第6章

"Now，dearWilliam，whatdoweliveforbuttopromotethecauseofourdearRedeemerintheworld？Ifthatbecarriedonweneednotwishforanythingmore；andifourpoorlaboursareatallblessedtothepromotionofthatdesirableend，ourliveswillnotbeinvain。Letthis，therefore，bethegreatobjectofyourlife，andifyoushouldbemadetheinstrumentofturningonlyonesoulfromdarknesstomarvellouslight，whocansayhowmanymoremaybeconvertedbyhisinstrumentality，andwhatatributeofglorymayarisetoGodfromthatoneconversion。Indeed，wereyounevertobeblessedtotheconversionofonesoul，stillthepleasureoflabouringintheworkoftheLordisgreaterthanthatofanyotherundertakingintheworld，andisofitselfsufficienttomakeittheworkofourchoice。IhopeSebukRamisarrivedbeforenow，andthatyouwillfindhimtobeablessingtoyouinyourwork。TryyourutmosttomakehimwellacquaintedwiththeBible，labourtocorrecthismistakes，andtoestablishhimintheknowledgeofthetruth。

"Youmayalwaysencloseapinchofseedsinaletter。"

"17thJanuary1810——FelixwentwithCaptainCanning，theEnglishambassadortotheBurmanEmpire，tothecityofPegu。OnhiswaythitherheobservedtoCaptainCanningthatheshouldbegreatlygratifiedinaccompanyingtheMinistertothemountainsofMartabanandthecountrybeyondthem。CaptainCanningathisnextinterviewwiththeMinistermentionedthistohim，whichhewasmuchpleasedwith，andimmediatelyorderedseveralbuffalo-cartstobemadeready，andgavehimawar-boattoreturntoRangoontobringhisbaggage，medicines，etc。HehadnotimetoconsultBrotherChaterbeforehedeterminedonthejourney，andwrotetomewhenatRangoon，wherehestayedonlyonenight，andreturnedtoPeguthenextmorning。HesaystheMinisterhasnownearlythewholedominionovertheEmpire，andisgoingtowar。HewillaccompanythearmytoMartaban，whenheexpectstostaywiththeMinisterthere。HegoesingreatspiritstoexplorethosecountrieswherenoEuropeanhasbeenbeforehim，andwherehegoeswithadvantagesandaccommodationssuchasatravellerseldomcanobtain。BrotherandSisterChaterdonotapproveofhisundertaking，perhapsthroughfearforhissafety。Ifeelasmuchforthatasanyonecando，yetI，andindeedBrethrenMarshman，Ward，andRowe，rejoicethathehasundertakenthejourney。Itwillassisthiminacquiringthelanguage；itwillgratifytheMinister，itwillservetheinterestsofliterature，andperhapsanswermanyotherimportantpurposes，asitrespectsthemission；andasmuchofthewaywillbethroughuninhabitedforests，itcouldnothavebeensafelyundertakenexceptwithanarmy。Heexpectstobeabsentthreemonths。Ishallfeelagreatdesiretohearfromhimwhenhereturns，andIdoubtnotbutyouwilljoinmeinprayerforhissafetybothofmindandbody……

"Oneortwowordsaboutnaturalhistory。Canyounotgetmeamaleandfemalekhokora——Imeanthegreatbirdlikeakite，whichmakessogreatanoise，andoftencarriesoffaduckorakid？Ibelieveitisaneagle，andwanttoexamineit。Sendmealsoallthesortsofducksandwaterfowlsyoucanget，and，inshort，everysortofbirdyoucanobtainwhichisnotcommonhere。SendtheirBengalinames。Collectmeallthesortsofinsects，andserpents，andlizardsyoucangetwhicharenotcommonhere。Putalltheinsectstogetherintoabottleofrum，exceptbutterflies，whichyoumaydrybetweentwopapers，andtheserpentsandlizardsthesame。Iwillsendyouasmallquantityofrumforthatpurpose。Sendallthecountrynames。Letmehavethebirdsalive；andwhenyouhavegotagoodboat-loadsendasmallboatdownwiththemunderchargeofacarefulperson，andIwillpaytheexpenses。Sparenopainstogetmeseedsandroots，andgetBrotherRobinsontoprocurewhathecanfromBhootanorotherparts。

"RemembermeaffectionatelytoSebukRamandhiswife，andtoallthenativebrethrenandsisters。"

"5thFebruary1810——Wereyouhuntingthebuffalo，ordiditchargeyouwithoutprovocation？Iadviseyoutoabstainfromhuntingbuffaloesorotheranimals，because，thoughIthinkitlawfultokillnoxiousanimals，ortokillanimalsforfood，yettheunnecessarykillingofanimals，andespeciallythespendingmuchtimeinthepursuitofthem，iswrong，andyourlifeistoovaluabletobethrownawaybyexposingittosuchfuriousanimalsasbuffaloesandtigers。Ifyoucankillthemwithoutrunninganyrisk\'tisverywell，butitiswrongtoexposeyourselftodangerforanendsomuchbelowthattowhichyouaredevoted……

"IbelievethecauseofourRedeemerincreasesintheearth，andlookforwardtomoredecidedappearancesofdivinepower。ThedestructionofthetemporalpowerofthePopeisagloriouscircumstance，andananswertotheprayersoftheChurchforcenturiespast……

"Isendyouasmallcaskofrumtopreservecuriositiesin，andafewbottles；butyourbestwaywillbetodrawoffacoupleofgallonsoftherum，whichyoumaykeepforyourownuse，andthenputthesnakes，frogs，toads，lizards，etc。，intothecask，andsendthemdown。Icaneasilyputthemintoproperbottles，etc。，afterwards。Youmay，however，sendoneortwoofthebottlesfilledwithbeetles，grasshoppers，andotherinsects。"

IntheabsenceofMr。Fernandez，thepastor，WilliamhadexcludedtwomembersoftheChurch。

"4thApril1810——Averylittleknowledgeofhumannaturewillconvinceyouthatthiswouldhavebeenthoughtanaffrontinfiveinstancesoutofsix。Youwouldhavedonebettertohaveadvisedthem，oreventohaverequiredthemtohavekeptfromtheLord\'stabletillMr。Fernandez\'sreturn，andtohaveleftittohimtopresideoverthedisciplineofthechurch。You，nodoubt，diditwithoutthinkingoftheconsequences，andinthesimplicityofyourheart，andIthinkMr。Fernandeziswrongintreatingyouwithcoolness，whenalittleconversationmighthaveputeverythingtorights。Ofthat，however，Ishallsaynomoretoyou，butoneofusshallwritetohimuponthesubjectassoonaswecan。

"Thegreatthingtobedonenowistheeffectingofareconciliationbetweenyou，andwhetheryouleaveSadamahal，orstaythere，thisisabsolutelynecessary。Inordertothisyoubothmustbewillingtomakesomesacrificeofyourfeelings；andasthosefeelings，whichpreventeitherofyoufrommakingconcessionswhereyouhaveactedamiss，arewrong，thesoonertheyaresacrificedthebetter。I

adviseyoutowritetoMr。Fernandezimmediately，andacknowledgethatyoudidwronginproceedingtotheexclusionofthememberswithouthavingfirstconsultedwithhim，andstatethatyouhadnointentionofhurtinghisfeelings，butactedfromwhatyouthoughttheurgencyofthecase，andrequestofhimacordialreconciliation。Ishouldlikemuchtoseeacopyoftheletteryousendtohim。IhavenoobjectinviewbutthegoodoftheChurch，andwouldthereforeratherseeyoustoopaslowasyoucantoeffectareconciliation，thanavoiditthroughanylittlepunctilioofhonourorfeelingofpride。Youwillneverrepentofhavinghumbledyourselftothedustthatpeacemayberestored，nothingwillbeamoreinstructiveexampletotheheathenaroundyou，nothingwillsocompletelysubdueBrotherFernandez\'sdissatisfaction，andnothingwillmakeyoumorerespectedintheChurchofGod。

"Itishighlyprobablethatyouwillsometimeorotherberemovedtoanothersituation，butitcannotbedonetillyouareperfectlyreconciledtoeachother，norcanitpossiblybedonetillsometimeafteryourreconciliation，assuchastepwouldbeconsideredbyallasaneffectofresentmentordissatisfaction，andwouldbecondemnedbyeverythinkingperson。Weshallkeepourmindssteadilyontheobject，andlookoutforaproperstation；butbothweandyoumustactwithgreatcautionandtendernessinthisaffair。ForthisreasonalsoIentreatyounottowithdrawyourselffromthechurch，orfromanypartofyourlabours，butgoonsteadilyinthepathofduty，suppressandprayagainsteveryfeelingofresentment，andbearanythingratherthanbeaccessorytoamisunderstanding，ortheperpetuatingofone。\'LetthatmindbeinyouwhichwasalsoinChrist，whomadehimselfofnoreputation。\'I

hopewhatIhavesaidwillinduceyoutosetinearnestaboutareconciliationwithBrotherFernandez，andtosparenopainsorconcession(consistentwithtruth)toeffectit。"

WilliamhadappliedtobetransferredtoSerampore。

"3rdAugust1811——Thenecessitiesofthemissionmustbeconsultedbeforeeveryotherconsideration。Nativebrethrencanitinerate，butEuropeansmustbeemployedtoopennewmissionsandfoundnewstations。ForwerewetogoupontheplanofsendingEuropeanswherenativescouldpossiblybeemployed，nosubscriptionsorprofitscouldsupportthem。WeintendtocommenceanewstationatDacca，andifyoupreferthattoCutwayoumaygothither。Oneofthefirstthingstobedonetherewillbetoopenacharityschool，andtooverlookit。Daccaitselfisaverylargeplace，whereyoumayoftencommunicatereligiousinstructionswithoutleavingthetown。TherearealsoanumberofEuropeansthere，sothatMarywouldnotbesomuchalone，andatanyratehelpwouldbenear。WecanobtainthepermissionofGovernmentforyoutosettlethere。

"Iought，however，tosaythatIthinkthereismuchguiltinyourfears。YouandMarywillbeathousandtimesmoresafeincommittingyourselvestoGodinthewayofdutythaninneglectingobviousdutytotakecareofyourselves。Youseewhathardshipsanddangersasoldiermeetsinthewickedtradeofwar。Theyareforcedtoleavehomeandexposethemselvestoathousanddangers，yettheyneverthinkofobjecting，andinthistheofficersareinthesamesituationasthemen。Iwillengagetosaythatnomilitaryofficerwouldeverrefusetogoanywhitheronservicebecausehisfamilymustbeexposedtodangerinhisabsence；andyetIdoubtnotbutmanyofthemaremenwhohavegreattendernessfortheirwivesandfamilies。However，theymustbemenandtheirwivesmustbewomen。

Yourundertakingisinfinitelysuperiortotheirsinimportance。

Theygotokillmen，youtosavethem。Iftheyleavetheirfamiliestochanceforthesakeofwar，surelyyoucanleaveyourstotheGodofprovidencewhileyougoaboutHiswork。IspeakthusbecauseIammuchdistressedtoseeyouthuswasteawaytheflowerofyourlifeininactivity，andonlypleadforitwhatwouldnotexcuseachild。WereyouinanysecularemploymentyoumustgooutquiteasmuchasweexpectyoutodointheMission。IdidsowhenatMudnabati，whichwasaslonesomeaplaceascouldhavebeenthoughtof，andwhenIwellknewthatmanyofourownryotsweredakoits(robbers)。"

WilliamfinallysettledatCutwa，higheruptheHooglithanSerampore，anddidgoodservicethere。

"1stDecember1813——IhavenowanassistantatCollege，notwithstandingwhichmydutiesarequiteasheavyastheyeverwere，forwearetoreceiveanumberofmilitarystudents——Isupposethirtyatleast。Thetranslation，andprintingalso，isnowsomuchenlargedthatIamscarcelyabletogetthroughthenecessarylabourofcorrectingproofsandlearningthenecessarylanguages。Allthesethingsarecausesofrejoicingmorethanofregret，fortheyaretheverythingsforwhichIcameintothecountry，andtowhichIwishtodevotemylatestbreath……JabezhasofferedhimselftotheMission，acircumstancewhichgivesmemorepleasurethanifhehadbeenappointedChiefJudgeoftheSupremeCourt……Yourmotherhaslongbeenconfinedtohercouch，Ibelieveaboutsixmonths。"

Thefollowingwaswrittenevidentlyinreplytolovinglettersonthedeathofhiswife，CharlotteEmilia：——

"4thJune1821——MYDEARJONATHAN——Ifeelyouraffectionatecareformeverytenderly。IhavejustreceivedveryaffectionatelettersfromWilliamandBrotherSutton(Orissa)。LordandLadyHastingswrotetoBrotherMarshman，thinkingitwouldoppressmyfeelingstowritetomedirectly，tooffertheirkindcondolencetomethroughhim。WillyouhavethegoodnesstosendfiverupeestoWilliamfortheCutwaschool，whichyourdearmothersupported。Iwillrepayyousoon，butamnowveryshortofmoney——Iamyourveryaffectionatefather，W。CAREY。"

OfthemanydescendantsofDr。Carey，onegreatgrandsonisnowanordainedmissionaryinBengal，anotheramedicalmissionaryinDelhi，andathirdisamemberoftheCivilService，whohasdistinguishedhimselfbytravelsinNorthernTibetandChineseTurkestan，whichpromisetounveilmuchoftheunexploredregionsofAsiatothescholarandthemissionary。

ThusfarwehaveconfinedourstudyofWilliamCareytohispurelymissionarycareer，andthatinitsearlierhalf。Wehavenowtoseehimasthescholar，theBibletranslator，thephilanthropist，theagriculturist，andthefounderofaUniversity。

CHAPTERIX

PROFESSOROFSANSKRIT，BENGALI，ANDMARATHI

1801-1830

CareytheonlySanskritscholarinIndiabesidesColebrooke——Themotiveofthemissionaryscholar——PlanstranslationofthesacredbooksoftheEast——ComparativephilologyfromLeibniztoCarey——HindooandMohammedancodesandcollegesofWarrenHastings——TheMarquisWellesley——TheCollegeofFortWilliamfounded——CharacteroftheCompany\'scivilandmilitaryservants——Curriculumofstudy，professorsandteachers——Thevernacularlanguages——Carey\'saccountofthecollegeandhisappointment——HowhestudiedSanskrit——CollegeDisputationDayinthenewGovernmentHouse——Carey\'sSanskritspeech——LordWellesley\'seulogy——SirJamesMackintosh——Carey\'spundits——HeprojectstheBibliothecaAsiatica——OntheCommitteeoftheBengalAsiaticSociety——EditionandtranslationoftheRamayanaepic——TheHitopadesa——HisUniversalDictionary——InfluenceofCareyonthecivilandmilitaryservices——W。B。Bayley；B。H。Hodgson；R。

Jenkins；R。M。andW。Bird；JohnLawrence。

When，intheopeningdaysofthenineteenthcentury，WilliamCareywasdriventosettleinDanishSerampore，hewastheonlymemberofthegoverningraceinNorthIndiawhoknewthelanguageofthepeoplesoastoteachit；theonlyscholar，withtheexceptionofColebrooke，whocouldspeakSanskritasfluentlyastheBrahmans。

TheBengalilanguagehehadmadethevehicleoftheteachingofChrist，ofthethoughtofPaul，oftherevelationofJohn。OftheSanskrit，hithertoconcealedfromalieneyesordilutedonlythroughthePersian，hehadpreparedagrammarandbegunadictionary，whilehehadcontinuallyuseditsgreatepicsinpreachingtotheBrahmans，asPaulhadquotedtheGreekpoetsontheAreopagus。AndallthishehaddoneasthemissionaryofChristandthescholarafterwards。ReportingtoRyland，inAugust1800，thepublicationoftheGospelsandof"severalsmallpieces"inBengali，heexcusedhisirregularityinkeepingajournal，"forintheprintingIhavetolookoverthecopyandcorrectthepress，whichismuchmorelaboriousthanitwouldbeinEngland，becausespelling，writing，printing，etc。，inBengaliisalmostanewthing，andwehaveinamannertofixtheorthography。"Alittlelater，inalettertoSutcliff，heusedlanguageregardingthesacredbooksoftheHindooswhichfindsaparallelmorethaneightyyearsafterinProfessorMaxM黮ler\'sprefacetohisseriesofthesacredbooksoftheEast，thetranslationofwhichCareywasthefirsttoplanandtobeginfromthehighestofallmotives。Mr。MaxM黮lercallsattentiontothe"realmischiefthathasbeenandisstillbeingdonebytheenthusiasmofthosepioneerswhohaveopenedthefirstavenuesthroughthebewilderingforestsofthesacredliteratureoftheEast。"Hedeclaresthat"Easternnationsthemselveswouldnottolerate，inanyoftheirclassicalliterarycompositions，suchviolationsofthesimplestrulesoftasteastheyhaveaccustomedthemselvestotolerate，ifnottoadmire，intheirsacredbooks。"

Andheiscompelledtoleaveuntranslated，whileheapologisesforthem，thefrequentallusionstothesexualaspectsofnature，"particularlyinreligiousbooks。"TherevelationsoftheMaharajtrialinBombayarethepracticalfruitofallthis。

"CALCUTTA，17thMarch1802——IhavebeenmuchastonishedlatelyatthemalignityofsomeoftheinfidelopposersoftheGospel，toseehowreadytheyaretopickeveryflawtheycanintheinspiredwritings，andeventodistortthemeaning，thattheymaymakeitappearinconsistent；whiletheseverypersonswilllabourtoreconcilethegrossestcontradictionsinthewritingsaccountedsacredbytheHindoos，andwillstooptothemeanestartificesinordertoapologiseforthenumerousglaringfalsehoodsandhorridviolationsofalldecencyanddecorum，whichaboundinalmosteverypage。Anything，itseems，willdowiththesemenbutthewordofGod。TheyridiculethefigurativelanguageofScripture，butwillrunallegory-madinsupportofthemostworthlessproductionsthateverwerepublished。Ishouldthinkittimelosttotranslateanyofthem；andonlyasenseofdutyexcitesmetoreadthem。Anidea，however，oftheadvantagewhichthefriendsofChristianitymayobtainbyhavingthesemysterioussacrednothings(whichhavemaintainedtheircelebritysolongmerelybybeingkeptfromtheinspectionofanybutinterestedBrahmans)exposedtoview，hasinducedme，amongotherthings，towritetheSanskritgrammar，andtobeginadictionaryofthatlanguage。Isincerelypitythepoorpeople，whoareheldbythechainsofanimplicitfaithinthegrossestoflies；andcanscarcelyhelpdespisingthewretchedinfidelwhopleadsintheirfavourandtriestovindicatethem。I

havelongwishedtoobtainacopyoftheVeda；andamnowinhopesI

shallbeabletoprocureallthatareextant。ABrahmanthismorningofferedtogetthemformeforthesakeofmoney。IfI

succeed，Ishallbestronglytemptedtopublishthemwithatranslation，probonopublico。"

ItwasnotsurprisingthattheGovernor-General，evenifhehadbeenlessenlightenedthanLordWellesley，foundinthismissionaryinterloper，astheEastIndiaCompanyofficiallytermedtheclasstowhichhebelonged，theonlymanfittobeProfessorofBengali，Sanskrit，andMarathiintheCollegeofFortWilliam，andalsotranslatorofthelawsandregulationsoftheGovernment。

InamemoirreadbeforetheBerlinAcademyofSciences，whichhehadfoundedinthefirstyearoftheeighteenthcentury，Leibnizfirstsowedtheseedofthetwinsciencesofcomparativephilologyandethnology，towhichweowethefruitfulresultsofthehistoricalandcriticalschool。Thatcenturywaspassedinthenecessarycollectionoffacts，ofdata。Careyintroducedthesecondperiod，sofarasthelearnedandvernacularlanguagesofNorthIndiaareconcerned——ofdevelopingfromthebodyoffactswhichhisindustryenormouslyextended，theprinciplesuponwhichtheselanguageswereconstructed，besidesapplyingtheseprinciples，intheshapeofgrammars，dictionaries，andtranslations，totheinstructionandChristiancivilisationalikeofthelearnedandofthemillionsofthepeople。Tothelast，asatthefirst，hewasundoubtedlyonlywhathecalledhimself，apioneertopreparethewayformoresuccessfulcivilisersandscholars。Buthispioneeringwasacknowledgedbycontemporary14andlaterOrientalists，likeColebrookeandH。H。Wilson，tobeofunexampledvalueinthehistoryofscientificresearchandindustry，whilethesucceedingpageswillshowthatinitspracticalresultsthepioneeringcameasnearlytovictoryasispossible，untilnativeIndialivesitsownnationalChristianlife。

WhenIndiafirstbecameaunitedBritishEmpireunderoneGovernor-GeneralandtheRegulatingActofParliamentof1773，WarrenHastingshadatoncecarriedouttheprovisionhehimselfhadsuggestedforusingthemoulaviesandpunditsintheadministrationofMussulmanandHindoolaw。BesidescollegesinCalcuttaandBenarestotrainsuch，hecausedthosecodesofMohammedanandBrahmanicallawtobepreparedwhichafterwardsappearedasTheHedayaandTheCodeofGentooLaws。ThelastwascompiledinSanskritbypunditssummonedfromallBengalandmaintainedinCalcuttaatthepubliccost，eachatarupeeaday。ItwastranslatedthroughthePersian，thelanguageofthecourts，bytheelderHalhedintoEnglishin1776。ThatwasthefirststepinEnglishOrientalism。ThesecondwastakenbySirWilliamJones，apredecessorworthyofCarey，butcutoffalltoosoonwhilestillayoungmanofthirty-four，whenhefoundedtheBengalAsiaticSocietyin1784onthemodelofBoyle\'sRoyalSociety。ThecodeofWarrenHastingshadtobearrangedandsupplementedintoareliabledigestoftheoriginaltexts，andthetranslationofthiswork，asdonebypunditJaganatha，wasleft，bythedeathofJones，toColebrooke，whocompleteditin1797。CharlesWilkinshadmadethefirstdirecttranslationfromtheSanskritintoEnglishin1785，whenhepublishedinLondonTheBhagavat-GeetaorDialogueofKrishnaandArjoon，andhisistheimperishablehonourthuschronicledbyacontemporarypoetaster：——

"Butheperformedayetmorenoblepart，HegavetoAsiatypographicart。"

InBengaliHalhedhadprintedatHoogliin1783，withtypescutbyWilkins，thefirstgrammar，butithadbecomeobsoleteandwasimperfect。SuchhadbeenthetentativeeffortsoftheciviliansandofficialsoftheCompanywhenCareybegananewtheworkfromtheonlysecurefoundation，thelevelofdailysympatheticintercoursewiththepeopleandtheirBrahmans，withtheyoungaswellastheold。

TheMarquisWellesleywasofnearlythesameageasCarey，whomhesoonlearnedtoappreciateandtouseforthehighestgoodoftheempire。OfthesamenameandoriginalEnglishdescentasJohnandCharlesWesley，theGovernor-GeneralwastheeldestandnottheleastbrilliantoftheIrishfamilywhich，besideshim，gavetothecountrytheDukeofWellingtonandLordCowley。WhileCareywascobblingshoesinanunknownhamletoftheMidlandsandwasaspiringtoconverttheworld，youngWellesleywasatEtonandChristChurch，Oxford，acquiringtheclassicalscholarshipwhich，aswefinditsfruitsinhisPrimiti？etReliqui？extortedthepraiseofDeQuincey。WhenCareywasstarvinginCalcuttaunknowntheyounglordwasmakinghismarkintheHouseofCommonsbyaspeechagainsttheJacobinsofFranceinthestyleofBurke。ThefriendofPitt，heservedhisapprenticeshiptoIndianaffairsintheBoardofControl，wherehelearnedtofightthedirectorsoftheEastIndiaCompany，andhelandedatCalcuttain1798，justintimetosavethenascentempirefromruinbythesecondMysorewarandthefallofTipooatSeringapatam。Likethatothermarquiswhomostcloselyresembledhimhalfacenturyafter，theScottishDalhousie，hishandswerenosoonerfreedfromtheuncongenialbondsofwarthanhebecameevenmoreillustriousbyhisdevotiontotheprogresswhichpeacemakespossible。HecreatedtheCollegeofFortWilliam，datingthefoundationofwhatwasfittedandintendedtobethegreatestseatoflearningintheEastfromthefirstanniversaryofthevictoryofSeringapatam。Sosplendidlydidheplan，sowiselydidheorganise，andwithsuchloftyaimsdidheselecttheteachersofthecollege，thatlongafterhisdeathhewonfromDeQuinceytheimpartialeulogy，thatofhisthreeservicestohiscountryandIndiathiswasthe"first，topavethewayforthepropagationofChristianity——mightyservice，stretchingtotheclouds，andwhichinthehourofdeathmusthavegivenhimconsolation。"

WhenWellesleyarrivedatCalcuttahehadbeenshockedbythesensualignoranceoftheCompany\'sservants。Sundaywasuniversallygivenuptohorse-racingandgambling。BoysofsixteenwereremovedfromtheEnglishpublicschoolswheretheyhadhardlymasteredtherudimentsofeducationtobecomethemagistrates，judges，revenuecollectors，andgovernorsofmillionsofnativesrecentlybroughtunderBritishsway。Atatimewhenthepassionsmostneedregulationandtheconsciencetraining，theseladsfoundthemselvesinIndiawithlargeincomes，flatteredbynativesubordinates，encouragedbytheirsuperiorstoleadlivesofdissipation，andwithoutthemoralcontrolevenoftheweakestpublicopinion。TheEtonboyandOxfordmanwashimselfstillyoung，andheknewtheworld，buthesawthatallthismeantruintoboththecivilandmilitaryservices，andtotheCompany\'ssystem。Thedirectorsaddressedinapublicletter，dated25thMay1798，"anobjurgationonthecharacterandconduct"oftheirservants。Theyre-echoedthewordsofthenewGovernor-Generalintheircondemnationofastateofthings，"highlydiscreditabletoourGovernment，andtotallyincompatiblewiththereligionweprofess。"Suchaserviceasthis，precedingthecreationofthecollege，ledPitt\'sotherfriend，Wilberforce，inthediscussionsonthecharterof1813，toascribetoLordWellesley，whensummoninghimtoconfirmandreviseit，thesystemofdiffusingusefulknowledgeofallsortsasthetruefoenotonlyofignorancebutofviceandofpoliticalandsocialdecay。

Calledupontopreventtheevilshehadbeenthefirsttodenounceofficially，LordWellesleywrotehismagnificentstatepaperof1800，whichhesimplytermedNotesonthenecessityofaspecialcollegiatetrainingofCivilServants。TheCompany\'sfactorieshadgrownintotheIndianEmpireofGreatBritain。Thetradesmenandclerks，whomtheCompanystillcalled"writer，""factor，"and"merchant，"intheirseveralgrades，had，sinceCliveobtainedamilitarycommissionindisgustatsuchduties，becomethejudgesandrulersofmillions，responsibletoParliament。TheymustbeeducatedinIndiaitself，andtrainedtobeequaltotheresponsibilitiesandtemptationsoftheirposition。Ifappointedbypatronageathomewhenstillatschool，theymustbetestedaftertraininginIndiasothatpromotionshalldependondegreesofmerit。LordWellesleyanticipatedthemodifiedsystemofcompetitionwhichMacaulayofferedtotheCompanyin1853，andtherefusalofwhichledtotheunrestrictedsystemwhichhasprevailedwithvaryingresultssincethattime。Norwasthecollegeonlyfortheyoungciviliansastheyarrived。Thosealreadyatworkweretobeencouragedtostudy。Militaryofficersweretoheinvitedtotakeadvantageofaninstitutionwhichwasintendedtobe"theuniversityofCalcutta，""alightamidthedarknessofAsia，"andthatatatimewheninallEnglandtherewasnotamilitarycollege。

Finally，thecollegewasdesignedtobeacentreofWesternlearninginanEasterndressforthenativesofIndiaandSouthernAsia，alikeasstudentsandteachers。AnoblesitewasmarkedoutforitonthestatelysweepofGardenReach，whereeveryEastIndiamanfirstdroppeditsanchor，andthebuildingwastobeworthyofthefounderwhoerectedGovernmentHouse。

ThecurriculumofstudyincludedArabic，Persian，andSanskrit；

Bengali，Marathi，Hindostani(Hindi)，Telugoo，Tamil，andKanarese；

English，theCompany\'s，MohammedanandHindoolaw，civiljurisprudence，andthelawofnations；ethics；politicaleconomy，history，geography，andmathematics；theGreek，Latin，andEnglishclassics，andthemodernlanguagesofEurope；thehistoryandantiquitiesofIndia；naturalhistory，botany，chemistry，andastronomy。ThedisciplinewasthatoftheEnglishuniversitiesastheythenwere，undertheGovernor-Generalhimself，hiscolleagues，andtheappellatejudges。Theseniorchaplain，theRev。DavidBrown，wasprovostinchargeofthediscipline；andDr。ClaudiusBuchananwasvice-provostinchargeofthestudies，aswellasprofessorofGreek，Latin，andEnglish。Dr。GilchristwasprofessorofHindostani，inteachingwhichhehadalreadymadeafortune；

LieutenantJ。BaillieofArabic；andMr。H。B。EdmonstoneofPersian。SirGeorgeBarlowexpoundedthelawsorregulationsoftheBritishGovernmentinIndia。TheChurchofEnglandconstitutionofthecollegeatfirst，towhichBuchananhadappliedtheEnglishTestAct，andhisownmodesty，ledCareytoacceptofhisappointment，whichwasthusgazetted：——"TheRev。WilliamCarey，teacheroftheBengaliandSanskritlanguages。"

ThefirstnoticeofthenewcollegewhichwefindinCarey\'scorrespondenceisthis，inalettertoSutcliffdated27thNovember1800：——"ThereisacollegeerectedatFortWilliam，ofwhichtheRev。D。Brownisappointedprovost，andC。Buchananclassicaltutor：

alltheEasternlanguagesaretobetaughtinit。""All"thelanguagesofIndiaweretobetaught，thevernacularaswellastheclassicalandpurelyofficial。Thiswasareformnotlessradicalandbeneficialinitsfar-reachinginfluence，andnotlesshonourabletothescholarlyforesightofLordWellesley，thanLordWilliamBentinck\'sneweraoftheEnglishlanguagethirty-fiveyearsafter。Therulersandadministratorsofthenewempireweretobegintheircareerbyathreeyears\'studyofthemothertongueofthepeople，towhomjusticewasadministeredinalanguageforeignaliketothemandtheirgovernors，andofthePersianlanguageoftheirforeignMohammedanconquerors。ThatthepeoplesofIndia，"everymaninhisownlanguage，"mighthearandreadthestoryofwhattheonetrueandlivingGodhaddoneforusmenandoursalvation，CareyhadnineyearsbeforegivenhimselftoacquireBengaliandtheSanskritofwhichitisoneofanumerousfamilyofdaughters，asthetonguesoftheLatinnationsofEuropeandSouthAmericaareoftheoffspringofthespeechofCaesarandCicero。

Now，followingthemissionarypioneer，aseducational，scientific，andevenpoliticalprogresshaseversincedoneintheIndiawhichwouldhavekepthimout，LordWellesleydecreedthat，likethemissionary，theadministratorandthemilitaryofficershallmasterthelanguageofthepeople。ThefivegreatvernacularsofIndiawereaccordinglynamed，andthegreatestofall，theHindi，whichwasnotscientificallyelaboratedtilllongafter，wasprovidedforunderthemixeddialectorlinguafrancaknownasHindostani。

WhenCareyandhiscolleagueswerecongratulatingthemselvesonareformwhichhasalreadyprovedasfruitfulofresultsasthefirstcenturyoftheRenascenceofEurope，helittlethought，inhismodesty，thathewouldberecognisedastheonlymanwhowasfittocarryitout。Havingguardedthecollege，astheythought，byatest，BrownandBuchananurgedCareytotakechargeoftheBengaliandSanskritclassesas"teacher"onRs。500amonthor？00ayear。

Suchanofficewasentirelyinthelineoftheconstitutionofthemissionarybrotherhood。ButwouldtheGovernmentwhichhadbanishedittoSeramporerecognisetheaggressivelymissionarycharacterofCarey，whowouldnotdegradehishighcallingbyeventhesuspicionofacompromise？Tobecalledandpaidasateacherratherthanastheprofessorwhosedoubleworkhewasaskedtodo，wasnothingtothemodestyofthescholarwhopleadedhissenseofunfitnessfortheduties。HisMaster，nothimself，waseverCarey\'sfirstthought，andthefullprofessorship，risingto？800ayear，wassoonconferredonthemanwhoprovedhimselftobealmostasmuchthecollegeinhisownpersonasweretheotherprofessorsputtogether。AmonthafterhisappointmenthethustoldthestorytoDr。Rylandinthecourseofalongletterdevotedchieflytothefirstnativeconverts：——

"SERAMPORE，15thJune1801……Wesentyousometimeagoaboxfullofgodsandbutterflies，etc。，andanotherboxcontainingahundredcopiesoftheNewTestamentinBengali……Mr。LangisstudyingBengali，underme，inthecollege。WhatIhavelastmentionedrequiressomeexplanation，thoughyouwillprobablyhearofitbeforethisreachesyou。Youmustknow，then，thatacollegewasfoundedlastyearinFortWilliam，fortheinstructionofthejuniorcivilservantsoftheCompany，whoareobligedtostudyinitthreeyearsaftertheirarrival。Ialwayshighlyapprovedoftheinstitution，butneverentertainedathoughtthatIshouldbecalledtofillastationinit。TomygreatsurpriseIwasaskedtoundertaketheBengaliprofessorship。OnemorningaletterfromMr。

Browncame，invitingmetocrossthewater，tohavesomeconversationwithhimuponthissubject。Ihadbutjusttimetocallourbrethrentogether，whowereofopinionthat，forseveralreasons，Ioughttoacceptit，provideditdidnotinterferewiththeworkofthemission。Ialsoknewmyselftobeincapableoffillingsuchastationwithreputationandpropriety。I，however，wentover，andhonestlyproposedallmyfearsandobjections。BothMr。BrownandMr。Buchananwereofopinionthatthecauseofthemissionwouldbefurtheredbyit；andIwasnotabletoreplytotheirarguments。Iwasconvincedthatitmight。Astomyability，theycouldnotsatisfyme；buttheyinsisteduponitthattheymustbethejudgesofthat。Ithereforeconsented，withfearandtrembling。Theyproposedmethatday，orthenext，totheGovernor-General，whoispatronandvisitorofthecollege。TheytoldhimthatIhadbeenamissionaryinthecountryforsevenyearsormore；andasamissionaryIwasappointedtotheoffice。A

clausehadbeeninsertedinthestatutestoaccommodatethosewhoarenotoftheChurchofEngland(forallprofessorsaretotakecertainoaths，andmakedeclarations)；but，fortheaccommodationofsuch，twoothernameswereinserted，viz。，lecturersandteachers，whoarenotincludedunderthatobligation。WhenIwasproposed，hislordshipaskedifIwaswellaffectedtothestate，andcapableoffulfillingthedutiesofthestation；towhichMr。B。repliedthatheshouldneverhaveproposedmeifhehadhadthesmallestdoubtonthoseheads。Iwonderhowpeoplecanhavesuchfavourableideasofme。Icertainlyamnotdisaffectedtothestate；buttheotherisnotcleartome。

"Whentheappointmentwasmade，IsawthatIhadaveryimportantchargecommittedtome，andnobooksorhelpsofanykindtoassistme。Ithereforesetaboutcompilingagrammar，whichisnowhalfprinted。IgotRamBasutocomposeahistoryofoneoftheirkings，thefirstprosebookeverwrittenintheBengalilanguage；whichwearealsoprinting。OurpundithasalsonearlytranslatedtheSanskritfables，oneortwoofwhichBrotherThomassentyou，whichwearealsogoingtopublish，These，withMr。Foster\'svocabulary，willpreparethewaytoreadingtheirpoeticalbooks；sothatIhopethisdifficultywillbegottenthrough。Butmyignoranceofthewayofconductingcollegiateexercisesisagreatweightuponmymind。

Ihavethirteenstudentsinmyclass；Ilecturetwiceaweek，andhavenearlygonethroughoneterm，notquitetwomonths。Itbegan4thMay。Mostofthestudentshavegottenthroughtheaccidents，andsomehavebeguntotranslateBengaliintoEnglish。Theexaminationbeginsthisweek。IamalsoappointedteacheroftheSanskritlanguage；andthoughnostudentshaveyetenteredinthatclass，yetImustprepareforit。Iam，therefore，writingagrammarofthatlanguage，whichImustalsoprint，ifIshouldbeabletogetthroughwithit，andperhapsadictionary，whichIbegansomeyearsago。Isayallthis，mydearbrother，toinduceyoutogivemeyouradviceaboutthebestmannerofconductingmyselfinthisstation，andtoinduceyoutopraymuchforme，thatGodmay，inallthings，beglorifiedbyme。WepresentedacopyoftheBengaliNewTestamenttoLordWellesley，aftertheappointment，throughthemediumoftheRev。D。Brown，whichwasgraciouslyreceived。WealsopresentedGovernorBiewithone。

"SeramporeisnowinthehandsoftheEnglish。Itwastakenwhilewewereinbedandasleep；youmaythereforesupposethatitwasdonewithoutbloodshed。Youmaybeperfectlyeasyaboutus：weareequallysecureundertheEnglishorDanishGovernment，andIamsurewelldisposedtoboth。"

Forsevenyears，sincehisfirstsettlementintheDinapoordistrict，Careyhadgivenone-thirdofhislongworkingdaytothestudyofSanskrit。In1796hereported：——"IamnowlearningtheSanskritlanguage，thatImaybeabletoreadtheirShastersformyself；andIhaveacquiredsomuchoftheHindiorHindostaniastoconverseinitandspeakforsometimeintelligibly……EventhelanguageofCeylonhassomuchaffinitywiththatofBengalthatoutoftwelvewords，withthelittleSanskritthatIknow，Icanunderstandfiveorsix。"In1798hewrote：——"Iconstantlyemploytheforenoonintemporalaffairs；theafternooninreading，writing，learningSanskrit，etc。；andtheeveningbycandlelightintranslatingtheScriptures……ExceptIgoouttopreach，whichisoftenthecase，Ineverdeviatefromthisrule。"ThreeyearsbeforethathehadbeenabletoconfutetheBrahmansfromtheirownwritings；in1798hequotedandtranslatedtheRigVedaandthePuranainreplytoarequestforanaccountofthebeliefsofthepriesthood，apologising，however，withhisusualself-depreciation：——"IamjustbeginningtoseeformyselfbyreadingtheoriginalShasters。"In1799wefindhimreadingtheMahabharataepicwiththehopeoffindingsomeallusionorfactwhichmightenablehimtoequateHindoochronologywithreliablehistory，asDr。JohnWilsonofBombayandJamesPrinsepdidagenerationlater，bythediscoveryofthenameofAntiochustheGreatintwooftheedictsofAsoka，writtenontheGirnarrock。

BySeptember1804Careyhadcompletedthefirstthreeyears\'courseofcollegiatetraininginSanskrit。TheGovernor-Generalsummonedabrilliantassemblytolistentothedisputationsanddeclamationsofthestudentswhowerepassingout，andoftheirprofessors，inthevariousOrientallanguages。ThenewGovernmentHouse，asitwasstillcalled，havingbeencompletedonlytheyearbeforeatacostof？40，000，wasthescene，in"thesouthernroomonthemarblefloor，"where，eversince，allthroughthecentury，theSovereign\'sViceroyshavereceivedthehomageofthetributarykingsofourIndianempire。There，fromDalhousieandCanningtoLawrenceandMayo，andtheirstillsurvivingsuccessors，wehaveseenpageantsanddurbarsmoresplendid，andrepresentingawiderextentofterritory，fromYarkandtoBangkok，thaneventheSultanisedEnglishmanasSirJamesMackintoshcalledWellesley，everdreamedofinhismostimperialaspirations。Therecouncilshaveeversincebeenheld，andlawshavebeenpassedaffectingthewealoffromtwotothreehundredmillionsofourfellow-subjects。There，too，wehavestoodwithDuffandCotton，RitchieandOutram，representingthelaterUniversityofCalcuttawhichWellesleywouldhaveanticipated。Butwequestionif，eversince，themarblehalloftheGovernor-General\'spalacehaswitnessedasightmoreprofoundlysignificantthanthatofWilliamCareyaddressingtheMarquisWellesleyinSanskrit，andinthepresenceofthefutureDukeofWellington，insuchwordsasfollow。

Theseventystudents，theirgovernors，officers，andprofessors，rosetotheirfeet，when，atteno\'clockonThursdaythe20thofSeptember1804，HisExcellencytheVisitorenteredtheroom，accompanied，astheofficialgazettedulychronicles，by"theHonourabletheChiefJustice，thejudgesoftheSupremeCourt，themembersoftheSupremeCouncil，themembersoftheCounciloftheCollege，Major-GeneralCameron，Major-GeneraltheHonourableArthurWellesley，Major-GeneralDowdeswell，andSolymanAga，theenvoyfromBaghdad。AlltheprincipalcivilandmilitaryofficersatthePresidency，andmanyoftheBritishinhabitants，werepresentonthisoccasion；andalsomanylearnednatives。"

AfterRomerhaddefended，inHindostani，thethesisthattheSanskritistheparentlanguageinIndia，andSwinton，inPersian，thatthepoemsofHafizaretobeunderstoodinafigurativeormysticalsense，therecameaBengalideclamationbyTodsenioronthepositionthatthetranslationsofthebestworksextantintheSanskritwiththepopularlanguagesofIndiawouldpromotetheextensionofscienceandcivilisation，opposedbyHayes；thenCarey，asmoderator，madeanappropriateBengalispeech。AsimilardisputationinArabicandaSanskritdeclamationfollowed，whenCareywascalledontoconcludewithaspeechinSanskrit。Twodaysafter，atasecondassemblageofthesamekind，followedbyastatedinner。LordWellesleypresentedthebeststudentswithdegreesofmeritinscribedonvelluminOrientalcharacters，anddeliveredanoration，inwhichhespeciallycomplimentedtheSanskritclasses，urgedmoregeneralattentiontotheBengalilanguage，andexpressedsatisfactionthatasuccessfulbeginninghadbeenmadeinthestudyofMarathi。

Itwasconsideredadangerousexperimentforamissionary，speakinginSanskrit，toavowhimselfsuchnotonlybeforetheGovernor-GeneralinofficialstatebutbeforetheHindooandMohammedannobleswhosurroundedhim。WemaybesurethatCareywouldnotshowlessofhisMaster\'scharityandwisdomthanhehadalwaysstriventodo。Butthenecessitywasthemorelaidonhimthatheshouldopenlyconfesshisgreatcalling，forhehadtoldFulleronLordWellesley\'sarrivalhewoulddosoifitwerepossible。Buchanan，beingquiteasanxioustobringthemissionforwardonthisoccasion，addedmuchtotheEnglishdraft——"thewholeoftheflatteryishis，"wroteCareytoFuller——andsentitontoLordWellesleywithapprehension。ThisanswercamebackfromthegreatProconsul：——"IammuchpleasedwithMr。Carey\'strulyoriginalandexcellentspeech。Iwouldnotwishtohaveawordaltered。I

esteemsuchatestimonyfromsuchamanagreaterhonourthantheapplauseofCourtsandParliaments。"

"MYLORD，itisjustthatthelanguagewhichhasbeenfirstcultivatedunderyourauspicesshouldprimarilybeemployedingratefullyacknowledgingthebenefit，andinspeakingyourpraise。

Thisancientlanguage，whichrefusedtodiscloseitselftotheformerGovernorsofIndia，unlocksitstreasuresatyourcommand，andenrichestheworldwiththehistory，learning，andscienceofadistantage。Therisingimportanceofourcollegiateinstitutionhasneverbeenmoreclearlydemonstratedthanonthepresentoccasion；andthousandsofthelearnedindistantnationswillexultinthistriumphofliterature。

"Whatasingularexhibitionhasbeenthisdaypresentedtous！InpresenceofthesupremeGovernorofIndia，andofitsmostlearnedandillustriouscharacters，AsiaticandEuropean，anassemblyisconvened，inwhichnowordofournativetongueisspoken，butpublicdiscourseismaintainedoninterestingsubjectsinthelanguagesofAsia。ThecolloquialHindostani，theclassicPersian，thecommercialBengali，thelearnedArabic，andtheprim鎣alSanskritarespokenfluently，afterhavingbeenstudiedgrammatically，byEnglishyouth。DideveranyuniversityinEurope，oranyliteraryinstitutioninanyotherageorcountry，exhibitascenesointerestingasthis？Andwhatarethecircumstancesoftheseyouth？Theyarenotstudentswhoprosecuteadeadlanguagewithuncertainpurpose，impelledonlybynaturalgeniusorloveoffame。Buthavingbeenappointedtotheimportantofficesofadministeringthegovernmentofthecountryinwhichtheselanguagesarespoken，theyapplytheiracquisitionsimmediatelytousefulpurpose；indistributingjusticetotheinhabitants；intransactingthebusinessofthestate，revenualandcommercial；andinmaintainingofficialintercoursewiththepeople，intheirowntongue，andnot，ashitherto，byaninterpreter。Theacquisitionsofourstudentsmaybeappreciatedbytheiraffordingtothesuppliantnativeimmediateaccesstohisprincipal；andbytheirelucidatingthespiritoftheregulationsofourGovernmentbyoralcommunication，andbywrittenexplanations，variedaccordingtothecircumstancesandcapacitiesofthepeople。

"TheacquisitionsofourstudentsareappreciatedatthismomentbythoselearnedAsiaticsnowpresentinthisassembly，someofthemstrangersfromdistantprovinces；whowondereverymantohearinhisowntongueimportantsubjectsdiscussed，andnewandnobleprinciplesasserted，bytheyouthofaforeignland。Theliteraryproceedingsofthisdayamplyrepayallthesolicitude，labour，andexpensethathavebeenbestowedonthisinstitution。Iftheexpensehadbeenathousandtimesgreater，itwouldnothaveequalledtheimmensityoftheadvantage，moralandpolitical，thatwillensue。

"I，nowanoldman，havelivedforalongseriesofyearsamongtheHindoos。Ihavebeeninthehabitofpreachingtomultitudesdaily，ofdiscoursingwiththeBrahmansoneverysubject，andofsuperintendingschoolsfortheinstructionoftheHindooyouth。

Theirlanguageisnearlyasfamiliartomeasmyown。Thiscloseintercoursewiththenativesforsolongaperiod，andindifferentpartsofourempire，hasaffordedmeopportunitiesofinformationnotinferiortothosewhichhavehithertobeenpresentedtoanyotherperson。Imaysayindeedthattheirmanners，customs，habits，andsentimentsareasobvioustomeasifIwasmyselfanative。

AndknowingthemasIdo，andhearingasIdotheirdailyobservationsonourgovernment，character，andprinciples，Iamwarrantedtosay(andIdeemitmydutytoembracethepublicopportunitynowaffordedmeofsayingit)thattheinstitutionofthiscollegewaswantingtocompletethehappinessofthenativesunderourdominion；forthisinstitutionwillbreakdownthatbarrier(ourignoranceoftheirlanguage)whichhaseveropposedtheinfluenceofourlawsandprinciples，andhasdespoiledouradministrationofitsenergyandeffect。

"Weretheinstitutiontoceasefromthismoment，itssalutaryeffectswouldyetremain。Goodhasbeendone，whichcannotbeundone。Sourcesofusefulknowledge，moralinstruction，andpoliticalutilityhavebeenopenedtothenativesofIndiawhichcanneverbeclosed；andtheircivilimprovement，likethegradualcivilisationofourowncountry，willadvanceinprogressionforagestocome。

"OnehundredoriginalvolumesintheOrientallanguagesandliteraturewillpreserveforeverinAsiathenameofthefounderofthisinstitution。Noraretheexamplesfrequentofarenown，possessingsuchutilityforitsbasis，orpervadingsuchavastportionofthehabitableglobe。Mylord，youhaveraisedamonumentoffamewhichnolengthoftimeorreverseoffortuneisabletodestroy；notchieflybecauseitisinscribedwithMarathaandMysore，withthetrophiesofwarandtheemblemsofvictory，butbecausethereareinscribedonitthenamesofthoselearnedyouthwhohaveobtaineddegreesofhonourforhighproficiencyintheOrientaltongues。

"TheseyouthwillriseinregularsuccessiontotheGovernmentofthiscountry。TheywillextendthedomainofBritishcivilisation，security，andhappiness，byenlargingtheboundsofOrientalliteratureandtherebydiffusingthespiritofChristianprinciplesthroughoutthenationsofAsia。Theseyouth，whohavelivedsolongamongstus，whoseunweariedapplicationtotheirstudieswehaveallwitnessed，whosemoralandexemplaryconducthas，insosolemnamanner，beenpubliclydeclaredbeforethisaugustassembly，onthisday；andwho，atthemomentofenteringonthepublicservice，enjoythefameofpossessingqualities(rarelycombined)constitutingareputationofthreefoldstrengthforpublicmen，genius，industry，andvirtue；——theseillustriousscholars，mylord，theprideoftheircountry，andthepillarsofthisempire，willrecordyournameinmanyalanguageandsecureyourfameforever。Yourfameisalreadyrecordedintheirhearts。Thewholebodyofyouthofthisservicehailyouastheirfatherandtheirfriend。Yourhonourwilleverbesafeintheirhands。Norevolutionofopinionorchangeofcircumstancescanrobyouofthesolidgloryderivedfromthehumane，just，liberal，andmagnanimousprincipleswhichhavebeenembodiedbyyouradministration。

"Towhateversituationthecourseoffutureeventsmaycallyou，theyouthofthisservicewilleverremainthepledgesofthewisdomandpurityofyourgovernment。Youreveningoflifewillbeconstantlycheeredwithnewtestimoniesoftheirreverenceandaffection，withnewproofsoftheadvantagesoftheeducationyouhaveaffordedthem，andwithademonstrationofthenumerousbenefits，moral，religious，andpolitical，resultingfromthisinstitution；——benefitswhichwillconsolidatethehappinessofmillionsofAsia，withthegloryandwelfareofourcountry。"

TheCourtofDirectorshadneverlikedLordWellesley，andhehad，incommonwithColebrooke，keenlywoundedthembyproposingafreetrademovementagainsttheirmonopoly。Theyorderedthathisfavouritecollegeshouldbeimmediatelyabolished。HetookgoodcaresotoprotracttheoperationastogivehimtimetocallintheaidoftheBoardofControl，whichsavedtheinstitution，butconfinedittotheteachingoflanguagestotheciviliansoftheBengalPresidencyonly。TheDirectors，whenthusoverruledchieflybyPitt，createdasimilarcollegeatHaileybury，whichcontinuedtilltheopencompetitivesystemof1854sweptthatalsoaway；andtheCompanyitselfsoonfollowed，asthemarchofeventshadmadeitananachronism。

ThefirstlawprofessoratHaileyburywasJamesMackintosh，anAberdeenstudentwhohadleapedintothefrontrankofpublicistsandscholarsbyhisanswertoBurke，intheVindici？Gallic？andhisfamousdefenceofM。PeltieraccusedofalibelonNapoleonBuonaparte。KnightedandsentouttoBombayasitsfirstrecorder，SirJamesMackintoshbecamethecentreofscholarlysocietyinWesternIndia，asSirWilliamJoneshadbeeninBengal。HewasthefriendofRobertHall，theyounger，whowasfillingCarey\'spulpitinLeicester，andhesoonbecametheadmiringcorrespondentofCareyhimself。Hisfirstactduringhissevenyears\'residenceinBombaywastoestablishthe"LiterarySociety。"Hedrewupa"PlanofacomparativevocabularyofIndianlanguages，"tobefilledupbytheofficialsofeverydistrict，likethatwhichCareyhadlongbeenelaboratingforhisownuseasaphilologistandBibletranslator。

InhisfirstaddresstotheLiterarySocietyhethuseulogisedtheCollegeofFortWilliam，thoughfreshfromachairinitsEnglishrival，Haileybury：——"TheoriginalplanwasthemostmagnificentattemptevermadeforthepromotionoflearningintheEast……Eveninitspresentmutilatedstatewehaveseen，atthelastpublicexhibition，SanskritdeclamationbyEnglishyouth，acircumstancesoextraordinary，thatifitbefollowedbysuitableadvancesitwillmarkanepochinthehistoryoflearning。"

Careycontinuedtill1831tobethemostnotablefigureintheCollegeofFortWilliam。Hewasthecentreofthelearnednativeswhomitattracted，aspunditsandmoonshees，asinquirersandvisitors。Hisownspecialpunditwasthechiefone，MrityunjayaVidyalankar，whomHomehasimmortalisedinCarey\'sportrait。Inthecollegeformorethanhalftheweek，asinhisstudyatSerampore，Careyexhaustedthreepunditsdaily。Hiscollege-roomwasthecentreofincessantliterarywork，ashisSeramporestudywasofBibletranslation。WhenhedeclaredthatthecollegestaffhadsentforthonehundredoriginalvolumesintheOrientallanguagesandliterature，hereferredtothegrammarsanddictionaries，thereading-books，compilations，andeditionspreparedforthestudentsbytheprofessorsandtheirnativeassistants。Buthecontributedthelargestshare，andofallhiscontributionsthemostlaboriousandvaluablewasthisprojectoftheBibliothecaAsiatica。

"24thJuly，1805——BytheenclosedGazetteyouwillseethattheAsiaticSocietyandtheCollegehaveagreedtoallowusayearlystipendfortranslatingSanskritworks：thiswillmaintainthreemissionarystations，andweintendtoapplyittothatpurpose。AnaugmentationofmysalaryhasbeenwarmlyrecommendedbytheCollegeCouncil，buthasnotyettakenplace，andasLordCornwallisisnowarrivedandLordWellesleygoingaway，itmaynottakeplace。Ifitshould，itwillbeafurtherassistance。ThebusinessofthetranslationofSanskritworksisasfollows：AbouttwoyearsagoI

presentedproposals(totheCounciloftheCollege)toprinttheSanskritbooksatafixedprice，withacertainindemnityfor100

copies。Theplanwasthoughttooextensivebysome，andwasthereforelaidby。AfewmonthsagoDr。FrancisBuchanancametome，bydesireofMarquisWellesley，aboutthetranslationofhismanuscripts。InthecourseofconversationImentionedtheproposalIhadmade，ofwhichhemuchapproved，andimmediatelycommunicatedthemattertoSirJohnAnstruther，whoispresidentoftheAsiaticSociety。SirJohnhadthenbeendrawingoutaproposaltoLordWellesleytoformacatalogueraisonn？oftheancientHindoobooks，whichhesenttome，andenteringwarmlyintomyplan，desiredthatIwouldsendinasetofproposals。AftersomeamendmentsitwasagreedthattheCollegeofFortWilliamandtheAsiaticSocietyshouldsubscribeinequalshares300rupeesamonthtodefraythecurrentexpenses，thatweshouldundertakeanyworkapprovedofbythem，andprinttheoriginalwithanEnglishtranslationonsuchpaperandwithsuchatypeastheyshallapprove；thecopytobeours。TheyhaveagreedtorecommendtheworktoallthelearnedbodiesinEurope。IhaverecommendedtheRamayanatobeginwith，itbeingoneofthemostpopularofalltheHindoobooksaccountedsacred。TheVedaaresoexcessivelyinsipidthat，hadwebegunwiththem，weshouldhavesickenedthepublicattheoutset。TheRamayanawillfurnishthebestaccountofHindoomythologythatanyonebookwill，andhasextravagancyenoughtoexciteawishtoreaditthrough。"

In1807CareybecameoneofthemostactivemembersoftheBengalAsiaticSociety。HisnameatonceappearsasoneoftheCommitteeofPapers。IntheninthvolumeoftheAsiaticResearchesforthatyear，scholarswereinvitedtocommunicatetranslationsanddescriptiveaccountsofAsiaticbooks。Carey\'seditionofTheRamayanaofValmeeki，intheoriginalSanskrit，withaprosetranslationandexplanatorynotes，appearedfromtheSeramporepressinthreesuccessivequartosfrom1806to1810。Thetranslationwasdoneby"Dr。CareyandJoshuaMarshman。"UntilGorresiopublishedhiseditionandItaliantranslationofthewholepoemthiswasthefirstandonlyattempttoopenthesealofthesecondgreatSankritepictotheEuropeanworld。In1802CareyhadencouragedthepublicationathisownpressoftranslationsofboththeMahabharataandtheRamayanaintoBengali。Carey\'sRamayanaexcitedakeeninterestnotonlyamongthelearnedofEurope，butamongpoeticalstudents。SoutheyeagerlyturnedtoitformaterialsforhisCurseofKehama，inthenotestowhichhemakeslongquotationsfrom"theexcellentandlearnedBaptistmissionariesofSerampore。"DeanMilman，whenprofessorofpoetryinOxford，drewfromthesamestorehousemanyofthenoteswithwhichheenrichedhisversetranslationsfrombothepics。A。W。vonSchlegel，thedeathofwhoseeldestbrotheratMadrasearlyledhimtoOrientalstudies，publishedtwobookswithaLatintranslation。Mr。RalphT。H。

GriffithmostpleasantlyopenedthetreasuresofthisepictoEnglishreadersinhisversetranslationspublishedsince1868。

Carey\'stranslationhasalwaysbeenthemorerarethattheeditiondespatchedforsaleinEnglandwaslostatsea，andonlyafewpresentationcopiesareextant，oneofwhichisintheBritishMuseum。

Carey\'scontributionstoSanskritscholarshipwerenotconfinedtowhathepublishedortowhatappearedunderhisownname。WearetoldbyH。H。WilsonthathehadpreparedforthepresstranslationsoftreatisesonthemetaphysicalsystemcalledSankhya。"ItwasnotinDr。Carey\'snaturetovolunteeradisplayofhiserudition，andtheliterarylaboursalreadyadvertedtoaroseinagreatmeasureoutofhisconnectionwiththecollegeofCalcutta，orweresuggestedtohimbythosewhoseauthorityherespected，andtowhosewisheshethoughtitincumbentuponhimtoattend。ItmaybeaddedthatDr。CareyspokeSanskritwithfluencyandcorrectness。"

HeeditedforthecollegetheSanskrittextoftheHitopadesa，fromsixMSS。recensionsofthisthefirstrevelationtoEuropeofthefountainofAryanfolk-tales，oftheoriginalofPilpay\'sFables。15

H。H。Wilsonremarksthattheerrorsarenotmorethanmighthavebeenexpectedfromthevariationsanddefectsofthemanuscriptsandthenoveltyofthetask，forthiswasthefirstSanskritbookeverprintedintheDevanagaricharacter。TothisfamousworkCareyaddedanabridgmentoftheproseAdventuresofTenPrinces(theDasaKumaraCarita)，andofBhartri-hari\'sApophthegms。ColebrookerecordshisdebttoCareyforcarryingthroughtheSeramporepresstheSanskritdictionaryofAmaraSinha，theoldestnativelexicographer，withanEnglishinterpretationandannotations。ButthemagnumopusofCareywaswhatin1811hedescribedasA

UniversalDictionaryoftheOrientalLanguages，derivedfromtheSanskrit，ofwhichthatlanguageistobethegroundwork。Theobjectforwhichhehadbeenlongcollectingthematerialsofthismightyworkwastheassistingof"BiblicalstudentstocorrectthetranslationoftheBibleintheOrientallanguagesafterwearedead。"

ThroughtheCollegeofFortWilliamduringthirtylongyearsCareyinfluencedtheablestmenintheBengalCivilService，andnotafewinMadrasandBombay。"Thecollegemuststandortheempiremustfall，"itsfounderhadwrittentohisfriendsintheGovernment，soconvincedwashethatonlythuscouldpropermenbetrainedforthepublicserviceandthewelfareofournativesubjectsbesecured。

HowrighthewasCarey\'sexperienceproved。Theyoungciviliansturnedoutafterthefirstthreeyears\'courseintroducedthatneweraintheadministrationofIndiawhichhasconvertedtradersintostatesmenandfilibustersintosoldier-politicals，sothattheEastIndianservicesstandaloneinthehistoryoftheadministrationofimperialdependenciesforspotlessintegrityandhighaverageability。Contrastwiththeworkofthesemen，fromthedaysofWellesley，thefirstMinto，andDalhousie，fromthetimeofCanningtoLawrenceandthesecondMinto，theprovincialadministrationofimperialRome，ofSpainandPortugalattheirbest，ofeventheNetherlandsandFrance。ForawholegenerationofthirtyyearsthecivilianswhostudiedSanskrit，Bengali，andMarathicamedailyunderthegentlespellofCarey，who，thoughhehadfailedtokeepthevillageschoolofMoultoninorder，manifestedthelearningandthemodesty，theefficiencyandthegeniality，whichwontheaffectionateadmirationofhisstudentsinCalcutta。

Aglanceattheregisterofthecollegeforitsfirstfiveyearsrevealssuchmenastheseamonghisbeststudents。ThefirstBengaliprizemanofCareywasW。ButterworthBayley，whoselongcareerofblamelessuprightnessandmarkedabilityculminatedinthetemporaryseatofGovernor-General，andwhowasfollowedintheservicebyasonworthyofhim。ThesecondwasthatBrianH。

Hodgsonwho，whenResidentofNepal，ofallhiscontemporarieswonforhimselfthegreatestreputationasascholar，whofoughtsidebysidewiththeSeramporebrotherhoodthebattleofthevernacularsofthepeople。Charles，afterwardsLordMetcalfe，hadbeenthefirststudenttoenterthecollege。HewasonitsPersianside，andhelearnedwhilestillunderitsdisciplinethat"humility，patience，andobediencetothedivinewill"whichunostentatiouslymarkedhisbrilliantlifeandsoothedhisspiritintheagoniesofafataldisease。HeandBayleywereinseparable。Ofthefirstset，too，wereRichardJenkins，whowastoleavehismarkonhistoryasNagpoorResidentandauthoroftheReportof1826；andRomer，whorosetobeGovernorofBombayforatime。InthoseearlyyearsthetwoBirdspassedthroughtheclasses——RobertMertinsBird，whowastofoundthegreatlandrevenueschoolofHindostan；andWilberforceBird，whogovernedIndiawhileLordEllenboroughplayedatsoldiers，andtowhomthelegalsuppressionofslaveryinSouthernAsiaisdue。Namesofmensecondtothose，suchasElliotandThackeray，HamiltonandMartin，theShakespearesandPlowdens，theMoneys，theRossesandKeenes，crowdthehonourlists。OneofthelasttoenjoytheadvantagesofthecollegebeforeitsabolitionwasJohnLawrence，whousedtoconfessthathewasnevergoodatlanguages，butwhosevigorousHindostanimademanyanill-doingRajatremble，whilehishomelyconversation，interspersedwithjokes，encouragedthetoilingryot。

These，andmenlikethese，satatthefeetofCarey，wheretheylearnednotonlytobescholarsbuttotreatthenativeskindly，and——someofthem——evenasbrethreninChrist。ThenfromteachingthefuturerulersoftheEast，themissionary-professorturnedtohisBengalipreachingandhisBenevolentInstitution，tohisvisitstotheprisonersandhisintercoursewiththeBritishsoldiersinFortWilliam。Andwhenthefourdays\'workinCalcuttawasover，theearlytideborehimswiftlyuptheHooglitothestudywhere，fortherestoftheweek，hegavehimselftothetranslationoftheBibleintothelanguagesofthepeopleandoftheirleaders。

CHAPTERX

THEWYCLIFOFTHEEAST——BIBLETRANSLATION

1801-1832

TheBibleCarey\'smissionaryweapon——Othervernaculartranslators——Carey\'smodestbutjustdescriptionofhislabours——Hisphilologicalkey——Type-cuttingandtype-castingbyaHindooblacksmith——Thefirstmanufactureofpaperandsteam-enginesintheEast——Careytakesstockofthetranslationworkattheopeningof1808——Inhisworkshop——AseminaryofBibletranslators——WilliamYates，shoemaker，theCoverdaleoftheBengaliBible——Wenger——A

BengaliLutherwanted——Carey\'sBengaliBible——HowtheNewTestamentwasprinted——ThefirstcopyofferedtoGod——ReceptionofthevolumebyLordSpencerandGeorgeIII——Self-evidencingpowerofthefirstedition——TheBibleinOoriya——InMaghadi，Assamese，Khasi，andManipoori——Marathi，Konkani，andGoojarativersions——ThetranslationintoHindianditsmanydialects——TheDravidiantranslations——TaleofthePushtooBible——TheSikhsandtheBible——ThefirstBurmanversionandpress——TheBritishandForeignBibleSociety——Deaths，earthquake，andfirein1812——Destructionofthepress——Thomason\'sdescriptionofthesmokingruins——Carey\'sheroismastohismanuscripts——EnthusiasticsympathyofIndiaandChristendom——Theph渘ixanditsfeathers。

Everygreatreformintheworldhasbeen，inthefirstinstance，theworkofoneman，who，howevermuchhemayhavebeentheproductofhistime，hasconceivedandbeguntoexecutethemovementwhichtransformssociety。Thisistruealikeofthemoralandthephysicalforcesofhistory，ofcontemporariessoapparentlyoppositeincharacterandaimsasCareyandClarksonontheonesideandNapoleonandWellingtonontheother。CareystoodaloneinhispersistentdeterminationthattheChurchshouldevangelisetheworld。Hewasnolesssingularinthemeanswhichheinsistedonasthefirstessentialconditionofitsevangelisation——thevernaculartranslationoftheBible。FromtheScripturesalone，whileyetajourneymanshoemakerofeighteen，"hehadformedhisownsystem，"

andhadbeenfilledwiththedivinemissionaryidea。ThatwasayearbeforethefirstBibleSocietywasformedin1780tocirculatetheEnglishBibleamongsoldiersandsailors；and，aquarterofacenturybeforehisownsuccessledtotheformationin1804oftheBritishandForeignBibleSociety。Fromthetimeofhisyouth，whenherealisedtheself-evidencingpoweroftheBible，Carey\'sunbrokenhabitwastobegineverymorningbyreadingonechapteroftheBible，firstinEnglish，andthenineachofthelanguages，soon，numberingsix，whichhehadhimselflearned。

HencethetranslationoftheBibleintoallthelanguagesandprincipaldialectsofIndiaandEasternAsiawastheworkaboveallotherstowhichCareysethimselffromthetime，in1793，whenheacquiredtheBengali。Hepreached，hetaught，he"discipled"ineveryformthenreasonableandpossible，andinthefullestsenseofhisMaster\'smissionarycharge。Buttheoneformofmostpressingandabidingimportance，theconditionwithoutwhichneithertruefaith，nortruescience，nortruecivilisationcouldexistorbepropagatedoutsideofthenarrowcircletobereachedbytheoneherald\'svoice，wasthepublishingofthedivinemessageinthemothertonguesofthemillionsofAsiaticmenandwomen，boysandgirls，andinthelearnedtonguesalsooftheirleadersandpriests。

WyclifhadfirstdonethisfortheEnglish-readingracesofalltime，translatingfromtheLatin，andsohadbeguntheReformation，religiousandpolitical，notonlyinBritainbutinWesternChristendom。ErasmusandLutherhadfollowedhim——theformerinhisGreekandLatinNewTestamentandinhisParaphraseoftheWordfor"womenandcobblers，clowns，mechanics，andeventheTurks"；thelatterinhisgreatvernaculartranslationoftheeditionofErasmus，whohadneverceasedtourgehiscontemporariestotranslatetheScriptures"intoalltongues。"TyndalehadfirstgivenEnglandtheBiblefromtheHebrewandtheGreek。AndnowoneofthesecobblerswaspromptedandenabledbytheSpiritwhoistheauthorofthetruthintheScriptures，togivetoSouthandEasternAsiathesacredbookswhichitsSyriansons，fromMosesandEzratoPaulandJohn，hadbeeninspiredtowriteforallracesandallages。Emphatically，CareyandhislatercoadjutorsdeservethelanguageoftheBritishandForeignBibleSociety，when，in1827，itmadetoSeramporealastgrantofmoneyfortranslation——"FuturegenerationswillapplytothemthewordsofthetranslatorsoftheEnglishBible——\'Thereforeblessedbetheyandmosthonouredtheirnamesthatbreaktheiceandgivetheonsetinthatwhichhelpedthemforwardtothesavingofsouls。NowwhatcanbemoreavailabletheretothantodeliverGod\'sbookuntoGod\'speopleinatonguewhichtheyunderstand？\'"Careymighttolerateinterruptionwhenengagedinotherwork，butforfortyyearsheneverallowedanythingtoshortenthetimeallottedtotheBiblework。"You，madam，"hewrotein1797toaladyastomanyacorrespondent，"willexcusemybrevitywhenIinformyouthatallmytimeforwrittinglettersisstolenfromtheworkoftranscribingtheScripturesintotheBengalilanguage。"

>Fromnomerehumility，butwithanaccuratejudgmentinthestateofscholarshipandcriticismattheopeningoflastcentury，Careyalwaysinsistedthathewasaforerunner，breakingupthewayforsuccessorslikeYates，Wenger，andRouse，who，intheirturn，mustbesupersededbypurelynativeTyndalesandLuthersintheChurchofIndia。HemorethanoncedeprecatedthetalkofhishavingtranslatedtheBibleintofortylanguagesanddialects。16Asweproceedthatwillbeaapparentwhichhedidwithhisownhand，thatwhichhiscolleaguesaccomplished，thatwhichherevisedandeditedbothoftheirworkandofthepundits\'，andthatwhichhecorrectedandprintedforothersattheSeramporepressunderthecareofWard。Itistothesefourlinesofwork，whichcentredinhim，asmostofthemoriginallyproceededfromhisconceptionandadvocacy，thattheassertionastothefortytranslationsisstrictlyapplicable。TheBengali，Hindi，Marathi，andSanskrittranslationswerehisown。TheChinesewassimilarlytheworkofMarshman。TheHindiversions，intheirmanydialects，andtheOoriya，wereblockedoutbyhiscolleaguesandthepundits。HesawthroughthepresstheHindostani，Persian，Malay，Tamil，andotherversionsofthewholeorportionsoftheScriptures。Heceasednot，nightandday，ifbyanymeans，withalovingcatholicity，theWordofGodmightbegiventothemillions。

Writingin1904onthecentenaryoftheBritishandForeignBibleSociety，Mr。GeorgeA。Grierson，C。I。E。，Ph。D。，D。Litt。，theheadoftheLinguisticSurveyofIndia，sumsupauthoritativelytheworkofCareyandhisassistants。"Thegreat-heartedbandofSeramporemissionariesissuedtranslationsoftheBibleoroftheNewTestamentinmorethanfortylanguages。BeforethemthenumberofProtestantversionsoftheBibleinthespeechesofIndiacouldbecountedonthefingersofonehand。TheDutchofCeylonundertookaTamilNewTestamentin1688，whichwasfollowedin1715byanotherversionfromthepenofZiegenbalg。Thefamousmissionary，Schultze，between1727and1732madeaTeluguversionwhichwasneverprinted，andlater，between1745and1758，hepublishedatHalleaHindostanitranslationoftheNewTestamentandofaportionofGenesis。AmanuscriptversionofportionsoftheBibleinBengaliwasmadebyThomasin1791；andthenthegreatSeramporeseriesbeganwithCarey\'sBengaliNewTestamentpublishedin1801。

MostoftheseSeramporeversionswere，itistrue，firstattemptsandhavebeensupersededbymoreaccurateversions，butthefirststepisalwaysthemostimportantone，andthiswastakenbyCareyandhisbrethren。"

Carey\'scorrespondentinthisandpurelyscholarlysubjectswasDr。

Ryland，anaccomplishedHebraistandBiblicalcriticforthatday，attheheadoftheBristolCollege。Carey\'sletters，plentifullysprinkledwithHebrewandGreek，showthejealousywithwhichhesoughttoconveythedivinemessageaccurately，andtheunweariedsenseofresponsibilityunderwhichheworked。Biblicalcriticism，alikeastotheoriginaltextandtotheexegesisofthesacredwritings，issoverymodernascience，thattheselettershavenowonlyahistoricalinterest。ButthiscommunicationtoRylandshowshowheworkedfromthefirst：——

"CALCUTTA，14thDec。1803——Wesometimeagoengagedinanundertaking，ofwhichweintendedtosaynothinguntilitwasaccomplished；butanunforeseenprovidencemadeitnecessaryforustodiscloseit。Itisasfollows：Aboutayearandahalfago，someattemptsweremadetoengageMr。GilchristinthetranslationoftheScripturesintotheHindostanilanguage。Bysomethingorotheritwasputby。ThePersianwasalsoatthesametimemuchtalkedof，butgivenup，orrathernotengagedin。Atthistimeseveralconsiderationsprevailedonustosetourselvessilentlyuponatranslationintotheselanguages。Weaccordinglyhiredtwomoonsheestoassistusinit，andeachofustookourshare；BrotherMarshmantookMatthewandLuke；BrotherWard，MarkandJohn；andmyselftheremainingpartoftheNewTestamentintoHindostani。I

undertooknopartofthePersian；but，insteadthereof，engagedintranslatingitintoMaharastra，commonlycalledtheMahrattalanguage，thepersonwhoassistsmeintheHindostanibeingaMahratta。BrotherMarshmanhasfinishedMatthew，and，insteadofLuke，hasbeguntheActs。BrotherWardhasdonepartofJohn，andI

havedonetheEpistles，andaboutsixchaptersoftheRevelation；

andhaveproceededasfarasthesecondepistleoftheCorinthiansintherevisal：theyhavedoneafewchaptersintoPersian，andIafewintoMahratta。Thusthematterstood，tillafewdaysagoMr。

BuchananinformedmethatamilitarygentlemanhadtranslatedtheGospelsintoHindostaniandPersian，andhadmadeapresentofthemtotheCollege，andthattheCollegeCouncilhadvotedtheprintingofthem。Thismadeitnecessaryformetosaywhatwehadbeenabout；andhaditnotbeenforthiscircumstanceweshouldnothavesaidanythingtillwehadgottheNewTestamentatleastprettyforwardinprinting。IamverygladthatMajorColebrookehasdoneit。Wewillgladlydowhatothersdonotdo，andwishallspeedtothosewhodoanythinginthisway。Wehaveitinourpower，ifourmeanswoulddoforit，inthespaceofaboutfifteenyearstohavethewordofGodtranslatedandprintedinallthelanguagesoftheEast。Oursituationissuchastofurnishuswiththebestassistancefromnativesofthedifferentcountries。Wecanhavetypesofallthedifferentcharacterscasthere；andabout700

rupeespermonth，partofwhichIhopeweshallbeabletofurnish，wouldcompletethework。ThelanguagesaretheHindostani(Hindi)，Maharastra，Ooriya，Telinga，Bhotan，Burman，Chinese，CochinChinese，Tongkinese，andMalay。Onthisgreatworkwehavefixedoureyes。WhetherGodwillenableustoaccomplishit，oranyconsiderablepartofit，isuncertain。"

Butalltheseadvantages，hisowngeniusforlanguages，hisunconquerableploddingdirectedbyadivinemotive，hiscolleagues\'

co-operation，theencouragementoflearnedsocietiesandthepublic，andthenumberofpunditsandmoonsheesincreasedbytheCollegeofFortWilliam，wouldhavefailedtoopenthedooroftheEasttothesacredScriptureshadthephilologicalkeyoftheSanskritbeenwantingorundiscovered。IntheprefacetohisSanskritgrammar，quotedbytheQuarterlyReviewwithhighapprobation，CareywrotethatitgavehimthemeaningoffouroutofeveryfivewordsoftheprincipallanguagesofthewholepeopleofIndia：——"Thepeculiargrammarofanyoneofthesemaybeacquiredinacoupleofmonths，andthenthelanguageliesopentothestudent。Theknowledgeoffourwordsinfiveenableshimtoreadwithpleasure，andrenderstheacquisitionofthefewnewwords，aswellastheidiomaticexpressions，amatterofdelightratherthanoflabour。ThustheOoriya，thoughpossessingaseparategrammarandcharacter，issomuchliketheBengaliintheveryexpressionthataBengalipunditisalmostequaltothecorrectionofanOrissaproofsheet；andthefirsttimethatIreadapageofGoojaratithemeaningappearedsoobviousastorenderitunnecessarytoaskthepunditquestions。"

Themechanicalapparatusoftypes，paper，andprintingseemtohavebeenprovidedbythesameprovidentialforesightastheintellectualandthespiritual。Wehaveseenhow，whenhewasfarenoughadvancedinhistranslation，CareyamidtheswampsofDinapoorlookedtoEnglandforpress，type，paper，andprinter。Hegotthelast，WilliamWard，amanofhisownselection，worthytobehiscolleague。ButhehadhardlydespatchedhisletterwhenhefoundormadealltherestinBengalitself。ItwasfromtheoldpressboughtinCalcutta，setupinMudnabati，andremovedtoSerampore，thatthefirsteditionoftheBengaliNewTestamentwasprinted。

Thefewrareandvenerablecopieshavenowapeculiarbibliographicinterest；thetypeandthepaperalikearecoarseandblurred。

SirCharlesWilkins，theCaxtonofIndia，hadwithhisownhandscutthepunchesandcastthetypesfromwhichHalhed\'sBengaligrammarwasprintedatHoogliin1778。Hetaughtthearttoanativeblacksmith，Panchanan，whowenttoSeramporeinsearchofworkjustwhenCareywasindespairforafountofthesacredDevanagaritypeforhisSanskirtgrammar，andforfountsoftheotherlanguagesbesidesBengaliwhichhadneverbeenprinted。TheythustellthestoryinaMemoirRelativetotheTranslations，publishedin1807：——

"ItwillbeobviousthatinthepresentstateofthingsinIndiaitwasinmanyinstancesnecessarytocastnewfountsoftypesinseveraloftheselanguages。HappilyforusandIndiaatlargeWilkinshadledthewayinthisdepartment；andbyperseveringindustry，thevalueofwhichcanscarcelybeappreciated，underthegreatestdisadvantageswithrespecttomaterialsandworkmen，hadbroughttheBengalitoahighdegreeofperfection。SoonafteroursettlingatSeramporetheprovidenceofGodbroughttoustheveryartistwhohadwroughtwithWilkinsinthatwork，andinagreatmeasureimbibedhisideas。Byhisassistanceweerectedaletter-foundry；andalthoughheisnowdead，hehadsofullycommunicatedhisarttoanumberofothers，thattheycarryforwardtheworkoftype-casting，andevenofcuttingthematrices，withadegreeofaccuracywhichwouldnotdisgraceEuropeanartists。ThesehavecastforustwoorthreefountsofBengali；andwearenowemployingthemincastingafountonaconstructionwhichbidsfairtodiminishtheexpenseofpaper，andthesizeofthebookatleastone-fourth，withoutaffectingthelegibilityofthecharacter。OftheDevanagaricharacterwehavealsocastanentirenewfount，whichisesteemedthemostbeautifulofthekindinIndia。Itconsistsofnearly1000differentcombinationsofcharacters，sothattheexpenseofcuttingthepatternsonlyamountedto1500

rupees，exclusiveofmetalandcasting。