第7章

"IntheOrissawehavebeencompelledalsotocastanewfountoftypes，asnonebeforeexistedinthatcharacter。Thefountconsistsofabout300separatecombinations，andthewholeexpenseofcuttingandcastinghasamountedtoatleast1000rupees。Thecharacter，thoughdistinct，isofamoderatesize，andwillcomprisethewholeNewTestamentinabout700pagesoctavo，whichisaboutafourthlessthantheBengali。AlthoughintheMahrattacountrytheDevanagaricharacteriswellknowntomenofeducation，yetacharacteriscurrentamongthemenofbusinesswhichismuchsmaller，andvariesconsiderablyinformfromtheNagari，thoughthenumberandpowerofthelettersnearlycorrespond。Wehavecastafountinthischaracter，inwhichwehavebeguntoprinttheMahrattaNewTestament，aswellasaMahrattadictionary。Thischaracterismoderateinsize，distinctandbeautiful。ItwillcomprisetheNewTestamentinperhapsalessnumberofpagesthantheOrissa。Theexpenseofcasting，etc。，hasbeenmuchthesame。

Westandinneedofthreemorefounts；oneintheBurman，anotherintheTelingaandKernata，andathirdintheSeek\'scharacter。

These，withtheChinesecharacters，willenableustogothroughthework。AnexcellentandextensivefountofPersianwereceivedfromyou，dearbrethren，lastyear。"

Panchanan\'sapprentice，Monohur，continuedtomakeelegantfountsoftypeinallEasternlanguagesforthemissionandforsaletoothersformorethanfortyyears，becomingabenefactornotonlytoliteraturebuttoChristiancivilisationtoanextentofwhichhewasunconscious，forheremainedaHindoooftheblacksmithcaste。

In1839，whenhefirstwenttoIndiaasayoungmissionary，theRev。JamesKennedy17sawhim，asthepresentwriterhasoftensinceseenhissuccessor，cuttingthematricesorcastingthetypefortheBibles，whilehesquattedbelowhisfavouriteidol，undertheauspicesofwhichalonehewouldwork。Seramporecontinueddowntill1860tobetheprincipalOrientaltypefoundryoftheEast。18

Hardlylessservicedidthemissioncometorendertothemanufactureofpaperincourseoftime，givingthenameofSeramporetoavarietyknownalloverIndia。AtfirstCareywascompelledtoprinthisBengaliTestamentonadingy，porous，roughsubstancecalledPatnapaper。ThenhebegantodependonsuppliesfromEngland，whichinthosedaysreachedthepressatirregulartimes，oftenimpedingthework，andwasmostcostly。Thiswasnotall。

Nativepaper，whethermillorhand-made，beingsizedwithricepaste，attractedthebookwormandwhiteant，sothatthefirstsheetsofaworkwhichlingeredinthepressweresometimesdevouredbytheseinsectsbeforethelastsheetswereprintedoff。Careyusedtopreservehismostvaluablemanuscriptsbywritingonarsenicatedpaper，whichbecameofahideousyellowcolour，thoughitistothisaloneweowethepreservationinthelibraryofSeramporeCollegeoffivecolossalvolumesofhispolyglotdictionarypreparedfortheBibletranslationwork。Manyandlongweretheexperimentsofthemissionariestosolvethepaperdifficulty，endingintheerectionofatread-millonwhichrelaysoffortynativesreducedtherawmaterialinthepaper-engine，untilonewasaccidentallykilled。

TheenterpriseofMr。WilliamJones，whofirstworkedtheRaneegunjcoal-field，suggestedtheremedyintheemploymentofasteam-engine。Oneoftwelve-horsepowerwasorderedfromMessrs。

ThwaitesandRothwellofBolton。ThiswasthefirstevererectedinIndia，anditwasapurelymissionarylocomotive。The"machineoffire，"astheycalledit，broughtcrowdsofnativestothemission，whosecuriositytriedthepatienceoftheenginemanimportedtoworkit；whilemanyaEuropeanwhohadneverseenmachinerydrivenbysteamcametostudyandtocopyit。Thedatewasthe27thofMarch1820，when"theenginewentinrealitythisday。"Fromthattimetill1865Seramporebecametheonesourceofsupplyforlocalasdistinguishedfromimportedandpurelynativehand-madepaper。EventhecartridgesofMutinynotorietyin1857werefromthisfactory，thoughithadlongceasedtobeconnectedwiththemission。

Dr。CareythustookstockofthetranslatingenterpriseinalettertoDr。Ryland：——

"22ndJanuary1808——Lastyearmaybereckonedamongthemostimportantwhichthismissionhasseen——notforthenumbersconvertedamongthenatives，fortheyhavebeenfewerthaninsomeprecedingyears，butforthegraciouscarewhichGodhasexercisedtowardsus。

WehavebeenenabledtocarryonthetranslationandprintingoftheWordofGodinseverallanguages。Theprintingisnowgoingoninsixandthetranslationintosixmore。TheBengaliisallprintedexceptfromJudgesvii。totheendofEsther；SanskritNewTestamenttoActsxxvii。；OrissatoJohnxxi。；Mahratta，secondedition，totheendofMatthew；Hindostani(newversion)toMarkv。，andMatthewisbeguninGoojarati。ThetranslationisnearlycarriedontotheendofJohninChinese，TelingaKurnata，andthelanguageoftheSeeks。ItiscarriedontoaprettylargeextentinPersianandbeguninBurman。ThewholeBiblewasprintedinMalayatBataviasomeyearsago。ThewholeisprintedinTamil，andtheSyrianBishopatTravancoreisnowsuperintendingatranslationfromSyriacintoMalayala。IlearntthisweekthatthelanguageofKashmeerisadistinctlanguage。

"IhavethisdaybeentovisitthemostlearnedHindoonowliving；

hespeaksonlySanskrit，ismorethaneightyyearsold，isacquaintedwiththewritingsandhasstudiedthesentimentsofalltheirschoolsofphilosophy(usuallycalledtheDarshunasoftheVeda)。HetellsmethatthisisthesixteenthtimethathehastravelledfromRameshwaramtoHarhu(viz。fromtheextremecapeofthePeninsulatoBenares)。Hewas，hesays，nearMadraswhentheEnglishfirsttookpossessionofit。Thismanhasgivenhisopinionagainsttheburningofwomen。"

Fouryearslater，inanotherlettertoRyland，hetakesusintohisconfidencemorefully，showingusnotonlyhissacredworkshop，butingenuouslyrevealinghisownhumilityandself-sacrifice：——"10thDecember1811——IhaveoflatebeenmuchimpressedwiththevastimportanceoflayingafoundationforBiblicalcriticismintheEast，bypreparinggrammarsofthedifferentlanguagesintowhichwehavetranslatedormaytranslatetheBible。Withoutsomesuchstep，theywhofollowuswillhavetowadethroughthesamelabourthatI

have，inordertostandmerelyuponthesamegroundthatInowstandupon。If，however，elementarybooksareprovided，thelabourwillbegreatlycontracted；andapersonwillbeableinashorttimetoacquirethatwhichhascostmeyearsofstudyandtoil。

"Thenecessitywhichliesuponmeofacquiringsomanylanguages，obligesmetostudyandwriteoutthegrammarofeachofthem，andtoattendcloselytotheirirregularitiesandpeculiarities。Ihavethereforealreadypublishedgrammarsofthreeofthem；namely，theSanskrit，theBengali，andtheMahratta。TotheseIhaveresolvedtoaddgrammarsoftheTelinga，Kurnata，Orissa，Punjabi，Kashmeeri，Goojarati，Nepalese，andAssamlanguages。Twoofthesearenowinthepress，andIhopetohavetwoorthreemoreofthemoutbytheendofthenextyear。

"ThismaynotonlybeusefulinthewayIhavestated，butmayservetofurnishananswertoaquestionwhichhasbeenmorethanoncerepeated，\'Howcanthesementranslateintosogreatanumberoflanguages？\'Fewpeopleknowwhatmaybedonetilltheytry，andpersevereinwhattheyundertake。

"IamnowprintingadictionaryoftheBengali，whichwillbeprettylarge，forIhavegottopage256，quarto，andamnotnearthroughthefirstletter。Thatletter，however，beginsmorewordsthananytwoothers。

"Tosecurethegradualperfectionofthetranslations，Ihavealsoinmymind，andindeedhavebeenlongcollectingmaterialsfor，AnUniversalDictionaryoftheOrientallanguagesderivedfromtheSanskrit。ImeantotaketheSanskrit，ofcourse，asthegroundwork，andtogivethedifferentacceptationsofeveryword，withexamplesoftheirapplication，inthemannerofJohnson，andthentogivethesynonymsinthedifferentlanguagesderivedfromtheSanskrit，withtheHebrewandGreektermsansweringthereto；

alwaysputtingthewordderivedfromtheSanskrittermfirst，andthenthosederivedfromothersources。IintendalwaystogivetheetymologyoftheSanskritterm，sothatthatofthetermsdeducedfromitinthecognatelanguageswillbeevident。Thisworkwillbegreat，anditisdoubtfulwhetherIshalllivetocompleteit；butI

meantobegintoarrangethematerials，whichIhavebeensomeyearscollectingforthispurpose，assoonasmyBengalidictionaryisfinished。ShouldIlivetoaccomplishthis，andthetranslationsinhand，IthinkIcanthensay，\'Lord，nowlettestthouthyservantdepartinpeace。\'"

Theardentscholarhadtwenty-threeyearsoftoilbeforehiminthishappywork。Buthedidnotknowthis，whileeachyearthelabourincreased，andtheapprehensiongrewthatheandhiscolleaguesmightatanytimeberemovedwithoutleavingatrainedsuccessor。

Theynaturallylookedfirsttothesonsofthemissionfortranslatorsastheyhadalreadydoneforpreachers。

ToDr。Careypersonally，however，theeducationofayoungmissionaryspeciallyfittedtobehissuccessor，astranslatorandeditorofthetranslations，wasevenmoreimportant。SuchamanwasfoundinWilliamYates，bornin1792，andinthecounty，Leicestershire，inwhichCareybroughttheBaptistmissiontothebirth。Yateswasinhisearlyyearsalsoashoemaker，andmemberofCarey\'soldchurchinHarveyLane，whenunderthegreatRobertHall，whosaidtotheyouth\'sfather，"Yourson，sir，willbeagreatscholarandagoodpreacher，andheisaholyyoungman。"In1814

hebecamethelastoftheyoungmissionariesdevotedtothecausebyFuller，soontopassaway，Ryland，andHall。YateshadnotbeenmanymonthsatSeramporewhen，withtheapprovalofhisbrethren，CareywrotetoFuller，on17thMay1815：——"Iammuchinclinedtoassociatehimwithmyselfinthetranslations。Mylabourisgreaterthanatanyformerperiod。WehavenowtranslationsoftheBiblegoingforwardintwenty-sevenlanguages，allofwhichareinthepressexcepttwoorthree。Thelabourofcorrectingandrevisingallofthemliesonme。"BySeptemberwefindYateswriting：——"Dr。CareysendsalltheBengaliproofstometoreview。Ireadthemover，andifthereisanythingIdonotunderstand，orthinktobewrong，I

markit。Wethenconverseoverit，andifitiswrong，healtersit；butifnot，heshowsmethereasonwhyitisright，andthuswillinitiatemeintothelanguagesasfastasIcanlearnthem。HewishesmetobegintheHindiverysoon。SinceIhavebeenhereI

havereadthreevolumesinBengali，andtheyhavebutsixofconsequenceinprose。ThereareabundanceinSanskrit。""Dr。Careyhastreatedmewiththegreatestaffectionandkindness，andtoldmehewillgivemeeveryinformationhecan，anddoanythinginhispowertopromotemyhappiness。"WhatBaruchwastotheprophetJeremiah，thatYatesmighthavebeentoCarey，whowentsofarinurginghimtoremainforlifeinSeramporeastosay，"ifhedidnotaccepttheserviceitwouldbe，inhisjudgment，actingagainstProvidence，andtheblessingofGodwasnottobeexpected。"Yatesthrewinhislotwiththeyoungermenwho，inCalcuttaafterFuller\'sdeath，begantheSociety\'sasdistinctfromtheSeramporemission。IfCareywastheWyclifandTyndale，YateswastheCoverdaleoftheBengaliandSanskritBible。Wenger，theirsuccessor，wasworthyofboth。Bengalstillwaitsforthefirstnativerevisionofthegreatworkwhichthesesuccessivepioneershavegraduallyimproved。WhenshallBengalseeitsownLuther？

TheBengaliBiblewasthefirstasitwasthemostimportantofthetranslations。Theprovince，orlieutenant-governorshipthenhadthesameareaasFrance，andcontainedmorethandoubleitspopulation，oreightymillions。Ofthethreeprincipalvernaculars，Bengaliisspokenbyforty-fivemillionsofHindoosandMohammedans。ItwasforallthenativesofBengalandofIndianorthoftheDekhan("south")tableland，butespeciallyfortheBengali-speakingpeople，thatWilliamCareycreatedaliterarylanguageacenturyago。

ThefirstBengaliversionofthewholeNewTestamentCareytranslatedfromtheoriginalGreekbeforethecloseof1796。TheonlyEnglishcommentaryusedwastheFamilyExpositorofDoddridge，publishedin1738，andthenthemostcriticalinthelanguage。Fourtimesherevisedthemanuscript，withaGreekconcordanceinhishand，andheuseditnotonlywithRamBasubyhisside，themostaccomplishedofearlyBengalischolars，butwiththenativesaroundhimofallclasses。By1800Wardhadarrivedasprinter，thepresswasperfectedatSerampore，andtheresultofsevenyearsoftoilappearedinFebruary1801，inthefirsteditionof2000copies，costing？12。Theprintingoccupiedninemonths。ThetypewassetupbyWardandCarey\'ssonFelixwiththeirownhands；"foraboutamonthatfirstwehadaBrahmancompositor，butwewerequitewearyofhim。Wekeptfourpressmenconstantlyemployed。"ApublicsubscriptionhadbeenopenedforthewholeBengaliBibleatRs。32，or？acopyasexchangethenwas，andnearlyfiftycopieshadbeenatoncesubscribedfor。ItwasthiseditionwhichimmediatelyledtoCarey\'sappointmenttotheCollegeofFortWilliam，anditwasthatappointmentwhichplacedCareyinaposition，philologicalandfinancial，togivetheBibletothepeoplesofthefartherEastintheirowntongue。

SomelovingmemoriesclusterroundthefirstBengaliversionoftheNewTestamentwhichitiswelltocollect。OnTuesday，18thMarch1800，Ward\'sjournal19records："BrotherCareytookanimpressionatthepressofthefirstpageinMatthew。"Thetranslatorwashimselfthepressman。AssoonasthewholeofthisGospelwasready，500

copiesofitwerestruckoffforimmediatecirculation，"whichweconsideredofimportanceascontainingacompletelifeoftheRedeemer。"FourdaysafteranadvertisementintheofficialCalcuttaGazette，announcingthatthemissionarieshadestablishedapressatSeramporeandwereprintingtheBibleinBengali，rousedLordWellesley，whohadfetteredthepressinBritishIndia。Mr。

BrownwasabletoinformtheGovernor-GeneralthatthisverySeramporepresshadrefusedtoprintapoliticalattackontheEnglishGovernment，andthatitwasintendedforthespiritualinstructiononlyofthenatives。Thiscalledforththeassurancefromthatliberalstatesmanthathewaspersonallyfavourabletotheconversionoftheheathen。WhenhewasfurthertoldthatsuchanOrientalpresswouldbeinvaluabletotheCollegeofFortWilliam，henotonlywithdrewhisoppositionbutmadeCareyfirstteacherofBengali。Itwasonthe7thFebruary1801thatthelastsheetwiththefinalcorrectionswasputintoCarey\'shands。WhenavolumehadbeenbounditwasreverentlyofferedtoGodbybeingplacedontheCommunion-tableofthechapel，andthemissionfamiliesandthenew-madeconvertsgatheredarounditwithsolemnthanksgivingtoGodledbyKrishnaPal。Careypreachedfromthewords(Col。iii。11)

"LettheWordofChristdwellinyourichlyinallwisdom。"ThecentenarywascelebratedinCalcuttain1901，underDr。Rouse，whosefinescholarshiphadjustrevisedthetranslation。

WhenthefirstcopiesreachedEngland，AndrewFullersentonetothesecondEarlSpencer，thepeerwhohadusedthewealthofSarah，DuchessofMarlborough，tocollectthegreatlibraryatAlthorp。

Careyhadbeenapoortenantofhis，thoughtheEarlknewitnot。

WhentheBengaliNewTestamentreachedhim，withitsstory，hesentachequefor？0tohelptotranslatetheOldTestament，andhetookcarethatacopyshouldbepresentedtoGeorgeIII。，asbyhisownrequest。Mr。BowyerwasreceivedonemorningatWindsor，andalongwiththevolumepresentedanaddressexpressingthedesirethatHisMajestymightlivetoseeitsprinciplesuniversallyprevailthroughouthisEasterndominions。Onthisthelordinwaitingwhisperedadoubtwhetherthebookhadcomethroughtheproperchannel。AtoncethekingrepliedthattheBoardofControlhadnothingtodowithit，andturningtoMr。Bowyersaid，"Iamgreatlypleasedtofindthatanyofmysubjectsareemployedinthismanner。"

Thisnowrarevolume，tobefoundontheshelvesoftheSeramporeCollegeLibrary，whereitleadsthehostoftheCareytranslations，iscoarseandunattractiveinappearancecomparedwithitslatestsuccessors。Intruththesecondedition，whichappearedin1806，wasalmostanewversion。Thecriticismofhiscolleaguesandothers，especiallyofaripeGrecianlikeDr。Marshman，thegrowthofthenativechurch，andhisownexperienceasaProfessorofSanskritandMarathiaswellasBengali，gaveCareynewpowerinadaptingthelanguagetothedivineideasofwhichhemadeitthemedium。Butthefirsteditionwasnotwithoutitsself-evidencingpower。Seventeenyearsafter，whenthemissionextendedtotheoldcapitalofDacca，therewerefoundseveralvillagesofHindoo-bornpeasantswhohadgivenupidol-worship，wererenownedfortheirtruthfulness，and，assearchingforatrueteachercomefromGod，calledthemselves"Satya-gooroos。"Theytracedtheirnewfaithtoamuch-wornbookkeptinawoodenboxinoneoftheirvillages。Noonecouldsaywhenceithadcome；alltheyknewwasthattheyhadpossesseditformanyyears。ItwasCarey\'sfirstBengaliversionoftheNewTestamentofourLordandSaviourJesusChrist。InthewideandelasticboundsofHindooism，andeven，asweshallsee，amidfanaticalMussulmansbeyondthefrontier，theBible，dimlyunderstoodwithoutateacher，hasledtopuritansectslikethis，astoearnestinquirerslikethechamberlainofQueenCandace。

ThethirdeditionoftheBengaliTestamentwaspublishedin1811infoliofortheuseofthenativecongregationsbythattimeformed。

Thefourth，consistingof5000copies，appearedin1816，andtheeighthin1832。Thevenerablescholar，likeColumbaatIonaoverthethirty-fourthpsalm，andBaedaatJarrowoverthesixthchapterofJohn\'sGospel，saidashecorrectedthelastsheet——thelastafterfortyyears\'faithfulanddelightedtoil："Myworkisdone；I

havenothingmoretodobuttowaitthewilloftheLord。"TheOldTestamentfromtheHebrewappearedinportionsfrom1802to1809。

Suchwastheardourofthetranslator，thathehadfinishedthecorrectionofhisversionofthefirstchapterofGenesisinJanuary1794。WhenhereadittotwopunditsfromNuddea，hetoldFullerinhisjournalofthatmonththeyseemedmuchpleasedwiththeaccountofthecreation，buttheyobjectedtotheomissionofpatala，theirimaginaryplacebeneaththeearth，whichtheythoughtshouldhavebeenmentioned。AtthisearlyperiodCareysawtheweaknessofHindooismasapretendedrevelation，fromitsidentificationwithfalsephysics，justasDuffwastoseeanduseitafterwardswithtremendouseffect，andwrote：——"Thereisanecessityofexplainingtothemseveralcircumstancesrelativetogeographyandchronology，astheyhavemanysuperstitiousopinionsonthosesubjectswhicharecloselyconnectedwiththeirsystemsofidolatry。"TheBengaliBiblewastheresultoffifteenyears\'sweettoil，inwhichMarshmanreadtheGreekandCareytheBengali；everyoneoftheircolleaguesexaminedtheproofsheets，andCareyfinallywrotewithhisownpenthewholeofthefiveoctavovolumes。InthefortyyearsofhismissionarycareerCareypreparedandsawthroughthepressfiveeditionsoftheOldTestamentandeighteditionsoftheNewinBengali。

TheSanskritversionwastranslatedfromtheoriginal，andwrittenoutbythetoilingscholarhimself。SirWilliamJonesissaidtohavebeenabletosecurehisfirstpundit\'shelponlybypayinghimRs。500amonth，or？00ayear。Careyengagedandtrainedhismanypunditsatatwentiethofthatsum。HewellknewthattheBrahmanswouldscornabookinthelanguageofthecommonpeople。"What，"

saidonewhowasofferedtheHindiversion，"evenifthebooksshouldcontaindivineknowledge，theyarenothingtous。TheknowledgeofGodcontainedinthemistousasmilkinavesselofdog\'sskin，utterlypolluted。"But，writestheannalistofBiblicalTranslationsinIndia，Carey\'sSanskritversionwascordiallyreceivedbytheBrahmans。Destroyedinthefirein1812，theOldTestamenthistoricalbookswereagaintranslated，andappearedin1815。In1827theagedsainthadstrengthtobringoutthefirstvolumeofathoroughrevision，andtoleavethemanuscriptofthesecondvolume，onhisdeath，asalegacytohissuccessors，YatesandWenger。AgainstVedasandUpanishads，BrahmanasandEpics，hesettheSanskritBible。

ThewholenumberofcompletelytranslatedandpublishedversionsofthesacredScriptureswhichCareysentforthwastwenty-eight。OfthesesevenincludedthewholeBible，andtwenty-onecontainedthebooksoftheNewTestament。Eachtranslationhasahistory，aspiritualromanceofitsown。EachbecamealmostimmediatelyasilentbuteffectualmissionarytothepeoplesofAsia，aswellasthescholarlyandliterarypioneerofthoselatereditionsandversionsfromwhichthenativechurchesoffartherAsiaderivethematerialsoftheirlivelygrowth。

TheOoriyaversionwasalmostthefirsttobeundertakenaftertheBengali，towhichlanguageitbearsthesamerelationasruralScotchtoEnglish，thoughithasawrittencharacterofitsown。

WhatisnowtheOrissadivisionofBengal，separatingitfromMadrastothesouth-west，wasaddedtotheempirein1803。Thiscircumstance，andthefactthatitsPooreedistrict，aftercenturiesofsun-worshipandthenshiva-worship，hadbecomethehigh-placeofthevaishnavacultofJaganathandhiscar，whichattractedandoftenslewhundredsofthousandsofpilgrimseveryyear，ledCareytoprepareatonceforthepresstheOoriyaBible。Thechiefpundit，Mritunjaya，skilledinbothdialects，firstadaptedtheBengaliversiontothelanguageoftheOoriyas，whichwashisown。

Careythentookthemanuscript，compareditwiththeoriginalGreek，andcorrecteditversebyverse。TheNewTestamentwasreadyin1809，andtheOldTestamentin1815，thewholeinfourvolumes。

Largeeditionswerequicklyboughtupandcirculated。TheseledtotheestablishmentoftheGeneralBaptistSociety\'smissionariesatCuttak，thecapital。

In1814theSeramporeBibletranslationcollege，aswemaycallit，beganthepreparationoftheNewTestamentinMaghadi，anotherofthelanguagesalliedtotheBengali，andderivedfromtheSanskritthroughthePali，becausethatwasthevernacularofBuddhisminitsoriginalseat；aneditionof1000copiesappearedin1824。ItwasintendedtopublishaversionintheMaithililanguageofBihar，whichhasaliteraturestretchingbacktothefourteenthcentury，thateveryclassmighthavetheWordofGodintheirowndialect。

ButCarey\'sliteraryenthusiasmandscholarshiphadbythistimedonesomuchtodevelopandextendthepowerofBengaliproper，thatithadbeguntosupersedeallsuchdialects，exceptOoriyaandthenorthernvernacularsofthevalleyoftheBrahmapootra。In1810theSeramporepressaddedtheAssameseNewTestamenttoitsachievements。In1819thefirsteditionappeared，in1826theprovincebecameBritish，andin1832CareyhadthesatisfactionofissuingtheOldTestament，andsettingapartMr。Rae，aScottishsoldier，whohadsettledthere，asthefirstmissionaryatGowhatti。

Tothesemustbeadded，asintheBengalicharacterthoughnon-Aryanlanguages，versionsinKhasiandManipoori，theformerforthedemocratictribesoftheKhasiahillsamongwhomtheWelshCalvinistshavesinceworked，andthelatterforthecuriousHindoosnake-peopleontheborderofBurma，whohavetaughtEuropethegameofpolo。

AnotherimmediatesuccessoroftheBengalitranslationwastheMarathi，ofwhichalsoCareywasprofessorintheCollegeofFortWilliam。By1804hewashimselfhardatworkonthisversion，by1811thefirsteditionoftheNewTestamentappeared，andby1820

theOldTestamentleftthepress。ItwasinadialectpeculiartoNagpoor，andwasatfirstlargelycirculatedbyLieutenantMoxoninthearmythere。In1812CareysentthemissionaryAratoontoBombayandSuratjustafterHenryMartynhadwrittenthattheonlyChristianinthecitywhounderstoodhisevangelicalsermonwasaropemakerjustarrivedfromEngland。AtthesametimehewasbusywithaversioninthedialectoftheKonkan，thedensely-peopledcoastdistricttothesouthofBombaycity，inhabitedchieflybytheablestBrahmanicalraceinIndia。In1819theNewTestamentappearedinthistranslation，havingbeenunderpreparationatSeramporeforelevenyears。ThusCareysoughttoturntoChristthetwelvemillionsofHindooswho，fromWesternIndiaaboveandbelowthegreatcoast-rangeknownastheSahyadrior"delectable"

mountains，hadnearlywrestedthewholepeninsulafromtheMohammedans，andhadalmostanticipatedthelife-givingruleoftheBritish，firstatPanipatandthenasAssye。MeanwhilenewmissionarieshadbeentakingpossessionofthosewesterndistrictswherethemenofSeramporehadsowedthefirstseedandreapedthefirstfruits。Thecharterof1813madeitpossiblefortheAmericanMissionariestolandthere，andforthelocalBibleSocietytospringintoexistence。Dr。JohnWilsonandhisScottishcolleaguesfollowedthem。Careyandhisbrethrenwelcomedtheseandretiredfromthatfield，confiningthemselvestoproviding，duringthenextsevenyears，aGoojarativersionforthemillionsofNorthernBombay，includingthehopefulParsees，andresigningthat，too，totheLondonMissionarySocietyafterissuingtheNewTestamentin1820。

Mr。ChristopherAndersonjustlyremarks，inhisAnnalsoftheEnglishBible，publishedhalfacenturyago：——"Timewillshow，andinaverysingularmanner，thateveryversion，withoutexception，whichcamefromCarey\'shands，hasavalueaffixedtoitwhichthepresentgeneration，livingasitweretoonearanobject，isnotyetabletoestimateordescry。Fiftyyearshencethecharacterofthisextraordinaryandhumblemanwillbemorecorrectlyappreciated。"

InnoneoftheclassesoflanguagesderivedfromtheSanskritwasthezealofCareyandhisassociatessoremarkableasintheHindi。

Soearlyas1796hewroteofthisthemostwidelyextendedoffspringoftheSanskrit：——"IhaveacquiredsomuchoftheHindiastoconverseinitandpreachforsometimeintelligibly……ItisthecurrentlanguageofallthewestfromRajmahaltoDelhi，andperhapsfarther。WiththisIcanbeunderstoodnearlyalloverHindostan。"

BythetimethatheissuedthesixthmemoirofthetranslationsChamberlain\'sexperiencesinNorth-WesternIndialedCareytowritethathehadascertainedtheexistenceoftwentydialectsofHindi，withthesamevocabularybutdifferentsetsofterminations。TheBrujorBrijbhasaGospelswerefinishedin1813，twoyearsafterChamberlainhadsettledinAgra，andtheNewTestamentwascompletednineyearsafter。ThisversionoftheGospelsledtheBrahmanpriest，AnandMasih，toChrist。IntheireagernessforacopyoftheOldTestament，whichappearedin1818，manySepoysbroughttestimonialsfromtheircommandingofficers，andinoneyearitledeighteenconvertstoChrist。TheotherHindidialects，inwhichthewholeNewTestamentortheGospelsappeared，willbefoundatpage177{seefootnotenumber16}。TheparentHinditranslationwasmadebyCareywithhisownhandfromtheoriginallanguagesbetween1802

and1807，andranthroughmanylargeeditionstillMr。Chamberlain\'swaspreferredbyCareyhimselfin1819。

WemaypassoverthestoryoftheDravidianversions，theTelugoo20

NewTestamentandPentateuch，andtheKanarese。NorneedwedomorethanrefertotheSinghalese，"derivedfromthepreviouslaboursofDr。Carey"byTolfrey，thePersian，Malayalam，andotherversionsmadebyothers，buteditedorcarefullycarriedthroughthepressbyCarey。ThewonderfultaleofhisBibleworkiswellillustratedbyamanwho，nexttotheLawrences，wasthegreatestEnglishmanwhohasgovernedthePunjabfrontier，theheroofMr。Ruskin\'sbook，A

Knight\'sFaith。InthatportionofhiscareerwhichSirHerbertEdwardesgavetotheworldunderthetitleofAYearonthePunjabFrontierin1848-49，andinwhichhedescribeshisbloodlessconquestofthewildvalleyofBunnoo，wefindthisgemembedded。

ThewriterwasatthetimeintheGundapoorcountry，ofwhichKulachiisthetrade-centrebetweentheAfghanpassofGhwalariandDeraIsmailKan，wherethedustofSirHenryDurandnowlies：——

"AhighlyinterestingcircumstanceconnectedwiththeIndiantradecameundermynotice。AliKhan，Gundapoor，theuncleofthepresentchief，Goold鈊Khan，toldmehecouldrememberwell，asayouth，beingsentbyhisfatherandelderbrotherwithastringofCabulhorsestothefairofHurdw鈘，ontheGanges。HealsoshowedmeaPushtooversionoftheBible，printedatSeramporein1818，whichhesaidhadbeengivenhimthirtyyearsbeforeatHurdw鈘byanEnglishgentleman，whotoldhimto\'takecareofit，andneitherflingitintothefirenortheriver；buthoarditupagainstthedaywhentheBritishshouldberulersofhiscountry！\'AliKhansaidlittletoanybodyofhispossessingthisbook，butputitcarefullybyinalinencover，andproduceditwithgreatmysterywhenIcametosettletherevenueofhisnephew\'scountry，\'thinkingthatthetimepredictedbytheEnglishmanhadarrived！\'Theonlyperson，I

believe，towhomhehadshownthevolumewasaMoolluh，whoreadseveralpassagesintheOldTestament，andtoldAliKhan\'itwasatruestory，andwasallabouttheirownMuhommudanprophets，FatherMosesandFatherNoah。\'

"Iexaminedthebookwithgreatinterest。ItwasnotprintedinthePersiancharacter，butthecommonPushtoolanguageofAfghanistan；

andwastheonlyspecimenIhadeverseenofPushtooreducedtowriting。TheaccomplishmentofsuchatranslationwasahighlyhonourableproofofthezealandindustryoftheSeramporemission；

andshouldthesepagesevermeettheeyeofMr。JohnMarshman，ofSerampore，21whoseownpenisconsistentlyguidedbyaloveofcivilorderandreligioustruth，hemayprobablybeabletoidentify\'theEnglishgentleman\'who，thirty-twoyearsagoonthebanksoftheGanges，atthethenfrontierofBritishIndia，gavetoayoungAfghanchief，frombeyondthedistantIndus，aBibleinhisownbarbaroustongue，andforesawthedaywhenthefollowersofthe\'SonofDavid\'shouldextendtheirdominiontothe\'ThroneofSolomon。\'"

Hurdw鈘，asthespotatwhichtheGangesdebouchesintotheplains，isthesceneofthegreatestpilgrimgatheringinIndia，especiallyeverytwelfthyear。Thenthreemillionsofpeopleusedtoassemble，andtoooftencarried，alloverAsia，cholerawhichextendedtoEurope。Themissionariesmadethis，likemostpilgrimresorts，acentreofpreachingandBiblecirculation，anddoubtlessitwasfromThompson，Carey\'sMissionaryatDelhi，thatthiscopyofthePushtooBiblewasreceived。ItwasbegunbyDr。Leyden，andcontinuedforsevenyearsbythesameAfghanmaulaveeunderCarey，intheArabiccharacter。ThePunjabiBible，nearlycomplete，issuedfirstin1815，hadbecomesopopularby1820astoleadCareytoreportoftheSikhsthatnooneofthenationsofIndiahaddiscoveredastrongerdesirefortheScripturesthanthishardyrace。AtAmritsarandLahore"thebookofJesusisspokenof，isread，andhascausedaconsiderablestirinthemindsofthepeople。"AThug，askedhowhecouldhavecommittedsomanymurders，pointedtoitandsaid，"IfIhadhadthisbookIcouldnothavedoneit。"Afakeer，fortymilesfromLodiana，readthebook，foundedthecommunityofworshippersoftheSachiPit？Isa，andsufferedmuchpersecutioninanativeState。

WhenFelixCareyreturnedtoSeramporein1812toprinthisBurmeseversionoftheGospelofMatthewandhisBurmesegrammar，hisfatherdeterminedtosendthepressatwhichtheywerecompletedtoRangoon。ThethreemissionariesdespatchedwithitalettertothekingofAva，commendingtohiscare"theirbelovedbrethren，whofromlovetohismajesty\'ssubjectshadvoluntarilygonetoplacethemselvesunderhisprotection，whiletheytranslatedtheBible，theBookofHeaven，whichwasreceivedandrevered"byallthecountriesofEuropeandAmericaas"thesourcewhencealltheknowledgeofvirtueandreligionwasdrawn。"ThekingatonceorderedfromSeramporeaprinting-press，likethatatRangoon，forhisownpalaceatAva，withworkmentouseit。InthisCareysawthebeginningofamissionintheBurmancapital，butGodhadotherdesignswhichthesonsanddaughtersofAmerica，followingJudsonfirstofall，arestillsplendidlydeveloping，fromRangoontoKareng-nee，Siam，andChina。TheshipcontainingthepresssankintheRangoonriver，andthefirstBurmesewarsoonfollowed。

ThreemonthsafterthecompleteandmagnificentplanoftranslatingtheBibleintoallthelanguagesofthefarEast，whichtheassistanceofhistwocolleaguesandthecollegeofFortWilliamledCareytoform，hadbeenlaidbeforeFullerinNorthamptonshire，theBritishandForeignBibleSocietywasfoundedinLondon。JosephHughes，theNonconformistwhowasitsfirstsecretary，hadbeenmovedbytheneedoftheWelshfortheBibleintheirowntongue。

Buttheex-Governor-General，LordTeignmouth，becameitsfirstpresident，andtheSeramporetranslatorsatonceturnedforassistancetotheneworganisationwhoseworkCareyhadindividuallybeendoingfortenyearsatthecostofhistwoassociatesandhimself。ThecatholicBibleSocietyatonceaskedCarey\'soldfriend，Mr。Udny，thenamemberoftheGovernmentinCalcutta，toformacorrespondingcommitteethereofthethreemissionaries——theirchaplainfriends，BrownandBuchanan，andhimself。Thechaplainsdelayedtheformationofthecommitteetill1809，butliberallyhelpedmeanwhileinthecirculationoftheotherappealsissuedfromSerampore，andevenmadetheproposalwhichresultedinDr。Marshman\'swonderfulversionoftheBibleinChineseandWard\'simprovementsinChineseprinting。TotheprincipaltributarysovereignsofIndiaDr。BuchanansentcopiesofthevernacularScripturesalreadypublished。

>From1809till1830，orpracticallythroughtherestofCarey\'slife，theco-operationofSeramporeandtheBibleSocietywashonourabletoboth。Careyloyallyclungtoitwhenin1811，underthespellofHenryMartyn\'ssermononChristianIndia，thechaplainsestablishedtheCalcuttaAuxiliaryBibleSocietyinordertosupersedeitscorrespondingcommittee。IntheSeramporepressthenewauxiliary，liketheparentSociety，foundthecheapestandbestmeansofpublishingeditionsoftheNewTestamentinSinghalese，Malayalam，andTamil。ThepressissuedalsothePersianNewTestament，firstoftheRomanistmissionary，Sebastiani——"thoughitbenotwhollyfreefromimperfections，itwilldoubtlessdomuchgood，"wroteDr。MarshmantoFuller——andthenofHenryMartyn，whoseassistant，Sabat，wastrainedatSerampore。ThosethreeofSeramporehadaChrist-liketolerance，whichsprangfromthedivinecharityoftheirdeterminationtoliveonlythattheWordofGodmightsoundoutthroughAsia。Whenin1830thisauxiliary——whichhadatfirstsoughttokeepallmissionariesoutofitsexecutiveinordertoconciliatemenlikeSydneySmith\'sbrother，theAdvocate-GeneralofBengal——refusedtousethetranslationsofCareyandYates，andinclinedtoanearlierversionofEllerton，becauseofthetranslationortransliterationoftheGreekwordsfor"baptism，"thesetwoscholarsactedthus，asdescribedbytheBibleSociety\'sannalist——they，"withaliberalitywhichdoesthemhonour，permittedtheuseoftheirrespectiveversionsoftheBengaliScriptures，withsuchalterationsasweredeemedneedfulinthedisputedwordfor\'baptism，\'theybeingconsideredinnowaypartiestosuchalterations。"FromfirsttolasttheBritishandForeignBibleSociety，touseitsownlanguage，"hadtheprivilegeofaidingtheSeramporebrethrenbygrants，amountingtonotlessthan？3，500。"Ofthis？475hadbeenraisedbyMr。WilliamHey，F。R。S。，asurgeonatLeeds，whohadbeensomovedbythetranslationmemoirof1816astooffer？00forthepublicationofathousandcopiesofeveryapprovedfirsttranslationoftheNewTestamentintoanydialectofIndia。ItwaswiththisassistancethatmostoftheHindiandthePushtooandPunjabiversionswereproduced。

Thecoldseasonof1811-12wasoneevertoberemembered。Deathenteredthehomeofeachofthestaffofsevenmissionariesandcarriedoffwifeorchildren。Anearthquakeofunusualviolencealarmedthenatives。Dr。Careyhadburiedagrandson，andwasathisweeklyworkinthecollegeatCalcutta。Thesunhadjustsetontheeveningofthe11thMarch1812，andthenativetypefounders，compositors，pressmen，binders，andwritershadgone。Wardalonelingeredinthewaninglightathisdesksettlinganaccountwithafewservants。Histworoomsformedthenorthendofthelongprinting-office。Thesouthroomswerefilledwithpaperandprintedmaterials。Closebeyondwasthepaper-mill。TheBible-publishingenterprisewasatitsheight。FourteenfountsofOrientaltypes，newsuppliesofHebrew，Greek，andEnglishtypes，avaststockofpaperfromtheBibleSociety，presses，pricelessmanuscriptsofdictionaries，grammars，andtranslations，and，aboveall，thesteelpunchesoftheEasternletters——allwerethere，withthedeedsandaccount-booksoftheproperty，andtheironsafecontainingnotesandrupees。Suffocatingsmokeburstfromthelongtype-roomintotheoffice。Rushingthroughittoobservethesourceofthefire，hewasarrestedatthesouthernroomsbythepaperstore。ReturningwithdifficultyandjoinedbyMarshmanandthenatives，hehadeverydoorandwindowclosed，andthenmountingthesouthroof，hehadwaterpouredthroughitupontheburningmassforfourhours，withthemosthopefulprospectofarrestingtheruin。WhilehewasbusywithMarshmaninremovingthepapersinthenorthendsomeoneopenedawindow，whentheairsettheentirebuildingonflame。Bymidnighttherooffellinalongitswholelength，andthecolumnoffireleaptuptowardsheaven。With"solemnserenity"themembersofthemissionfamilyremainedseatedinfrontofthedesolation。

TheruinswerestillsmokingwhennexteveningDr。CareyarrivedfromCalcutta，whichwasringingwiththesadnews。Thevenerablescholarhadsufferedmost，forhiswerethemanuscripts；thesteelpuncheswerefounduninjured。TheSikhandTelugoogrammarsandtenBibleversionsinthepressweregone。SecondeditionsofConfucius。ADissertationontheChineseLanguage，andofWardontheHindoos，andsmallerworksweredestroyed。ThetranslationoftheRamayana，onwhichheandMarshmanhadbeenbusyforayear，wasstoppedforever；fiftyyearsafterthepresentwritercameuponsomecharredsheetsofthefourthvolume，whichhadbeenonthepressandrescued。TheCircularLetterforApril1812isprintedonpaperscorchedattheedge。WorstofallwasthelossofthatpolyglotdictionaryofallthelanguagesderivedfromtheSanskritwhich，ifCareyhadfeltanyofthisworld\'sambition，wouldhaveperpetuatedhisnameinthefirstrankofphilologists。

WiththedelicacywhichalwaysmarkedhimDr。MarshmanhadhimselfgonedowntoCalcuttanextmorningtobreakthenewstoCarey，whoreceiveditwithchokingutterance。Thetwothencalledonthefriendlychaplain，Thomason，whoburstintotears。WhentheafternoontideenabledthethreetoreachSerampore，afteratwohours\'hardpullattheflood，theyfoundWardrejoicing。Hehadbeenalldayclearingawaytherubbish，andhadjustdiscoveredthepunchesandmatricesunharmed。Thefivepressestoowereuntouched。

Hehadalreadyopenedoutalongwarehousenearertheriver-shore，theleaseofwhichhadfallenintothem，andhehadalreadyplannedtheoccupationofthatuninvitingplaceinwhichthefamouspressofSeramporeand，atthelast，theFriendofIndiaweeklynewspaperfoundahometill1875。ThedescriptionofthesceneandofitseffectonCareybyaneye-witnesslikeThomasonhasavalueofitsown：——

"Theyear1812wasusheredinbyanearthquakewhichwasprecededbyaloudnoise；thehouseshook；theoilinthelampsonthewallswasthrownout；thebirdsmadeafrightfulnoise；thenativesranfromtheirhouses，callingonthenamesoftheirgods；thesensationismostawful；wereadtheforty-sixthPsalm。Thisfearfulprodigywassucceededbythatdesolatingdisaster，theSeramporefire。Icouldscarcelybelievethereport；itwaslikeablowontheheadwhichstupefies。IflewtoSeramporetowitnessthedesolation。Thescenewasindeedaffecting。Theimmenseprinting-office，twohundredfeetlongandfiftybroad，reducedtoamereshell。Theyardcoveredwithburntquiresofpaper，thelossinwhicharticlewasimmense。Careywalkedwithmeoverthesmokingruins。Thetearsstoodinhiseyes。\'Inoneshortevening，\'saidhe，\'thelaboursofyearsareconsumed。HowunsearchablearethewaysofGod！Ihadlatelybroughtsomethingstotheutmostperfectionofwhichtheyseemedcapable，andcontemplatedthemissionaryestablishmentwithperhapstoomuchself-congratulation。TheLordhaslaidmelow，thatImaylookmoresimplytoHim。\'Whocouldstandinsuchaplace，atsuchatime，withsuchaman，withoutfeelingsofsharpregretandsolemnexerciseofmind。Isawthegroundstrewedwithhalf-consumedpaper，onwhichinthecourseofaveryfewmonthsthewordsoflifewouldhavebeenprinted。Themetalunderourfeetamidsttheruinswasmeltedintomisshapenlumps——thesadremainsofbeautifultypesconsecratedtotheserviceofthesanctuary。Allwassmilingandpromisingafewhoursbefore——nowallisvanishedintosmokeorconvertedintorubbish！

Returnnowtothybooks，regardGodinallthoudoest。LearnArabicwithhumility。LetGodbeexaltedinallthyplans，andpurposes，andlabours；Hecandowithoutthee。"

CareyhimselfthuswroteofthedisastertoDr。Ryland：——"25thMarch1812——Thelossisverygreat，andwilllongbeseverelyfelt；yetI

canthinkofahundredcircumstanceswhichwouldhavemadeitmuchmoredifficulttobear。TheLordhassmittenus，hehadarighttodoso，andwedeservehiscorrections。IwishtosubmittoHissovereignwill，nay，cordiallytoacquiescetherein，andtoexaminemyselfrigidlytoseewhatinmehascontributedtothisevil。

"Inow，however，turntothebrightside；andhereImightmentionwhatstillremainstous，andthemercifulcircumstanceswhichattendeventhisstrokeofGod\'srod；butIwillprincipallynoticewhatwilltendtocheertheheartofeveryonewhofeelsforthecauseofGod。Ourloss，sofarasIcansee，isreparableinamuchshortertimethanIshouldatfirsthavesupposed。TheTamilfountoftypeswasthefirstthatwebegantorecast。Iexpectitwillbefinishedbytheendofthisweek，justafortnightafteritwasbegun。ThenextwillbethesmallDevanagari，fortheHindostaniScriptures，andnextthelargerfortheSanskrit。Ihopethiswillbecompletedinanothermonth。Theotherfounts，viz。，Bengali，Orissa，Sikh，Telinga，Singhalese，Mahratta，Burman，Kashmeerian，Arabic，Persian，andChinese，willfollowinorder，andwillprobablybefinishedinsixorsevenmonths，excepttheChinese，whichwilltakemorethanayeartoreplaceit。Itrust，therefore，thatweshallnotbegreatlydelayed。OurEnglishworkswillbedelayedthelongest；butingeneraltheyareoftheleastimportance。OfMSS。burntIhavesufferedthemost；thatis，whatwasactuallypreparedbyme，andwhatowesitswholerevisionforthepresstome，comprisetheprincipalpartoftheMSS。consumed。

Thegroundmustbetroddenoveragain，butnodelayinprintingneedarisefromthat。Thetranslationsareallwrittenoutfirstbypunditsinthedifferentlanguages，excepttheSanskritwhichisdictatedbymetoanamanuensis。TheSikh，Mahratta，Hindostani，Orissa，Telinga，Assam，andKurnataarere-translatinginroughbypunditswhohavebeenlongaccustomedtotheirwork，andhavegoneoverthegroundbefore。Ifollowtheminrevise，thechiefpartofwhichisdoneasthesheetspassthroughthepress，andisbyfartheheaviestpartofthework。OftheSanskritonlythesecondbookofSamuelandthefirstbookofKingswerelost。ScarcelyanyoftheOrissa，andnoneoftheKashmeerianoroftheBurmanMSS。werelost——copyforaboutthirtypagesofmyBengalidictionary，thewholecopyofaTelingagrammar，partofthecopyofthegrammarofPunjabiorSikhlanguage，andallthematerialswhichIhadbeenlongcollectingforadictionaryofallthelanguagesderivedfromtheSanskrit。Ihope，however，tobeenabledtorepairtheloss，andtocompletemyfavouritescheme，ifmylifebeprolonged。"

Littledidthesesimplescholars，allabsorbedintheirwork，dreamthatthisfirewouldprovetobethemeansofmakingthemandtheirworkfamousalloverEuropeandAmericaaswellasIndia。MenofeveryChristianschool，andmeninterestedonlyintheliteraryandsecularsideoftheirenterprise，hadtheiractivesympathycalledout。Themeremoneyloss，attheexchangeoftheday，wasnotundertenthousandpounds。InfiftydaysthiswasraisedinEnglandandScotlandalone，tillFuller，returningfromhislastcampaign，enteredtheroomofhiscommittee，declaring"wemuststopthecontributions。"InGreenock，forinstance，everyplaceofworshipononeSundaycollectedmoney。IntheUnitedStatesMr。RobertRalston，aPresbyterian，amerchantofPhiladelphia，whoasCarey\'scorrespondenthadbeenthefirstAmericanlaymantohelpmissionstoIndia，andDr。Staughton，whohadtakenaninterestintheformationoftheSocietyin1792beforeheemigrated，hadlongassistedthetranslationwork，andnowthatJudsonwasonhiswayouttheyredoubledtheirexertions。InIndiaThomason\'sowncongregationsentthemissionaries？00，andBrownwrotefromhisdyingbedamessageoflovinghelp。ThenewspapersofCalcuttacaughttheenthusiasm；oneleadingarticleconcludedwiththeassurancethattheSeramporepresswould，"likethephoenixofantiquity，risefromitsashes，wingedwithnewstrength，anddestined，inaloftyandlong-enduringflight，widelytodiffusethebenefitsofknowledgethroughouttheEast。"ThedayafterthefireceasedtosmokeMonohurwasatthetaskofcastingtypefromthelumpsofthemoltenmetal。

IntwomonthsafterthefirstintelligenceFullerwasabletosendas"feathersofthephoenix"slipsofsheetsoftheTamilTestament，printedfromthesetypes，tothetownsandchurcheswhichhadsubscribed。Everyfortnightafountwascast；inamonthallthenativeestablishmentwasatworknightandday。InsixmonthsthewholelossinOrientaltypeswasrepaired。TheRamayanaversionandSanskritpolyglotdictionarywereneverresumed。ButoftheBibletranslationsandgrammars，Careyandhistwoheroicbrethrenwrote：——"Wefound，onmakingthetrial，thattheadvantagesingoingoverthesamegroundasecondtimeweresogreatthattheyfullycounter-balancedthetimerequisitetobedevotedtheretoinasecondtranslation。"Thefire，intruth，thecauseofwhichwasneverdiscovered，andinsuranceagainstwhichdidnotexistinIndia，hadgivenbirthtorevisededitions。

CHAPTERXI

WHATCAREYDIDFORLITERATUREANDFORHUMANITY

Thegrowthofalanguage——CareyidentifiedwiththetransitionstageofBengali——Firstprintedbooks——Carey\'sownworks——Hisinfluenceonindigenouswriters——Hisson\'sworks——Bengalthefirstheathencountrytoreceivethepress——ThefirstBengalinewspaper——ThemonthlyandquarterlyFriendofIndia——TheHindoorevivaloftheeighteenthcenturyfosteredbytheEastIndiaCompany——Carey\'sthreememorialstoGovernmentonfemaleinfanticide，voluntarydrowning，andwidow-burning——WhatJonathanDuncanandCol。Walkerhaddone——Wellesley\'sregulationtopreventthesacrificeofchildren——BeginningoftheagitationagainsttheSutteecrime——Carey\'spunditsmoreenlightenedthantheCompany\'sjudges——Humanitytriumphsin1832——Carey\'sshareinWard\'sbookontheHindoos——ThelawlesssupernaturalismofRomeandofIndia——WorshipofJaganath——RegulationidentifyingGovernmentwithHindooism——Theswingingfestival——Ghatmurders——Burningoflepers——CareyestablishestheLeperHospitalinCalcutta——SlaveryinIndialosesitslegalstatus——Cowper，Clarkson，andCarey。

Likethegrowthofatreeisthedevelopmentofalanguage，asreallyandasstrictlyaccordingtolaw。InsavagelandslikethoseofAfricathemissionaryfindsthelivinggermsofspeech，arrangesthemforthefirsttimeingrammaticalorder，expressestheminwrittenandprintedform，usingthesimplest，mostperfect，andmostuniversalcharacterofall——theRoman，andatoneboundgivesthemostdegradedofthedarkpeoplesthepossibilityofthehighestcivilisationandthedivinestfuture。IncountrieslikeIndiaandChina，wherecivilisationhaslongagoreacheditshighestlevel，andhasbeendecliningforwantofthesaltofauniversalChristianity，itisthemissionaryagainwhointerferesforthehighestends，butbyadifferentprocess。Masteringthecomplexclassicalspeechandliteratureofthelearnedandpriestlyclass，andlivingwithhisMaster\'ssympathyamongthepeoplewhomthatclassoppresses，hetakesthepopulardialectswhichareinstinctwiththelifeofthefuture；wheretheyarewildlyluxurianthebringsthemunderlaw，wheretheyarebarrenheenrichesthemfromtheparentstocksoastomakethemthevehicleofideassuchasGreekgavetoEurope，andintimehebringstothebirthnationsworthyofthenamebyanationallanguageandliteraturelightedupwiththeideasoftheBookwhichheisthefirsttotranslate。

ThiswaswhatCareydidforthespeechoftheBengalees。Tothem，asthehistoriansofthefastapproachingChristianfuturewillrecognise，hewasmadewhattheSaxonBonifacehadbecometotheGermans，ortheNorthumbrianBaedaandWycliftotheEnglish。ThetransitionperiodofEnglish，from1150whenitsmoderngrammaticalformprevailed，tothefifteenthcenturywhentherichdialectsgaveplacetotheliterarystandard，hasitscentraldatein1362。ThenEdwardtheThirdmadeEnglishtaketheplaceofFrenchasthepubliclanguageofjusticeandlegislation，closelyfollowedbyWyclif\'sEnglishBible。Carey\'soneIndianlifeoffortyyearsmarksthesimilartransitionstageofBengali，includingtheparallelregulationof1829，whichabolishedPersian，madebytheMohammedanconquerorsthelanguageofthecourts，andputinitsplaceBengaliandthevernacularsoftheotherprovinces。

WhenCareybegantoworkinCalcuttaandDinapoorin1792-93Bengalihadnoprintedandhardlyanywrittenliterature。TheverywrittencharacterswerejustlydescribedbyColebrookeasnothingelsebutthedifficultandbeautifulSanskritDevanagarideformedforthesakeofexpeditiouswritings，suchasaccounts。ItwasthenewvaishnavafaithoftheNuddeareformerChaitanyawhichledtothecompositionofthefirstBengaliprose。22TheBrahmansandtheMohammedanrulersaliketreatedBengali——though"itarosefromthetomboftheSanskrit，"asItaliandidfromLatinunderDante\'sinspiration——asfitonlyfor"demonsandwomen。"InthegenerationbeforeCareythereflourishedatthesameOxfordofIndia，asNuddeahasbeencalled，RajaKrishnaRai，whodidforBengaliwhatourownKingAlfredaccomplishedforEnglishprose。Moved，however，chieflybyazealforHindooism，whichcausedhimtoputaSoodratodeathformarryingintoaBrahmanfamily，hehimselfwrotethevernacularandspentmoneyingifts，which"encouragedthepeopletostudyBengaliwithunusualdiligence。"Butwhen，fortyyearsafterthat，CareyvisitedNuddeahecouldnotdiscovermorethanfortyseparateworks，allinmanuscript，asthewholeliteratureof30，000，000ofpeopleuptothattime。Apresshadbeenatworkontheoppositesideoftheriverforfifteenyears，butHalhed\'sgrammarwasstilltheonlyasitwasthemostancientprintedbook。OneBabooRam，fromUpperIndia，wasthefirstnativewhoestablishedapressinCalcutta，andthatonlyundertheinfluenceofColebrooke，toprinttheSanskritclassics。ThefirstBengaliwho，onhisownaccount，printedworksinthevernacularontradeprinciples，wasGungaKishore，whomCareyandWardhadtrainedatSerampore。Hesoonmadesolargeafortunebyhisownpressthatthreenativerivalshadsprungupby1820，whentwenty-sevenseparatebooks，or15，000

copies，hadbeensoldtonativeswithintenyears。

FornearlyalltheseSeramporesuppliedthetype。ButallwereinanothersensetheresultofCarey\'saction。HisfirsteditionoftheBengaliNewTestamentappearedin1801，hisGrammarinthesameyear，andatthesametimehisColloquies，or"dialoguesintendedtofacilitatetheacquiringoftheBengalilanguage，"whichhewroteoutoftheabundanceofhisknowledgeofnativethought，idioms，andevenslang，toenablestudentstoconversewithallclassesofsociety，asErasmushaddoneinanotherway。HisDictionaryof80，000wordsbegantoappearin1815。Knowing，however，thatinthelongruntheliteratureofanationmustbeofindigenousgrowth，heatoncepressedthenativesintothisservice。Hisfirstpundit，RamBasu，wasamostaccomplishedBengalischolar。Thisableman，wholackedthecouragetoprofessChristintheend，wrotethefirsttract，theGospelMessenger，andthefirstpamphletexposingHindooism，bothofwhichhadanenormoussaleandcausedmuchexcitement。OnthehistoricalsideCareyinducedhimtopublishin1801theLifeofRajaPratapaditya，thelastkingofSagarIsland。

AtfirstthenewprofessorcouldnotfindreadingbooksforhisBengaliclassinthecollegeofFortWilliam。He，hispundits，especiallyMritunjayawhohasbeencomparedinhisphysiqueandknowledgetoDr。SamuelJohnson，andeventheyoungcivilianstudents，wereformanyyearscompelledtowriteBengalitext-books，includingtranslationsofVirgil\'s苙eidandShakspere\'sTempest。

TheSchoolBookSocietytookupthework，encouragingsuchamanasRamKomalSen，theprinterwhobecamechiefnativeofficialoftheBankofBengalandfatherofthelateKeshabChunderSen，topreparehisBengalidictionary。Self-interestsoonenlistedthehaughtiestBrahmansintheworkofproducingschoolandreadingbooks，tillnowtheBengalilanguageistoIndiawhattheItalianistoEurope，anditsnativeliteratureiscomparativelyasrich。NorwasCareywithouthisEuropeansuccessorinthegoodworkforatime。WhenhissonFelixdiedin1823hewasbewailedasthecoadjutorofRamKomalSen，astheauthorofthefirstvolumeofaBengaliencyclop鎑iaonanatomy，asthetranslatorofBunyan\'sPilgrim，Goldsmith\'sHistoryofEngland，andMill\'sHistoryofIndia。

Literaturecannotbesaidtoexistforthepeopletillthenewspaperappears。Bengalwasthefirstnon-Christiancountryintowhichthepresshadeverbeenintroduced。AboveallformsoftruthandfaithChristianityseeksfreediscussion；inplaceofthatthemissionarieslivedunderashackledpresslawtemperedbythehigherinstinctsofrulerslikeWellesley，Hastings，andBentinck，tillMacaulayandMetcalfegainedforitliberty。WhenDr。Marshmanin1818proposedthepublicationofaBengaliperiodical，Dr。Carey，impressedbyaquarterofacentury\'sintolerance，consentedonlyontheconditionthatitshouldbeamonthlymagazine，andshouldavoidpoliticaldiscussion。AccordinglytheDig-darshanappeared，anticipatinginitscontentsandstylethelaterPennyandSaturdayMagazines，andcontinuedforthreeyears。ItsimmediatesuccessledtotheissuefromtheSeramporepressonthe31stMay1818，of"thefirstnewspapereverprintedinanyOrientallanguage"——theSamacharDarpan，orNewsMirror。

ItwasacriticalhourwhenthefirstproofofthefirstnumberwaslaidbeforetheassembledbrotherhoodattheweeklymeetingonFridayevening。Dr。Carey，fearingforhisspiritualwork，buteagerforthisnewavenuetothemindsofthepeoplewhowerebeingtaughttoread，andhadlittlesavetheirownmythology，consentedtoitspublicationwhenDr。Marshmanpromisedtosendacopy，withananalysisofitscontentsinEnglish，totheGovernment，andtostoptheenterpriseifitshouldbeofficiallydisapproved。LordHastingswasfightingthePindarees，andnothingwassaidbyhisCouncil。Onhisreturnhedeclaredthat"theeffectofsuchapapermustbeextensivelyandimportantlyuseful。"Heallowedittocirculatebypostatone-fourththethenheavyrate。Thenativeswelcomedtheirfirstnewspaper。Althoughitavoidedreligiouscontroversy，inafewweeksanoppositionjournalwasissuedbyanative，whosoughttodefendHindooismunderthetitleoftheDestroyerofDarkness。TotheDarpantheeducatednativeslookedasthemeansofbringingtheoppressionoftheirowncountrymentotheknowledgeofthepublicandtheauthorities。Governmentfounditmostusefulforcontradictingsillyrumoursandpromotingcontentmentifnotloyalty。ThepapergaveanewdevelopmenttotheBengalilanguageaswellastothemoralandpoliticaleducationofthepeople。

Thesameperiodoflibertytothepressandtonativeadvancement，withwhichthenamesoftheMarquisofHastingsandhisaccomplishedwifewilleverbeassociated，sawthebirthofanEnglishperiodicalwhich，forthenextfifty-sevenyears，wastobecomenotmerelyfamousbutpowerfullyusefulastheFriendofIndia。ThetitlewastheselectionofDr。Marshman，andtheeditorialmanagementwashisandhisableson\'sdownto1852，whenitpassedintothehandsofMr。MeredithTownsend，longthemostbrilliantofEnglishjournalists，andfinallyintothoseofthepresentwriter。Forsomeyearsamonthlyandforatimeaquarterlymagazinetill1835，whenMr。JohnMarshmanmadeitthewell-knownweekly，thisjournalbecamethemeansthroughwhichCareyandthebrotherhoodfoughtthegoodfightofhumanity。InthemonthlyandquarterlyFriend，moreover，reprintedasmuchofitwasinLondon，thethreephilanthropistsbroughttheirripeexperienceandloftyprinciplestobearontheconscienceofEnglandandofeducatedIndiaalike。As，ontheOrientalside，Careychoseforhisweaponthevernacular，ontheotherhedrewfromWesternsourcestheprinciplesandthethoughtswhichheclothedinaBengalidress。

WehavealreadyseenhowCareyattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyfoundHindooismatitsworst。SteadilyhadthePooraniccorruptionandtheBrahmanicaloppressiongoneondemoralisingthewholeofHindoosociety。Intheperiodofvirtualanarchy，whichcoveredtheseventy-fiveyearsfromthedeathofAurangzebtothesupremacyofWarrenHastingsandthereformsofLordCornwallis，thehealthyzealofIslamagainsttheidolatrousabominationsoftheHindooshadceased。InitsplacetherewasnotonlyawildlicenceamountingtoanundoubtedHindoorevival，markedonthepoliticalsidebytheMarathaascendency，buttherecametobedeliberateencouragementoftheworstformsofHindooismbytheEastIndiaCompanyanditsservants。That"themischievousreaction"onEnglandfromIndia——itsidolatry，itswomen，itsnabobs，itswealth，itsabsolutism——wasprevented，andEuropeancivilisationwas"aftermuchdelayandhesitation"broughttobearonIndia，wasdueindeedtothelegislationofGovernor-GeneralsfromCornwallistoBentinck，butmuchmore，tothepersistentagitationofChristianmissionaries，notablyCareyandDuff。ForyearsCareystoodaloneinIndia，asGrantandWilberforcedidinEngland，inthedarkesthourofEngland\'smoraldegradationandspiritualdeath，whenthemenwhowereshapingthedestiniesofIndiaweretheHindooisingStewartsandYoungs，Prendergasts，Twinings，andWarings，someofwhomhatedmissionsfromthedreadofsedition，othersbecausetheirhearts"seducedbyfairidolatresseshadfallentoidolsfoul。"

ThemostatrociouslyinhumanofalltheBrahmanicalcustoms，andyetthemostuniversal，fromthelandofthefiveriversatLahoretothefarspiceislandsatBali，wasthemurderofwidowsbyburningorburyingthemalivewiththehusband\'scorpse。WehaveseenhowthefirstofthemanysuchsceneswhichhewasdoomedtowitnessforthenextthirtyyearsaffectedCarey。Afterremonstrances，whichthepeoplemetfirstbyargumentandthenbysurlythreats，Careywrote：——"ItoldthemIwouldnotgo，thatIwasdeterminedtostayandseethemurder，andthatIshouldcertainlybearwitnessofitatthetribunalofGod。"Andwhenheagainsoughttointerferebecausethetwostoutbamboosalwaysfixedforthepurposeofpreventingthevictim\'sescapewerepresseddownontheshriekingwomanlikelevers，andtheypersisted，hewrote："Wecouldnotbeartoseemore，butleftthemexclaimingloudlyagainstthemurderandfullofhorroratwhatwehadseen。"TheremembranceofthatsightneverleftCarey。Hisnaturallycheerfulspiritwasinflamedtoindignationallhislifethrough，tillhisinfluence，morethanthatofanyotheroneman，atlastprevailedtoputoutforeverthemurderouspyre。HadLordWellesleyremainedGovernor-GeneralayearlongerCareywouldhavesucceededin1808，insteadofhavingtowaittill1829，andtoknowashewaitedandprayedthatliterallyeverydaysawthedevilishsmokeascendingalongthebanksoftheGanges，andtheriversandpoolsconsideredsacredbytheHindoos。NeedwewonderthatwhenonaSundaymorningtheregulationofLordWilliamBentinckprohibitingthecrimereachedhimashewasmeditatinghissermon，hesentforanothertodothepreaching，andtakinghispeninhishand，atoncewrotetheofficialtranslation，andhaditissuedintheBengaliGazettethatnotanotherdaymightbeaddedtothelongblackcatalogueofmanycenturies？

OnthereturnoftheMarquisWellesleytoCalcuttafromtheTipoowar，andhisownappointmenttotheCollegeofFortWilliam，CareyfeltthathistimehadcometopreventthemurderoftheinnocentsalloverIndiainthethreeformsoffemaleinfanticide，voluntarydrowning，andwidow-burningorburyingalive。Hisoldfriend，Udny，havingbecomeamemberofCouncilorcolleagueoftheGovernor-General，hepreparedthreememorialstoGovernmentoneachofthesecrimes。WhenafterwardshehadenlistedClaudiusBuchananinthegoodwork，andhademployedtrustworthynativestocollectstatisticsprovingthatinthesmalldistrictaroundCalcutta275

widowmurdersthustookplaceinsixmonthsof1803，andwhenhewasaskedbyDr。Rylandtostatethefactswhich，withhisusualabsenceofself-regarding，hehadnotreportedpublicly，oreveninlettershome，hethusreplied：——

"27thApril1808——Thereportoftheburningofwomen，andsomeothers，however，weremadebyme。I，athisexpense，however，madetheinquiriesandfurnishedthereports，andbelievetheyareratherbelowthetruththanaboveit。Ihave，sinceIhavebeenhere，throughadifferentmedium，presentedthreepetitionsorrepresentationstoGovernmentforthepurposeofhavingtheburningofwomenandothermodesofmurderabolished，andhavesucceededinthecaseofinfanticideandvoluntarydrowningintheriver。Lawsweremadetopreventthese，whichhavebeensuccessful。"

Buttherewasacrimenearerhome，committedintheriverflowingpasthisowndoor，andespeciallyatSagarIsland，wheretheGangeslosesitselfintheocean。Atthattiger-hauntedspot，shiveringinthecoldofthewintersolstice，everyyearmultitudesofHindoos，chieflywiveswithchildrenandwidowswithheavyhearts，assembledtowashawaytheirsins——tosacrificethefruitoftheirbodyforthesinoftheirsoul。Since1794，whenThomasandhehadfoundinabaskethangingonatreethebonesofaninfantexposed，tobedevouredbythewhiteants，bysomemothertoopoortogoonpilgrimagetoasacredriver-spot，Careyhadknownthisunnaturalhorror。HeandhisbrethrenhadplannedapreachingtourtoSagar，wherenotonlymothersdrownedtheirfirstborninpaymentofavow，withtheencouragementoftheBrahmans，butwidowsandevenmenwalkedintothedeepseaanddrownedthemselvesatthespotwhereGangaandSagarkisseachother，"asthehighestdegreeofholiness，andassecuringimmediateheaven。"TheresultofCarey\'smemorialwasthepublicationoftheRegulationforpreventingthesacrificeofchildrenatSagarandotherplacesontheGanges：——"IthasbeenrepresentedtotheGovernor-GeneralinCouncilthatacriminalandinhumanpracticeofsacrificingchildren，byexposingthemtobedrownedordevouredbysharks，prevails……ChildrenthrownintotheseaatSagarhavenotbeengenerallyrescued……butthesacrificehasbeeneffectedwithcircumstancesofpeculiaratrocityinsomeinstances。ThispracticeisnotsanctionedbytheHindoolaw，norcountenancedbythereligiousorders。"Itwasaccordinglydeclaredtobemurder，punishablewithdeath。Ateachpilgrimgatheringsepoyswerestationedtocheckthepriestsandthepolice，greedyofbribes，andtopreventfanaticalsuicidesaswellassuperstitiousmurders。

ThepracticeofinfanticidewasreallybasedontherecommendationofSati，literallythe"methodofpurity"whichtheHindooshastrasrequirewhentheyrecommendthebereavedwifetoburnwithherhusband。Surely，reasonedtheRajpoots，wemaydestroyadaughterbyabortion，starvation，suffocation，strangulation，orneglect，ofwhosemarriageinthelineofcasteanddignityoffamilythereislittleprospect，ifawidowmaybeburnedtopreserveherchastity！

InanswertoCarey\'sthirdmemorialLordWellesleytookthefirststep，on5thFebruary1805，inthehistoryofBritishIndia，twocenturiesafterQueenElizabethhadgiventheCompanyitsmercantilecharter，andhalfacenturyafterPlasseyhadgivenitpoliticalpower，toprotectfrommurderthewidowswhohadbeenburnedalive，atleastsincethetimeofAlexandertheGreat。ThiswasthefirststepinthehistoryofBritishbutnotofMohammedanIndia，forourpredecessorshadbydecreeforbiddenandinpracticediscouragedthecrime。LordWellesley\'scolleagueswerestillthegoodUdny，thegreatsoldierLordLakeandSirGeorgeBarlow。ThemagistrateofBiharhadonhisownauthoritypreventedachild-widowoftwelve，whendruggedbytheBrahmans，frombeingburnedalive，afterwhich，hewrote，"thegirlandherfriendswereextremelygratefulformyinterposition。"Takingadvantageofthiscase，theGovernmentaskedtheappellatejudges，allCompany\'sservants，to"ascertainhowfarthepracticeisfoundedonthereligiousopinionsoftheHindoos。

Ifnotfoundedonanypreceptoftheirlaw，theGovernor-GeneralinCouncilhopesthatthecustommaygradually，ifnotimmediately，bealtogetherabolished。If，however，theentireabolitionshouldappeartotheCourttobeimpracticableinitself，orinexpedient，asoffendinganyestablishedreligiousopinionoftheHindoos，"theCourtweredesiredtoconsiderthebestmeansofpreventingtheabuses，suchastheuseofdrugsandthesacrificeofthoseofimmatureage。ButthepreambleofthisreferencetothejudgesdeclaredittobeoneofthefundamentalprinciplesoftheBritishGovernmenttoconsultthereligiousopinionsofthenatives，"consistentlywiththeprinciplesofmorality，reason，andhumanity。"TherespokeCareyandUdny，andWellesleyhimself。Butforanotherquarterofacenturythefuneralpyresweretoblazewiththelivingalso，becausethatcaveatwassetaside，thatfundamentalmaximoftheconstitutionofmuchmorethantheBritishGovernment——oftheconscienceofhumanity，wascarefullyburiedup。

Thejudgesaskedthepunditswhetherthewomanis"enjoined"bytheshastervoluntarilytoburnherselfwiththebodyofherhusband。

Theyreplied"everywomanofthefourcastesispermittedtoburnherself，"exceptincertaincasesenumerated，andtheyquotedManoo，whoisagainstthecustominsofarashesaysthatavirtuouswifeascendstoheavenifshedevotesherselftopiousausteritiesafterthedeceaseofherlord。

ThisopinionwouldhavebeensufficienttogivetherequisitenativeexcusetoGovernmentfortheabolition，buttheNizamatAdawlatjudgesurgedthe"principle"of"manifestingeverypossibleindulgencetothereligiousopinionsandprejudicesofthenatives，"

ignoringmorality，reason，andhumanityalike。LordWellesley\'slongandbrilliantadministrationofeightyearswasvirtuallyatanend：insevendayshewastoembarkforhome。ThemanwhohadpreservedtheinfantsfromthesharksofSagarhadtoleavethewidowsandtheirchildrentobesavedbytheciviliansCareyandhehadpersonallytrained，MetcalfeandBayley，whoby1829hadrisentoCouncilandbecomecolleaguesofLordW。Bentinck。ButLordWellesleydidthismuch，hedeclinedtonoticetheso-called"prohibitoryregulations"recommendedbythecivilianjudges。

These，whenadoptedintheyear1812，madetheBritishGovernmentresponsiblebylegislationforeverymurderthereafter，andgreatlyincreasedthenumberofmurders。FromthatdatetheGovernmentofIndiadecided"toallowthepractice，"asrecognisedandencouragedbytheHindooreligion，exceptincasesofcompulsion，drugging，widowsundersixteen，andprovedpregnancy。Thepolice——natives——weretobepresent，andtoreporteverycase。AttheverytimetheBritishParliamentwereagainrefusinginthecharterdiscussionsof1813foranothertwentyyearstotolerateChristianityinitsEasterndependency，theIndianlegislaturelegalisedtheburningandburyingaliveofwidows，whonumberedatleast6000innineonlyofthenextsixteenyears，from1815to1823

inclusive。

>FromPlasseyin1757to1829，threequartersofacentury，ChristianEnglandwasresponsible，atfirstindirectlyandthenmostdirectly，fortheknownimmolationofatleast70，000Hindoowidows。Careywasthefirsttomovetheauthorities；UdnyandWellesleywerethefirsttobeginactionagainstanatrocitysolongcontinuedandsoatrocious。WhiletheGovernor-Generalsandtheircolleaguespassedaway，CareyandhisassociatesdidnotceasetoagitateinIndiaandtostirupWilberforceandtheevangelicalsinEngland，tillthevictorywasgained。TheveryfirstnumberoftheFriendofIndiapublishedtheiressayontheburningofwidows，whichwasthereafterquotedonbothsidesoftheconflict，as"apowerfulandconvincingstatementoftherealfactsandcircumstancesofthecase，"inParliamentandelsewhere。NorcanweomittorecordtheopinionofCarey\'schiefpundit，withwhomhespenthourseverydayasafellow-worker。Thewholebodyoflaw-punditswroteofSatiasonly"permitted。"Mritunjaya，describedastheheadjuristoftheCollegeofFortWilliamandtheSupremeCourt，decidedthat，accordingtoHindooism，alifeofmortificationisthelawforawidow。Atbestburningisonlyanalternativeformortification，andnoalternativecanhavetheforceofdirectlaw。Butinformeragesnothingwaseverheardofthepractice，itbeingpeculiartoalaterandmorecorruptera。"Awoman\'sburningherselffromthedesireofconnubialblissoughttoberejectedwithabhorrence，"

wrotethiscolossusofpundits。Yetbeforehewasbelieved，orthehigherlawwasenforced，asithaseversincebeeneveninourtributaryStates，mothershadburnedwithsons，andfortywives，manyofthemsisters，atatime，withpolygamoushusbands。Lepersandthewidowsofthedevoteeclasshadbeenlegallyburiedalive。

Magistrates，whoweremenlikeMetcalfe，neverceasedtopreventwidow-murderonanypretext，wherevertheymightbeplaced，indefianceoftheirownmisguidedGovernment。

Thoughfrom4thDecember1829——memorabledate，tobeclassedwiththatonwhichsoonafter800，000slavesweresetfree——"theGangesflowedunbloodedtothesea"forthefirsttime，thefightlastedalittlelonger。TheCalcutta"orthodox"formedasocietytorestoretheirrightofmurderingtheirwidows，andfoundEnglishlawyersreadytohelptheminanappealtothePrivyCouncilunderanActofParliamentof1797。TheDarpanweeklydidgoodserviceinkeepingthemassoftheeducatednativesrightonthesubject。ThePrivyCouncil，atwhichLordWellesleyandCharlesGrant，venerableinyearsandcharacter，werepresent，heardthecasefortwodays，andon24thJune1832dismissedthepetition！

Thoughthegreatest，thiswasonlyoneofthecrimesagainsthumanityandmoralitywhichCareyopposedallhislifewithapracticalreasonablenesstillhesawthepublicopinionhehaddonesomuchtocreatetriumph。HeknewthepeopleofIndia，theirreligious，social，andeconomiccondition，asnoEnglishmanbeforehimhaddone。HestoodbetweenthemandtheirforeignGovernmentatthebeginningofourintimatecontactwithallclassesasdetailedadministratorsandrulers。TheoutcomeofhispeculiarexperienceistobefoundnotonlyinthewritingspublishedunderhisownnamebutinthegreatbookofhiscolleagueWilliamWard，everypageofwhichpassedunderhiscarefulcorrectionaswellasunderthemoregeneralrevisionofHenryMartyn。ExceptforthephilosophyofHindooism，thesecondeditionofAViewoftheHistory，Literature，andMythologyoftheHindoos，includingaMinuteDescriptionoftheirMannersandCustoms，andTranslationsfromtheirPrincipalWorks，publishedin1818intwoquartovolumes，standsunrivalledasthebestauthorityonthecharacteranddailylifeandbeliefsofthe200，000，000towhomGreatBritainhadbeenmadeaterrestrialprovidence，tillChristianityteachesthemtogovernthemselvesandtobecometotherestofAsiamissionariesofnoblertruththanthatwherewiththeirBuddhistfatherscoveredChinaandthefartherEast。

AllthecrimesagainsthumanitywithwhichthehistoryofIndiateems，downtotheMutinyandtherecordsofourcourtsandtributarystatesatthishour，aredirectlytraceabletolawlesssupernaturalismlikethatofthecivilisedworldbeforethetriumphofChristianity。InnothingdoesEngland\'sadministrationofIndiaresembleRome\'sgovernmentofitsprovincesinthesevencenturiesfromthereductionofSicily，240B。C。，tothefalloftheWesternEmpire，476A。D。，somuchasintherelationofnascentChristianitytothepagancultswhichhadmadesocietywhatitwas。Careyandthebrotherhoodstoodaloneinfacing，infightingwithdivineweapons，inwinningthefirstvictoriesoverthesecularaswellasspirituallawlessnesswhichfellbeforePaulandhissuccessorsdowntoAugustineandhisCityofGod。ThegentleandreasonablebutnonethelessdivinelyindignantfatherofmodernmissionsbringsagainstHindooandMohammedansocietyaccusationsnomorerailingthanthoseintheopeningpassageoftheEpistletotheRomans，andhebringstheseonlythat，followingPaul，hemaydeclarethemoreexcellentway。

AsSerampore，oritssuburbs，isthemostpopularcentreofJaganathworshipnexttoPooreeinOrissa，thecrueltyandoppressionwhichmarkedtheannualfestivalwereeverbeforethemissionaries\'eyes。

In1813wefindDr。ClaudiusBuchananestablishinghisveracityasaneye-witnessoftheimmolationofdruggedorvoluntaryvictimsundertheidolcar，bythisquotationfromDr。Carey，whomhehadtodescribeatthattimetohisEnglishreaders，asamanofunquestionableintegrity，longheldinestimationbythemostrespectablecharactersinBengal，andpossessingverysuperioropportunitiesofknowingwhatispassinginIndiagenerally：

"Idolatrydestroysmorethanthesword，yetinawaywhichisscarcelyperceived。Thenumberswhodieintheirlongpilgrimages，eitherthroughwantorfatigue，orfromdysenteriesandfeverscaughtbylyingout，andwantofaccommodation，isincredible。I

onlymentiononeidol，thefamousJuggernautinOrissa，towhichtwelveorthirteenpilgrimagesaremadeeveryyear。Itiscalculatedthatthenumberwhogothitheris，onsomeoccasions，600，000persons，andscarcelyeverlessthan100，000。Isuppose，atthelowestcalculation，thatintheyear1，200，000personsattend。

Now，ifonlyoneintendied，themortalitycausedbythisoneidolwouldbe120，000inayear；butsomeareofopinionthatnotmanymorethanoneintensurviveandreturnhomeagain。Besidesthese，Icalculatethat10，000womenannuallyburnwiththebodiesoftheirdeceasedhusbands，andthemultitudesdestroyedinothermethodswouldswellthecataloguetoanextentalmostexceedingcredibility。"

AfterwehadtakenOrissafromtheMarathasthepriestsofJaganathdeclaredthatthenightbeforetheconquestthegodhadmadeknownitsdesiretobeunderBritishprotection。ThiswasjoyfullyreportedtoLordWellesley\'sGovernmentbythefirstBritishcommissioner。Atoncearegulationwasdraftedvestingtheshrineandtheincreasedpilgrim-taxintheChristianofficials。ThisLordWellesleyindignantlyrefusedtosanction，anditwaspassedbySirGeorgeBarlowinspiteoftheprotestsofCarey\'sfriend，Udny。InConjeeveramaBrahmanisedciviliannamedPlacehadsoearlyas1796

inducedGovernmenttoundertakethepaymentofthepriestsandprostitutesofthetemples，underthephraseologyof"churchwardens"

and"themanagementofthechurchfunds。"EvenbeforetheMadrasiniquity，thepilgrimstoGayafrom1790，ifnotbefore，paidforauthoritytoofferfuneralcakestothemanesoftheirancestorsandtoworshipVishnooundertheofficialsealandsignatureoftheEnglishCollector。AlthoughCharlesGrant\'sson，LordGlenelg，whenPresidentoftheBoardofControlin1833，ordered，asTheodosiushaddoneonthefallofpaganidolatryinA。D。390，that"inallmattersrelatingtotheirtemples，theirworship，theirfestivals，theirreligiouspractices，theirceremonialobservances，ournativesubjectsbeleftentirelytothemselves，"theidentificationofGovernmentwithHindooismwasnotcompletelyseveredtillarecentperiod。