanumberofpersonsunitingthemselvesasaSocietyforthepurposeofcarryingforwardanyundertaking"weregenerallyacknowledged，theshoemakerandpreacherwhohadagenerationbeforetestedtheseadvantagesintheformationofthefirstForeignMissionSociety，issuedaProspectusofanAgriculturalandHorticulturalSocietyinIndia，fromthe"MissionHouse，Serampore。"Theprospectusthusconcluded：——"BothinformingsuchaSocietyandinsubsequentlypromotingitsobjects，importanttothehappinessofthecountryastheyregardthem，thewriterandhiscolleagueswillbehappyindoingalltheirotheravocationswillpermit。"NativeaswellasEuropeangentlemenwereparticularlyinvitedtoco-operate。"ItispeculiarlydesirablethatnativegentlemenshouldbeeligibleasmembersoftheSociety，becauseoneofitschiefobjectswillbetheimprovementoftheirestatesandofthepeasantrywhichresidethereon。TheyshouldthereforenotonlybeeligibleasmembersbutalsoasofficersoftheSocietyinpreciselythesamemannerasEuropeans。"AtthefirstmeetingintheTownHallofCalcutta，CareyandMarshmanfoundonlythreeEuropeansbesidethemselves。Theyresolvedtoproceed，andintwomonthstheysecuredmorethanfiftymembers，severalofwhomwerenatives。Thefirstformalmeetingwasheldon14thSeptember，whentheconstitutionwasdrawnuponthelineslaiddownintheprospectus，itbeingspeciallyprovided"thatgentlemenofeverynationbeeligibleasmembers。"

AtthenextmeetingDr。Careywasrequestedtodrawupaseriesofqueries，whichwerecirculatedwidely，inordertoobtain"correctinformationuponeverycircumstancewhichisconnectedwiththestateofagricultureandhorticultureinthevariousprovincesofIndia。"Thetwentyqueriesshowagraspofprinciples，amasteryofdetail，andakindlinessofspiritwhichrevealthepracticalfarmer，theaccomplishedobserver，andthethoughtfulphilanthropistallinone。Oneonlywemayquote：——"19。Inwhatmannerdoyouthinkthecomfortsofthepeasantryaroundyoucouldbeincreased，theirhealthbettersecured，andtheirgeneralhappinesspromoted？"

TheMarquisofHastingsgladlybecamepatron，andeversincetheGovernmenthasmadeagranttotheSociety。HiswifeshowedsuchaninterestinitsprogressthatthemembersobtainedherconsenttosittoChinneryforherportraittofillthelargestpanelinthehouseatTitigur。LordHastingsaddedtheexperimentalfarm，formednearBarrackpore，totheBotanicGarden，withanimmediateviewtoitsassistingtheAgriculturalSocietyintheirexperimentsandpursuits。TheSocietybecamespeedilypopular，forCareywatcheditsinfancywithlovingsolicitude，andwasthelifeofitsmeetings。Inthefirsteighty-sevenyearsofitsexistenceseventhousandofthebestmeninIndiahavebeenitsmembers，ofwhomsevenhundredareAsiatics。Agriculturists，militaryandmedicalofficers，civilians，clergy，andmerchants，arerepresentedonitsrollinnearlyequalproportions。TheoneSocietyhasgrownintothreeinIndia，andformedthemodelfortheRoyalAgriculturalSocietyofEngland，whichwasnotfoundedtill1838。

ItalyandScotlandaloneprecededCareyinthisorganisation，andhequoteswithapprobationtheactionofSirJohnSinclairin1790，whichledtothefirstinquiryintothestateofBritishagriculture。TheTransactionswhichCareyledtheSocietytopromisetopublishinEnglish，Bengali，andHindostani，haveprovedtobeonlythefirstofaseriesofspecialperiodicalsrepresentingIndianagriculturegenerally，tea，andforestry。ThevariousGovernmentsinIndiahaveeconomicmuseums；andtheGovernmentofIndia，underLordMayo，establishedaRevenueandAgriculturalDepartmentexpandedbyLordCurzon。Carey\'searlyproposalofpremiums，eachofahundredrupees，ortheSociety\'sgoldmedal，forthemostsuccessfulcultivationonacommercialscaleofcoffeeandimprovedcotton，forthesuccessfulintroductionofEuropeanfruits，fortheimprovementofindigenousfruits，forthesuccessfulintroductionfromtheEasternIslandsofthemangosteenordoorian，andforthemanufactureofcheeseequaltoWarwickshire，hadthebestresultsinsomecases。In1825Mr。LambofDaccawaspresentedby"Rev。Dr。Careyinthechair"withthegoldmedalfor80lbs。ofcoffeegrownthere。Carey\'sownheadgardenerbecamefamousforhiscabbages；andwefindthissentenceintheSociety\'sReportjustafterthefounder\'sdeath：——"WhowouldhavecreditedfifteenyearsagothatwecouldhaveexhibitedvegetablesintheTownHallofCalcuttaequaltothechoicestinCoventGarden？"TheberriestwocenturiesagobroughtfromArabiainhiswalletbythepilgrimBabaBoodentothehillsofMysore，whichbearhisname，have，sincethatDaccaexperiment，coveredtheuplandsofSouthIndiaandCeylon。

BeforeCareydiedheknewofthediscoveryoftheindigenoustea-treeinitsoriginalhomeontheAssamborderofTibet——adiscoverywhichhasputIndiaintheplaceofChinaasaproducer。

IntheSociety\'sProceedingsfor9thJanuary1828wefindthissignificantrecord：——"Resolved，atthesuggestionoftheRev。Dr。

Carey，thatpermissionbegiventoGolukChundra，ablacksmithofTitigur，toexhibitasteamenginemadebyhimselfwithouttheaidofanyEuropeanartist。"Atthenextmeeting，when109maleesornativegardenerscompetedattheannualexhibitionofvegetables，thesteamenginewassubmittedandpronounced"usefulforirrigatinglandsmadeuponthemodelofalargesteamenginebelongingtothemissionariesatSerampore。"ApremiumofRs。50waspresentedtotheingeniousblacksmithasanencouragementtofurtherexertionsofhisindustry。Whenin1832theafterwardswell-knownLieutenant-GovernorThomasonwasdeputy-secretarytoGovernment，heappliedtotheSocietyforinformationregardingthemanufactureofpaper。Dr。CareyandRamKomalSenwerereferredto，andtheformerthusrepliedinhisusualconciseandclearmanner：——

"Whenwecommencedpaper-makingseveralyearsago，havingthennomachinery，weemployedanumberofnativepapermakerstomakeitinthewaytowhichtheyhadbeenaccustomed，withtheexceptionofmixingconjeeorricegruelwiththepulpandusingitassizing；

ourobjectbeingthatofmakingpaperimpervioustoinsects。Oursuccessatfirstwasveryimperfect，buttheprocesswasconductedasfollows：——

"Aquantityofsunn，viz。，thefibresofCrotolariajuncea，wassteepedrepeatedlyinlimewater，andthenexposedtotheairbyspreadingitonthegrass；itwasalsorepeatedlypoundedbythedhenkiorpedal，andwhensufficientlyreducedbythisprocesstomakeapulp，itwasmixedinagumlawithwater，soastomakeitoftheconsistenceofthicksoup。Theframeswithwhichthesheetsweretakenupweremadeofmatofthesizeofasheetofpaper。Theoperatorsittingbythegumladippedthisframeinthepulp，andafteritwasdrainedgaveittoanassistant，wholaiditonthegrasstodry：thisfinishedtheprocesswithus；butforthenativemarketthispaperisafterwardssizedbyholdinganumberofsheetsbytheedgeanddippingthemcarefullyinconjee，soastokeepthesheetsseparate。Theyareafterwardsdried，folded，andpressedbyputtingthembetweentwoboards，theupperboardofwhichisloadedwithoneormorelargestones。

"IntheEnglishmethodthepulpispreparedbythemillandputintocisterns；theframesaremadeoffinewire，andtheworkmanstandsbythecisternandtakesupthepulpontheframes。Thesheetswhensufficientlydryarehungonlinestodrycompletely，afterwhichtheyaresized，ifsizingberequired。

"Wenowmakeourpaperbymachinery，inwhichthepulpislettorunonawebofwire，andpassingoverseveralcylinders，thelastofwhichisheatedbysteam，itisdriedandfitforuseinabouttwominutesfromitshavingbeeninaliquidstate。"

SincethatreplytheGovernmentofIndia，underthepressureofthehomeauthorities，hasalternatelydiscouragedandfosteredthemanufactureofpaperonthespot。AtpresentitisinthewiserpositionofpreferringtopurchaseitssuppliesinIndia，atonceasbeingcheaper，andthatitmaydeveloptheuseofthemanypaper-makingfibresthere。HenceattheCalcuttaExhibitionof1881-82thejurorsbegantheirreportonthemachineandhand-madepapersubmittedtothem，withareferencetoCareyandthisreportofhis。TheSeramporemillsweregraduallycrushedbytheexpensiveandunsatisfactorycontractsmadeathomebytheIndiaOffice。TheneighbouringBallymillsseemtoflourishsincetheabandonmentofthatvirtualmonopoly，andCarey\'santicipationsastotheutilisationoftheplantainandotherfibresofIndiaarebeingrealisednearlyacenturyafterhefirstformedthem。

Careyexpandedandpublishedhis"AddressrespectinganAgriculturalSocietyinIndia"inthequarterlyFriendofIndia。Hestillthinksitnecessarytoapologiseforhisactionbyquotinghishero，Brainerd，whowasconstrainedtoassisthisIndianconvertswithhiscounselsinsowingtheirmaizeandarrangingtheirsecularconcerns。

"Few，"headdswiththetruebreadthofgeniuswhichconvertedtheBaptistshoemakerintotheChristianstatesmanandscholar，"whoareextensivelyacquaintedwithhumanlife，willesteemthesecareseitherunworthyofreligionorincongruouswithitshighestenjoyments。"WhenCareywrote，themillionsoffive-acrefarmersinIndiawereonlybeginningtorecoverfromtheoppressionandneglectofformerrulersandthevisitationofterrificfamines。Tradewasasdepressedasagriculture。Transitduties，notlessoffensivethanthoseoftheChinese，continuedtoweighdownagriculturalindustrytillLordW。Bentinck\'stimeandlater。TheEnglishGovernmentleviedanunequalscaleofdutiesonthestaplesoftheEastandWestIndies，againstwhichtheformerpetitionedinvain。

TheEastIndiaCompanykeptthepeopleinignorance，andcontinuedtoexcludetheEuropeancapitalistandcaptainoflabour。Thelargenativelandholderswereasuneducatedasthecultivators。BeforeallCareysetthesereforms：closeattentiontotheimprovementofland，thebestmethodofcroppingland，theintroductionofnewandusefulplants，theimprovementoftheimplementsofhusbandry，theimprovementoflivestock，thebringingofwastelandsundercultivation，theimprovementofhorticulture。Hewentontoshowthat，inadditiontotheabundancewhichanimprovedagriculturewoulddiffusethroughoutthecountry，thesurplusofgrainexported，besides"heropium，herindigo，hersilk，andhercotton，"wouldgreatlytendtoenrichIndiaandendearBritaintoher。"WhatevermaybethoughtoftheGovernmentofMr。Hastingsandthosewhoimmediatelyprecededhimfortheselastfortyyears，IndiahascertainlyenjoyedsuchaGovernmentasnoneoftheprovincesofthePersianortheRomanEmpireeverenjoyedforsogreatalengthoftimeinsuccession，and，indeed，onealmostasnewintheannalsofmodernEuropeasinthoseofIndia。"

CareyfoundoneofthegreatestobstaclestoagriculturalprogresstobethefactthatnotoneEuropeanownedasinglefootofthesoil，"asingularfactinthehistoryofnations，"removedonlyaboutthetimeofhisowndeath。Hisremarksonthishaveapresentsignificance：——

"ItdoubtlessoriginatedinalaudablecaretopreserveourIndianfellow-subjectsfrominsultandviolence，whichitwasfearedcouldscarcelybedoneifnativesofBritain，whollyunacquaintedwiththelawsandcustomsofthepeople，werepermittedtosettleindiscriminatelyinIndia。Whilethewisdomofthisregulationatthattimeisnotimpugned，however，itmaynotbeimpropertoinquirewhetheratthepresenttimeapermissiontoholdlandedproperty，tobegrantedbyGovernmenttoBritishsubjectsinIndia，accordingtotheirowndiscretion，mightnotbeofthehighestbenefittothecountry，andinsomedegreeadvantageoustotheGovernmentitself。

"TheobjectionswhichhavebeenurgedagainstanymeasureofthisnaturearechieflythattheindiscriminateadmissionofEuropeansintothecountrymighttendtoalienatethemindsoftheinhabitantsfromBritain，orpossiblyleadtoitsdisruptionfromBritaininawaysimilartothatofAmerica。Respectingthislattercircumstance，itiscertainthat，inthecommoncourseofevents，agreaterevilcouldscarcelybefallIndia。OnthecontinuanceofherconnectionwithBritainissuspendedhereveryhoperelativetoimprovement，security，andhappiness。ThemomentIndiafallsagainunderthedominionofanyoneoranynumberofnativeprinces，allhopeofmentalimprovement，orevenofsecurityforpersonorproperty，willatoncevanish。Nothingcouldbethenexpectedbutscenesofrapine，plunder，bloodshed，andviolence，tillitsinhabitantsweresealedovertoirremediablewretchedness，withoutthemostdistantrayofhoperespectingthefuture。AndwereitseveredfromBritaininanyotherway，thereversefeltinIndiawouldbeunspeakablygreat。Atpresentallthelearning，theintelligence，theprobity，thephilanthropy，theweightofcharacterexistinginBritain，arebroughttobearonIndia。ThereisscarcelyanindividualsustainingapartintheadministrationofaffairswhodoesnotfeeltheweightofthattribunalformedbythesuffragesofthewiseandthegoodinBritain，thoughhebestationedintheremotestpartsofIndia。Throughthemediumofafreepressthewisdom，probity，andphilanthropywhichpervadeBritainexerciseanalmostunboundedswayovereverypartofIndia，totheincalculableadvantageofitsinhabitants；constitutingatriumphofvirtueandwisdomthusunknowntotheancients，andwhichwillincreaseinitseffectsinexactproportiontotheincreaseinBritainofjustice，generosity，andlovetomankind。LetIndia，however，beseveredfromBritain，andtheweightoftheseisfeltnomore……

"ItisafactthatincaseofoutrageorinjuryitisinmostcaseseasierforanativetoobtainjusticeagainstaEuropean，thanforaEuropeantoobtainredressifinsultedorwrongedbyanative。Thiscircumstance，attendedasitmaybewithsomeinconvenience，reflectsthehighesthonourontheBritishname；itisafactofwhichIndiaaffordsalmostthefirstinstanceonrecordintheannalsofhistory。BritainisnearlythefirstnationinwhoseforeignCourtsofJusticeatendernessforthenativeinhabitantshabituallyprevailsoverallthepartialitiesarisingfromcountryandeducation。Ifthereeverexistedaperiod，therefore，inwhichaEuropeancouldoppressanativeofIndiawithimpunity，thattimeispassedaway——wetrustforever。ThatapermissionofthisnaturemighttendtoseverIndiafromBritainaftertheexampleofAmericaisofallthingsthemostimprobable……

"LongbeforethenumberofBritishlandholdersinIndiashallhavebecomeconsiderable，PenangandtheEasternIsles，Ceylon，theCape，andeventheIslesofNewSouthWales，mayinEuropeanpopulationfarexceedtheminnumber；andunitedly，ifnotsingly，renderthemostdistantstepofthisnatureasimpracticable，asitwouldberuinous，tothewelfareandhappinessofIndia……

"British-bornlandholderswouldnaturallymaintainalltheirnationalattachments，forwhatBritoncanlosethem？andderivetheirhappinessfromcorrespondingwiththewiseandgoodathome。

Ifsufficientlywealthy，theywouldnodoubtoccasionallyvisitBritain，whereindeeditmightbeexpectedthatsomeofthemwouldresideforyearstogether，asdotheownersofestatesintheWestIndies。WhileBritainshallremainwhatshenowis，itwillbeimpossibleforthosewhohaveoncefelttheforceofBritishattachments，evertoforegothem。Thosefeelingswouldanimatetheirminds，occupytheirconversation，andregulatetheeducationandstudiesoftheirchildren，whowouldbeingeneralsenthomethattheymightthereimbibeallthoseideasofamoralandintellectualnatureforwhichourbelovedcountryissoeminent。

ThusanewintercoursewouldbeestablishedbetweenBritainandtheproprietorsoflandinIndia，highlytotheadvantageofbothcountries。Whiletheyderivedtheirhighesthappinessfromthereligion，theliterature，thephilanthropyandpublicspiritofBritain，theywould，ontheotherhand，beabletofurnishBritainwiththemostaccurateandampleinformationrelativetothestateofthingsinacountryinwhichthepropertytheyheldthereconstrainedthemtofeelsodeepaninterest。Thefearofalloppressionbeingoutofthequestion，whileitwouldbesoevidentlytheinterestnotonlyofeveryBritonbutofeveryChristian，whetherBritishornative，tosecuretheprotectingaidofBritain，atleastaslongastwo-thirdsoftheinhabitantsofIndiaretainedtheHindooorMussulmansystemofreligion，fewthingswouldbemorelikelytocementandpreservetheconnectionbetweenbothcountriesthantheexistenceofsuchaclassofBritish-bornlandholdersinIndia。"

Itisprofitabletoreadthisinthelightofsubsequentevents——oftheDuff-Bentinckreforms，theSepoymutiny，thegovernmentoftheQueen-Empress，theexistenceofmorethanthreemillionsofChristiansinIndia，thesocialandcommercialdevelopmentduetothenon-officialsfromGreatBritainandAmerica，andtheadministrativeprogressunderLordCurzonandLordMinto。

ThereisoneevilwhichCareyneverceasedtopointout，butwhichtheveryperfectionofourjudicialprocedureandthetemporarycharacterofourlandassessmentshaveintensified——"theborrowingsystemofthenatives。"While12percent。istheso-calledlegalrateofinterest；itisneverbelow36，andfrequentlyrisesto72

percent。Nativemarriagecustoms，thecommercialcustomof"advances，"agriculturalusage，andourcivilprocedurecombinetosinkmillionsofthepeasantrylowerthantheywere，inthisrespect，inCarey\'stime。Forthis，too，hehadaremedysofarasitwasinhispowertomitigateanevilwhichonlypracticalChristianitywillcure。HewasthefirsttoapplyinIndiathatsystemofsavingsbankswhichtheGovernmenthasoflatesoughttoencourage。

AtatimewhentheEnglishandevenScottishuniversitiesdeniedtheirhonorarydegreestoallBritishsubjectswhowerenotoftheestablishedchurches，BrownUniversity，intheUnitedStates——Judson\'s——spontaneouslysentCareythediplomaofDoctorofDivinity。Thatwasintheyear1807。In1823hewaselectedacorrespondingmemberoftheHorticulturalSocietyofLondon，amemberoftheGeologicalSociety，andaFellowoftheLinn鎍nSociety。Tohimthelatteryearwasevermemorable，notforsuchhonourswhichhehadnotsought，butforafloodoftheDamoodarriver，which，overflowingitsembankmentsanddesolatingthewholecountrybetweenitandtheHoogli，submergedhisgardenandthemissiongroundswiththreefeetofwater，sweptawaythebotanictreasuresorburiedthemundersand，anddestroyedhisownhouse。

Careywaslyinginbedatthetime，underanapparentlyfatalfeverfollowingdislocationofthehip-joint。Hehadlosthisfootingwhensteppingfromhisboat。Surgicalsciencewasthenlessequaltosuchacasethanitisnow，andforninedayshesufferedagony，whichonthetenthresultedinfever。Whenhurriedlycarriedoutofhistotteringhouse，whichinafewhourswasscouredawaybytherushofthetorrentintoaholefiftyfeetdeep，hisfirstthoughtwasofhisgarden。Forsixmonthsheusedcrutches，butlongbeforehecouldputfoottothegroundhewascarefullybornealloverthesceneofdesolation。Hisnoblecollectionofexoticplants，unmatchedinAsiasaveintheCompany\'sgarden，wasgone。Hisscientificarrangementofordersandfamilieswasobliterated。Itseemedasifthefinebarrensandofthemountaintorrentwouldmaketheparadiseadesertforever。Thevenerablebotanistwaswoundedinhiskeenestpart，buthelostnotanhourinissuingordersandwritingofffornewsuppliesofspecimensandseeds，whichyearsaftermadetheplaceaslovelyifnotsoprecious，asbefore。HethuswrotetoDr。Ryland：——

"SERAMPORE，22ndDecember1823。

"MYDEARBROTHER——Ioncemoreaddressyoufromthelandoftheliving，amercywhichabouttwomonthsagoIhadnoexpectationof，nordidanyoneexpectitmorethan，norperhapssomuchas，myself。

Onthe1stofOctoberIwenttoCalcuttatopreach，andreturnedwithanotherfriendaboutmidnight。WhenIgotoutoftheboatclosetoourownpremises，myfootslippedandIfell；myfriendalsofellinthesameplace。IhoweverperceivedthatIcouldnotrise，norevenmakethesmallestefforttorise。Theboatmencarriedmeintothehouse，andlaidmeonacouch，andmyfriend，whowasamedicalman，examinedmyhurt——FromallthisafflictionI

am，throughmercy，nearlyrestored。Iamstillveryweak，andtheinjuredlimbisverypainful。Iamunabletowalktwostepswithoutcrutches；yetmystrengthissensiblyincreasing，andDr。Mellis，whoattendedmeduringtheillness，sayshehasnodoubtsofmyperfectrecovery。

"Duringmyconfinement，inOctober，suchaquantityofwatercamedownfromthewesternhills，thatitlaidthewholecountryforaboutahundredmilesinlengthandthesameinbreadth，underwater。TheGangeswasfilledbytheflood，soastospreadfaroneveryside。Seramporewasunderwater；wehadthreefeetofwaterinourgardenforsevenoreightdays。Almostallthehousesofthenativesinthatvastextentofcountryfell；theircattleweresweptaway，andthepeople，men，women，andchildren。Somegainedelevatedspots，wherethewaterstillrosesohighastothreatenthemwithdeath；othersclimbedtrees，andsomefloatedontheroofsoftheirruinedhouses。OneoftheChurchmissionaries，Mr。Jetter，whohadaccompaniedMr。ThomasonandsomeothergentlementoBurdwantoexaminetheschoolsthere，calledonmeonhisreturnandgavemeamostdistressingaccountofthefallofhouses，thelossofproperty，theviolentrushingofwaters，sothatnone，noteventhebestswimmers，daredtoleavetheplacewheretheywere。

"ThisinundationwasverydestructivetotheMissionhouse，orrathertheMissionpremises。Aslipoftheearth(somewhatlikethatofanavalanche)，tookplaceonthebankoftherivernearmyhouse，andgraduallyapproachedituntilonlyabouttenfeetofspacewereleftbetweenthatandthehouse；andthatspacesoonsplit。Atlasttwofissuresappearedinthefoundationandwallofthehouseitself。Thiswasasignalformetoremove；andahousebuiltforaprofessorintheCollegebeingempty，Iremovedtoit，andthroughmercyamnowcomfortablysettledthere。

"Ihavenearlyfilledmyletterwiththisaccount，butImustgiveyouashortaccountofthestateofmymindwhenIcouldthink，andthatwasgenerallywhenexcitedbyanaccessoffriends；atothertimesIcouldscarcelyspeakorthink。Iconcludedoneortwodaysthatmydeathwasnear。Ihadnojoys；noranyfearofdeath，orreluctancetodie；butneverwasIsosensiblyconvincedofthevalueofanATONINGSaviourasthen。Icouldonlysay，\'Hangsmyhelplesssoulonthee；\'andadoptthelanguageofthefirstandsecondversesofthefifty-firstPsalm，whichIdesiredmightbethetextformyfuneralsermon。AlifeoffaithinChristastheLambofGodwhotakethawaythesinoftheworld，appearedmorethanordinarilyimportanttomymind，andIexpressedthesefeelingstothoseaboutmewithfreedomandpleasure。

"Now，throughthegraciousprovidenceofGod，Iamagainrestoredtomywork，anddailydoalittleasmystrengthwilladmit。Theprintingofthetranslationsisnowgoingforwardalmostasusual，butIhavenotyetbeenabletoattendtomydutiesinCollege。TheaffairsoftheMissionaremoreextended，andItrustinasprosperousastateasatanyformertime。TherearenowmanyofotherdenominationsemployedinMissions，andIrejoicetosaythatweareallworkerstogetherinthework。Thenativechurcheswereneverinabetterstate，andthefaceoftheMissionisineveryrespectencouraging。Givemylovetoallwhoknowme——Iamveryaffectionatelyyours，W。CAREY。"

Stillmoresevereanddisastrousinitseffectswasthecycloneof1831。Theformerhaddesolatedtheopengarden，butthislaidlowsomeofthenoblesttreeswhich，intheirfall，crushedhissplendidconservatory。Oneofhisbrethrenrepresentstheoldmanasweepingovertheruinofthecollectionsoftwentyyears。AgaintheHoogli，lashedintofuryandswollenbythetidalwave，sweptawaythelately-formedroad，and，cuttingoffanotherfourthoftheoriginalsettlementoftheMission，imperilledtheoldhouseofMr。Ward。Itsruinswerelevelledtoformanotherroad，andeversincethewholefaceoftherightbankoftheriverhasbeenasourceofapprehensionandexpense。Justbeforethis，Dr。StaughtonhadwrittenfromAmericathattheinterestonthefundsraisedtherebyWardfortheCollegewouldnotbesentuntilthetrusteeswereassuredthatthemoneywasnottobespentontheteachingofscienceintheCollege，butonlyonthetheologicaleducationofHindooconverts。"Imustconfess，"wasCarey\'sreply，"Ineverheardanythingmoreilliberal。PraycanyouthbetrainedupfortheChristianministrywithoutscience？DoyouinAmericatrainupyouthsforitwithoutanyknowledgeofscience？"

OneofDr。Carey\'slatestvisitstoCalcuttawastoinspecttheSociety\'sGardenthenatAlipore，andtowritetheelaboratereportoftheHorticulturalCommitteewhichappearedinthesecondvolumeoftheTransactionsafterhisdeath。HethererecordsthegreatsuccessofthecultivationoftheWestIndiaarrowroot。Thisheintroducedintohisowngarden，andafteryearsofdiscontinuedcultureweraisedmanyafinecropfromtheoldroots。Theoldman"cannotbutadvert，withfeelingsofthehighestsatisfaction，tothedisplayofvegetablesonthe13thJanuary1830，adisplaywhichwouldhavedonehonourtoanyclimate，ortoany，eventhemostimprovedsystemofhorticulture……Thegreaterpartofthevegetablesthenproducedwere，tillwithintheselastfewyears，ofspecieswhollyunknowntothenativegardeners。"

When，in1842，theAgri-HorticulturalSocietyresolvedtohonouritsfounder，itappropriatelyfelltoDr。Wallich，followedbythepresidentSirJ。P。Grant，todowhatisthusrecorded：——"Dr。

Wallichaddressedthemeetingatsomelength，andalludedtothepeculiarclaimswhichtheirlatevenerablefounderhadontheaffectionofallclassesforhisuntiringexertionsinadvancingtheprosperityofIndia，andespeciallysoonthemembersoftheSociety。Heconcludedhisaddressbythismotion：——\'ThattheAgriculturalandHorticulturalSocietyofIndia，dulyestimatingthegreatandimportantservicesrenderedtotheinterestsofBritishIndiabythefounderoftheinstitution，thelateReverendDr。

WilliamCarey，whounceasinglyappliedhisgreattalents，abilities，andinfluenceinadvancingthehappinessofIndia——moreespeciallybythespreadofanimprovedsystemofhusbandryandgardening——desiretomark，bysomepermanentrecord，theirsenseofhistranscendentworth，byplacingamarblebusttohismemoryintheSociety\'snewapartmentsattheMetcalfeHall，theretoremainalastingtestimonytothepureanddisinterestedzealandlaboursofsoillustriousacharacter：thatasubscription，accordingly，fromamongthemembersoftheSociety，beurgentlyrecommendedfortheaccomplishmentoftheaboveobject。\'"

OnefactinthehistoryofthemarblebustofCarey，whichsince1845hasadornedthehalloftheAgriculturalSocietyofIndia，wouldhavedelightedthevenerablemissionary。FollowingtheengravingfromHome\'sportrait，andadvisedbyoneofthesons，NoboKoomarPal，aself-educatedBengaliartist，modelledtheclay。TheclaybustwassenttoEnglandfortheguidanceofMr。J。C。Lough，thesculptorselectedbyDr。Royletofinishtheworkinmarble。

Mr。LoughhadexecutedtheQueen\'sstatuefortheRoyalExchange，andthemonumentwitharecliningfigureofSouthey。InsendingoutthemarblebustofCareytoCalcuttaDr。Roylewrote，——"Ithinkthebustanadmirableone；GeneralMacleodimmediatelyrecogniseditasoneofyourmuchesteemedFounder。"

TheBengalAsiaticSociety，onthemotionoftheLordBishopandColonelSirJer。Bryant，enteredthesewordsontheirJournal：——"TheAsiaticSocietycannotnoteupontheirproceedingsthedeathoftheRev。W。Carey，D。D。，solonganactivememberandanornamentofthisInstitution，distinguishedalikeforhishighattainmentsintheOrientallanguages，forhiseminentservicesinopeningthestoresofIndianliteraturetotheknowledgeofEurope，andforhisextensiveacquaintancewiththesciences，thenaturalhistoryandbotanyofthiscountry，andhisusefulcontributionsoneveryhandtowardsthepromotionoftheobjectsoftheSociety，withoutplacingonrecordthisexpressionoftheirhighsenseofhisvalueandmeritsasascholarandamanofscience；theiresteemforthesterlingandsurpassingreligiousandmoralexcellenciesofhischaracter，andtheirsinceregriefforhisirreparableloss。"

CHAPTERXIII

CAREY\'SIMMEDIATEINFLUENCEINGREATBRITAINANDAMERICA

1813-1830

Carey\'srelationtothenewera——TheEastIndiaCompany\'sChartersof1793，1813，and1833——Hisdoubleinfluenceonthechurchesandpublicopinion——Thegreatmissionarysocieties——Missionaryjournalsandtheirreaders——BengalandIndiarecognisedasthemostimportantmissionfields——InfluenceonRobertHaldane——Reflexeffectofforeignonhomemissions——Carey\'spoweroverindividuals——MelvilleHorneandDouglasofCavers——HenryMartyn——CharlesSimeonandStewartofMoulin——RobertHallandJohnFoster——HeberandChalmers——WilliamWilberforceonCarey——Mr。Prendergastandthetubstory——LastpersecutionbytheCompany\'sGovernment——Careyonthepersecutionandthechartercontroversy——Thepersecutingclauseandtheresolutionlegalisingtoleration——TheEdinburghReviewandSydneySmith\'sfun——SirJamesMackintosh\'sopinion——Southey\'sdefenceandeulogyofCareyandthebrotherhoodintheQuarterlyReview——PoliticalvalueofCarey\'slabours——AndrewFuller\'sdeath——A

modelforeignmissionsecretary——HisfriendshipwithCarey——Thesixteenyears\'dispute——Dr。Carey\'sposition——HisdefenceofMarshman——HischivalrousseIf-sacrifice——HisforgivenessoftheyoungerbrethreninCalcutta——Hisfidelitytorighteousnessandtofriendship。

HimselftheoutcomeofthesocialandpoliticalforceswhichbeganintheFrenchRevolution，andarestillatwork，WilliamCareywasmadealivingpersonalforcetothenewera。Theperiodwhichwasintroducedin1783bythePeaceofVersaillesinEuropefollowingtheIndependenceoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica，wasnewoneveryside——inpolitics，inphilosophy，inliterature，inscientificresearch，inajustandbenevolentregardforthepeoplesofeveryland，andintheawakeningofthechurchesfromthesleepofformalism。Careywasnothinker，butwiththerealityandthevividnessofpracticalactionandpersonalsacrificeheledtheEnglish-speakingraces，towhomthefutureoftheworldwasthengiven，tosubstituteforthedreamsofRousseauandallothertheoriestheteachingofChristastoHiskingdomwithineachman，andintheprogressofmankind。

SetfreefromtheimpossibletaskofadministeringNorthAmericaontheabsolutistsystemwhichtheGeorgeswouldfainhavecontinued，GreatBritainfoundherselfcommittedtothedutyofdoingforIndiawhatRomehaddoneforEurope。EnglandwascompelledtosurrenderthefreeWesttoherownchildrenonlythatshemightraisetheservileandidolatrousEasttosuchaChristianlevelasthegeniusofitspeoplescouldintimeenablethemtoworkout。Butittookthethirtyyearsfrom1783to1813toconvinceBritishstatesmen，fromPitttoCastlereagh，thatIndiaistobecivilisednotaccordingtoitsownfalsesystems，butbytruthinallforms，spiritualandmoral，scientificandhistorical。Ittookothertwentyyears，totheCharterof1833，tocompletetheconversionoftheBritishParliamenttothebeliefthattheprinciplesoftruthandfreedomareintheirmeasureasgoodfortheEastasfortheWest。AtthebeginningofthisnewperiodWilliamPittbasedhismotionforParliamentaryreformonthisfact，that"oursenatorsarenolongertherepresentativesofBritishvirtuebutofthevicesandpollutionsoftheEast。"AtthecloseofitLordWilliamBentinck，Macaulay，andDuff，co-operatedinthedecreewhichmadetruth，asmostcompletelyrevealedthroughtheEnglishlanguageandliterature，themediumofIndia\'senlightenment。WilliamCarey\'scareeroffiftyyears，fromhisbaptismin1783andthecompositionofhisEnquirytohisdeathin1834，coveredandinfluencedmorethananyotheroneman\'sthewholetime；andherepresentedinitanelementofpermanenthealthynationalisationwhichthesesuccessorsoverlooked，——theuseofthelanguagesofthepeoplesofIndiaastheonlyliterarychannelsforallowingthetruthrevealedthroughEnglishtoreachthemillionsofthepeople。

ItwasbythismeansthatCareyeducatedGreatBritainandAmericatoriseequaltotheterribletrustofjointlycreatingaChristianEmpireofIndia，andultimatelyaseriesofself-governingChristiannationsinSouthernandEasternAsia。HeconsciouslyanddirectlyrousedtheChurchesofallnamestocarryoutthecommissionoftheirMaster，andtoseekthepromisedimpulseofHisSpiritorDivineRepresentativeonearth，thattheymightdogreaterthingsthaneventhosewhichHedid。Andhe，lessdirectlybutnotlessconsciously，broughttheinfluenceofpublicopinion，whicheveryyearpurifiedandquickened，tobearuponParliamentanduponindividualstatesmen，aidedinthisuptill1815byAndrewFuller。

HeneversetfootinEnglandagain，andtheinfluenceofhisbrethrenWardandMarshmanduringtheirvisitswaslargelyneutralisedbysomeleadersoftheirownchurch。ButCarey\'scharacterandcareer，hislettersandwritings，hisworkandwholepersonality，stoodoutinEngland，Scotland，andAmericaasthemotivepowerwhichstimulatedeverychurchandsociety，andwonthetriumphoftolerationinthecharterof1813，ofhumanity，education，andadministrativereforminthelegislationofLordWilliamBentinck。