第8章

NOTES：

1。D。B。i。91：\'EcclesiaRomanabeatiPetriApostolitenetdeRegePeritone。\'Ib。157：\'EcclesiaSanctiDyonisiiParisiitenetdeRegeTeigtone。RexEdwarduseidedit。\'Ib。20b：\'AbbasdeGrestaintenetdeComite2hidasinBedingham。\'

2。Hist。Eng。Law，i。220。

3。D。B。i。218b：\'RexveroWillelmussibiposteainelemosinaconcessit，undeproanimaRegisetRegineomniebdomada2feriamissampersolvit。\'D。B。ii。133：\'etcantatunaquaqueebdomadatresmissas。\'

4。D。B。i。3：\'redditunummiliteminservitioArchiepiscopi。\'

Ib。10b；\'servitiumuniusmilitis。\'Ib。32：\'servitiumuniusmilitis。\'Ib。151b：\'inveniebat2loricatosincustodiamdeWindesores。\'

5。Hist。Eng。Law，i。268。

6。ButD。B。i。218bgivesus\'tenetinministerioRegis。\'

7。D。B。i。4b：\'DeterrahuiusmaneriitenetGodefridusinfeuodimid。solin。\'Ib。36b：\'HumfridusCamerariustenetdefeuoReginaeCumbe。\'Ib。336b：\'Ipsam[domum]clamatNormannusCrassusdefeuoRegis。\'

8。D。B。i。129b：\'PosteaWillelmusCamerariustenuitdeReginainfeudopro3lib。perannumdefirma，etpostmortemReginaeeodemmodotenuitdeRege。\'

9。But，asingeneralafarmerwouldhavenoheritablerights，holdinginfeemaybecontrastedwithholdinginfarm。D。B。i。

230b：\'HasterrashabetGoduinusdeRegeadfirmam，DisleaverotenetdeRegeinfeudo。\'Soagainitmaybecontrastedwiththehusband\'srightsinhiswife\'smarriageportion。D。B。i。214b：

\'DeistaterratenetPirotus3hidasdemaritagiosuaefeminaeetunamhidametterciampartemuniushidaetenetinfeudumdeNigello。\'

10。D。B。i。158：RobertdeOuillyholdsforty-twohousesinOxford，somemeadow-landandamill\'cumbeneficioS。Petri，\'

i。e。togetherwiththebeneficeofS。Peter\'schurch。Elsewhere，i。273，wereadthatKingWilliamgaveamanortothemonksofBurton\'probeneficiosuo\'。，butthemeaningofthisisbvnomeansclear。

11。D。B。i。144b：\'Duo。hominestenueruntdeAlwinosednonfuitalod。\'Thesamephraseoccursonf。46。

12。D。B。i。22：\'AluuardetAlgartenueruntdeRegepro2

maneriisinalodia……AElueuatenuitdeRegeEdwardosicutalodium。\'Ib。26：\'GodwinusComestenuitetdeeo7aloarii。\'

13。D。B。i。60b：\'DuoalodiariitenueruntT。R。E……UnusservivitReginae，alterBundino。\'

14。D。B。i。1：\'Quandomorituralodiarius，Rexindehabetrelevationemterrae。\'

15。D。B。i。52b：\'Hashidastenuerunt7alodiariideEpiscoponecpoterantrecederealiovelabillo。\'

16。D。B。i。63b：\'Ibisunt5alodiarii。\'

17。SeecharterofJohnforSt。Augustin\'s，Canterbury，Rot。

Cart。p。105：omnesallodiariosquoseishabemusdatos。\'ThisphraseseemstodescendthroughaseriesofchartersfromtwochartersoftheConquerorinwhichthe\'swafeleegnaswaicheomtogeletonhabbe\'oftheoneappearsintheotheras\'omnesallodiarios。\'Ifso，wegetfromtheConqueror\'sownchancerytheequationegn=alodiarius。Hist。Mon。S。August。349-50。

18。D。B。i。23：intwosuccessiveentrieswehave\'OffatenuitdeEpiscopoinfeudo……AlmartenuitdeGoduinoComiteinalodium。\'Soagain，i。59：\'BlachemantenuitdeHeraldoComiteinalodio……BlachemantenuitinfeudoTR。E。\'Thesuggestionhasbeenmadethatalodiumrepresentsbook-land；seePollock，LandLaws，ed。3。p。27；Eng。Hist。Rev。xi。227；butwegravelydoubtwhetherthehumbleralodiariihadbooks。TheauthoroftheQuadripartitusrendersb骳landbyterrahereditaria，terratestimentalis，terraliberaandevenbyfeudum(Edg。ii。2)；

alodiumoccursintheInstitutaCnuti。AfterthiswecanhardlysayforcertainthatD。B。doesnotusealodiumandfeodumasequivalents，bothrepresentingaheritableestate，asabsoluteanownershipoflandasisconceivable。

19。Hist。Eng。Law，i。46。

20。D。B。i。197。

21。D。B。i。238b：\'Reliquasautem7hidasetdimidiamtenuit[sic]BritnodusetAluuiT。R。E。，sedcomitatusnescitdequotenuerint。\'

22。D。B。i。23：\'Offatenuitdeepiscopoinfeudo。\'Ib。i。59b：

\'BlachemantenuitinfeudoT。R。E。\'

23。D。B。i。28b：\'BricmartenuitdeAzoretAzordeHeraldo……

Terraest2camcis。Indominioestunaet2villaniet2bordariicumdimidiacaruca。\'

24。D。B。i。75b：\'Deeademterraten[ent]3taini3hidasetreddunt3librasexceptoservicio。\'Ib。86b：\'Huicmanerioestadditadimidiahida。TrestainitenebantT。R。E。etserviebantprepositomaneriiperconsuetudinemabsqueomnifirmadonante。\'

25。D。B。i。1：\'Quandomorituralodiarius，Rexindehabetrelevationemterrae。\'

26。D。B。i。179：\'Burgensiscumcaballoserviens，cummoriebatur，habebatRexequumetarmaeius。Deeoquiequumnonhabebat，simoreretur，Rexaut10solidosautterrameiuscumdomibus。\'

27。D。B。i。50b：\'Alrictenetdimidiamhidam。HanctenuitpatereiusdeRegeE。SedhicRegemnonrequisivitpostmortemGodricsuiavunculiquieamcustodiebat。\'

28。D。B。i。238b：\'HuicaecclesiaededitAluuinusvicecomesCliptoneconcessuRegisEdwardietfiliorumsuorumproanimasua。\'Ib。59：\'Dehocmaneriosciraattestatur，quodEdricuseumtenebatdeliberavitillumfiliosuoquieratinAbendonemonarchusutadfirmamilludteneretetsibidonecviveretnecessariavitaedonaret；postmortemveroeiusmaneriumhaberet。

Etideonesciunthominesdesciraquodabbatiaepertineat，nequeenimindevideruntbrevemRegisvelsigillum。AbbasverotestatutquodinT。R。E。misitillemaneriumadaecclesiamundeeratetindebrevemetsigillumR。E。\'

29。D。B。i。154：\'QuandoRexibatinexpeditione，burgenses20

ibantcumeoproomnibusaliis，vel20librasdabantRegiutomnesessentliberi。\'

30。D。B。i。230：\'QuandoRexibatinexercituperterram，deipsoburgo12burgensesibantcumeo。\'

31。D。B。i。238：\'ConsuetudoWaruuicfuit，uteunteregeperterraminexpeditionem，decemburgensesdeWaruuicproomnibusaliisirent。\'

32。D。B。i。57b。

33。D。B。i。64b：\'QuandoRexibatinexpeditionevelterravelmari，habebatdehocburgoaut20solidosadpascendossuosbuzecarlos，autunumhominemducebatsecumprohonore5hidarum。\'

34。D。B。i。100：\'Quandoexpeditioibatperterramautpermareserviebathaeccivitasquantum5hidaeterrae。\'

35。Above，p。195，note5。

36。Schmid，App。vii。c。2。sect。9-12；App。v；PseudolegesCanuti(i。e。InstitutaCnuti)60，61(Schmid，p。431)。

37。OfthisweshallspeakinanotherEssay。

38。D。B。i。375b；above，p。182。

39。D。B。i。87b：\'IstaeconsuetudinespertinentadTantone……

profectioinexercitumcumhominibusepiscopi……Haeduaeterraenondebentexercitum。\'

40。Seeabove，p。116，note1。

41。D。B。172：\'QuandoRexinhostempergit，siquisedictumeiusvocatusremanserit，siitaliberhomoestuthabeatsocamsuametsacametcumterrasuapossitirequovoluerit，deomniterrasuacstinmisericordiaRegis。Cuiuscumqueveroalteriusdominihomosidehosteremanseritetdominuseiusproeoaliumhominemduxerit，40sol。dominoSuoquivocatusfuitemendabit。Quodsiextotonullusproeoabierit，ipsequidemdominosuo40sol。

dabit，dominusautemeiustotidemsolidisRegiemendabit。\'

42。Seeabove，p。106，note3。

43。SeeRound，FeudalEngland，249。

44。D。B。i。208：\'TestanturhominesdecomitatuquodRexEdwardusdeditSuineshefetSiuuardoComitisoccametsacam，etsichabuitHarolduscomes，praeterquodgeldabantinhundredoetinhostemcumeisabant。\'ItisherenotedthatthoughHaroldhadsakeandsokeoverSwineshead，itpaiditsgeldanddiditsmilitarydutyinthehundred。Ourrecordwouldhardlymentionsuchapointunlessveryoftentheexactionofgeldandmilitaryservicewasoneoftherightsanddutiesofthelordwhohadsakeandsoke。

45。Inthenextchapterweshallspeakofthebishop\'sland-loans。

46。Seethecapitulariesof807and808(ed。Boretius，。pp。134，137)。Also，FusteldeCoulanges，Lestransformationsdelaroyaut？515ff。Itmaywellbedoubtedwhetherthefive-hiderulehadnotbeenborrowedbyEnglishkingsfromtheirFrankishneighbours。Stubbs，Const。Hist。i。208ff。

47。D。B。i。152b：\'duoteignihominesAlricifiliiGoding。\'Ib。

\'HocmaneriumtenuitAzorfiliusTotiteignusRegisEdwardietalterteignushomoeiustenuitunamhidametvenderepotuit。\'

48。D。B。i。84b：attheendofalistofroyalthegns\'OmnesquihasterrasT。R。E。tenebant，poterantireadquemdominumvolebant。\'

49。D。B。i。41：\'Trestainitenueruntdeepiscopoetnonpotueruntirequolibet。\'

50。D。B。i。91：\'HaeterraeeranttainlandinGlastingberieT。

R。E。necpoterantabaecclesiaseparari。\'

51。Hamilton，Inquisitio，pp。xviii，xix。

52。D。B。i。66b：\'Dehaceademterra3hidasvendideratabbascuidamtainoT。R。E。adaetatemtriutuhominum，etipseabbashabebatindeservitum，etposteadebetredireaddominium。\'Ib。

i。83b：\'Ipsafeminatenet2hidasinTatentonequaeerantdedominioabbatiaedeCernel；T。R。E。duoteinitenebantprestito。\'

53。D。B。i。64b：\'HermanetaliiservientesRegis……Odoetalii。tainiRegis……HerueusetaliiministriRegis。\'Ib。75：

\'Guddmundetaliitaini……WillelmusBeletetaliiservientesRegis。\'

54。D。B。i。56b(Berkshirecustom)：\'TainusvelmilesRegisdominicusmoriens，prorelevamentodimittebatRegiomniaarmasuaetequumunumcumsella，aliumsinesella。\'

55。D。B。i。83：\'BricsitenuitmilesRegisE。\'Suchentriesarerare。D。B。i。66：\'Deeademterrahuiusmaneriiten[ent]duoAngli……UnusexeisestmilesiussuRegisetneposfuitHermanniepiscopi。\'HerethekingcompelsanEnglishmantobecomeamiles。D。B。i。180b：\'Quinquetaini……habebantsubse4

milites。\'Thewarriorwasnotnecessarilyofthegnlyrank。

56。SeethepassagescollectedbySchmid，Gesette，p。667。

57。IntheirtreatmentofthethegnshipofthelastdaysbeforetheConquest，Maurerlaysstressupontheproprietoryelement。

Schmiduponthehereditary。SeeLittle，andThegns，H。R。iv。

723。

58。Cnut，ii。71。

59。D。B。i。280b。

60。Hamilton，Inquisitio，121。

61。Eyton，Somerset，i。84。

62。D。B。iv。75：\'DominicatusRegisadRegnumpertinensinDevenescira。\'Ib。99：\'MansionesdeComitatu。\'Eyton，Somerset，i。78。

63。D。B。ii。119：\'Hocmaneriumfuitderegno，sedRexEdwardusdeditRadulfoComiti。\'Ib。144：\'SuafhampertinuitadregionemetRexE。deditR。Comiti。\'Ib。281b：\'TerraRegisdeRegionequamRogerusBigotusservat。\'Ib。408b：\'TorneimaneriumRegisderegione。\'MrRound，FeudalEngland，p。140，treatsregioasamereblunder；butitmaywellstandforkingship。

64。D。B。i。30b：\'Huiusvillaevillaniabomnirevicecom[itis]

suntquieti。\'

65。D。B。iv。99。

66。PseudolegesCanuti(=Liebermann\'sInstitutaCnuti)，55

(Schmid，p。430)：\'ComitisrectitudinessecundumAnglosistaesuntcommunescumrege：tertiusdenariusinvillisubimercatumconvenerit，etincastigationelatronum，etcomitalesvillae，quaeadcomitatumeiuspertinent。\'

67。D。B。ii。118b：\'TerreRegisinTetford……estunaleugataterreinlongaetdim。inlatodequaRexhabetduaspartes：dehisautemduabuspartibusterciaparsinconsulatuiacet。\'ButthisseemstomeanthatonlythispartofthelandisinthecountyofNorfolk。Ibid。i。246：inStaffordthekinghastwenty-twohouses\'dehonorecomitum。\'

68。D。B。i。246。

69。Ellis，Introduction，i。313。WhentwentyyearsafterHarold\'sdeathaquestionaboutthetitletolandisatissue，thereseemsnoreasonwhythejurorsshouldtellliesaboutHarold。

70。D。B。i。154b。

71。DB。i。72。

72。D。B。i。238。

73。D。B。i。56b：Berkshirecustom，\'Quimonitusadstabilitionemvenationisnonibat50sol。Regiemendabat。\'SeealsotheHerefordcustom，Ib。179；alsoRectitudines(Schmid，App。III。)c。1。

74。D。B。i。69。Butthemeaningofrevelandisobscure。ThemostimportantpassagesaboutitareinD。B。i。57b(Eseldeborne)，181(Getune)。D。B。i。83：\'HanctenetAiulfdeRegequamdiueritvicecomes。\'

75。D。B。i。100。

76。D。B。i。86，86b，92，97；soinDevonshire，117b：\'HocmaneriumdebetperconsuetudineminTavetonemaneriumRegisaut1

bovemaut30denarios。\'

77。D。B。i。38b。

78。D。B。i。101：\'IpsimaneriopertinetterciusdenariusdehundredisNortmoltoneetBadentoneetBrantoneetterciumanimalpasturaemorarum。\'

79。Above，p。193。

80。Chron。ann。1085。

9。THEBOROUGHS

Darkasthehistoryofourvillagesmaybe，thehistoryoftheboroughsisdarkeryet；orrather，perhaps，thedarknessseemsblackerbecausewearecompelledtosupposethatitconcealsfromourviewchangesmorerapidandintricatethanthosethathavehappenedintheopencountry。Thefewparagraphsthatfollowwillbedevotedmainlytothedevelopmentofonesuggestionwhichhascometousfromforeignbooks，butwhichmaythrowalittlelightwhereeveryfeeblerayisuseful。Atcompletenesswemustnotaim，andinourfirstwordsweoughttoprotestthatnogeneraltheorywilltellthestoryofeveryoranyparticulartown。(1*)

Inthethirteenthcenturyalegal，thoughawavering，lineisdrawnbetweentheboroughandthemerevillorruraltownship。(2*)Itisawaveringline，forstresscanbelaidnowupononeandnowuponanotherattributeoftheancientandindubitableboroughs，andthisselectedattributecanthenbeemployedasatestfortheclaimsofothertowns。WheninEdwardI\'sdaythesheriffsarebeingtoldtobideveryboroughsendtwoburgessestotheking\'sparliaments，therearesomewhatmorethan150placestowhichsuchsummonseswillattimesbeaddressed，thoughbeforetheendofthemiddleagestheplumberof\'parliamentaryboroughs\'willhaveshrunkto100orthereabouts。(3*)Manytownsseemtohoverontheborderlineandinsomecasesthesheriffhasbeenabletodecidewhetherornotatownshallberepresentedinthecouncilsoftherealm。Yetifwegobacktotheearlyyearsofthetenthcentury，weshallstillfindthiscontrastbetweentheboroughandthemeretownshipexistingasacontrastwherelegalconsequencesflow。

Whereliesthecontrast？Whatisitthatmakesaboroughtobeaborough？Thatistheproblemthatwedesiretosolve。Itisalegalproblem。Wearenottoaskwhysomeplacesarethicklypopulatedorwhytradehasflowedinthisorthatchannel。Wearetoaskwhycertainvillsareseveredfromothervillsandarecalledboroughs。

Wemayreasonablywish，however，sincementalpicturesmustbepainted，toknowattheoutsetwhereaboutsthelinewillbedrawn，andwhetherwhenwearespeakingoftheConqueror\'sreignandearliertimesweshallhavealargeorasmallnumberofboroughsonourhands。Willitbeahundredandfifty，orahundred，orwillitbeonlyfifty？Atoncewewillsaythatsomefiftyboroughsstandoutprominentlyandwilldemandourbestattention，thoughasecondandfarlessimportantclasswasalreadybeingformed。

InthemiddleofthetwelfthcenturytheExchequerwastreatingcertainplacesinanexceptionalfashion。Itwassubjectingthemtoaspecialtaxintheformofanauxiliumordonum。Thisfactwemaytakeasthestartingpointforourresearches。NowifwereadtheuniquePipeRollofHenryI\'sreignandtheearliestPipeRollsofHenryII\'sweobservethatan\'aid\'ora\'gift\'isfromtimetotimecollectedfromthe\'citiesandboroughs，\'andifweputdownthenamesofthetownswhicharechargedwiththisimpost，weobtainaremarkableresult。(4*)Speakingbroadlywemaysaythattheonlytownswhichpayare\'countytowns。\'ForalargepartofEnglandthisisstrictlytrue。WewillfollowtheorderofDomesdayBook，beginninghoweverwithitssecondzone。IfLondonisinMiddlesex，(5*)itisMiddlesex\'soneborough。InHertfordshireisHertford。InBuckinghamshireisBuckingham，butnoaidcanbeexpectedfromit。InOxfordshireisOxford。InGloucestershireisGloucester，butWinchcombealsoassertsitsburghalrank。InWorcestershireisWorcester，whileDroitwichappearsoccasionallywithasmallgift。HerefordistheoneboroughofHerefordshire。

Turningtothethirdzone，wepassrapidlythroughCambridgeshire，Huntingdonshire，BedfordshireandNorthamptonshire；eachhasitsborough。ThiswillbetrueofLeicestershirealso；butLeicesterisbythistimesocompletelyinthehandsofitsearlthatthekinggetsnothingfromit。Nor，woulditseem，doeshegetanythingfromWarwick。HalfinWarwickshire，halfinStaffordshireliesTamworth；Staffordalsopays。AttimesBridgenorthappearsbesideShrewsbury。NothingisreceivedfromChester，foritistheheadofapalatinate。Derby，NottinghamandYorkaretheonlyrepresentativesoftheirshires。

LincolnshirehasStamfordonitsborderaswellasLincolninitscentre。NorfolkhasThetfordaswellasNorwich；butSuffolkhasonlyIpswichandEssexonlyColchester。

Inthesouthernzonemattersarenotsosimple。KentcontainsCanterburyandRochester；SurreycontainsGuildfordandSouthwark；SussexonlyChichester。HampshirehasWinchester；

Southamptonisreceivingspecialtreatment。WallingfordrepresentsBerkshire。WhenwegettoWiltshireandDorsetweareintheclassicallandofsmallboroughs。Therearevariouslittletownswhosefateisinthebalance；MarlboroughandCalneseemforthemomenttobethemostprominent。InSomersetshire，whatevermayhavebeentrueinthepast，Ilchesterisstandingoutastheoneboroughthatpaysanaid。ExeterhasnownosecondinDevonshire。IfthereisaboroughinCornwall，itmakesnogifttotheking。

Wemayobtainsomenotionoftherelativerankofthesetownsifwesetforththeamountswithwhichtheyarechargedin1130

andin1156，thoughthematerialsforthiscomparisonareunfortunatelyincomplete。

PipeRollPipeRoll31Hen。I2Hen。II？？

London120120

Winchester80

Lincoln6060

York4040

Norwich30331/3

Exeter20

Canterbury20131/3

Colchester20122/3(6*)

Oxford2020

Gloucester1515

Wallingford15

Worcester15

Cambridge1212

Hereford10

Thetford10

Northampton10

Rochester10

Nottingham|1515

Derby|

Wiltshireboroughs17

Calne1

Dorsetboroughs15

Huntingdon88

Ipswich731/3

Guildford55

Southwark55

Hertford5

Stamford5

Bedford562/3

Shrewsbury5

Droitwich5

Stafford31/331/3

Winchcombe35

Tamworth23/411/4(7*)

Ilchester21/2

Chichester(8*)

NowwearenotputtingthisforwardasalistofthoseEnglishtownsthatwerethemostprosperousinthemiddleofthetwelfthcentury。Wehavemadenomentionofflourishingseaports，ofDover，Hastings，Bristol，Yarmouth。NoristhisalistofalltheplacesthatarecasuallycalledburgionrollsofHenryII\'sreign。ThatnameisgiventoScarborough，Knaresborough，Tickhill，Cirencesterandvariousothertowns。Newtestsof\'burgality\'(ifwemaymakethatword)areemergingandoldtestsarebecomingobsolete。Weseetoothatsometownsaredroppingoutofthelistofaid-payingboroughs。In1130Wallingfordhasthricefailedtopayitsaidof？5andthewholedebtof？5

mustbeforgiventotheburgessespropaupertateeorum。(9*)SoWallingforddropsoutofthislist。ProbablyBuckinghamhasdroppedoutatanearliertimeforasimilarreason。Butstillthislist，especiallyintheformthatittakesinHenryI\'stime，isofgreatimportancetothosewhoaregoingtostudytheboroughsofDomesdayBook。Itlookslikeatraditionallist。Itdealsoutniceroundsums。ItisendeavouringtokeepWallingfordonaparwithGloucesterandaboveNorthampton。ItisretainingWinchcombe。

Ifwemaketheexperiment，weshalldiscoverthatthiscataloguereallyisagoodprologuetoDomesdayBook。Wewilloncemorevisitthecountieswhichformthesecondzone。TheaccountthatourrecordgivesofHertfordshirehasapreface。

ThatprefacedealswiththeboroughofHertfordandprecedeseventhelistoftheHertfordshiretenantsinchief。BuckinghaminBuckinghamshireandOxfordinOxfordshirearesimilarlytreated。

InGloucestershirethecityofGloucesterandtheboroughofWinchcombearedescribedbeforethebodyofthecountyistouched。InWorcestershire，Herefordshire，Cambridgeshire，Huntingdonshire，Bedfordshire，Northamptonshire，Leicestershire，Warwickshire，Staffordshire，(10*)Shropshire，Cheshire，Derbyshire，Nottinghamshire(11*)andYorkshirethesameprocedureisadopted：theaccountoftheshire\'scityorboroughprecedestheaccountoftheshire。InLincolnshirethedescriptionofthecountyisintroducedbythedescriptionofLincolnandStamford；

alsoofTorksey，whichhadbeenaplaceofmilitaryimportanceandseemstohavebeencloselyunitedwiththecityofLincolnbysomegovernmentalbond。(12*)Convenientarrangementisnotthestrongpointof\'LittleDomesday\'；butwhatissaidthereinofColchesterissaidattheveryendofthesurveyofEssex，whileNorwich，YarmouthandThetfordstandattheendoftheroyalestatesinNorfolk，andIpswichstandsattheendoftheroyalestatesinSuffolk。

IfnowweenterthesouthernzoneandkeepinourmindstheschemethatwehaveseenprevailinginthegreaterpartofEngland，weshallobservethattheaccountofKenthasaprologuetouchingDover，CanterburyandRochester。InBerkshireanexcellentaccountofWallingfordprecedestherubricTerraRegis。

FourplacesinDorsetaresingledoutforprefatorytreatment，namely，Dorchester，Bridport，WarehamandShaftesbury。InDevonExeterstands，ifwemaysospeak，abovetheline，andstandsalone，thoughBarnstaple，LidfordandTotnessarereckonedasboroughs。Oftheothercountiesthereismoretobesaid。IfwecomparethefirstpageofthesurveyofSomersetwiththefirstpagesthataredevotedtoitstwoneighbours，DorsetandDevon，weshallprobablycometotheconclusionthatthecompilersofthebookscrupledtoputanySomersetvillonaparwithExeter，Dorchester，Bridport，WarehamandShaftesbury。Ineachofthethreecasesthepageismappedoutinpreciselythesamefashion。

ThesecondcolumnisheadedbyTerraRegis。Alongwaydowninthefirstcolumnbeginsthelistoftenantsinchief。TheupperpartofthefirstcolumncontainsinonecasetheaccountofExeter，inanothertheaccountofthefourDorsetboroughs，butinthethirdcase，thatofSomerset，itisleftblank。InWiltshire，MalmesburyandMarlboroughstandabovetheline；but，ifwelooktothefootofthepage，weshallsuspectthatthecompilerscannoteasilyforcetheirgeneralschemeuponthispartofthecountry。InSurrey，noplacestandsabovetheline。

GuildfordisthefirstplacementionedintheTerraRegis；

Southwarkseemstobeinadequatelytreatedonalaterpage。ThecaseofSussexislikethatofSomerset；thelistofthetenantsinchiefisprecededbyablankspace。InHampshireawholecolumnisleftblank。OnalaterpagetheboroughofSouthamptonhasacolumntoitself；inthenextcolumnstandstheTerraRegisoftheIsleofWight。AndnowletusturnbacktotheMiddlesexthatwehaveasyetignored。Nearlytwocolumns，tosaynothingofsomeprecedentpagesarevoid。(13*)

Nowwemustnotbeledawayintospeculationswhichwouldbevain。Wemustnot，forexample，inquirewhethertheinformationthathadbeenobtainedtouchingLondonandWinchesterwastoobulkytofillaroomthathadbeenleftforit。WemustnotinquirewhethersomethingwastobesaidofChichesterorHastings，ofIlchesterorofBristol，thathasnotbeensaid。ButapparentlywemayattributetoKingWilliam\'sofficialsacertaingeneralidea。ItisanideawhichsuitsthegreaterpartofEnglandverywell，thoughtheyfinddifficultiesintheirwaywhentheyendeavourtoimposeitonsomeofthecountiesthatliesouthoftheThames。ThebroadfactstandsclearthatthroughoutthelargerpartofEnglandthecommissionersfoundatownineachcounty，andingeneralonetownonly，whichrequiredspecialtreatment。TheydonotlocateitontheTerraRegis；theydonotlocateitonanyman\'slands。Itstandsoutsidethegeneralsystemoflandtenure。

Forawhile，then，letusconfineourattentiontothesecountytowns，andweshallsoonseewhyitisthattheyarerarelybroughtunderanyrubricwhichwoulddescribethemaspiecesoftheking\'ssoilorpiecesofsomeoneelse\'ssoil。Thetraittowhichwealludeweshallcall(forwantofabetterterm)thetenurialheterogeneityoftheburgesses。Inthoseboroughsthatarefullydescribedweseldom，ifever，findthatalltheburgesseshavethesamelandlord。Ofcoursethereisasenseinwhich，accordingtotheviewoftheDomesdaysurveyorsandofalllaterlawyers，everyinchofboroughlandisheldofonelandlord，namely，theking；butinthatsenseeveryinchofEnglandhasthesamelandlord。Thefactthatwewouldbringintoreliefisthis，thatnormallytheburgessesoftheboroughdonotholdtheirburgagesimmediatelyofoneandthesamelord；theyarenot\'peersofatenure\'；thegroupthattheyconstituteisnotatenurialgroup。Farratherweshallfindthat，thoughtherewillbesomeburgessesholdingimmediatelyoftheking，therewillbeotherswhosetitlescanbetracedtothekingonlythroughthemediumofotherlords。Andthemesnelordwilloftenbeaverygreatman，someprelateorbaronwithawidespreadhonour。Withintheboroughhewill，tousethelanguageofDomesdayBook，\'have\'or\'hold\'asmallgroupofburgesses，andsometimestheywillbereckonedasannexedtooras\'lyingin\'

somemanordistantfromthetown。Itseemsgenerallyexpectedthatthebaronsofthecountyshouldhaveafewburgagesapieceinthecountytown。Thisarrangementdoesnotlooknew。Seeminglythegreatmenofanearlierday，theantecessoresoftheFrenchmen，haveownedtown-houses：notsomuchhousesfortheirownuse，ashousesor\'haws\'(hagae)inwhichtheycouldkeepafew\'burgesses。\'

Someexamplesofthisremarkablearrangementshouldbegiven。

FirstwewilllookatOxford。Thekinghasmanyhouses；theArchbishopofCanterburyhas7；theBishopofWinchester9；theBishopofBayeux18；theBishopofLincoln30；theBishopofCoutances2；theBishopofHereford3；theAbbotofSt。

Edmunds\'s1；theAbbotofAbingdon14；theAbbotofEynsham13。

Andsowiththeworldlygreat：theCountofMortainhas10；CountHughhas7；theCountofEvreux1；RobertofOuilly12；RogerofIvry15；WalterGiffard17：——butweneednotrepeatthewholelonglist。(1*)

ItissoatWallingford；KingEdwardhad8virgatesonwhichwere276houses，andtheypaidhim？1rent；BishopWalkelinofWinchesterhas27，whichpay25shillings；theAbbotofAbingdonhastwoacres，onwhichare7housespaying4shillings；MiloCrispinhas20houses，whichpay12shillingsand10pence；andsoforth。(15*)Further，itissaidthattheBishop\'s27housesarevaluedinBrightwell；and，turningtotheaccountofBrightwell，there，sureenough，wefindmentionofthe25

shillingswhichthesehousespay。(16*)Milo\'s20housesaresaidto\'liein\'Newnham；hehasalsoinWallingford6houseswhichareinHazeley，1whichisinStoke，1whichisinChalgrove，oneacrewith6houseswhichisinSutton，oneacrewith11houseswhichisinBray；\'allthisland\'wearetold\'belongstoOxfordshire，butneverthelessitisinWallingford。\'Yes，Milo\'smanorofChalgroveliesfive，hismanorofHazeleyliesseven，milesfromWallingford；nevertheless，houseswhicharephysicallyinWallingfordareconstructivelyinChalgroveandHazeley。ThatwearenotdealingwithaNormannoveltyisinthiscaseextremelyplain。Wallingfordisabordertown。WereadfirstoftheBerkshirelandownerswhohaveburgesseswithinit。TherefollowsalistoftheOxfordshire\'thegns\'whoholdhousesinWallingford。ArchbishopLanfrancandCountHughappearinthiscontextas\'thegns\'ofOxfordshire。

Whenwehaveobtainedthisclue，wesoonbegintoseethatwhatistrueofOxfordandWallingfordistrueevenofthosetownsofwhichnosubstantivedescriptionisgivenus。Thusthereare\'haws\'ortown-housesinWinchesterwhichareattachedtomanorsinallcornersofHampshire，atWallop，Clatford，Basingstoke，Eversley，Candover，Strathfield，Minsteadandelsewhere。SomeofthemanorstowhichtheburghersofLondonwereattachedarenot，eveninourownday，withinourmonstroustown；therearesomeatBansteadandBletchingleyinSurrey，atWalthamandThurrockinEssex。Butineveryquarterweseethiscuriousscheme。AtWarwickthekinghasinhisdemesne113

houses，andhisbaronshave112。(17*)Ofthebarons\'housesitiswritten：\'Thesehousesbelongtothelandswhichthebaronsholdoutsidetheboroughandarevaluedthere。\'Orturnwetoasmalltown：——atBuckinghamthebaronshave26burgesses；nooneofthemhasmorethan5。(18*)ThepagethattellsusthispresentstousanadmirablecontrastbetweenBuckinghamanditsfuturerival。AylesburyisjustanordinaryroyalmanorandstandsundertherubricTerraRegis。Buckinghamisaverypettytownlet；butitisaborough，andCountHughandtheBishopofCoutances，RobertofOuilly，RogerofIvry，ArnulfofHesdinandothermightymenhaveburgessesthere。AsaclimaxwemaymentionthecaseofWinchcombe。Theburgagesinthislittletownwereheldbymanygreatpeople。Abouttheyear1100thekinghad60；theAbbotofWinchcombe40；theAbbotofEvesham2；theBishopofHereford2；RobertofBell阭e3；RobertFitzhamon5，anddiversotherpersonsofnotehadsome29housesamongthem。(19*)Howeverpoor，howeversmall，Winchcombemayhavebeen，itradicallydifferedfromthecommonmanorandthecommonvillage。

WehaveseenabovehowintheConqueror\'sdaytheAbbeyofWestminsterhadamanoratStaines(20*)andhowthatmanorincluded48burgesseswhopaid40s。ayear。WerethoseburgessesreallyinStaines，andwasStainesaborough？No，theywereinthecityofLondon。TheConfessorhadtoldhisMiddlesexthegnshowhewilledthatStPeterandthebrethrenatWestminstershouldhavethemanor(cotlif)ofStaineswiththelandcalledStaninghaw(middamlandeStaeningehaga)withinLondonandallotherthingsthathadbelongedtoStaines。(21*)IsnottheguesspermissiblethatStainingLaneintheCityofLondon，(22*)

whereinstoodthechurchofStMary，Staining，wassocalled，not\'becausestainerslivedinit\'butbecauseitoncecontainedthehawsofthemenofStaines？WemustbecarefulbeforewefindboroughsinDomesdayBook，foritslanguageisdeceptive。Perhapswemaybelievethatreallyandphysicallytherewereforty-sixburgessesinthevillofStAlbans；(23*)but，afterwhatwehavereadofStaines，canwebequitesurethattheseburgesseswerenotinLondon？Theburgesseswhodeiure\'arein\'oneplaceareoftendefactoinquiteanotherplace。

WemayforamomentpassovertwocenturiesandturntothedetailedaccountofCambridgegiventousbytheHundredRolls，themostelaboratedescriptionthatwehaveofanymedievalborough。Nowinonesensethe\'vill\'orboroughofCambridgebelongstotheking，and，underhim，totheburgesses，fortheyholditofhimincapiteatafee-farmrent。Butthisdoesnotmeanthateachburgessholdhistenementofthecorporationorcommunitasofburgesses，whichinitsturnholdseveryyardoflandofthekinginchief。Itdoesnotevenmeanthateachburgessholdsimmediatelyoftheking，thecommunitasinterveningasfarmeroftheking\'srents。(24*)No，thetitlesofthevariousburgessesgouptothekingbymanyvariousroutes。Someofthempayrentstotheofficersoftheboroughwhoaretheking\'sfarmers；butmanyofthemdonot。TheChancellorandMastersoftheUniversity，forexample，holdthreemessuagesinthevillofCambridge；\'but，\'saytheswornburgesses，\'whattheypayforthesame，wedonotknowandcannotdiscover。\'(25*)Howcoulditbeotherwise？DomesdayBookshowsusthattheCountofBritannyhadtenburgessesinCambridge。(26*)CountAlan\'shouseswillneverbeheldinchiefofthecrownbyanyburgess：theywillformpartofthehonourofRichmondtotheendoftime。Wemaytakeanotherexamplewhichwillshowthepermanenceofproprietaryarrangementsintheboroughs。FromanaccountofGloucesterwhichcomestousfromtheyear1100orthereaboutswelearnthattherewere300housesintheking\'sdemesneand313belongingtootherlords。Fromtheyear1455wehaveanotheraccountwhichtellsof310tenementspayinglandgaveltotheking\'sfarmersand346

whichpaythemnothing。(27*)

Perhapsnofurtherexamplesareneeded。Butthistenurialheterogeneityseemstobeanattributeofallornearlyalltheveryancientboroughs，thecountytowns。Insomecasesthekingwasthelandlordoffarthegreaternumberoftheburgesses。Inothercasesthebishopbecameincourseoftimethelordofsomelargequarterofatowninwhichhiscathedralstood。AtCanterburyandRochester，atWinchesterandWorcester，thisprocesshadbeenatworkfromremotedays；thebishopshadbeenacquiringlandand\'haws\'withinthewalls。(28*)ButwecanseethatinHenryI\'sdaytherewerestillfourearlswhowerekeepinguptheirinterestintheirburgessesatWinchester。(29*)

Inthelatermiddleageswemay，ifwewill，calltheseplacesroyalboroughsandtheking\'s\'demesneboroughs，\'fortheburgessesderivetheir\'liberties\'directlyfromtheking。Butwemustkeeptheseancientboroughswellapartfromanyroyalmanorswhichthekinghasnewlyraisedtoburghalrank。Inthelatterhewillbetheimmediatelandlordofeveryburgess；intheformeragooddealofrentwillbepaid，nottohim，nortothecommunityashisfarmers，buttothosewhoarefillingtheshoesofthethegnsoftheshire。

Thissaid，wewillturnbackourthoughtstotheoldestdays。

Thewordthatdeservesourbestattentionisburh，thefutureborough，forlittlegoodwouldcomeofanattempttofoundatheoryupontheLatinwords，suchascivitas，oppidumandurbswhichoccurinsomeofthosemagniloquentland-books。(30*)NowitseemsfairlyclearthatforsomelongtimeaftertheGermanicinvasionsthewordburhmeantmerelyafastness，astronghold，andsuggestednothickpopulationnoranypopulationatall。ThiswemightlearnfromthemapofEngland。Thehill-topthathasbeenfortifiedasaburh。Veryoftenithasgivenitsnametoaneighbouringvillage。(31*)But，tosaynothingofhamlets，wehavefulltwohundredandfiftyparisheswhosenamesendinburgh，boroughorbury，andinmanycasesweseenosigninthemofanancientcamporofanexceptionallydensepopulation。Itseemsamerechancethattheyarenottonsorhams，worthsorthorpes。Thenagain，inEssexandneighbouringshiresitiscommontofindthatinthevillagecalledXthereisasquire\'smansionoraclusterofhousescalledX-bury。Further，wecanseeplainlyfromouroldestlawsthatthepalisadeorentrenchmentaroundagreatman\'shouseisaburh。ThusAlfred：Theking\'sburh-bryce(thesumtobepaidforbreakinghisburh)is120

shillings，anarchbishop\'s90shillings，anotherbishop\'s60

shillings，atwelve-hundredman\'s30shillings，asix-hundred-man\'s15shillings，aceorl\'sedor-bryce(thesumtobepaidforbreakinghishedge)5shillings。(32*)Theceorl，whoseweris200shillings，willnothaveaburh，hewillonlyhaveahedgeroundhishouse；butthemanwhoseweris600

shillingswillprobablyhavesomestockade，someruderampart；hewillhaveaburh。

Weobservetheheavyb髏of120shillingswhichprotectstheking\'sburh。Maywenotseeheretheveryfirststageinthelegalhistoryofourboroughs？WepassoversomecenturiesandwereadinastatementoftheLondoners\'customsthatamanwhoisguiltyofunlawfulviolencemustpaytheking\'sburh-bryceoffivepounds。(33*)AndthentheDomesdaysurveyorstellushowatCanterburyeverycrimecommittedinthosestreetswhichrunrightthroughthecityisacrimeagainsttheking，andsoitisifcommitteduponthehigh-roadsoutsidethecityforthespaceofoneleague，threeperchesandthreefeet。(34*)Thiscuriousaccuracyoverperchesandfeetsendsustoanotherancientdocument：——\'Thusfarshalltheking\'speace(grid)extendfromhisburh-geatwhereheissittingtowardsallfourquarters，namely，threemiles，threefurlongs，threeacre-breadths，ninefeet，ninehand-breadths，ninebarleycorns。\'(35*)AndthenwerememberhowFletatellsusthatthevergeoftheking\'spalaceistwelveleaguesincircumference，andhowwithinthatambitthepalacecourt，theking\'smostprivatecourt，hasjurisdiction。(36*)

Hasnotlegalfictionbeenatworksinceanearlytime？Hasnotthesanctityoftheking\'shouseextendeditselfoveragroupofhouses？Thetermburhseemstospreadoutwardsfromthedefensiblehouseofthekingandwithitthesphereofhisburh-bryceisamplified。Withintheboroughtherereignsaspecialpeace。Thishasadoublemeaning：——notonlydoactswhichwouldbeillegalanywherebecomemoreillegalwhentheyaredonewithintheborough，butactswhichwouldbelegalelsewhereareillegalthere。KingEdmundlegislatingagainsttheblood-feudmakeshisburhassacredasachurch；itisasanctuarywherethefeudmaynotbeprosecuted。(37*)Ifinconstruingsuchapassagewedoubthowtotranslateburh，whetherbyhouseorbyborough，weareadmittingthatthelanguageofthelawdoesnotdistinguishbetweenthetwo。TheEnglishman\'shouseishiscastle，or，touseanolderterm，hisburh；theking\'sboroughistheking\'shouse，forhishouse-peaceprevailsinitsstreets。(38*)

Ouroldestlawsseemtoknownoburhotherthanthestronghouseofagreat(butheneednotbeaverygreat)man。Earlyinthetenthcentury，however，thewordhadalreadyacquiredanewmeaning。InAEthelstan\'sdayitseemstobesupposedbythelegislatorthatamootwillusuallybeheldinaburh。Ifamanneglectsthreesummonsestoamoot，theoldestmenoftheburharetoridetohisplaceandseizehisgoods。(39*)Alreadyaburhwillhavemanymeninit。Someofthemwillbeelder-men，aldermen。Amootwillbeheldinit。Verypossiblythiswillbetheshire-moot，for，sincethereisridingtobedone，weseethatthepersonwhooughttohavecometothemootmayliveatadistance。(40*)Alittlelatertheburhcertainlyhasamootofitsown。Edgarbidshissubjectsseektheburh-gem髏aswellasthescyr-gem髏andthehundred-gem髏。Theborough-mootistobeheldthriceayear。(41*)Atleastfromthistimeforward，theboroughhasacourt。Animportantlineisthusdrawnbetweentheboroughandthemeret鷑。Theboroughhasacourt；thevillagehasnone，or，ifthevillagesaregettingcourts，thisisduetotheactionoflordswhohavesakeandsokeandisnotcommandedbynationallaw。Nationallawcommandsthatthereshallbeamootthriceayearineveryburh。

Theextensionofthetermburhfromafortifiedhousetoafortifiedgroupofhousesmustbeexplainedbythosewhoareskilledinthehistoryofmilitaryaffairs。Itisforthemtotellus，forexample，howmuchusetheAnglesandSaxonsintheoldestdaysmadeoftheentrenchedhill-tops，andwhetherthewallsoftheRomantownswerecontinuouslyrepaired。(42*)

Howbeit，atimeseemstohavecome，atlatestinthestrugglebetweentheDanishinvadersandtheWest-Saxonkings，whentheestablishmentandmaintenanceofwhatwemightcallfortifiedtownswasseentobeamatterofimportance。Therewastobeaclusterofinhabiteddwellingswhichasawholewastobemadedefensiblebyditchandmound，bypalisadeorwall。EdwardtheElderandtheLadyoftheMercianswereactiveinthiswork。

Withinthecourseofafewyearsburgswere\'wrought\'or\'timbered\'atWorcester，Chester，Hertford，WithaminEssex，Bridgnorth，Tamworth，Stafford，Warwick，Eddisbury，Warbury，Runcorn，Buckingham，Towcester，Maldon，Huntingdon。(43*)Whatevermaybemeantbythedutyofrepairingburgswhenitismentionedincharterscomingfromasomewhatearliertime，itmustforthefuturebethatofupholdingthosewallsandmoundsthatthekingandtheladyarerearing。Thelandwastobeburdenedwiththemaintenanceofstrongholds。Theland，wesay。Thatisthestyleoftheland-books。Land，eventhoughgiventoachurch，isnottobefree(unlessbyexceptionalfavour)ofarmy-service，bridge-workandborough-betteringorborough-fastening。

Wallwork(44*)iscoupledwithbridge-work；tothedutyofmaintainingthecountybridgesisjoinedthedutyofconstructingandrepairingtheboroughs。Shallwesaythe\'countyboroughs\'？

Letusaskourselveshowtheburdenthatisknownasburh-b髏，thedutythattheLatincharterscallconstructio，munitio，restauratio，defensio，arcis(forarxisthecommonterm)willreallybeborne。Isitnothighlyprobable，almostcertain，thateachparticulartractoflandwillbeascripttosomeparticulararxorcastellum，(45*)andif，forinstance，thereisbutoneburhinashire，allthelandsinthatshiremusthelptobetterthatburh。Apportionmentwillverylikelygofurther。Themanwithfivehideswillknowhowmuchofthemoundorthewallhemustmaintain，howmuch\'wall-work\'hemustdo。Weseehowtheoldbridge-workbecomesaburdenontheestatesofthecountylandowners。FromcenturytocenturytheCambridgeshirelandownerscontributeaccordingtotheirhidagetorepairthemostimportantbridgeoftheircounty，abridgewhichliesinthemiddleoftheboroughofCambridge。Newerarrangements，theriseofcastlesandofboroughcommunities，haverelievedthemfromthedutyof\'borough-fastening；\'butthebridge-workisapportionedontheirlands。

TheexceedinglyneatandartificialschemeofpoliticalgeogrAphythatwefindinthemidlands，inthecountryofthetrue\'shires，\'forciblysuggestsdeliberatedelimitationformilitarypurposes。Eachshireistohaveitsboroughinitsmiddle。Eachshiretakesitnamefromitsborough。Wemustleaveitforotherstosayineveryparticularcasewhetherandinwhatsensetheshireisolderthantheboroughortheboroughthantheshire：whetheranoldRomanchesterwastakenasacentreorwhetherthestrugglesbetweenGermanictribeshadfixedacircumference。Butapolicy，aplan，therehasbeen，andtheoutcomeofitisthattheshiremaintainstheborough。(46*)

Therehascomedowntousinasadlydegenerateformadocumentwhichweshallhereaftercall\'TheBurghalHidage。\'(47*)

Itsetsforth，sowebelieve，certainarrangementsmadeearlyinthetenthcenturyforthedefenceofWessexagainstDanishinroads。Itnamesdiversstrongholds，andassignstoeachalargenumberofhides。Afewoftheplacesthatitmentionswehavenotyetfoundonthemap。BeginningintheeastofSussexandfollowingtheorderofthelist，weseemtoseeHastings，Lewes，Burpham(nearArundel)，Chichester，Porchester，Southampton，Winchester，Wilton，Tisbury(orperhapsChisenbury)，Shaftesbury，Twyneham，Wareham，Bredy，Exeter，HalwellnearTotness，Lidford，Barnstaple，Watchet，Axbridge；thenLangportandLyng(whichdefendtheisleofAthelney)，Bath，Malmesbury，Cricklade，Oxford，Wallingford，Buckingham，EastlingnearGuildford，andSouthwark。Corruptandenigmaticalthoughthiscataloguemaybe，itisofthehighestimportance。Itshowshowinthegreatageofburg-buildingthestrongholdshadwideprovinceswhichinsomemanneroranotherwereappurtenanttothem，anditmayalsogiveussomeprevioushintsaboutplacesinWessexwhichoncewerenationalburgsbutwhichforfeitedtheirburghalcharacterinthetenthcentury。GuildfordseemstohaverisenattheexpenseofEastlingandTotnessattheexpenseofHalwell，whileTisbury，BredyandWatchet(ifwearerightinfancyingthattheyarementioned)soonlostcaste。LyngisnotaplacewhichweshouldhavenamedamongtheoldestofEngland\'sburgs，andyetwehaveallreadhowAlfredwroughta\'work\'atAthelney。InWessexburgsriseandfallsomewhatrapidly。NorthoftheThamesthesystemismorestable。Alsoitismoreartificial，fornorthoftheThamescivilandmilitarygeographycoincide。

LetusnowlookoncemoreattheOxfordofDomesdayBook。Thekinghastwenty\'muralhouses\'(48*)whichbelongedtoEarlAElfgar；theypay13s。2d。Hehasahouseof6d。whichisconstructivelyatShipton；oneof4d。atBloxham；oneof30d。atRisboroughandtwoof4d。atTwyfordinBuckinghamshire。\'Theyarecalledmuralhousesbecause，iftherebeneedandthekinggivesorder，theyshallrepairthewall。\'Therefollowsalistofthenoblehouseowners，anarchbishop，sixbishops，threeearlsandsoforth。\'Alltheaboveholdthesehousesfreebecauseofthereparationofthewall。Allthehousesthatarecalled“mural“wereinKingEdward\'stimefreeofeverythingexceptarmyserviceandwall-work。\'ThenofChesterwereadthis：(49*)——

\'Torepairthewallandthebridge，thereevecalledoutonemanfromeveryhideinthecounty，andthelordwhosemandidnotcomepaid40s。tothekingandearl。\'Thedutyofmaintainingthebulwarkofthecounty\'sboroughisincumbentonthemagnatesofthecounty。Theydischargeitbykeepinghawsintheboroughandburgessesinthosehaws。(50*)

Wemaydoubtwhetherthedutyofthecountytoitsboroughhasgonenofurtherthanmere\'wall-work。\'AtalefromtheolderSaxonymaycomeinwellatthispoint。WhentheGermankingHenrytheFowlerwasbuildingburgsinSaxonyandwasplayingthepartthathadlatelybeenplayedinEnglandbyEdwardandAEthelflaed，hechose，wearetold，theninthmanfromamongtheagrariimilites；thesechosenmenweretoliveintheburgs；theyweretobuilddwellingstherefortheirfellows(confamiliares)whoweretoremaininthecountrytillingthesoilandcarryingathirdoftheproducetotheburgs，andintheseburgsallconciliaandconventusundconviviaweretobeheld。(51*)Modernhistorianshavefoundinthisstorysomedifficultieswhichneednotbenoticedhere。Onlythecoreofitinterestsus。Certainmenareclubbedtogetherintogroupsofnineforthepurposeofmaintainingtheburgasagarrisonedandvictualledstrongholdinwhichallwillfindroomincaseahostileinroadbemade。

TurningtoEnglandweshallnotforgethowintheyear894

Alfreddividedhisforcesintotwohalves；halfweretotakethefield，halftoremainathome，besidesthemenwhoweretoholdtheburgs；(52*)butatalleventsweshallhardlygoastrayifwesuggestthatthethegnsoftheshirehavebeenboundtokeephousesandretainersintheboroughoftheirshireandthatthisdutyhasbeenapportionedamongthegreatestates。(53*)WefindthatthebaronofDomesdayBookhasafewburgessesintheboroughandthatthesefewburgesses\'belong\'insomesenseoranothertohisvariousruralmanors。Whyshouldhekeepafewburgessesintheboroughandinwhatsensecanthesemenbelongsometothismanorandsometothat？Toallappearancethisarrangementisnotmodern。KingEdmundconveyedtohisthegnAEthelweardanestateofsevenhidesatTisteadinHampshireandtherewiththehawswithintheburgofWinchesterthatbelongedtothosesevenhides。(54*)WhentheBishopofWorcesterloanedoutlandstohisthegns，thelandscarriedwiththemhawsinthe\'port\'ofWorcester。(55*)Wehaveallreadoftheceorlwho\'throveto。thegn-right。，Hehadfivehidesofhisownland，achurchandakitchen，abell-towerandaburh-geat-setl，which，toourthinking，isjustahouseinthe\'gate，\'thestreetoftheburh。(56*)Hedidnotacquireatown-houseinorderthathemightenjoythepleasuresofthetown。Heacquireditbecause，ifhewastobeoneofthegreatmenofthecounty，hewasboundtokeepinthecounty\'sburhretainerswhowoulddothewallworkandhoardprovisionssentintomeettheevildaywhenallmenwouldwishtobebehindthewallsofaburh。

Wehaveitinourmodernheadsthatthemedievalboroughisasanctuaryofpeace，anoasisof\'industrialism\'inthewildernessof\'militancy。\'Nowasanctuaryofpeacetheboroughisfromtheveryfirst。Anexceptionalandexaltedpeacereignsoverit。Ifyoubreakthatpeaceyouincurtheking\'sburh-bryce。Butwemaystronglysuspectthatthefirstburgmen，thefirstburgenses，werenotanexceptionallypeacefulfolk。ThoseburhwarasofLondonwhothrashedSwegen(57*)andchosekingswerenosleektraders；normustwespeakcontemptuouslyof\'trainedbandsofapprentices\'orof\'thecivicmilitia。\'Inallprobabilitytheseburg-menwereofallmenintherealmthemostprofessionallywarlike。Werewetosaythatintheboroughstheknightlyelementwasstrongwemightmislead，forthewordknighthashadchivalrousadventures。However，wemaybelievethattheburgensisofthetenthcenturyveryoftenwasacniht，agreatman\'scniht，andthatifnotexactlyaprofessionalsoldier(professionalmilitancywasbutbeginning)hewaskeptintheboroughforamilitarypurposeandwasperhapsbeingfedbythemanortowhichhebelonged。Theseknightsformedgildsforreligiousandconvivialpurposes。AtCambridgetherewasagildofthegns，whowereunitedinblood-brotherhood。WecannotbecertainthatallthesethegnshabituallylivedinCambridge。PerhapsweshouldrathersaythatalreadyaCambridgeshireclubhaditshead-quartersinCambridgeandthereheldits\'morning-speeches\'

anditsdrinkingbouts。Thesethegnshad\'knights\'whoseemtohavebeeninsomesortinferiormembersofthegildandtohavebeenboundbyitsrules。(58*)Thenwehearof\'knight-gilds\'atLondonandCanterburyandWinchester。(59*)Suchgildswouldbemodelsforthemerchant-gildsofafter-days，andindeedwhennotlongaftertheConquestwecatchatCanterburyourfirstglimpseofamerchant-gild，itsmembersarecallingthemselvesknights：

knightsofthechapman-gild。(60*)Amongtheknightswhodweltintheburgsuchvoluntarysocietieswerethemoreneedful，becausethesemenhadnotgrownuptogetherasmembersofacommunity。

Theycamefromdifferentdistrictsandhaddifferentlords。Inthisheterogeneitywemayalsoseeonereasonwhyaverystringentpeace，theking\'sownhouse-peace，shouldbemaintained，andwhytheboroughshouldhaveamootofitsown。

Whencomparedwithavillagethereissomethingartificialabouttheborough。

Thisartificialityexercisedaninfluenceoverthelaterfateoftheboroughs。Thegroundhadbeenclearedforthegrowthofanewkindofcommunity，onewhosememberswerenotboundtogetherbyfeudal，proprietary，agriculturalties。ButthestrandthatwehavebeenendeavouringtotraceisbrokenattheConquest。Thecastlearises。Itisgarrisonedbyknightswhoaremoreheavilyarmedandmoreprofessionallymilitantthanweretheirpredecessors。Thecastleisnowwhatwantsdefending；theknightswhodefenditformnopartoftheburghalcommunity，andperhaps\'thecastlefee\'isinlawnopartoftheborough。Andyetletusseehowinthetwelfthcenturytheking\'scastleatNorwichwasmanned。ItwasmannedbytheknightsoftheAbbotofStEdmund\'s。

Onetroopservedthereforthreemonthsandthenwasrelievedbyanother，andthosewhowerethussetfreewenthometothemanorswithwhichtheabbothadenfeoffedthemandwhichtheyheldbytheserviceofcastle-guard。(61*)Muchinthisarrangementisnew；thecastleitselfisnew；butitisnonewthing，wetakeit，thattheburhshouldbegarrisonedbytheknightsofabbotsorearls。Andwhobuiltthecastles，whobuilttheTowerofLondon？Letusreadwhatthechroniclersaysoftheyear1097：——

AlsomanyshireswhichbelongedtoLondonforwork(62*)weresorelyharassedbythewallthattheywroughtaroundthetower，andbythebridge，whichhadbeennearlywashedaway，andbytheworkoftheking\'shallthatwaswroughtatWestminster。TherewereshiresordistrictswhichofoldowedthisworkorworkofthiskindtoLondon-bury。(63*)

LongbeforetheConquest，however，aforcehadbeguntoplaywhichwastogivetotheboroughstheirmostpermanentcharacteristic。Theyweretobecentresoftrade。Wemustnotexcludethehypothesisthatsomeplaceswerefortifiedandconvertedintoburgsbecausetheywerealreadythefocusesofsuchcommerceastherewas。Butthegenerallogicoftheprocesswetaketohavebeenthis：——Theking\'sburhenjoysaspecialpeace：Eventhemenwhoaregoingtoorcomingfromitareunderroyalprotection：Thereforewithinitswallsmencanmeettogethertobuyandsellinsafety：Alsolawswhicharedirectedagainsttheftcommandthatmenshallnotbuyandsellelsewhere：

Thusamarketisestablished：Tradersbegintobuildboothsroundthemarket-placeandtoliveintheborough。Atheoryhasindeedbeenbrilliantlyurgedwhichwouldfindthelegalgermoftheboroughratherinamarketpeacethaninthepeaceofaburg。(64*)

Butthisdoctrinehasdifficultiestomeet。Amarket-peaceisessentiallytemporary，whiletheborough\'speaceiseternal。A

marketcourt，ifitarises，willhaveajurisdictiononlyoverbargainsmadeandoffencescommittedonmarket-days，whereastheboroughcourthasageneralcompetenceandhearspleasrelatingtothepropertyinhousesandlands。HereinEnglandduringtheAngevintimethe\'franchise，\'orroyallygrantedright，ofholdingamarketisquitedistinctfromthelegalessenceoftheborough。Lawfulmarketsareheldinmanyplacesthatarenotboroughs；indeedintheendbycallingaplace\'ameremarket-town\'weshouldimplythatitwasnoborough。AlreadyinDomesdayBookthisseemstobethecase。Marketsarebeingheldandmarket-tollsarebeingtakeninmanyvillswhicharenotofburghalrank。(65*)Perhapsalsowemayseetheboroughpeaceandthemarket-peacelyingsidebyside。IntheWallingfordoftheConfessor\'sdaythereweremanypersonswhohadsakeandsokewithintheirhouses。Ifanyonespiltbloodandescapedintooneofthosehousesbeforehewasattached，theownerreceivedtheblood-wite。ButitwasnotsoonSaturdays，forthenthemoneywenttotheking\'becauseofthemarket。\'(66*)Thustheking\'sborough-peaceseemstobeintensifiedonmarket-days；onthosedaysitwillevenpenetratethehousesoftheimmunists。SoatDoversomeunwontedpeaceor\'truce\'prevailedinthetownfromStMichael\'sDaytoStAndrew\'s：thatistosay，duringtheherringseason。(67*)

Theestablishmentofamarketisnotoneofthoseindefinitephenomenawhichthehistorianoflawmustmakeovertothehistorianofeconomicprocesses。Itisadefiniteandalegalact。Themarketisestablishedbylaw。Itisestablishedbylawwhichprohibitsmenfrombuyingandsellingelsewherethaninadulyconstitutedmarket。Topreventaneasydisposalofstolengoodsistheaimofthisprohibition。Ourlegislatorsarealwaysthinkingofthecattle-lifter。Attimestheyseemtogothefulllengthofdecreeingthatonlyina\'port\'mayanythingbeboughtorsold，unlessitbeoftriflingvalue；butotherdoomswouldalsosanctionapurchaseconcludedbeforethehundredcourt。Hewhobuyselsewhererunsariskofbeingtreatedasathiefifhehappenstobuystolengoods。(68*)Officialwitnessesaretobeappointedforthispurposeineveryhundredandineveryburh：

twelveineveryhundredandsmallburh，thirty-threeinalargeburh。(69*)Hereoncemoreweseetheburhco-ordinatedwiththehundred。Aby-motivefavoursthisestablishmentofmarkets。Thosewhotrafficinthesafetyoftheking\'sburhmayfairlybeaskedtopaysometolltotheking。Theyenjoyhispeace；perhapsalsotheuseofroyalweightsandmeasures，knownandtrustworthy，isanotherpartofthevaluableconsiderationthattheyreceive。

Firstandlastthroughoutthehistoryoftheboroughstollisamatterofimportance。(70*)Itgivesthekingarevenuefromtheborough，arevenuethathecanlettofarm。Also，thoughwedonotthinkthattheboroughcourtwasinitsoriginameremarketcourt，thedisputesofthemarket-placewillprovidetheboroughcourtwithplentifullitigation，andinthisquarteralsothekingwillfindanewsourceofincome。Amongtheoldland-booksthatwhichspeaksmostexpresslyoftheprofitsofjurisdictionasthesubject-matterofagiftisacharterwhichconcernsthetownofWorcester。AEthelredandAEthelflaed，theealdormanandladyoftheMercians，have，attherequestofthebishop，builtaburhatWorcester，andtheydeclarethatofalltherightsthatappertaintotheirlordshipbothinmarket(onceapstowe)andinstreet，withintheburhandwithout，theyhavegivenhalftoGodandStPeter，withthewitnessofKingAlfredandallthewiseofMercia。Thelordofthechurchistohavehalfofall，beitland-fee，orfiht-wite，stealing，wohceapung(finesforbuyingorsellingcontrarytotherulesofthemarket)orborough-wall-scotting。(71*)Quiteapartfromtherentofhouses，thereisarevenuetobegainedfromtheborough。

Anotherrulehashelpedtodefinetheborough，andthisrulealsohasitsrootamongtheregalia。Noone，saysKingAEthelstan，istocoinmoneyexceptinaport；inCanterburytheremaybesevenmoneyers，fouroftheking，twoofthebishop，oneoftheabbot；inLondon-borougheight；inWinchestersix；inLewestwo；inHastingsone；inChichesterone；inHamptontwo；inWarehamtwo；inExetertwo；inShaftesburytwo，andineachoftheotherboroughsone。(72*)Already，then，aburhisanentityknowntothelaw：everyburhistohaveitsmoneyer。

Wehavethustoconsidertheburh(1)asastronghold，aplaceofrefuge，amilitarycentre：(2)asaplacewhichhasamootthatisaunitinthegeneral，nationalsystemofmoots：(3)

asaplaceinwhichamarketisheld。Wheninthelawsthisthirdfeatureistobemadeprominent，theburhisspokenofasaport，andperhapsfromthefirsttheremightbeaportwhichwasnotaburh。(73*)Thewordportwasappliedtoinlandtowns。Tothisusageofittheportmootorportmanmootthatinafterdayswemayfindinboroughsfarfromthecoastbearsabidingtestimony。Ontheotherhand，exceptontheseaside，thiswordhasnotbecomeapartofmanyEnglishplacenames。(74*)If，asseemsprobable，itistheLatinportus，weapparentlylearnfromtheusemadeofitthatatonetimethehavens(andsomeofthosehavensmaynothavebeeninEngland)weretheonlyknownspotswheretherewasmuchbuyingandselling。Butbeitrememberedthatamarket-place，aceap-stow，doesnotimplyaresidentpopulationofbuyersandsellers；itdoesnotimplytheexistenceofretailers。(75*)

Wecannotanalysetheboroughpopulation；wecannotweighthecommercialelementimpliedbyportorthemilitaryelementimpliedbyburh；buttoallseemingtheformerhadbeenrapidlygettingtheupperhandduringthecenturywhichprecededthemakingofDomesdayBook。Ifweareontherighttrack，therewasatimewhenthethegnsoftheshiremusthaveregardedtheirboroughhawsratherasaburdenthanasasourceofrevenue。Theykeptthosehawsbecausetheywereboundtokeepthem。Ontheotherhand，thebaronsoftheConqueror\'sdayarederivingsomeincomefromthesehouses。Oftenitisverysmall。CountHugh，forexample，hasjustoneburgessatBuckinghamwhopayshimtwenty-sixpenceayear。(76*)Alltoosoon，itmaybe，hadtheboroughsputofftheirmilitancy。Hadtheyretainedit，Englandmightneverhavebeenconquered。Houseswhichshouldhavebeenoccupiedby\'knights\'wereoccupiedbychapmen。

Butthisisnotthewholedifficulty。Evenifwecouldcloselywatchthechangewhichsubstitutesamerchantorshopkeeperfora\'knight\'asthetypicalburg-manorburgess，weshouldstillhavetoinvestigateanagrarianproblem。VerylikelyweoughttothinkthatevenontheeveoftheConquestthegroupofmenwhichdwellswithinthewallsisoftenagroupwhichbytillingthesoilproducesagreatpartofitsownfood，thoughsomemenmaybelivingbyhandicraftortradeandsomemaystillbesupportedbythosemanorstowhichthey\'belong。\'Inonecasetheinstitutionsthatarecharacteristicofburhandportmayhavebeensuperimposeduponthoseofanancientvillagewhichhadcommonfields。Inanotheranalmostuninhabitedspotmayhavebeenchosenasthesiteforastronghold。Intheformerand，asweshouldfancy，thecommonercasealargechoiceisopentotheconstructivehistorian，forhemaysupposethattheselectedvillagewasfullofserfsorfulloffreeproprietors，thatthesoilwasroyaldemesneorhadvariouslandlords。Inoneinstancehemaythinkthatheseesthecoalescenceofseverallittlecommunitiesthatwereoncedistinct；inanotherthegradualoccupationofaspacemarkedoutbyRomanwalls。TheonestronghintthatisgiventousbyDomesdayBookandlaterdocumentsisthatourgeneralitiesshouldbefewandthat，werethispossible，eachboroughshouldbeseparatelystudied。

Asarule，quitehalfoftheburgessesinanyofthosecountytownsthatarefullydescribedinthesurveyaretheking\'sownburgesses，andinsomecaseshisshareisverylarge。Thissuggeststhatthelandonwhichtheboroughstandshasbeenroyallandandthatthekingprovidedtheshirethegnswithsitesfortheirhaws。Fortheirhawstheyhavesometimesbeenpayinghimsmallrents。Ontheotherhand，atLeicester，thoughthekinghassome40houses，thegreatmajoritybelongtoHughofGrantmesnil。

Hehasabout80houseswhichpertainto17differentmanorsandwhichmayinthepasthavebeenheldbymanydifferentthegns；

buthealsoholds110houseswhicharenotallottedtomanorsandwhichhaveprobablycometohimastherepresentativeoftheearlsandealdormenofanoldertime。(77*)Thislooksasifinthiscasethesoilhadbeennotroyalbut\'comital\'landatthetimewhentheplacewasfortifiedandwhenthelandownersoftheshire，includingperhapstheking，wereobligedtobuildhouseswithinthewall。Butthoughwefullyadmitthateachofourboroughshasliveditsownlife，ourevidenceseemstopointtotheconclusionthatinthosetrulyancientboroughsofwhichwehavebeenspeaking，thoughtheremightbemanyinhabitantswhoheldandwhocultivatedarablelandlyingwithoutthewalls，therewerefromaremotetimeotherburgesseswhowerenotlandownersandwerenotagriculturistsandyetweremenofimportanceintheborough。Ifwelook，forexample，attheelaborateaccountofColchesterweshallfirstreadthenamesoftheking\'sburgesses。\'Ofthese276burgessesoftheking，themajorityhaveonehouseandaplotoflandoffromonetotwenty-fiveacres；somepossessmorethanonehouseandsomehavenone；theyhadinall355housesandheld1296acresofland\'。(78*)Butthesewerenottheonlyburgesses。Variousmagnateshadhouseswhichwereannexedtotheirruralmanors。