第4章

Andso，again，thelord\'srightsunderthecommendationseemtoconstituteanalienableandheritableseignory。Itisthusthatwemaybestexplainthecase，verycommoninEastAnglia，inwhichamaniscommendedhalftooneandhalftoanotherlord。(41*)Thuswereadofacaseinwhichafreemanwascommended，astoone-thirdtoWulfsige，andastotheresiduetoWulfsige\'stwobrothers。(42*)Inthisinstanceitseemsclearthatthecommendationhasdescendedtothreeco-heirs。Inothercasesalordmayhavemadeoverhisrightstotworeligioushouses；thuswehearofamanwhoiscommontotheAbbotsofElyandSt。Edmund\'s。(43*)Insomecasesamanmay，inothershemaynot，beabletopreventhimselfbeingtransferredfromlordtolord，orfromancestortoheir。Whatpassesbyalienationorinheritancemayberegardedratherasarighttohiscommendationthanasthecommendationitself。(44*)Ofcoursethereisnothingtohinderonefrombeingthemanofseveraldifferentlords。

AElfricBlackheldlandsoftheAbbotofWestminsterwhichhecouldnotseparatefromthechurch，butforotherlandshewasthemanofArchbishopStigand。(45*)Alreadyaloftyedificeisbeingconstructed；B，towhomCiscommended，ishimselfcommendedtoA；andinthiscaseacertainrelationexistsbetweenCandA；Cis\'sub-commended\'toA。(46*)

Inagivencasethesomewhatvagueobligationofthecommendedmanmayberendereddefinitebyabargainwhichimposesuponhimthepaymentofrentortheperformanceofsomespecifiedservices。Whenthisisso，weshalloftenfindthatthelandismoving，ifwemaysospeak，notfromthemanbutfromthelord。

Themanistakinglandfromthelordtoholdduringgoodbehaviour，(47*)orforlife。(48*)orforlives。Aformofleaseorloan(lo閚)whichgivesthelandtothelesseeandtotwoorthreesuccessiveheirsofhishasfromofoldbeencommonlyusedbysomeofthegreatchurches。(49*)Alsoweseelandownersgivinguptheirlandtothechurchesandtakingitbackagainasmerelifetenants。Duringtheirlivesthechurchistohavesome\'service，\'oratleastsome\'recognition\'ofitslordship，whileaftertheirdeathsthechurchwillhavethelandindemesne。(50*)

Thisissomethingdifferentfrommerecommendation。Weseeherethefeudaoblataorbeneficiaoblatawhichforeignjuristshavecontrastedwithfeudaorbeneficiadata。Thelandisbroughtintothebargainbytheman，notbythelord。Butoftenthelandcomesfromthelord，andthetenancyisnomerelytemporarytenancy；itisheritable。Thekinghasprovidedhisthegnswithlands；theearls，thechurches，haveprovidedtheirthegnswithlands，andthesethegnshaveheritableestates，andalreadytheyareconceivedasholdingthemof(de)thechurches，theearls，theking。Butwemustnotasyetbeledawayintoanydiscussionaboutthearchitectureoftheveryhigheststoreysofthefeudalorvassalicedifice。Itmustatpresentsufficethatinhumblerquarterstherehasbeenmuchlettingandhiringofland。Theleases，ifwechoosetocallthemso，thegifts，ifwechoosetocallthemso，havecreatedheritablerightsandperdurablerelationships。

Thereisnokindofservicethatcannotbepurchasedbyagrantorleaseofland。Godric\'swifehadlandfromthekingbecauseshefedhisdogs。(51*)AElfgyfuthemaidenhadlandfromGodricthesheriffthatshemightteachhisdaughterorfreywork。(52*)ThemonksofPershorestipulatethattheirdominionshallberecognizedby\'aday\'sfarm\'ineveryyear，thatis，thatthelesseeshallonceayearfurnishtheconventwithaday\'svictual。(53*)Theking\'sthegnsbetweentheRibbleandtheMerseyhave\'likevilleins\'tomakelodgesfortheking，andfisheriesanddeer-hays，andmustsendtheirreaperstocuttheking\'scropsatharvesttime。(54*)Theradmenandradknightsofthewestmustrideontheirlord\'serrandsandmakethemselvesgenerallyuseful；theyploughandharrowandmow，anddowhateveriscommandedthem。(55*)

Butwewouldherespeakchieflyofthelowly\'freemen\'andsokemenoftheeasterncounties。Besideshavingtheircommendationandtheirsoke，thelordveryoftenhaswhatisknownastheirconsuetudoortheirconsuetudines。Oftentheyarethelord\'smendeomniconsuetudine。Inallprobabilitythewordwhenthusemployed，whencontrastedwithcommendationontheonehandandwithsokeontheother，pointstopaymentsandrenderstobemadeinmoneyandinkindandtoservicesofanagriculturalcharacter。Ofsuchservicesonlyonestandsoutprominently；itisveryfrequentlymentionedinthesurveyofEastAnglia；itisfold-soke，socafaldae。Themanmustnothaveafoldofhisown；hissheepmustlieinthelord\'sfold。Itismanurethatthelordwants；thedemandformanurehasplayedalargepartinthehistoryofthehumanrace。Oftenenoughthisistheoneconsuetudo，theonedefiniteservice，thatthelordgetsoutofhisfreemens。Andthenamanwhoisconsuetusadfaldam，tiedtohislord\'sfold，ishardlytobeconsideredasbeinginallrespectsa\'free\'man。Thosewhoarenot\'fold-worthy\'aretobeclassedwiththosewhoarenot\'moot-worthy\'or\'fyrd-worthy。\'

Wearetemptedtosaythataman\'scaputisdiminishedbyhishavingtoseekhislord\'sfold，justasitwouldbediminishedifhewereexcludedfromthecommunalcourtsorthenationalhost。(56*)Fromthenatureofthisoneconsuetudoandfromtheprominencethatisgiventoit，wemayguessthecharacteroftheotherconsuetudines。Suittothelord\'smillwouldbeanalogoustosuittohisfold。(57*)Of\'millsoke\'wereadnothing，butoftenenoughasurprisinglylargepartofthetotalvalueofamanorisascribedtoitsmill，andwemayarguethatthelordhasnotinvestedcapitalinacostlyundertakingwithoutmakingsureofareturn。Wemaywellsupposethatliketheradmenofthewestthefreemenandsokemenoftheeastgivetheirlordsomehelpinhishusbandryatharvesttime。FromadocumentwhichcomestousfromtheabbeyofEly，andwhichisslightlyolderthantheDomesdayinquest，welearnthatcertainofStEtheldreda\'ssokemeninSuffolkhadnothingtodobuttoploughandthreshwhenevertheabbotrequiredthisofthem；othershadtoploughandweedandreap，tocarrythevictualofthemonkstotheminsterandfurnishhorseswhenevercalledupontodoso。(58*)

Thisseemstopointratherto\'boon-days\'thantocontinuous\'week-work，\'andweobservethatthesokemenoftheeastliketheradmenofthewesthavehorses。Occasionallywelearnthatasokemanhastopayanannualsumofmoneytohislord；sometimesthislookslikeasubstantialrent，sometimeslikeamere\'recognition\'；butthewordsthatmostnearlytranslateour\'rent，\'redditus，census，gablumareseldomusedinthiscontext。

Allisconsuetudo。

Itisaninterestingword。Weperhapsareeagertourgethedilemmathatinthesecasesthelandmusthavebeenbroughtintothebargaineitherbythelordorbythetenant：——eitherthelordisconceivedashavingletlandtothetenant，orthetheoryisthatthetenanthascommendedlandtothelord。Butthedilemmaisnotperfect。Itmaywellbethatthisrelationshipisthoughtofashavingexistedfromalltime；itmaywellbethatthisrelationship，thoughunderslowlyvaryingforms，hasreallyexistedforseveralcenturies，andhashaditsbeginninginnocontract，innobargain。Inorigintherightsofthelordmaybetherightsofkingsandealdormen，rightsoversubjectsratherthanrightsovertenants。Thewordconsuetudocoverstaxesaswellasrents，and，ifthesokemanhastodoworkforhislord，veryoften，especiallyinCambridgeshireandHertfordshire，hehastodoworkforthekingorforthesheriffalso。Ifhehastodocarryingserviceforthelord，hehastodocarryingservice(avera)forthesheriffalsoorinlieuthereoftopayasmallsumofmoney。(59*)Andanotheraspectofthiswordconsuetudoisinterestingtous。Landthatisburdenedwithcustomsiscustomaryland(terraconsuetudinaria)。(60*)Asyetthistermdoesnotimplythatthetenure，thoughprotectedbycustom，isnotprotectedbylaw；thereisnooppositionbetweenlawandcustom；thecustomarytenantofDomesdayBookisthetenantwhorenderscustoms，andthemorecustomsherendersthemorecustomaryheis。(61*)

Thiswordconsuetudoisthewidestofwords。Perhapswefindthebestequivalentforconsuetudinesinourownvague。

\'dues\'。(62*)Itcoverswhatweshouldcallrents；itcoverswhatweshouldcallratesandtaxes；butfurtheritcoverswhatweshouldcalltheproceedsandprofitsofjustice：Letusconstrueafewentries。AtRomneythereareburgesseswhoinreturnfortheservicethattheydoontheseaarequitofallcustomsexceptthree，namely，larceny，peace-breachandambush。(63*)InBerkshireKingEdwardgavetooneofhisforestershalfahideoflandfreefromallcustom，excepttheking\'sforfeiture，suchaslarceny，homicide，h醡-fareandpeace-breach。(64*)Inwhatsensecanacrimebeacustom？Inafiscalsense。Acrimeisasourceofrevenue。Inwhatsenseshouldwewishtohaveourlandfreeofcrimes，freeeven，ifthisbepossible，oflarcenyandhomicide？

Inthissense：——weshouldwishthatnomoneywhatevershouldgooutofourland，neitherbywayofrent，norbywayoftax，rate，toll，noryetagainbywayofforisfactura，ofpaymentforcrimecommitted。Weshouldwishalsothatourlandwiththetenantsonitshouldbequitorquiet(quieta)fromtheincursionsofroyalandnationalofficers，whethertheybeinsearchoftaxesorinsearchofcriminalsandthefinesduefromcriminals，andweshouldalsoliketoputthosefinesinourownpockets。Justicethereforetakesitsplaceamongtheconsuetudines：\'larceny\'isasourceofincome。(65*)Alordwhohas\'hiscustoms，\'isalordwhohasamongothersourcesofrevenue，justiceortheprofitsofjustice。(66*)\'Justiceortheprofitsofjustice，\'wesay，forourrecorddoesnotcaretodistinguishbetweenthem。Itisthinkingofmoneywhileweareengagedinquestioningitabouttheconstitutionandcompetenceoftribunals。Itgivesusbutcrookedanswers。However，wemustmakethebestthatcanbemadeofthem，andinparticularmustformsomeopinionabouttheconsuetudinesknownassakeandsoke。

NOTES：

1。Weshallseehereafterthatsomeoftheseso-called\'manors\'

arebutsmallplotsandtheirholderssmallfolk。

2。Seeabovep。47。

3。D。B。i。128b，129，129b。

4。D。B。i。34，35b。

5。D。B。i。13。

6。D。B。ii。287。Therearefreemen，apparently120innumber，ofwhomitiswritten：\'HiiliberihominesquitemporeregisEduardipertinebantinsocadeBercolt，unusquisquegratisdabatprepositoperannum4tantumdenarios，etreddebatsocamsicutlexferebat，etquandoRogeriusBigotpruishabuitvice-comitatumstatueruntministrisuiquodredderent15librasperannum，quodnonfaciebantT。R。E。EtquandoRobertusMalethabuitvicecomitatumsuiministricreveruntillosad20libras。EtquandoRogeriusBigoteosrehabuitdederuntsimiliter20libras。

EtmodoteneteosAluricusWanztaliconsuetudinequaerantT。R。

E。\'Thisisarareinstanceofare-establishmentofthestatusquoanteconquestum。

7。CompareRound，FeudalEngland，33。

8。D。B。ii。187b：\'ExhisnonhabuitAilwinussuusantecessoretiamcommendationem。\'

9。D。B。ii。287：\'Dehishominibus……nonhabuitHaroldusetiamcommendationem。\'

10。D。B。ii。153b：\'UndeSuusantecessorhabuitcommendationemtantum。\'Ibid。154：\'AlstanliberhomoEdricicommend[atione]

tantum。\'

11。D。B。ii。161b。

12。D。B。ii。244。

13。D。B。ii。6：\'DepredictosochemanohabuitRad。Piperellusconsuetudineminunoquoqueannoper3solidos，setinT。R。E。

nonhabuiteiusantecessornisitantummodocommendationem。\'

14。D。B。ii。171b：\'CalumpniaturR。Malet18liberoshomines，3

commendationeetaliosdeomniconsuetudine。\'

15。D。B。ii。250b：\'Huicmanerioadiacentsemper4hominesdeomniconsuetudineetalii4adsochamtantum。\'

16。D。B。ii。356b。

17。D。B。ii。357。

18。D。B。ii。353b。

19。D。B。ii。362：\'setsocaremaneretsanctoetservitiumquicunqueterramemeret。\'

20。D。B。ii。358。

21。D。B。i。58：\'PaterToritenuitT。R。EetpotuitirequovoluitsedprosuadefensionesecommisitHermannoepiscopoetToriOsmundoepiscoposimiliter。\'

22。D。B。i。32b：\'setprodefensionesecumterraabbatiaesummiserunt\'

23。D。B。ii。62b：\'etT。R。W。effectusesthomoGoisfridispontesua。\'

24。D。B。i。36b：\'T。R。W。feminaquaehancterramtenebatmisitsecumeainmanureginae。\'Ibid36：\'QuidamliberhomohancterramtenensetquovelletabirevalenscommisitseindefensioneWalteriiprodefensionesua。\'

25。D。B。ii。172：\'HoscalumpniaturDrogodeBefrerereprohomagiotantum；\'Thisseemsequivalenttothecommon\'commendationetantum。\'D。B。i。225b：\'fuerunthominesBurredeticcircoG。episcopusclamathominationemeorum。\'

26。Schmid，App。x。

27。AEthelst，ii。2。

28。Alsoithaddeclaredthateverymanmusthaveapledge，andprobablytheeasiestwayoffulfillingthiscommandwastoplaceoneselfunderalordwhowouldputoneintoatithing。

29。Leg。Edw。Conf。12sect。5；butthisiscontradictedbyLeg。

Henr。87，sect。4。

30。AEthelr。i。1，sect。2；compareAEthelr。iii3，sect。4。

31。Leg。Hen。82，sect。6；85，sect。2。

32。D。B。ii。18b：\'indevocatdominumsuumadtutorem。\'Ibid。

103：\'vocavitIlbodonemadtutoremetposteanonadduxittutorem。\'Ibid。31b：\'revocateamaddefensorem。D。B。i。141b：

142：\'sedHarduinusreclamatPetrumvicecomitemadprotectorem。\'

Ibid。227b：\'etdicitregemsuumadvocatumesse。\'

33。D。B。ii。71b：\'PhengetenetidemSerlodeR[anulfoPiperello]quodtenuitliberhomo……quiT。R。W。effectusesthomoantecessorisRanulfiPiperelli，setterramsuamsibinondedit。\'Thishoweverisnotquitetothepoint。

34。D。B。i。72：\'TotiemiteamT。R。E。deaecclesiaMalmesburiensiadetatemtriumhominumetinfrahuncterminumpoteratirecumeaadquemvelletdominum。\'

35。D。B。ii。57b：\'EthaecterraquammodotenetG。fuitinabbatiadeBerchingissicutihundrettestatur；setillequitenuithancterramfuittantummodohomo[Leuild)]antecessorisGoisfridietnonpotuitistamterrammittereinaliquoloconisiinabbatia。\'

36。Leg。Hen。82，sect。3。

37。D。B。ii。118b：\'Inburgo[deTetfort]autemerant943

burgensesT。R。E。DehishabuitRexomnemconsuetudinem。Deistishominibuserant36itadominiceRegisE。utnonpossentessehominesalicuiussinelicentiaRegis。AliiomnespoterantessehominescuiuslibetsetsempertamenconsuetuedoRegisremanebatpreterherigete。\'CompareD。B。i。336b。Stamford：\'Inhiscustodiissunt72mansisochemanorum，quihabentterrassuasindominio，etquipetuntdominosubivolunt，superquosRexnichilaliudhabetnisiemendationemforisfacturaeeorumetherieteettheloneum。\'Inthiscasecommendationwouldnotcarrytheheriotwithit。

38。D。B。ii。201：\'Liberhomode80acristerraeAlmariepiscopietAlwoldiabbatiscommend[atione]tantum，suamnecvendere。\'ethichomoeratmonasterioquodnonpotuitdareterramsuamnecvendere。\'Seeanotherentryofthesamekindonthesamepage。

39。D。B。i。50b：“HicAlwinustenuithancterramT。R。E。subWigotoprotuitione；modotentcamsubMilone。\'

40。Forexample，D。B。ii。353b：\'HiipoterantdareetvendereterramsuamT。R。E。setcommend[atio]etsocaetsacaremanebatS。Edmundo。\'

41。D。B。ii。182b：\'UlchetelhabuitdimidiamcommendationemdeilloT。R。E。etdeuxoreipsiustotamcommendationem。\'Ibid。249

b：\'MedietasistiushominisfuitantecessorisBaingnardicommendationetantumetaliamedietasS。Edmundicumdimidiaterra。\'Thecontrastbetweendimidiihominesandintegrihominesiscommonenough。SeeD。B。ii。309：onemanhasasixthandanotherfive-sixthsofacommendation。

42。D。B。ii。333b。

43。D。B。ii。125b。

44。D。B。i。58。Tori\'committedhimselffordefence\'toBp。

Herman；Tori\'ssonhasdonethesametoOsmund，thesuccessorofHerman。

45。D。B。i。133：\'sedproaliisterrishomoarchiepiscopiStigandifuit。\'

46。Onthewholethisseemstobethemeaningof\'subcommendation。\'Wereadagooddealofmenwhoweresub-commendedtotheantecessorofRobertMalet。Thisseemstobeexplainedbysuchanentryasthefollowing(ii。313b)：\'EadricholdstwofreemenwhowerecommendedtoEadric，whohimselfwascommendedto(another)Eadric，theantecessorofRobertMalet。\'

47。D。B。i。45b：\'QuidamfraterEdricitenuittaliconventione，quodquamdiubenesehaberetergaeum[Edricum]tamdiuterramdeeoteneret，etsivenderevellet，nonalicuinisieidequotenebatvendereveldareliceret。\'

48。CasesoflifetenancieswillbefoundinD。B。i。47，Stantune；67b，Newetone；80，Catesclive；177b，Witune，；ii。

373，444b。

49。D。B。i。46b，66b，72，175。Weshallreturntothiswheninthenextessaywespeakofloanland。

50。D。B。i。67b：\'HancterramreddiditspontesuaaecclesiaeHardingusquiinvitasuaperconvent[ionem]debebattenere。\'Seealsothecaseini。177b。Again，ii。431：\'terramquamcepitcumuxoresua……misitinecclesiaconcedentemulieretaliconventionequodnonpotuitvenderenecdaredeaecclesia。\'Fora\'recognitio\'seei。175，Persore。

51。D。B。i。57b。

52。D。B。i。149：\'DehistenuitAluuidpuella2hidas……etdedominicafirmaRegisEdwardihabuitipsadimidiamhidamquamGodricusvicecomeseiconcessitquamdiuvicecomesesset，utilladoceretfiliamejusaurifrisiumoperari。\'

53。D。B。i。175：\'HancemitquidamGodricusteinusregisEdwardivitatriumhaeredumetdabatinannomonachisunamfirmamprorecognitione。\'

54。D。B。i。269b。

55。Seeabovep。83。TheirtenurewillbediscussedhereafterinconnexionwithSt。Oswald\'sland-loans。

56。D。B。ii。187b：\'InCarletuna27liberihominesetdimidiussubOlfocommendationetantumetsocafalde……15liberihominessubOlfosocafaldeetcommendationetantum。\'

57。D。B。ii。203b；\'Ineademvilla12homines6quorumerantinsocafaldeetalii6erantliberi。\'Ibid。361b：\'70liberi……

superhoshomineshabetetsemperhabuitsacametsocametomnemeonsuetudinemetadfaldampertinentomnespreter4。\'Ibid。ii。

207：\'17liberihominesconsuetiadfaldametcommendati。\'Theterm\'fold-worthy\'occursinawritofEdwardtheConfessor；ofthemenofacertaindistrictasaremoot-worthy，hegivestoSt。

BenetofRamseysokeoversuchofthemenofcertaindistrictasaremoot-worthy，fyrd-worthy，andfold-worthy：Earle，LandCharters，p。343：Kemble，iv。p。208。

58。InlaterextentsofEastAnglianmanorsthefold-sokeplaysanimportantpart。Cart。Rams。iii。267：\'R。tenuitunamcarucatamterraecumfaldasuaprooctosolidis。AdabatproterrasuaquadragintadenariosetoveseiuserantinfaldaAbbatis……H。trigintaacrasproquatuorsolidisetoveseiussuntinmanudomini……\'

59。SeethedocumentprintedbyHamiltonattheendoftheInquisitioCom。Cantabr。p。192。\'Istisolummodoarabuntetcontererentmesseseiusdemlociquotienscunqueabbaspreceperit……\'\'Itapropriesuntabbatiutquotienscunqueipsepreceperitinannoarabuntsuamterram，purgabuntetcolligentsegetes，portabuntvictummonachorumadmonasterium，equoseoruminsuisnecessitatibussemperhabebit。\'FormoreofthismatterseeRound，FoudalEngland，30。

60。D。B。i。141：therearefoursokemenwhoaremenofAEthelmaerandwhocannotselltheirlandwithouthisconsent；

buttheyareundertheking\'ssakeandsokeandjointlyprovidethesheriffwithoneaveraeveryyearorfourpence。

61。D。B。i。249：\'Haecterrafuitconsuetudinariasolummododetheloneoregissedaliamsocamhabebat。\'

62。D。B。ii。273b：\'Ineadem8consuetudinariiadfaldamsuiantecessoris。\'Ibid。215：\'8hominesconsuetudinariosadhocmanerium。\'

63。D。B。i。280：\'DuapartesRegisetterciacomitisdecensuettheloneoetforisfacturaetdeomniconsuetudine。\'Ibid。42：

\'Unamaecclesiamet6capellascumomniconsuetudinevivorumetmortuorum。\'

64。D。B。i。10b：\'etsuntquietiproservitiomarisabomniconsuetudinepretertribus，latrocinio，paceinfracta，etforestel。\'

65。D。B。i。61b：\'solutamabomniconsuetudinepropterforestamcustodiendamexceptaforisfacturaRegis，sicutestlatrocinium，ethomidicium，etheinfara，etfractapax。\'

66。D。B。i。52：\'HiinfrascriptihabentinHantoneconsuetud[ines]domorumsuarum。\'Ibid。249：\'HaecterrafuitconsuetudinariasolummododetheloneoRegissedsocamaliamhabebat。\'

5。SAKEANDSOKE

Wemaybestbeginourinvestigationbyrecallingthelawoflatertimes。Inthethirteenthcenturyseignorialjustice，thatis，justiceinprivatehands，hastworoots。Acertainciviljurisdictionbelongstothelordassuch；ifhehastenantsenoughtoformacourt，heisatlibertytoholdacourtofandforhistenants。Thiskindofseignorialjusticewecallspecificallyfeudaljustice。Butveryoftenalordhasotherandgreaterpowersthanthefeudalprinciplewouldgivehim；inparticularhehastheviewoffrankpledgeandthepolicejusticethattheviewoffrankpledgeimplies。Allsuchpowersmustintheoryhavetheiroriginingrantsmadebytheking；theyarefranchises。Withfeudaljusticethereforewecontrast\'franchisal\'justice。(1*)

NowifwegobacktotheNormanperiodweshallbegintodoubtwhetherthefeudalprinciple——theprinciplewhichasamatterofcoursegivesthelordjusticiarypowersoverhistenants——isofveryancientorigin。(2*)ThestateofthingsthatthenexistedshouldberevealedtousbytheLegesHenrici；

for，ifthatbookhasanyplanatall，itisatreatiseonthelawofjurisdiction，atreatiseon\'soke。\'Tothistopicthewriterconstantlyreturnsaftermanydigressions，andtheleadingthemeofhisworkisfoundinthefollowingsentence：——\'Astothesokeofpleas，thereisthatwhichbelongsproperlyandexclusivelytotheroyalfiscus；thereisthatwhichitparticipateswithothers；thereisthatwhichbelongstothesheriffsandroyalbailiffsascomprisedintheirferms；thereisthatwhichbelongstothebaronswhohavesokeandsake。(3*)But，whenallhasbeensaid，thepicturethatisleftonourmindsisthatofaconfusedconflictbetweeninconsistentandindefiniteprinciples，andverypossiblythecompileringivingussuchapictureisfulfillingthedutyofafaithfulportrayeroffacts，thoughhedoesnotsatisfyourdemandforarationaltheory。

Ontheonehand，itseemsplainthatthereisaseignorialjusticewhichisnot\'franchisal。\'Certainpersonshaveacertain\'soke\'apartfromanyregalitieswhichmayhavebeenexpresslyconcededtothembytheking。Butitisnotclearthatthelegalbasisofthissokeisthesimplefeudalprinciplestatedabove，namely，thatjurisdictionspringsfromthemerefactoftenure。

AnelementofwhichwehearlittleinlaterdaysisprominentintheLeges，theelementofrankorpersonalstatus。\'Thearchbishops，bishops，earlsandother\'powers\'(potestates)havesakeandsoke，toll，teamandinfangenethefintheirownlands。(4*)Heretheprincipleseemstobethatmenofacertainrankhavecertainjurisdictionalpowers，andthevaguetermpotestatesmayincludeinthisclassalltheking\'sbarons。Butthenthefreeholdingvavassoreshaveacertainjurisdiction，theyhavethepleaswhichconcernwerandw韙e(thatistosay\'emendable\'pleas)overtheirownmenandtheirownproperty，andsometimesoveranotherman\'smenwhohavebeenarrestedorattachedintheactoftrespass。(5*)Whateverelsewemaythinkofthesevavassores，theyarenotbaronsandprobablytheyarenotimmediatetenantsoftheking。(6*)Itisclear，however，thattheremaybea\'lord\'with\'men\'whoyethasnosakeorsokeoverthem。(7*)Wearetoldindeedthateverylordmaysummonhismantostandtorightinhiscourt，andthatifthemanberesidentintheremotestmanorofthehonourofwhichheholds，hestillmustgototheplea。(8*)Hereforamomentweseemtohaveafairlyclearannouncementofwhatwecallthesimplefeudalprinciple，unadulteratedbyanyelementofpersonalrank；stillourtextsupposesthatthelordinquestionisagreatman，hehasnomeremanorbutanhonourorseveralhonours。Onthewhole，ourlawseemsforthetimetobetakingtheshapethatFrenchlawtook。Ifweleaveoutofsightthedefinitelygrantedfranchisalpowers，thenwemaysaythatabaronortheholderofagrandfiefhas\'highjustice，\'or，ifthattermbetootechnical，ahigherjustice，whilethevavassorhas\'lowjustice\'oralowerjustice。Butinthisprovince，asinotherprovinces，ofEnglishlawpersonalrankbecomesoflessandlessimportance。Theruleswhichwoulddetermineitanditsconsequencesareneverallowedtobecomedefinite，andintheendagreatgeneralizationsurmountsalldifficulties：——everylordhasacertainciviljusticeoverhistenants；whatsoeverpowersgobeyondthis，arefranchises。

AstothesortofjurisdictionthatalordofourLegeshas，wecanmakenostatementingeneralterms。Suchcategoriesas\'civil\'and\'criminal\'aretoomodernforuse。Wemustofcourseexceptthepleasofthecrown，ofwhichalongandungeneralizedlistissetbeforeus。(9*)Wemustexceptthepleasofthechurch。Wemustexceptcertainpleaswhichbelonginparttothekingandinparttothechurch。(10*)Thenweobservethatthejusticeofanarchbishop，bishoporearl，probablythejusticeofabaronalso，extendsashighasinfangenethef，whilethatofavavassorgoesnohigherthansuchoffencesasareemendable。Thewholematterhoweveriscomplicatedbyroyalgrants。Thekingmaygrantawayademesnemanorandretainnotonly\'theexclusivesoke\'(i。e。thesokeoverthepleasofthecrown)butalso\'thecommonsoke\'inhishand，(11*)andagreatmanmaybypurchaseacquiresoke(forexample，wemaysupposethehundredalsoke)

overlandsthatarenothisown。(12*)Thenagain，wemaysuspectthatwhatissaidof\'soke\'ingeneraldoesnotapplytoanyjurisdictionthatalordmayexerciseoverhisserviandvillani。

Astotheservi，verypossiblythelord\'srightoverthemisstillconceivedasproprietaryratherthanjurisdictional，whileforhisvillani(serfandvilleinarenotyetconvertibleterms)

thelord，whateverhisrankmaybe，willprobablyholda\'hallmoot\'(13*)andexercisethat\'commonsoke\'whichdoesnotinfringetheroyalpreserves。Onthewhole，thelawofthethirteenthcenturyseemstoevolveitselfsomewhateasilyoutofthelawoftheseLeges，theprocessofdevelopmentbeingthreefold：(1)thelord\'srankasbishop，abbot，earl，baron，becomesunimportant；(2)theelementoftenurebecomesall-important；themerefactthatthemanholdslandofthelordmakeshimthelord\'sjusticiable；thusageneralizationbecomespossiblewhichpermitsevensolowlyapersonasaburgessofDunstabletoholdacourtforhistenants；(14*)(3)theobsolescenceoftheoldlawofw韙eandwerthegrowthofthenewlawoffelony，theemergenceinGlanvill\'sbookofthedistinctionbetweencriminalandcivilpleasasagrandprimarydistinction，theintroductionofthespeciallyroyalprocessesofpresentmentandinquest，bringaboutanewapportionmentofthefieldofjusticeandarationaldemarcationoffeudalfromfranchisalpowers。Stillwhenweseethelords，especiallytheprelatesofthechurch，relyinguponprescriptionfortheirchoicestfranchises，(15*)wemaylearn(ifsuchalessonbeneeded)thatnewtheoriescouldnotmasteralltheancientfacts。

WhethertheConquerororeitherofhissonswouldhaveadmittedthatanyjusticecouldbedoneinEnglandthatwasnothisjustice，wemayfairlydoubt。Theyissuednumerouscharterswhichhadnootherobjectthanthatofgivingorconfirmingtothedonees\'theirsakeandsoke，\'and，sofaraswecansee，thereisnojurisdiction，atleastnoneoverfreemen，thatisnotaccountedtobe\'sakeandsoke。\'Occasionallyitissaidthatthedoneesaretohave\'theircourt。\'HoweverfarthefeudalizationofjusticehadgoneeitherinNormandyorinEnglandbeforetheConquest，theConquestitselfwaslikelytoconcealfromviewthequestionwhetherornoallseignorialjurisdictionisdelegatedfromabove；forthenceforwardeverylaytenantinchief，asnomerematteroftheory，butasaplainmatteroffact，heldhislandbyatitlederivednewlyandimmediatelyfromtheking。Thusitwouldbeeasyforthekingtomaintainthat，ifthelordsexercisedjurisdictionalpowers，theydidsobyvirtueofhisgrant，anexpressedgrantoranimpliedgrant。Graduallytheprocessofsubinfeudationwouldmakethetheoreticalquestionprominentandpressing，forcertainlytheNormannoblesconceivedthat，eveniftheirjusticewasdelegatedtothembytheking，noruleoflawpreventedthemfromappointingsub-delegates。Iftheyclaimedtogiveawayland，theyclaimedalsotogiveawayjustice，andnoearnesteffortcanhavebeenmadetopreventtheirdoingthis。(16*)

Returningfromthisbriefdigression，wemustconsidersakeandsokeastheyareinDomesdayBook。Foramomentwewillattendtothewordsthemselves。(17*)Ofthetwosokeisbyfarthecommoner；indeedwehardlyeverfindsakeexceptinconnexionwithsoke，andwhenwedo，itseemsjustanequivalentforsoke。

Wehavebutanalliterativejinglelike\'judgmentandjustice。\'(18*)Apparentlyitmatterslittleornothingwhetherwesayofalordthathehassoke，orthathehassake，Orthathehassokeandsake。Butnotonlyissokethecommoner，itisalsothewiderword；wecannotsubstitutesakeforitinallcontexts。Thus，forexample，wesaythatamanrenderssoketohislordortohislord\'smanor；alsowesaythatapieceoflandisasokeofsuchandsuchamanor；nosimilaruseismadeofsake。

Nowasamatterofetymologysakeseemstheeasierofthetwowords。ItistheAnglo-Saxonsacu，theGermanSache，athing，amatter，andhencea\'matter\'or\'cause\'inthelawyer\'ssenseoftheseterms，a\'matter\'indisputebetweenlitigants，a\'cause\'

beforethecourt。Itisstillinuseamongus，forthoughwedonotspeakofasakebetweentwopersons，wedospeakofamanactingforanother\'ssake，orforGod\'ssake，orforthesakeofmoney。(19*)InLatinthereforesakemayberenderedbyplacitum：——

\'Rogerhassakeoverthem\'willbecome\'Rogeriushabetplacitasupereos\'。(20*)Rogerhastherighttoholdpleaoverthem。Thuseasilyenoughsakebecomestherighttohaveacourtandtodojustice。

Astosoke，thishasaverysimilarsignification，buttheroutebywhichitattainsthatsignificationissomewhatdoubtful。Wemuststartwiththisthatsoke，socna，soca，istheAnglo-Saxon，socnandhasforitsprimarymeaningaseeking。Itmaybecomeconnectedwithjusticeorjurisdictionbyoneorbybothoftwoways。OneoftheseisexplainedbyapassageintheLegesHenriciwhichsaysthatthekinghascertaincausesorpleas\'insocnai。e。quaestionesua。\'Thekinghascertainpleaswithinhisinvestigation，orhisrighttoinvestigate。Alaterphrasemayhelpus：——thekingisentitledto\'inquireof，hearanddetermine\'thesematters。(21*)Butthewordmightjourneyalonganotherpathwhichwouldleadtomuchthesameend。Itmeansseeking，following，suing，makingsuit，sequi，sectam，facere。Thedutyknownassocafaldaeisthedutyofseekingthelord\'sfold。Thussocamaybethedutyofseekingorsuingatthelord\'scourtandthecorrelativerightofthelordtokeepacourtandexactsuit。Withoutdenyingthatthewordhastraversedthefirstofthetworoutes，theroutebywayof\'investigation\'——

inthefaceoftheLegesHenriciwecanhardlydenythis——wemayconfidentlyassertthatithastraversedthesecond，theroutebywayof\'suit\'。Thereareseveralpassageswhichassureusthatsokeisagenusofwhichfold-sokeisaspecies。Thus：——

\'OfthesemenPeter\'spredecessorhadfold-sokeandcommendationandStigandhadtheothersoke。\'(22*)InadocumentwhichisverycloselyconnectedwiththegreatsurveywefindwhatseemstobeaLatintranslationofourword。ThechurchesofWorcesterandEveshamwerequarrellingaboutcertainlandsatHamton。Undertheeyeoftheking\'scommissionerstheycametoacompromise，whichdeclaredthatthefifteenhidesatHamtonbelongedtothebishopofWorcester\'shundredofOswaldslawandoughttopaytheking\'sgeldandperformtheking\'sservicesalongwiththebishopandought\'toseekthesaidhundredforpleading\'：——requirereadplacitandum，thisisthemainkindof\'seeking\'thatsokeimplies。(23*)IfwelookbackfarenoughintheAnglo-Saxondooms，thereisindeedmuchtomakeusthinkthattheactofseekingalordandplacingoneselfunderhisprotection，andtheconsequencesofthatact，therelationbetweenmanandlord，thefealtypromisedbytheone，thewarrantyduefromtheother，havebeenknownass骳n。(24*)Ifso，thentheremayhavebeenatimewhencommendationandsokewereallone。Butthistimemustbealreadyancient，foralthoughwedonotknowwhatEnglishwordwasrepresentedbycommendatio，stillthereisnodistinctionmoreemphaticallydrawnbyDomesdayBookthanthatbetweencommendatioandsoca。

NowwhenwemeetwithsocaintheLegesHenriciwenaturallyconstrueitbysomesuchtermsas\'jurisdiction\'，\'justice，\'\'therighttoholdacourt。\'WehaveseenthattheauthorofthattreatiserendersitbytheLatinquaestio。Wealsomeetthefollowingphraseswhichseemclearenough：——\'Everycauseshallbedeterminedinthehundred，orinthecounty，orinthehallmootofthosewhohavesoke，orinthecourtsofthelords；(25*)\'……accordingtothesokeofpleas，whichsomehaveintheirownlandovertheirownmen，someovertheirownmenandstrangers，eitherinallcausesorinsomecauses\'：(26*)……

\'grithbriceorh醡s骳noranyofthosematterswhichexceedtheirsokeandsake\'：(27*)\'incapitalcausesthesokeistheking\'s。\'(28*)Soagainourauthorexplainsthatthoughabaronhassokethiswillnotgivehimarighttojusticeoverhimself；

noone，hesays，canhavehisownforfeiture；noonehasasokeofimpunity：\'nullusenimsocnamhabetimpunepeccandi。\'(29*)TheusethatDomesdayBookmakesofthewordmaynotbequitesoclear。Sometimesweareinclinedtorenderitbysuit，inparticularwhenfold-sokeiscontrastedwith\'othersoke。\'Butverygenerallywemustconstrueitbyjusticeorbyjusticiaryrights，thoughwemustbecarefulnottointroducetheseignorialcourtwhereitdoesnotexist，andtorememberthatalordmaybeentitledtoreceivethewitesorfinesincurredbyhiscriminousmenwithoutholdingacourtforthem。Thosemenmaybetriedandcondemnedinahundredcourt，butthewitewillbepaidtotheirlord。Thenthewordisappliedtotractsofland。Atractoverwhichalordhasjusticiarypower，orawite-exactingpower，ishissoke，andveryoftenhissokeiscontrastedwiththoseotherlandsoverwhichhehasrightsofamoredefinitelyproprietarykind。Butwemustturnfromwordstolaw。

AlreadybeforetheConquesttherewasplentyofseignorialjusticeinEngland。ThegreatestoftheAnglo-Saxonlordshadenjoyedwideandhighjusticiaryrights。Naturallyitisoftherightsofthechurchesthatwehearmost，fortherightsthattheyhadunderKingEdwardtheystillclaimunderKingWilliam。

ForemostamongthemwemaynoticethechurchofCanterbury。OnthegreatdayatPenendenHeath，LanfrancprovedthatthroughoutthelandsofhischurchinKentthekinghadbutthreerights；

allotherjusticewasinthehandsofthearchbishop。(30*)InWarwickshiretheArchbishopofYorkhassokeandsake，tollandteam，church-scotandallother\'forfeitures\'savethosefourwhichthekinghasthroughoutthewholerealm。(31*)ThesefourforfeituresareprobablythefourreservedpleasofthecrownthatarementionedinthelawsofCnut——mundbryce，h醡s骳n，forstealandfyrdw韙e。(32*)Buteventheserightsthoughusuallyreservedtothekingmayhavebeenmadeovertothelord。InYorkshireneitherkingnorearlhasany\'custom\'withinthelandsofStPeterofYork，StJohnofBeverley，StWilfridofRipon，StCuthbertofDurhamandtheHolyTrinity。Weareaskedspeciallytonotethatinthisregiontherearefourroyalhighways，threebylandandonebywaterwherethekingclaimsallforfeituresevenwhentheyrunthroughthelandofthearchbishoporoftheearl。(33*)WithinthisimmensemanorofTauntontheBishopofWinchesterhaspleasofthehighestclass，andthreetimesayearwithoutanysummonshismenmustmeettoholdthem。(34*)InWorcestershiresevenofthetwelvehundredsintowhichthecountyisdividedareintheheadsoffourgreatchurches；Worcesterhasthree，Westminstertwo，Eveshamone，Pershoreone。Westminsterholdsitslandsasfreelyasthekingheldtheminhisdemesne；

Pershoreenjoysallthepleasofthefreemen；nosheriffcanclaimanythingwithintheterritoryofStMaryofWorcester，neitherinanyplea，norinanyothermatter。(35*)InEastAngliawefrequentlyhearofthereservedpleasofthecrown。InthisDanishdistricttheyareaccountedtobesixinnumber；probablytheyaregr韉brice，h醡s骳n，fihtw韙eandfyrdw韙e，outlaw\'s-workandthereceiptofoutlaws。(36*)Oftenwereadhowoverthemenofsomelordthekingandtheearlhave\'thesixforfeitures，\'orhow\'thesokeofthesixforfeitures\'liesinsomeroyalmanor。(37*)ButthenthereisalargetractinwhichthesesixforfeituresbelongtoStEdmund；someotherlordmayhavesakeandsokeinagivenparcelofthattract，butthesixforfeituresbelongtoStEdmund；theyareindeed\'thesixforfeituresofStEdmund。\'(38*)Otherarrangementswerepossible。WehearofmenoverwhomStBenethadthreeforfeitures。(39*)ThelawmenofStamfordhadsakeandsokewithintheirhousesandovertheirmen，savegeld，heriot，larcenyandforfeituresexceeding40oresofsilver。(40*)CertainburgessesofRomneyservethekingonthesea，andthereforetheyhavetheirownforfeitures，savelarceny，peace-breachandforsteal，andthesebelong，nottotheking，buttothearchbishop。(41*)SometimesKingWilliamwillbecarefultolimithisconfirmationofalord\'ssakeandsoketothe\'emendableforfeitures，\'theoffenceswhichcanbepaidforwithmoney。(42*)

ThatintheConfessor\'sdayjusticiaryrightscouldonlybeclaimedbyvirtueofroyalgrants，thattheydidnotariseoutofthemererelationbetweenlordandman，lordandtenant，orlordandvillein，seemstousfairlycertain。Inthefirstplace，asalreadysaid，sokeisfrequentlycontrastedwithcommendation。Inthesecondplace，asweturnoverthepagesofourrecord，weshallseeitremarkedofsomeman，whoheldamanorinthedaysbeforetheConquest，thathehaditwithsakeandsoke，andtheremarkismadeinsuchacontextthattherebyheissingledoutfromamonghisfellows。(43*)ThusitissaidofalittlegroupofvilleinsandsokemeninEssexthat\'theirlordhadsakeandsoke。\'(44*)Notthatwecanarguethatalordhasnosokeunlessitisexpresslyascribedtohim。Thesurveyorshavenogreatinterestinthismatter。Sometimessuchaphraseas\'hehelditfreely\'seemstoserveasanequivalentfor\'hehelditwithsakeandsoke。\'(45*)ItissaidoftheCountessJudith，aladyofexaltedrank，thatshehadamanseinLincolnwithoutsakeandsoke。(46*)ThenwearetoldthatthroughoutthecityofCanterburythekinghadsakeandsokeexceptinthelandsoftheHolyTrinity(ChristChurch)，StAugustin，QueenEdith，andthreeotherlords。(47*)WehavealistoffifteenpersonswhohadsakeandsokeinthetwolathesofSuttonandAylesford，(48*)alistofthirty-fivepersonswhohadsakeandsoke，tollandteaminLincolnshire(itincludesthequeen，abishop，threeabbotsandtwoearls)(49*)andalistofnineteenpersonswhohadsimilarrightsintheshiresofDerbyandNottingham。(50*)Suchlistswouldhavebeenpointlesshadanygeneralizationbeenpossible。

TheninEastAngliaitiscommonenoughtofindthatthemenwhoarereckonedtobetheliberihominesofsomelordareunderthesokeofanotherlordorrendertheirsoketothekingandtheearl，thatistosay，tothehundredcourt。Oftenenoughitissaidsomewhatpointedlythatthemenoverwhomthekingandtheearlhavesokeareliberihomines，andthismayforamomentsuggestthatthelordasamatterofcoursehassokeoversuchofhismenasarenotrankedas\'freemen\'；possiblyitmaysuggestthatfreedominthiscontextimpliessubjectiontoanationalasopposedtoaseignorialtribunal。(51*)Butontheonehandalordoftenenoughhassokeoverthosewhoaredistinctively\'freemen，\'(52*)whileontheotherhand，aswillbeexplainedbelow，hehasnotthesokeoverhissokeman。(53*)

Butwemustgofurtherandsaythatthelordhasnotalwaysthesokeoverhisvilleins。Thisisamatterofmuchimportance。

AnentryrelatingtoamanorinSuffolkseemstoputitbeyonddoubt：——InthehundredandahalfofSanfordAutiathegnheldWenhaminKingEdward\'stimeforamanorandthreecarucatesofland；therewerethenninevillani，fourbordariiandoneservusandthereweretwoteamsonthedemesne；AutihadthesokeoverhisdemesneandthesokeofthevilleinswasinBercolt。(54*)NowBercolt，themodernBergholt，wasaroyalmanor，theseatofagreatcourt，whichhadsokeovermanymenintheneighbouringvillages。Toallseemingitwasthecourtforthehundred，or\'hundred-and-a-half，\'ofSanford。(55*)Herethenweseemtohavevilleinswhoarenotunderthesokeoftheirlordbutarethejusticiablesofthehundredcourt。Inanothercase，alsofromSuffolk，itissaidofthelordofamanorthathehadsoke\'onlyoverthedemesneofhishall，\'andthisseemstoexcludefromthescopeofhisjusticiaryrightsthelandheldbythirty-twovilleinsandeightbordiers。(56*)Wemayfindthelinedrawnatvariousplaces。NotveryunfrequentlyinEastAngliaalordhasthesokeoverthosemenwhoareboundtohissheep-fold，whilethosewhoare\'foldworthy\'attendthehundredcourt。(57*)Inonecaseacuriousandinstructivedistinctionistaken：——\'InFarwelllayinKingEdward\'sdaythesakeandsokeofallwhohadlessthanthirtyacres，butofallwhohadthirtyacresthesokeandsakelayinthehundred。\'(58*)Inthiscasethelineseemstobedrawnjustbelowthevirgater，nomatterthelegalclasstowhichthevirgaterbelongs。ToourthinkingitisplainenoughthatmanyamaneriumoftheConfessor\'sdayhadnocourtofitsown。Asweshallseehereafter，themanorsareoftenfartoosmalltoallowofourendowingeachofthemwithacourt。WhenofaCheshiremanorwehearthat\'thismanorhasitspleasinitslord\'shall\'wearebeingtoldofsomethingthatisexceptional。(59*)Inthethirteenthcenturynoonewouldhavemadesucharemark。Intheelevenththehalimoteorhall-mootlookslikeanovelty。

Seignorialjusticeisasyetverycloselyconnectedwiththegeneralschemeofnationaljustice。Frequentlythelordwhohasjusticehasahundred。WerememberhowsevenofthetwelvehundredsofWorcestershireareinthehandsoffourgreatchurches。(60*)StEtheldredaofElyhasthesokeoffiveandahalfhundredsinSuffolk。(61*)InEssexSwainhadthehalf-hundredofClavering，andthepleasthereofbroughthimin25s。ayear。(62*)InNottinghamshiretheBishopofLincolnhadallthecustomsofthekingandtheearlthroughoutthewapentakeofNewark。(63*)ThemonksofBattleAbbeyclaimedthatthesakeandsokeoftwenty-twohundredsandahalfandallroyal\'forfeitures\'wereannexedtotheirmanorofWye。(64*)Butfurther——andthisdeservesattention——whenthehundredaljurisdictionwasnotinthehandsofsomeotherlord，itwasconceivedasbelongingtotheking。Thesakeandsokeofahundredorofseveralhundredsisdescribedas\'lyingin，\'orbeingannexedto，someroyalmanoranditisfarmedbythefarmerofthatmanor。Oxfordshiregivesusthebestexampleofthis。ThesokeoffourandahalfhundredsbelongstotheroyalmanorofBensington，thatoftwohundredstoHeadington，thatoftwoandahalftoKirtlington，thatofthreetoUpton，thatofthreetoShipton，thatoftwotoBampton，thatoftwotoBloxhamandAdderbury。(65*)Whatweseeherewemayseeelsewherealso。(66*)

IfthenKingWilliamgivestheroyalmanorofWyetohisnewlyfoundedchurchofStMartininthePlaceofBattle，themonkswillcontendthattheyhaveobtainedasanappurtenancethehundredalsokeoveralargepartofthecountyofKent。(67*)

Thelawseemsasyet，ifwemaysospeak，unconsciousofthefactthatunderneathorbesidethehundredalsokeanewsokeisgrowingup。Itseemstotreatthesokeoveramanoroverapieceoflandasanindivisiblethingthatmust\'lie\'somewhereandcannotbeintwoplacesatonce。Ithasindeedtoadmitthatwhileonelordhasthesoke，thekingoranotherlordmayhavecertainreservedandexalted\'forfeitures，\'thethreeforfeituresorthefourorthesix，asthecasemaybe；(68*)butithasnoclassificationofcourts。Thelord\'scourt，ifitbenotthecourtofanancienthundred，isconceivedasthecourtofahalf-hundred，orofaquarterofahundred，(69*)orasthecourtofadistrictthathasbeencarvedoutfromahundred。(70*)ThusStigandhadthesokeofthehalf-hundredofHersham，saveThorpewhichbelongedtoStEdmund，andPulhamwhichbelongedtoStEtheldreda；(71*)thusalsothekinghadthesokeofthehalf-hundredofDiss，exceptthelandofSt。Edmund，wherehesharedthesokewiththesaint，andexceptthelandsofWulfgaetandofStigand。(72*)Butitisimpossibletomaintainthistheory。Thehundredisbecomingfullofmanors，withineachofwhichalordisexercisingorendeavouringtoexerciseasokeoverall，orcertainclasses，ofhismen。ItispossiblethatinLincolnshireweseethebeginningsofadifferentiatingprocess；

wemeetwiththewordfrisoca，frigsoca，frigesoca。Whetherthisstandsfor\'freesoken，\'or，asseemsmorelikely，for\'fridsoken，\'sokeinmatterrelatingtothepeace，itseemstomarkoffonekindofsokefromotherkinds。(73*)Wehavetorememberthatinlaterdaystherelationofthemanorialtothehundredalcourtsiscurious。Innoaccuratesensecanwesaythatthecourtofthemanorisbelowthecourtofthehundred。Noappeal，nocomplaintoffalsejudgment，liesfromtheonetotheother；andyet，unlessthemanorenjoyssomeexceptionalprivilege，itisnotextra-hundredalanditsjurisdictioninpersonalcausesisover-lappedbythejurisdictionofthehundredcourt：thetwocourtsarisefromdifferentprinciples。(74*)InDomesdayBookthefeudalortenurialprincipleseemsstillstrugglingforrecognition。AlreadytheNormanlordsareassumingasokewhichtheirantecessoresdidnotenjoy。(75*)Aswillbeseenbelow，theyareenlargingandconsolidatingtheirmanorsandtherebyrenderingamanorialjusticepossibleandprofitable。Whetherweoughttoholdthatthemereshockandjarofconquestanddispossessionwassufficienttosetuptheprocesswhichcoveredourlandwithsmallcourts，orwhetherweoughttoholdthatanelementofforeignlawworkedthechange，isaquestionthatwillneverbeansweredunlesstheNormanarchiveshaveyetmanysecretstotell。Thegreat\'honorial\'courtsoflaterdaysmaybeFrench；stillitishardlyinthisregionthatweshouldlookformuchforeignlaw。ItisinEnglishwordsthattheFrenchbaronoftheConqueror\'sdaymustspeakwhenheclaimsjusticiaryrights。

Butthattheprocesswasfarfrombeingcompletein1086seemsevident。

Manyquestionsaboutthedistributionandtheconstitutionofthecourtswemustleaveunsolved。Notonlydoesourrecordtellusnothingofcourtsinunambiguouswords，butithardlyhasawordthatwillanswertoour\'court。\'Thetermcuriaisinuse，butitseemsalwaystosignifyaphysicalobject，thelord\'shouseorthecourt-yardaroundit，neveraninstitution，atribunal。(76*)Almostallthatwearetoldisconveyedtousunderthecoverofsuchwordsassake，soke，placita，forisfacturae。WeknowthattheBishopofWinchesterhasacourtatTaunton，forhistenantsareboundtocometogetherthriceayeartoholdhispleaswithoutbeingsummoned。(77*)Thisphrase——\'toholdhispleas\'——seemstotellusdistinctlyenoughthatthesuitorsarethedoomsmenofthecourt。Then，again，wehavethewell-knownstoryofwhathappenedatOrwellinCambridgeshire。InthatvillageCountRogerhadasmallestate；

hehadlandforateamandahalf。Thislandhadbelongedtosixsokemen。HehadborrowedthreeofthemfromPicotthesheriffinorderthattheymightholdhispleas，andhavinggotthemherefusedtoreturnthem。(78*)ThatthecourtthathewishedtoholdwasacourtmerelyforhislandatOrwellishighlyimprobable，buthehadotherlandsscatteredaboutinthevariousvillagesoftheWetherlyhundred，thoughallhistenantsamountedtobut14villeins，42bordiers，15cottiers，and4serfs。Wecannotdrawtheinferencethatmenoftheclassknownassokemenwerenecessaryfortheconstitutionofacourt，foratthedateofthesurveytherewasnosokemanleftinallRoger\'slandinCambridgeshire；thethreethatheborrowedfromPicothaddisappearedorwerereckonedasvilleinsorworse。Stillheheldacourtandthatcourthaddoomsmen。Butwecannotarguethateverylordwhohadsoke，orsakeandsoke，hadacourtofhisown。Itmaybethatinsomecaseshewassatisfiedwithclaimingthe\'forfeitures\'whichhismenincurredinthehundredcourts。

Thisissuggestedtousbywhatwereadoftheearl\'sthirdpenny。

Inthecountycourtandineveryhundredcourtthathasnotpassedintoprivatehands，thekingisentitledtobuttwo-thirdsoftheproceedsofjusticeandtheearlgetstheotherthird，exceptperhapsincertainexceptionalcasesinwhichthekinghasthewholeprofitofsomespeciallyroyalplea。Thesokeinthehundredcourtsbelongstothekingandtheearl。Andjustastheking\'srightsasthelordofahundredalcourtbecomeboundupwith，andarelettofarmwith，someroyalmanor，sotheearl\'sthirdpennywillbeannexedtosomecomitalmanor。ThusthethirdpennyofDorsetshirewasannexedtoEarlHarold\'smanorofPireton，(79*)andthethirdpennyofWarwickshiretoEarlEdwin\'smanorofCote。(80*)HaroldhadamanorinHerefordshiretowhichbelongedthethirdpennyofthreehundreds；(81*)GodwinhadamanorinHampshiretowhichbelongedthethirdpennyofsixhundreds；(82*)thethirdpennyofthreeDevonianhundredsbelongedtothemanorofBlackpool。(83*)Now，atleastinsomecases，thekingcouldnotbyhisgrantsdeprivetheearlofhisright；thegranteeofsokehadtotakeitsubjecttotheearl\'sthirdpenny。ThusfortheshiresofDerbyandNottinghamwehavealistofnineteenpersonswhowereentitledtotheking\'stwo-pence，butonlythreeofthemwereentitledtotheearl\'spenny。(84*)ThemonksofBattledeclaredthatthroughoutmanyhundredsinKenttheywereentitledto\'theking\'stwo-pence\'；

theearl\'sthirdpennybelongedtoOdoofBayeux。(85*)Andsoofcertain\'freemen\'inNorfolkitissaidthat\'theirsokeisinthehundredforthethirdpenny。\'(86*)Amancommitsanoffence；

heincursaw韙e；two-thirdsofitshouldgotohislord；

one-thirdtotheearl：inwhatcourtshouldhebetried？TheanswerthatDomesdayBooksuggestsbyitssilenceisthatthisisamatterofindifference；itdoesnotcaretodistinguishbetweentherighttoholdacourtandtherighttotaketheprofitsofjustice。Justoncetheveilisraisedforamoment。InSuffolkliesthehundredofBlything；itsheadisthevilofBlythburghwherethereisaroyalmanor。(87*)WithinthathundredliestheconsiderabletownofDunwich，whichEdricholdsasamanor。NowinDunwichthekinghasthiscustomthattwoorthreemenshallgotothehundredcourtiftheybedulysummoned，andiftheymakedefaulttheyshallpayafineoftwoores，andifathiefbecaughtthereheshallbejudgedthereandcorporealjusticeshallbedoneinBlythburghandthelordofDunwichshallhavethethief\'schattels。ApparentlyinthiscasethelordofDunwichwillseetothetryingbutnottothehangingofthethief；but，atanyrate，arareeffortisheremadetodefinehowjusticeshallbedone。(88*)Therarityofsucheffortsisverysignificant。OfcourseDomesdayBookisnotatreatiseonjurisdiction；stilliftherewereothertermsinuse，weshouldnotbeforeverputoffwiththevague，undifferentiatedsoke。Onthewhole，wetakeitthatthelordwhoenjoyedsokehadarighttokeepacourtifhechosetodoso，andthatgenerallyhedidthis，thoughhewouldbefarfromkeepingaseparatecourtforeachofhislittlemanors；butifhispossessionsweresmallhemayhavecontentedhimselfwithattendingthehundredcourtandclaimingthefinesincurredbyhismen。Sometimesalordseemstohavesokeonlyoverhisowndemesnelands；(89*)inthiscasethewitesthatwillcometohimwillbefew。Wemayinlatertimesseesomecuriouscompromises。IfathiefiscaughtonthelandofthePriorofCanterburyatBrookinKent，theborhs-elderandfrank-pledgesofBrookaretotakehimtothecourtofthehundredofWye，whichbelongstotheAbbotofBattle。Then，ifheisnotoneofthePrior\'smen，hewillbejudgedbythehundred。

ButifheisthePrior\'sman，thenthebailiffofBrookwill\'cravethePrior\'scourt。\'ThePrior\'sfolkwillthengoapartandjudgetheaccused，afewofthehundredorsgoingwiththemtoactasassessors。Ifthetribunalthusconstitutedcannotagree，thenoncemoretheaccusedwillbebroughtbackintothehundredandwilltherebejudgedbythehundredorsincommon。InthisinstanceweseethateveninHenryII\'sdaythePriorhasnotthoroughlyextricatedhiscourtfromthehundredmoot。(90*)

Itseemspossiblethatafurtherhintastothehistoryofsokeisgivenusbycertainentriesrelatingtotheboroughs。Itwillalreadyhavebecomeapparentthatifthereissokeovermen，thereisalsosokeoverland：ifmen\'rendersoke\'soalsoacres\'rendersoke。\'Wecanseethataveryelaboratewebofrulesisthuswoven。Onemanstrikesanother。Beforewecantellwhatthestrikeroughttopayandtowhomheoughttopayit，weoughttoknowwhohadsokeoverthestriker，overthestricken，overthespotwheretheblowwasgiven，overthespotwheretheoffenderwasattachedorarrestedoraccused。\'ThemenofSouthwarktestifythatinKingEdward\'stimenoonetooktollonthestrandorinthewater-streetsavetheking，andifanyoneintheactofcommittinganoffencewastherechallenged，hepaidtheamendstotheking，butifwithoutbeingchallengedheescapedunderamanwhohadsakeandsoke，thatmanhadthe。amends。\'(91*)ThenwereadhowatWallingfordcertainownersofhousesenjoyed\'thegafoloftheirhouses，andblood，ifbloodwasshedthereandthemanwasreceivedinsidebeforehewaschallengedbytheking\'sreeve，exceptonSaturday，forthenthekinghadtheforfeitureonaccountofthemarket；andforadulteryandlarcenytheyhadtheforfeitureintheirhouses，buttheotherforfeituresweretheking\'s。\'(92*)Wecannothopetorecovertheintricateruleswhichgovernedtheseaffairs，ruleswhichmusthavebeenasintricateasthoseofour\'privateinternationallaw。\'ButthedescriptionofWallingfordtellsusofhouseholderswhoenjoythe\'forfeitures\'whicharisefromcrimescommittedintheirownhouses，andasuspicionmaycrossourmindsthattherighttotheseforfeituresisnotinitsoriginapurelyjurisdictionalorjusticiaryright。However，thesehouseholdersaregreatpeople(theBishopofSalisbury，theAbbotofSt。Albansareamongthem)，theirtownhousesareconsideredasappurtenanttotheirruralmanorsandthesokeoverthemanorcomprehendsthetownhouse。AndsowhenwereadhowthetwelvelawmenofStamfordhadsakeandsokewithintheirhousesandovertheirownmen\'savegeld，andheriot，andcorporealforfeiturestotheamountof40

oresofsilverandlarceny\'wemaybereadingofrightswhichcanproperlybedescribedasjusticiary。(93*)

ButamuchmoredifficultcasecomesbeforeusatWarwick。(94*)Wefirsthearofthetownhousesthatareheldbygreatmenaspartsoftheirmanors，andthenwehearthat\'besidesthesehousesthereareintheboroughnineteenburgesseswhohavenineteenhouseswithsakeandsokeandallcustoms。\'Nowwecannoteasilybelievethattheburgess\'shouseisajurisdictionalarea，orthatinexactingamulctfromonewhocommitsacrimeinthathousetheburgesswillbeplayingthemagistrateorexercisingarighttodojusticeortaketheprofitsofjusticebyvirtueofagrantmadetohimbytheking。

Ratherwearelikelytoseeherearelicoftheancient\'house-peace。\'(95*)Ifyoucommitanactofviolenceinaman\'shouse，whateveryoumayhavetopaytothepersonwhomyoustrikeandtotheking，youwillalsohavetomakeamendstotheownerofthehouse，eventhoughhebebutaceorloraboor，foryouhavebrokenhispeace。(96*)Therightoftheburgesstoexactamulctfromonewhohasshedbloodorcommittedadulterywithinhiswallsmayintruthbearightofthiskind，andyet，likeotherrightstoothermulcts，itisnowconceivedasanemanationofsakeandsoke。Ifintheeleventhcenturywehearbutlittleofthishouseholder\'sright，maythisnotbebecausethehouseholderhassurrenderedittohislord，orthelordhasusurpeditfromthehouseholder，andthusithasgonetoswellthemassofthelord\'sjurisdictionalrights？AtBroughtoninHuntingdonshiretheAbbotofRamseyhasamanorwithsomesokemenuponit\'andthesesokemensaythattheyusedtohavelegerwite(fornication-fine)，bloodwiteandlarcenyuptofourpence，andabovefourpencetheAbbothadtheforfeitureoflarceny。\'(97*)

Variousinterpretationsmaybesetuponthisdifficultpassage。

Wemayfashionforourselvesavillagecourt(thoughtherearebuttensokemen)andsupposethatthecommuneofsokemenenjoyedthesmallerfinesincurredbyanyofitsmembers。ButweareinclinedtoconnectthisentrywiththoserelatingtoWallingfordandtoWarwickandtobelievethateachsokemanhasenjoyedarighttoexactasumofmoneyforthebreachofhispeace。Thelawdoesnotclearlymarkofftherightoftheinjuredhousefatherfromtherightoftheoffendedmagistrate。Howcoulditdoso？Ifyoucommitanactofviolenceyoumustpayawitetotheking。Whyso？Becauseyouhavewrongedthekingbybreakinghispeaceandherequires\'amends\'fromyou。Withthisthoughtinourmindswemaynowapproachanobscureproblem。

Wehavesaidthatseignorialjusticeisregardedashavingitsorigininroyalgrants，andinthemainthisseemstrue。Wehardlystateanexceptiontothisruleifwesaythatgranteesofjusticebecomeintheirturngrantors。Notmerelycouldtheearlwhohadsokegrantthistooneofhisthegns，butthatthegnwouldbesaidtoholdthesoke\'under\'or\'of\'theearl。Justice，wemaysay，wasalreadybeingsub-infeudated。(98*)Butnowandagainwemeetwithmuchmorestartlingstatements。Usuallyifamanoverwhomhislordhassoke\'withdrawshimselfwithhisland，\'or\'goeselsewherewithhisland，\'thelord\'ssokeoverthatland\'remains\'：hestillhasjurisdictionalrightsoverthatlandthoughitiscommendedtoanewlord。Wemaybesurprisedatbeingveryfrequentlytoldthatthisisthecase，forwecanhardlyimagineamanhavingpowertotakehislandoutofonesphereofjusticeandtoputitintoanother。Butthatsomemen，andtheynotmenofhighrank，enjoyedthispowerseemsprobable。

OfaHertfordshiremanorweread：\'Inthismanorthereweresixsokemen，menofArchbishopStigand，andeachhadonehide，andtheycouldsell，savingthesoke，andoneofthemcouldevensellhissokewiththeland。\'(99*)Thiscasemaybeexceptional；theremayhavebeenaveryunusualcompactbetweenthearchbishopandthisegregiouslyfreesokeman；butthefrequencywithwhichwearetoldthatonasalethesoke\'remains\'doesnotfavourthissupposition。

Weseemdriventotheconclusionthatinsomepartsofthecountrythepracticeofcommendationhadbeenallowedtointerferewithjurisdictionalrelationships：thatthereweremenwhocould\'gowiththeirlandtowhatlordtheychose\'andcarrywiththemnotmerelytheirhomage，butalsotheirsuitofcourtandtheir\'forfeitures。\'Thismayseemtousintolerable。Ifitbetrue，ittellsusthatthestatehasbeenveryweak；ittellsusthatthenationalschemeofjusticehasbeentorntoshredsbyfreecontract，thatmenhavehadtheutmostdifficultyindistinguishingbetweenpropertyandpoliticalpower，betweenpersonalrelationshipsandthemagistracytowhichlandissubject。Butunlesswearemistaken，thehousepeaceinitsdecayhashelpedtoproducethisconfusion。Inacertainsenseamereceorlhashadwhatisnowcalledasoke——itusedtobecalledamundorgrid——overhishouseandoverhisloaf-eaters：thatistosay，hehasbeenentitledtohavemoneypaidtohimifhishouse-peacewerebrokenorhisloafeatersbeaten。Thisrighthehasbeenabletotransfertoalord。Inonewayoranotherithasnowcomeintothelord\'shandandbecomemixedupwithotherrights。InHenryI\'sdayalawyerwillbeexplainingthatifavilleinreceivesmoneywhenbloodisshedorfornicationiscommittedinhishouse，thisisbecausehehaspurchasedtheseforfeituresfromhislord。(100*)Thisreversestheorderofhistory。

Suchisthebestexplanationthatwecangiveofthemenwhoselltheirsokewiththeirland。NodoubtweareaccusingDomesdayBookofbeingveryobscure，ofusingasinglewordtoexpresssomethreeorfourdifferentideas。InsomedegreetheobscuritymaybeduetothefactthatFrenchjusticiarsandFrenchclerkshavebecometheexponentsofEnglishlaw。ButwemaygravelydoubtwhetherEnglishmenwouldhaveproducedaresultmoreintelligibletous。Onecauseofdifficultywemayperhapsremove。Inaccordancewithcommonwontwehavefromtimetotimespokenofseignorialjurisdiction。Butifthewordjurisdictionbestrictlyconstrued，theninalllikelihoodthereneverhasbeeninthiscountryanyseignorialjurisdiction。Itisnotthepartofthelordtodeclarethelaw(iusdicere)；\'curiadominidebetfacereiudiciaetnondominus。(101*)Fromfirsttolastthisseemstobeso，unlesswetakeaccountoftheoriesthatcometousfromatimewhenthelord\'scourtwasfastbecominganobsoleteinstitution。(102*)SoitisinDomesdayBook。Inthehundredcourtthesheriffpresides；itishethatappointsadayforthelitigation，butthemenofthehundred，themenwhocometogether\'togiveandreceiveright，\'makethejudgments。(103*)

ThetenantsoftheBishopofWinchester\'holdthebishops\'pleas\'

atTaunton；EarlRogerborrowssokemen\'toholdhispleas。\'(104*)

Thustheerectionofanewcourtisnoveryrevolutionaryproceeding；itpassesunnoticed。Ifonceitbegrantedthatallthejusticiaryprofitsarisingfromacertaingroupofmenortractoflandaretogotoacertainlord，itisverymuchamatterofindifferencetokingsandsheriffswhetherthelordholdsacourtofhisownorexactsthismoneyinthehundredcourt。Indeed，asheriffmaybeinclinedtosay\'Iamnotgoingtodoyourjusticefornothing；doityourself。\'Solongaseverylordwillcometothehundredcourthimselforsendhissteward，thesheriffwillhavenolackofcapabledoomsmen。Thenthemenofthelord\'sprecinctmaywellwishforacourtattheirdoors；

theywillbesparedthelongjourneytothehundredcourt；theywillsettletheirownaffairsandbealawuntothemselves。Thusweoughtnottosaythatthelaxuseofthewordsokecoversaconfusionbetween\'jurisdiction\'andtheprofitsof\'jurisdiction，\'andifwesaythattheconfusionisbetweenjusticeandtheprofitsofjustice，wearepointingtoadistinctionwhichthemenoftheConfessor\'stimemightregardassomewhatshadowy。inanycasetheirlordistohavetheirwites；

inanycasetheywillgetthejudgmentoftheirpeers；whatislefttodisputeaboutismeregeography，thenumberofthecourts，thedemarcationofjusticiaryareas。Wemaysay，ifwewill，thatfar-sightedmenwouldnothavearguedinthismanner，forseignorialjusticewasaforcemightyforgoodandforill；

butithasnotbeenprovedtooursatisfactionthatthemenwhoruledEnglandintheagebeforetheConquestwerefar-sighted。

Theirworkendedinastupendousfailure。

TothesakeandsokeoftheoldEnglishlawweshallhavetoreturnoncemoreinournextessay。OurdiscussionofthesakeandsokeofDomesdayBookwasinducedbyaconsiderationofthevariousbondswhichmaybindamantoalord。Andnowweoughttounderstandthatintheeasterncountiesitisextremelycommonforamantobeboundtoonelordbycommendationandtoanotherlordbysoke。Veryoftenindeedamaniscommendedtoonelord，whilethesokeoverhimandoverhisland\'liesin\'somehundredcourtwhichbelongstoanotherlordorisstillinthehandsofthekingandtheearl。Howtodrawwithanyexactnessthelinebetweentherightsgiventotheonelordbythecommendationandtotheotherlordbythesokewecannottell。Forinstance，wefindmanymenwhocannotselltheirlandwithouttheconsentofalord。Thiswemayusuallyregardastheresultofsometerminthebargainofcommendation；butinsomecasesitmaywellbetheoutcomeofsoke。ThusatSturstoninNorfolkweseeafreemanofStEtheldredaofEly；hissakeandsokebelongtoArchbishopStigand\'smanorofEarsham(SturstonandEarshamliesomefivemilesapart)；nowthismanifhewishestogiveorsellhislandmustobtainthelicencebothofStEtheldredaandofStigand。(105*)Andsoasregardstheforfeitureofland。Weareperhapsaccustomedtothinkoftheescheatpropterdelictumtenentisashavingitsoriginintheideasofhomageandtenureratherthaninthejusticiaryrightsofthelord。Howbeitthereismuchtomakeusthinkthattherighttotakethelandofonewhohasforfeitedthatlandbycrimewascloselyconnectedwiththerighttootherwitesorforisfacturae。\'OfallthethegnswhoholdlandintheWellwapentakeofLincolnshire，StMaryofLincolnhadtwo-thirdsofeveryforisfacturaandtheearltheotherthird；andsooftheirheriots；andsoiftheyforfeitedtheirland，two-thirdswenttoStMaryandtheremaindertotheearl。(106*)\'StMaryhasnotenfeoffedthesethegns；butbysomeroyalgrantshehastwo-thirdsofthesokeoverthem。InSuffolkoneBrungarheldasmallmanorwithsoke。Hewasa\'freeman\'

commendedtoRobertWimarc\'sson；butthesakeandsokeoverhimbelongedtoStEdmund。UnfortunatelyforBrungar，stolenhorseswerefoundinhishouse，andwefearthathecametoabadend。

Atanyratehedropsoutofthestory。ThenStEdmund\'sAbbot，whohadthesakeandsoke，andRobert，whohadthecommendation，wenttolaw，andrightgladlywouldwehaveheardtheplea；buttheycametosomecompromiseandtoallseemingRobertgottheland。(107*)Ifwearepuzzledbythislabyrinthineweboflegalrelationships，wemayconsoleourselveswiththereflectionthattheNormanswerealsopuzzledbyit。Theyseemtohavefeltthenecessityofattributingthelordshipoflandtoonelordandoneonly(thoughofcoursethatlordmighthaveanotherlordabovehim)，ofconsolidatingsokewithcommendation，homagewithjustice，andintheendtheybroughtoutasimpleandsymmetricalresult，albeittothelasttherelationofseignorialtohundredaljusticeisnottobeexplainedbyanyeleganttheoryoffeudalism。

Yetanotherproblemshallbestated，thoughwehavelittlehopeofsolvingit。Thewrit，orratheroneofthewrits，whichdefinedthescopeofthesurveyseemstohavespokenofliberihominesandsochemanniasoftwoclassesofmenthatweretobedistinguishedfromeachother。InEssex，SuffolkandNorfolkthisdistinctionisoftendrawn。Inoneandthesamemanorweshallfindboth\'freemen\'andsokemen；(108*)wemayevenhearofsokemenwhoformerlywere\'freemen。\'(109*)Buttheimportofthisdistinctionevadesus。Sometimesitissaidofsokementhatthey\'holdfreely。\'(110*)Wereadthatfoursokemenheldthislandofwhomthreewerefree，whilethefourthhadonehidebutcouldnotgiveorsellit。(111*)Thismaysuggestthattheprincipleofthedivisionistobefoundinthepowertoalienatetheland，to\'withdraw\'withthelandtoanotherlord。(112*)

Theremaybetruthinthesuggestion，butwecannotsquareitwithallourcases。(113*)Oftenenoughthe\'freeman\'cannotsellwithouttheconsentofhislord。(114*)Wehavejustmetwitha\'freeman\'whohadtoobtaintheconsentbothofthelordofhiscommendationandofthelordofhissoke。(115*)Ontheotherhand，thesokemanwhocansellwithouthislord\'sleaveisnorarebeing，(116*)anditwasofasokemanthatwereadhowhecouldsell，notonlyhisland，butalsohissoke。(117*)

Again，wedarenotsaythatwhilethe\'freeman\'isthejusticiableofanationalcourt，thesokeoventhesokemanbelongstohislond。Neithersideofthispropositionistrue。

Veryoftenthesokeoverthe\'freeman\'belongstoachurchortosomeotherlord，(118*)whomayormaynotbehislordbycommendation。(119*)Veryoftenthelordhasnotthesokeoverhissokemen。Thismayseemaparadox，butitistrue。Wemakeitcleanerbysayingthatyoumayhaveamanwhoisyourmanandwhoisasokeman，butyetyouhavenosokeoverhim；hissoke\'lies\'

or\'isrendered\'elsewhere。Thisisacommonenoughphenomenon，butitisapttoescapeattention。WhenwearetoldthatacertainEnglishlordhadasokemanatacertainplace，wemustnotjumptotheconclusionthathehadsokeoverthatmanofhis。