第5章

ThusinHertfordshireAEthelmaerheldamanorandinittherewerefoursokemen；theywere，wearetold，hishomines：butovertwoofthemthekinghadsakeandsoke。(120*)Unlesswearegreatlymistaken，thesokeofmanyoftheEastAngliansokemen，nomatterwhosementheywere，layinthehundredcounts。Thispreventsoursayingthatasokemanisoneoverwhomhislordhassoke，oronewhorenderssoketohislord。Wemaydoubtwhetherthelinebetweenthesokemenandthe\'freemen\'isdrawninaccordancewithanyoneprinciple。Notonlyisfreedomamatterofdegree，butfreedomismeasuredalongseveraldifferentscales。Atonetimeitistothepowerofalienationor\'withdrawal\'thatattentionisattracted，atanothertothenumberorthekindoftheservicesand\'customs\'thatthemanmustrendertohislord。WhenweseethatinLincolnshirethereisnoclassof\'freemen\'butthattherearesomeeleventhousandsokemen，weshallprobablybepersuadedthatthedistinctiondrawninEastAngliawasofnoverygreatimportancetothesurveyorsortheking。Itmayhavebeenamatterofpurepersonalrank。Theseliberihominesmayhaveenjoyedawergildofmorethan200shillings，forintheNormanageweseetracesofausagewhichwillnotallowthatanyoneis\'free\'ifheisnotnoble。(121*)ButperhapswhentheDomesdayofEastAngliahasbeenfullyexplored，hundredbyhundredandvillbyvill，weshallcometotheconclusionthatthe\'freemen\'ofonedistrictwouldhavebeencalledsokemeninanotherdistrict。(122*)

Someofthesesokemenand\'freemen\'hadverysmalltenements。LetuslookatalistoftenantsinNorfolk。\'InCarletonwere2freemenwith7acres。InKicklingtonwere2freemenwith2acres。InForncett1freemanwith2acres。InTanaton4freemenwith4acres。InWacton2freemenwith11/2acres。

InStratton1freemanwith4acres。InMoulton3freemenwith5

acres。InTibenham2freemenwith7acres。InAslacton1freemanwith1acre。\'(123*)Theseeighteenfreemenhadbutsixteenoxenamongthem。WethinkithighlyprobablethatinthesurveyofEastAngliaoneandthesamefreemanissometimesmentionedseveraltimes；heholdsalittlelandunderonelord，andalittleunderanotherlord；butinallheholdslittle。Thenagain，weseethatthesesmallfreemenoftenhaveafewbordersorevenafewfreemen\'belowthem。\'(124*)Andthenweobservethat，whilesomeofthemarespokenofashavingbelongedtothemanorsoftheirlords，othersarereportedtohavehadmanorsoftheirown。

NOTES：

1。Hist。Eng。Law，i。558。ThetermshereusedwereadoptedwhentheIntroductiontotheSeldenSociety\'sSelectPleasinManorialCourts(1888)wasbeingwritten。M。EsmeininhisCoursd\'histoiredudroitfran鏰is，ed。2(1895)，p。259，hasinsistedonthesamedistinctionbuthasusedotherandperhapsapterterms。Accordingtohim\'lajusticerendueparlesseigneurs\'(myseignorialjustice)iseither\'lajusticeseigneuriale\'(myfranchisaljustice)or\'lajusticef閛dale\'(myfeudaljustice)。

2。SeeLiebermann，LegesEdwardi，p。88。

3。Leg。Hen。9，sect。9。

4。Leg。Henr。20sect。2。

5。Leg。Henr。27。

6。Hist。Eng。Law，i。532。

7。Leg。Henr。57sect。8。Cf。59sect。19。

8。Leg。Henr。55。

9。Leg。Henr。10。sect。1。

10。Leg。Henr。11sect。1。Thisexplainsthe\'participatio\'of9

sect。9。

11。Leg。Henr。19。

12。Leg。Henr。20sect。2。

13。Leg。Henr。9sect。4；20sect。2；57sect。8；78sect。2。

14。Hist。Eng。Law，i。574。

15。Hist。Eng。Law，i。571。

16。Seee。g。GeoffreyClintonforKenilworth，Monast。vi。221：

\'Concedo……uthabeantcuriamsuam……italibere……sicutegomeamcuriam……exconcessuregismeliusetfirmiushabeo。\'RobertofOuillyforOsney，ibid。p。\'Volo……quodhabeantcuriamipsorumliberamdesuishominibusdeomnimodistransgressionetdefalits，etquietisinttamipsiquameorumtenentesdeomnimodiscuriaemeaesectis。\'

17。SeeLiebermann，Leg。Edw。p。91。

18。ThusinD。B。ii。409wefindtwosuccessiveentries，the\'insacaregisetcomitis\'oftheone，beingtoallseeminganequivalentforthe\'insocaregisetcomitis\'oftheother。D。B。

ii。416：\'deomnibushabuitantecessorRannulficommendationemetsacamexceptounoquiestinsocaS。Edmundi。\'Ibid。ii。391b：

\'liberihominesWisgaricumsaca……liberhomo……subWitgarocumsoca。\'IntheIquisitioEliensis(e。g。Hamilton，p。109)sacaissometimesusedinsteadofsocainthecommonformula\'sedsocaremansitabbati。\'InD。B。ii。264b，ascribehavingwritten\'sedhabetsacam\'hasafterwardssubstitutedanoforthea；wehavenotednootherinstanceofsuchcare。

19。Hist。Eng。Law，i。566。

20。D。B。i。184，Ewias。

21。Leg。Henry。201。TheauthorofLeg。Edw。Conf。，c。22，alsoattemptstoconnectsokewithseeking，buthiswordsareexceedinglyobscure：\'Socheestquodsialiquisquaeritaliquidinterrasua，etiamfurtum，suaestiustitia，siinventumsitannon。\'Onthewholewetakethisnonsensetomeanthatmyrightofsokeismyrighttodojusticeincaseanyoneseeks(bywayoflegalproceedings)anythinginmyland，eventhoughtheaccusationthathebringsbeoneoftheft，andeventhoughthestolengoodshavenotbeenfoundonthethief。Alreadythewordisapreytotheetymologist。

22。D。B。ii。256。

23。HemingCart。i。75-6：\'quodillae15hidaeiustepertinentadOsuualdeslauehundredumepiscopietdebentcumipsoepiscopocensumregissolvereetomniaaliaservitiaadregempertinentiaetindeidemrequirereadplacitandum。\'Anotheraccountofthesametransaction，ibid。77，says\'et[episcopus]deraciocinavitsocametsacamdeHantomaadsuumhundredOsuualdeslauuequodibidebentplacitareetgeldumetexpeditionemetceteralegisservitiadeillis15hidissecumdebentpersolvere。\'

24。Schmid，Glossar。s。v。s骳en。Theword，itwouldseem，firstmakesitswayintothevocabularyofthelawasdescribingtheactofseekingasanctuaryandtheprotectionthatacriminalgainsbythatact。AforgedcharterofEdgarforThorneyAbbey，RedBookofThorney，Camb。Univ。Lib，。f。4，saysthatthewordisaDanishword——\'RegiveroproconsensueteiusdemmercimoniilicentiaacproreatusemendationequamDanisocneusitatonominantvocabulo，centumdeditsplendidissimiaurimancusas。\'

25。Leg。Henr。9sect。4。

26。Ibid。

27。Ibid。22。

28。Ibid。20sect。3。

29。Ibid。24。

30。Selden\'sEadmer，p。197；Bigelow，PlacitaAnglo-Norman，p。7。

31。D。B。i。238b，Alvestone。

32。Cnut，ii。12。Wemayconstruethesetermsbybreachoftheking\'sspecialpeace，attacksonhouses，ambush，neglectofthesummonstothehost。InHereford，D。B。i。179，thekingisaccountedtohavethreepleas，breachofhispeace，h醡fare，whichisthesameash醡s骳n，andforsteal；andbesidesthishereceivesthepenaltyfromamanwhowakesdefaultinmilitaryservice。

33。D。B。298b。

34。D。B。i。87b：\'IstaeconsuetudinespertinentadTantone，burgheristh，latrones，pacisinfractio，hainfare，denariidehundret，etdenariiS。Petri；terinannoteneriplacitaepiscopisineammonitione；profectioinexercitumcumhominibusepiscopi。\'

SeealsotheEnglishdocument，Kemble，Cod。Dipl。iv。p。233。Theoddwordburgheristhlookslikeacorruptformofburgrid(thepeaceoftheburh)，orofburhgerihta(burhrights，borough-dues)，whichwordoccursintheEnglishdocument。

35。D。B。i。172，175。

36。Cnutii。12，13，14。PerhapswheninotherpartsofEnglandthepleasofthecrownarereckonedtobebutfour，itistreatedasself-evidentthattheoutlawfallsintotheking\'shand，asalsothemanwhoharboursanoutlaw。Iffihtw韙eistherightword，wemustsupposewithSchmid(p。586)thatafihtwitewasonlypaidwhentherewashomicide。Afinemerefightingordrawingbloodwouldnothavebeenareservedplea。

37。D。B。ii。179b：\'EtisteWithrihabebatsachametsocamsuperistamterrametrexetcomes6forisfacturas。\'Ibid。223：

\'InCheiunchalasocade6forisfacturis。\'

38。D。B。ii。413b：\'socametsacampraeter6forisfacturasS。

Eadmundi。\'Ibid。373：\'S。Eadmundus6forisfacturas。\'Ibid。384

b：\'TotahecterraiacebatindominioAbbatiae[deEli]T。R。E。

cumomniconsuetudinepraetersexforisfacturasS。Eadmundi。\'

39。D。B。ii。244：\'sexliberihomines……exhishabetS。

Benedictussocametdeunocommendationemetde24tresforisfacturas。\'

40。D。B。i。336b：\'praetergeldetherieteetforisfacturamcorporumSuorumde40orisargentietpraeterlatronem。\'Suchaphraseas\'geld，heriotandthief\'isinstructive。

41。D。B。i。4b。

42。WilliamIforEly，Hamilton，Inquisitio，p。xviii。：\'omnesaliasforisfacturasquaeemendabilessunt。\'

43。D。B。ii。195：\'SuperhoshabuitT。R。E。Episcopus6

forisfacturassedhundretneeviditbreveneesigillumnecconcessumRegis。\'

44。D。B。ii。34b。

45。Seee。g。D。B。i。220。

46。D。B。i。336：\'RogeriusdeBuslihabetunummansumSuenifiliicumSuauecumsacaetsoca。JuditacomitissahabetunummansumStorisinesacaetsoca。\'

47。D。B。i。2。

48。D。B。i。1b。

49。D。B。i。337。

50。D。B。i。280b。

51。D。B。ii。185：\'Superomnesliberosistiushundreti[deNortherpingeham]habetRexsacametsocam。\'Ibid。188b：\'Rexetcomesdeomnibusistisliberishominibussocam。\'Ibid。203：\'Etdeomnibushisliberis[EpiscopiOsberni]socainhundreto。\'

52。D。B。ii。210：\'SuperomnesistosliberoshomineshabuitRexEadwardussocametsacam，etposteaGuertaccepitpervim，sedRexWillelmusdedit[S。Eadmundo]cummaneriosocametsacamdeomnibusliberisGuertsicutipsetenebat；hocreclamantmonachi。\'

53。Below，p。137。

54。D。B。ii。425b。

55。D。B。ii。287，287b：\'SanfortHund。etdim……SupradictummaneriumscilicetBercolt……cumsocadehundretoetdimidioreddebatT。R。E。24lib。\'OnsubsequentpagesitisoftensaidthatthesokeofcertainpersonsorlandsisinBergholt。

56。D。B。ii。408b：\'HagalatenuitGutmundussubRegeEdwardopromanerio8car[ueatarum]terraecumsocaetsacasurerdominiumhallaetantum。Tunc32villani……8bordarii……10

servi。Semper4carucaeindominio。Tuncetpost24carucaehominum……，。SexsochemannieiusdemGutmundidequibussocaestinhundreto。

57。D。B。ii。216：\'DeRedehamhabebatAbbassocamsuperhosquisequebanturfaldam，etdealiissocainhundreto。\'Ibid。129b：

\'SuperomnesistosquifaldamComitisrequirebanthabebatComessocamsacam，superaliosomnesRexetComes。\'Ibid。194b：\'InBegetunaettenuitEpiscopusAlmarusperemptionemT。R。E。cumsocaetsacadeComiteAlgarodebor[dariis]etsequentibusfaldamcarucatasterrae。\'Ibid。350b：\'habebatsocametsacamsuperhallamet3bordarios。\'

58。D。B。ii。130b。

59。D。B。i。265b：\'Hocmaneriumhabetsuumplacituminauladominisui。\'

60。Above，p。118。

61。D。B。ii。385b。

62。D。B。ii。46b。

63。D。B。i。283b。

64。D。B。i。11b；Chron。deBello(AngliaChristianaSoc。)p。

28；BattleCustumals(Camd。Soc。)，p。126。

65。D。B。i。154b。

66。D。B。39b，Hants：\'Huicmaneriopertinetsocaduorumhundredorum。\'Ibid。64b，Wilts：\'InhacfirmaerantplacitahundretorumdeCicementoneetSutelesbergquaeregipertinebant。\'

Ibid。ii。185：\'Superomnesliberosistiushundretihabetrexsacametsocam。\'Ibid。ii。113b：\'SocaetsachadeGrenehouhundretopertinetadWistunemaneriumRegis，quicunqueibiteneat，ethabentRexetComes。\'

67。Seeabove，note1。

68。Above，p。119。

69。D。B。ii。379：\'SuperfertingdeAlmehamhabetW。Episcopussocametsacam。\'

70。D。B。i。184：\'Haecterranonpertinet……adhundredum。DehacterrahabetRogerius15sexatariosmelliset15porcosquandohominessuntibietplacitasupereos。\'

71。D。B。ii。139b。

72。D。B。ii。114。

73。D。B。i。340，346，357b，366，368b(ter)。Seealsoonf。

344，344b，thesymbolfdinthemargin。Thewordfrids骳noccursinAEthelr。VIII，1andCnuti。23，whereitseemstostandforasanctuary，anasylum。

74。IfoneofA\'stenantsissuedinapersonalactioninthehundredcourthewillhavetoanswerthereunlessAappearsand\'claimshiscourt。\'ThiscomesoutplainlyincertainrollsofthecourtofWisbeachHundred，whichbythekindpermissionoftheBishopofEly，Ihaveexamined。Onarollof33Edw。I，wefindStephenHamondsuedforadebt；\'etsuperhocvenitPriorElyensisetpetitcuriamsuam；etThomasDorewardpetitcuriamsuamdedictoStephanoresidentesuoettenentesuo。\'ThepetitionisrefusedonthegroundthatStephenisnothistenant，andDoreward\'sprior\'spetitionisrefusedonthegroundthatitisunprecedented75。D。B。ii。291：\'EtfuitinsocaRegis。PostquamBriennushabuit，nullamconsuetudinemreddiditinhundreto。\'Ibid。240：

\'HoctotumtenuitLisiusprounomanerio；modotenetEudosuccessorilliusetinT。R。E。socaetsacafuitinhundreto；

setmodotenetEudo。\'——Ibid。240b；\'SocaistiusterreT。R。E。

iacuitinFolsaRegis；modohabetWalterius[Giffardus]。\'——

Ibid。285b：thehundredtestifiedthatintruththeKingandEarlhadthesokeandsakeintheConfessor\'sday，butthemenofthevillsaythatBurchardlikewise(similiter)hadthesokeofhisfreemenaswellasofhisvilleins。

76。D。B。i。35b：\'DuofratrestenueruntT。R。E。；unusquisquehabuitdomumsuamettamenmanseruntinuniacuria。\'Ibid。103b；

\'Ibimolendinumservienscuriae。\'Ibid。I63：\'arabantetherciabantadcuriamdomini。\'

77。D。B。i。87b。Kemble，Cod。Dip。，iv。p。233：\'andriwasecangemoton12mondum。\'

78。D。B。i。193b；Hamilton，Inquisitio，77-9。

79。D。B。i。75。

80。D。B。i。238。

81。D。B。i。186。

82。D。B。i。38b。

83。D。B。i。101。

84。D。B。i。280b：\'HicnotanturquihabueruntsocametsacamettholetthaimetconsuetudinemRegis2denariorum……Horumomniumnemohaberepotuitterciumdenariumcomitisnisieiusconcessuethocquamdiuviveret，preterArchiepiscopumetUlfFeriscetGodeueComitissam。\'

85。Seeabovep。123，note1。

86。D。B。ii。123b：\'Deistisestsocainhundretoadterciumdenarium。

87。D。B。ii。282。

88。D。B。ii。312：\'RexhabetinDuneuuicconsuetudinemhancquodduoveltresibuntadhundretsirectemonitifuerint，etsihocnonfaciunt，forisfactisuntde2oris，etsilatroibifueritcaptusibijudicabitur，etcorporalisiusticiainBlieburccapietur，etsuapecuniaremanebitdominiodeDuneuuic。\'ItseemstousthatthefirstibimustrefertoDunwichandthereforethattheseconddoessolikewise。Stillthepassageisambiguousenough。

89。Seeabove，p。121。

90。BattleCustumals(CamdenSoc。)136。Thisisaninterestingexample，foritsuggestsanexplanationofthecommonclaimtoholdacourt\'outside\'thehundredcourt(petitcuriamsuamextrahundredum)。Theclaimant\'smenwillgoapartandholdalittlecourtbythemselvesoutside\'thefourbenches\'ofthehundred。

91。D。B。i。32：\'etsiquisforisfaciensibicalumpniatusfuisset，Regiemendabat；siverononcalumpniatusabissetsubeoquisacametsocamhabuisset，illeemendamdereohaberet。\'

ComparewiththistheaccountofGuildford，Ibid。30。

92。D。B。i。56b。

93。D。B。i。336b。

94。D。B。i。238。

95。ThepassagesfromthedoomsarecollectedbySchmids。v。

Hausfriede，Feohtan。

96。Ine，6sect。3：\'Ifhefightinthehouseofagavel-payerorboor，lethimgive30shillingsbywayofwiteand6shillingstotheboor。\'

97。D。B。i。204。

98。D。B。ii。419b：\'CercesforttenuitScapiusteinnusHaroldi……ScapiushabuitsocamsubHaroldo。\'——Ibid。313：

\'HeroldussocamhabuitetStanuuinusdeeo……IdemStannuuinussocamhabuitdeHeroldo。\'

99。D。B。i。142b：\'etvenderepotueruntpraetersocam；unusautemcorumetiamsocamsuamcumterravenderepoterat。\'comp。D。

B。ii。230：\'Huicmanerioiacent5liberihominesadsocamtantumcommend[ati]et2deomniconsuetudine。\'——Ibid。ii。59：\'InCingehamtenuitSauinuspresbyter15acras……ineademvillatenuitEtsinus15acras……Istisupradictifueruntliberiitaquodipsipossentvendereterramcumsocaetsacauthundremstestatur。\'——Ibid。ii。40b：\'etistefuititaliberquodpossetirequovelletcumsocaetsachasettantumfuithomoWisgari。\'

100。Leg。Henr。81sect。3：\'Quidam，villaniquisunt，eiusmodileierwitametblodwitamethuiusmodiminoraforisfactaemeruntadominissuis，velquomodomeruerunt，desuisetinsuos，quorumflet-gefothveloverseunessaest30den。；cothseti15den。；

servi6(al。5)den。\'Theflet-gefothseemstobethesumdueforfightinginaman\'sfletorhouse。

101。MunimentaGildhallae，i。66。

102。Hist。Eng。Law，i。580-2。

103。D。B。ii。424；\'EtdicuntetiamquodistamterramR[anulfus]

calumpniavitsupraRadulfum，etvicecomesRogeriusdenominavitillisconstitutumtempusm[odo]utamboadfuissent；RanulfoadvenientedefuitRadulfuseticcircodiiudicaverunthomineshundretiRannulfumessesaisitum。\'——Ibid。i。165b：\'ModoiacetinBernitonehundredoiudiciohominumeiusdemhundredi。\'——Ibid。

i。58b：\'undeiudiciumnondixerunt，sedanteRegemutiudicetdimiserunt。\'——Ibid。182b；\'Inistohundredoadplacitaconveniuntquiibimanentutrectumfaciantetaccipiant。\'

104。Above，p。125。

105。D。B。ii。186：\'InSterestunatenuit1liberhomoS。AldredeT。R。E。etStigandieratsocaetsacoinHersam，setnecdarenecvenderepoteratterramsuamsinelicentiaS。AldredeetStigandi。\'

106。D。B。ii。376。

107。D。B。ii。401b：\'EodemtemporefueruntfuratiequiinventiindomoistiusBrungari，itaquodAbbascuiusfuitsocaetsacaetRodbertusquihabuitcommendationemsuperistumveneruntdehocfurtoadplacitum，etsicuthundrettestaturdiscesseruntamicabilitersineiudicioquodvidissed(sic)hundret。\'

108。E。g。D。B。ii。35b：\'quastenuerunt2sochemanniet1liberhomo。\'

109。D。B。ii。28b：\'Huicmanerioiacent5sochenmanniquorum2

occupavitIngelricustemporeRegisWillelmiquituncerantliberihomines。\'

110。D。B。ii。83：\'3sochemannitenenteslibere。\'——Ibid。88b：

\'tuncfuit1sochemannusquiliberetenuit1virgatam。\'——Ibid。

58：\'inhacterrasunt13sochemanniquiliberetenent。\'

111。D。B。i。212b，Bedf。：\'Hancterramtenuerunt4sochemanniquorum3liberifuerunt，quartusverounamhidamhabuit，sednecdarenecvender。epotuit。\'

112。D。B。i。35b，\'Istiliberihominesitaliberifueruntquodpoterantirequovolebant。\'——Ibid。ii。187：\'5homines……existiserant4liberiutnonpossentrecederenisidando2

solidos。\'

113。Round，FeudalEngland，34。

114。D。B。ii。59b，Essex：\'quodtenuerunt2liberihomines……

setnonpoterantrecederesineliceintiailliusAlgari。\'——Ibid。

216b，Norf。：\'Ibisunt5liberihominesS。Benedicticommendationetantum……etitaestinmonasterioquodnecvenderenedforisfacerepot[uerunt]extraecclesiasetsocaestinhundredo。\'——Ibid。i。137b，Herts：\'duoteigni……venderenonpotuerunt。\'——Ibid。i。30b，Hants：\'DuoliberihominestenueruntdeepiscopoT。R。E。sedrecederecumterranonpotuerunt。\'

115。Above，p。135，note1。

116。E。g。D。B。i。129b：\'Inhacterrafuerunt5sochemannide6

hidisquaspotueruntdarevelvenderesinelicentiadominorumsuorum。\'

117。Above，p。132，note1。

118。E。g。D。B。ii，358：\'7liberoshomines……hipoterantdarevelvendereterramsetsacaetsocaetcommendatioetservitiumremanebantSancto[Edmundo]。\'

119。D。B。ii。186：\'InSterestunatenuitunusliberhomoS。

AldredaeT。R。E。etStigandieratsocaetsacoinHersam。\'——

Ibid。139b：\'habuitsocametsacam……decommendatissuis。\'

120。D。B。i。141。

121。Liebermann，LegesEdwardi，p。72。ThemostimportantpassageisLeg。Edw。12sect。4：\'ManboteinDanelagadevillanoetdesocheman12oras[=20sol。]：deliberishominibus3marcas[=40

sol。]。\'

122。AstudyoftheHundredRollsmightprepareusforthisresult。Onejurywillcallservithosewhomanotherjurywouldhavecalledvillani。Seee。g。R。H。ii。688ff。

123。D。B。ii。189，b。190。

124。D。B。ii。318：\'InSuttonatenetidemW。[deCadomo]deR。

Malet2liberoshominescommendatosEdrico61acr[arum]etsub1

exipsis5liberi[sic]homines。\'——Ibid。321b：\'InCaldecota6

liberihominescommendatiLeuuinodeBachetuna74acr。et7

liberihominessubeiscommend[ati]de6acr。etdim。\'

6。TheManorThisbringsusfacetofacewithaquestionthatwehavehithertoevaded。Whatisamanor？ThewordmaneriumappearsonpageafterpageofDomesdayBook，buttodefineitsmeaningwilltaskourpatience。Perhapswemayhavetosaythatsometimesthetermislooselyused，thatithasnowawider，nowanarrowercompass，butwecannotsaythatitisnotatechnicalterm。

Indeedtheonestatementthatwecansafelymakeaboutitisthat，atalleventsincertainpassagesandcertaincontexts，itisatechnicalterm。

Wemaybeledtothisopinionbyobservingthatinthedescriptionofcertaincounties——Middlesex，Buckingham，Bedford，Cambridge，Huntingdon，Derby，Nottingham，Lincoln，York——thesymbolM，whichrepresentsamanor，isoftencarriedoutintothemargin，andissometimesconstrastedwiththeSwhichrepresentsasokeandtheBwhichrepresentsaberewick。Thisnodoubthasbeendone——thoughitmaynothavebeenveryconsistentlydone——forthepurposeofguidingtheeyeofofficialswhowillturnoverthepagesinsearchofmanors。Butmuchclearerevidenceisforthcoming。ThroughoutthesurveyofEssexitiscommontofindentrieswhichtakesuchaformasthis：\'Thurkilhelditfortwohidesandforonemanor\'。

\'Brithmaerhelditforfivehidesandforonemanor\'；\'Twofreemenwhowerebrothershelditfortwohidesandfortwomanors\'；

\'Threefreemenhelditforthreemanorsandforfourhidesandtwenty-sevenacres；(1*)inSussexagainthestatement\'Xtenuitprounomanerio\'(2*)frequentlyoccurs。Suchphrasesas\'Fourbrothershelditfortwomanors，Hughreceiveditforonemanor，(3*)——\'Thesefourmanorsarenowforonemanor\'(4*)——

\'Thenthereweretwohalls，nowitisinonemanor，\'(5*)——\'A

certainthegnheldfourhidesanditwasamanor，(6*)——arebynomeansunusual。(7*)Aclerkwrites\'Elmertenuit\'andthenisatpainstoaddbywayofinterlineation\'promanerio。\'(8*)

\'Eightthegnsheldthismanor，oneofthem，Alwin，heldtwohidesforamanor；another，Ulf，twohidesforamanor；another，Algar，onehideandahalfforamanor；Elsionehide，Turkillonehide，Lodionehide，Osulfonehide，Elricahalf-hide\'(9*)——whenwereadthiswefeelsurethatthescribeisusinghistermscarefullyandthatheistellingusthattheholdingsofthefivethegnslastmentionedwerenotmanors。AndthenHughdePortholdsWallopinHampshire\'forhalfamanor。\'(10*)Butletussayatoncethatatleastoneruleoflaw，oroflocalcustom，demandsadefinitionofamanerium。IntheshiresofNottinghamandDerbyathegnwhohasmorethansixmanorspaysareliefof？totheking，butifhehasonlysixmanorsorless，thenareliefof3markstothesheriff。(11*)ItseemsclearthereforethatnotonlydidtheNormanrulerstreatthetermmaneriumasanaccuratetermchargedwithlegalmeaning，buttheythoughtthatit，orrathersomeEnglishequivalentforit，hadbeenintheConfessor\'sdayanaccuratetermchargedwithlegalmeaning。

ThetermmaneriumseemstohavecomeinwiththeConqueror，(12*)thoughotherderivativesfrowtheLatinverbmanere，inparticularmansa，mansio，mansiunculahadbeenfreelyemployedbythescribesoftheland-books。ButthesehadasarulebeenusedasrepresentativesoftheEnglishhide，andjustforthisreasontheywereincapableofexpressingthenotionthattheNormansdesiredtoexpressbythewordmanerium。Initsoriginthatwordisbutonemorenameforahouse。ThroughouttheExeterDomesdaythewordmansioisusedinsteadofthemaneriumoftheExchequerrecord，andevenintheExchequerrecordwewayfindthesetwotermsusedinterchangeably：——\'Threefreemenbelongedtothismanerium；oneofthemhadhalfahideandcouldwithdrawhimselfwithoutthelicenceofthelordofthemansio。\'(13*)Ifwelookforthevernaculartermthatwasrenderedbymanerium，wearelikelytofinditintheEnglishheal。ThoughthisisnotconnectedwiththeLatinaula，stillthesetwowordsbearingasimilarmeaningmeetandarefusedintheaula，haula，hallaofDomesdayBook。

Nowthistermstandsinthefirstinstanceforahouseandcanbeexchangedwithcuria。Youmaysaythatthereismeadowenoughforthehorsesofthecuria，(14*)andthattherearethreehorsesintheaula；(15*)youmayspeakindifferentlyofamillthatservesthehall，(16*)orofthemillthatgrindsthecornofthecourt。(17*)Butfurther，youmaysaythatinStonhamthereare50acresofthedemesnelandofthehallinCreeting，orthatinThorneythereare24acreswhichbelongtothehallinStonham，(18*)orthatRogerdeRameshaslandswhichoncewereinthehallofStEdmund，(19*)orthatinthehallofGranthamtherearethreecarucatesofland，(20*)orthatGuthmund\'ssakeandsokeextendedonlyoverthedemesneofhishall。(21*)Wefeelthattosuchphrasesastheseweshoulddonogreatviolencewerewetosubstitute\'manor\'for\'hall。\'Otherphrasesservetobringthesetwowordsverycloselytogether。Oneandthesamepagetellsus，first，thatHughdePortholdsasonemanorwhatfourbrothersheldastwomanors，andthen，thatonanotherestatethereisonehallthoughofoldthereweretwohalls：(22*)——

thesetwostoriesseemtohavethesamepoint。\'Fourbrothersheldthis；therewasonlyonehallthere。\'(23*)\'Twobrothershelditandeachhadhishall；nowitisasonemanor。\'(24*)\'Inthesetwolandsthereisbutonehall。\'(25*)\'Thenthereweretwohalls；nowitisinonemanor。\'(26*)\'Tenmanors；tenthegns，eachhadhishall\'(27*)\'Ingelricsetthesementohishall……

Ingelricaddedthesementohismanor。\'(28*)

Wedonotcontendthatmaneriumandhallaarepreciselyequivalent。Nowandagainweshallbetoldofamaneriumsinehalla(29*)asofsomeexceptionalphenomenon。Thetermmaneriumhascontractedashadeoftechnicalmeaning；itrefers，sowethink，toasystemoftaxation，andthusitisbeingdifferentiatedfromthetermhall。Suppose，forexample，thatahallormanorhasmeantahousefromwhichtaxesarecollected，andthatsomeoneremovesthathouse，housesbeingveryportablethings：(30*)\'byconstructionoflaw，\'aswenowsay，therestillmaybeahallormanorontheoldsite；orwemaytakeadvantageofthenewwealthofwordsandsaythat，thoughthehallhasgone，themanorremains：todothisisneaterthantosaythatthereisa\'constructive\'hallwherenohallcanbeseen。Thenagain，maneriumisprovingitselftobethemoreelasticofthetwoterms。Wemayindeedspeakofaconsiderablestretchoflandasbelongingtoorevenas\'beingin\'acertainhall，andthisstretchmayincludenotonlylandthattheownerofthehalloccupiesandcultivatesbyhimselforhisservants，butalsolandandhousesthatareoccupiedbyhisvilleins：(31*)stillwecouldhardlytalkofthehallbeingaleaguelongandaleaguewideorcontainingasquareleague。Ofmanerium，however，wemayuseevensuchphrasesasthosejustmentioned。(32*)Forallthis，wecanthinkofnoEnglishwordforwhichmaneriumcanstand，savehall；

t鷑，itisclearenough，wastranslatedbyvilla，notbymanerium。

Ifnowweturnfromwordstolookatthethingswhichthosewordssignify，weshallsoonbeconvincedthattodescribeatypicalmaneriumisanimpossiblefeat，forontheonehandthereareenormousmaneriaandontheotherhandtherearemanyholdingscalledmaneriawhicharesosmallthatwe，withourreminiscencesofthelawoflaterdays，canhardlybringourselvestospeakofthemasmanors。Ifwelookintheworldofsensefortheessenceofthemaneriumweshallfindnothingthatiscommontoallmaneriasaveapieceofground——verylargeitmaybe，orverysmall——held(insomesenseoranother)byasinglepersonorbyagroupofco-tenants，forevenuponahouseweshallnotbeabletoinsistverystrictly。Afterwearyarithmeticallabourswemightindeedobtainanaveragemanor；wemightcometotheconclusionthattheaveragemanorcontainedsomanyhidesoracres，possiblythatitincludedlandoccupiedbysomanysokemen，villeins，bordiers，serfs；butanaverageisnotatype，andtheuselessnessofsuchcalculationswillsoonbecomeapparent。

Wemaybeginbylookingatasomewhatlargemanor。LetitbethatofStainesinMiddlesex，whichisheldbyStPeterofWestminster。(33*)Itisratedat19hidesbutcontainslandfor24plough-teams。Tothedemesnebelong11hidesandthereare13

teamsthere。Thevilleinshave11teams。Thereare：——

3villeinswithahalf-hideapiece。

4villeinswithahidebetweenthem。

8villeinswithahalf-virgateapiece。

36bordierswith3hidesbetweenthem。

1villeinwith1virgate。

4bordierswith40acresbetweenthem。

10bordierswith5acresapiece。

5cottierswith4acres。

8bordierswith1virgate。

3cottierswith9acres。

13serfs。

46burgessespaying40shillingsayear。

Thereare6millsof64shillingsandonefish-weirof6s。

8d。andoneweirwhichrendersnothing。Thereispasturesufficientforthecattleofthevill。Thereismeadowforthe24

teams，andinadditiontothisthereismeadowworth20sayear。

Thereiswoodfor30pigs；thereare2arpentsofvineyard。Tothismanorbelongfourberewicks。Altogetheritisworth？5andformerlyitwasworth？0——Thisisahandsomemanor——Thenextmanorthatismentionedwouldbeafairerspecimen。ItisSunburyheldbyStPeterofWestminster。(34*)Itisratedat7

hidesandthereislandforbut6teams。Tothedemesnebelong4

hidesandthereisoneteamthere。Thevilleinshave4teams。

Thereare：——

Apriestwithahalf-virgate。

8villeinswithavirgateapiece。

2villeinswithavirgate。

5bordierswithavirgate。

5cottiers。

1serf。

Thereismeadowfor6teamsandpastureenoughforthecattleofthevill。Altogetheritisworth？andhasbeenworth？。

WithinthisonecountyofMiddlesexwecanseewidevariations。

Therearemanorswhichareworth？0andtherearemanorswhicharenotworthasmanyshillings。Thearchbishop\'sgrandmanoratHarrowhaslandfor70teams；(35*)theWestminstermanorofCowleyhaslandforbutoneteamandtheonlytenantsuponitaretwovilleins。(36*)

Butfarlargervariationsthanthesearetobefound。Letuslookatafewgiganticmanors。LeominsterinHerefordshirehadbeenheldbyQueenEdithtogetherwithsixteenmembers。(37*)ThenamesofthesemembersaregivenandwemayfindthemscatteredaboutoverawidetractofHerefordshire。Inthismanorwithitsmemberstherewere80hides。Inthedemesnetherewere30teams。

Therewere8reevesand16beadlesand8radknightsand238

villeins，75bordiersand82maleandfemaleserfs。Theseinallhad230teams；sothatwiththedemesneteamstherewerenolessthan260。FurthertherewereNormanbaronspayingrentstothismanor。RalphdeMortemerforexamplepaid15sandHughdeLacy6s。8d。Itislettofarmatarentof？0andbesidesthishastosupportahouseofnuns；wereitfreedfromthisduty，itmight，sothinksthecounty，beletatarentof？20。Itisamostinterestingmanor，forweseestrongtracesofaneatsymmetricalarrangement：——witnessthe16members，8reeves，8

radknights，16beadles；veryprobablyithasaWelshbasis。(38*)

Butwehaveinthisplacetonotethatitiscalledamanor，andforcertainpurposesitistreatedasasinglewhole。Forwhatpurposes？Well，foronething，itislettofarmasasinglewhole。This，however，isofnoverygreatimportance，forlandlordsandfarmersmaymakewhatbargainstheyplease。Butalsoitistaxedasasinglewhole。Itisratedattheniceroundfiguresof80hides。

NolesshandsomeandyetmorevaluableisBerkeleyinGloucestershire。(39*)Itbroughtinarentof？70ofrefinedmoney。Ithadeighteenmemberswhichweredispersedabroadoversowideafieldthatastraightlineofthirtymileswouldhardlyjointheiruttermostpoints。(40*)\'AlltheaforesaidmembersbelongtoBerkeley。\'Therewere29radknights，162villeins，147

bordiers，22coliberts，161maleandfemaleserfs，besidessomeunenumeratedmenoftheradknights；onthedemesnelandwere54

1/2teams；andthetenantshad192。Tewkesburyalsoisasplendidmanor。\'WhenitwasalltogetherinKingEdward\'stimeitwasworth？00，\'thoughnowbut？0atthemostcanbehadfromitandintheturmoiloftheConquestitsvaluefellto？2。(41*)Itwasascatteredunit，butstillitwasaunitforfiscalpurposes。Itwasreckonedtocontain95hides，butthe45whichwereindemesnewerequitofgeld，andmattershadbeensoarrangedthatallthegeldontheremaining50hideshad，asbetweenthelordandhisvarioustenants，beenTewkesbury；themembersweredispersedabroad；but\'theygeldedinTewkesbury。\'(42*)

NolistofgreatmanorswouldbecompletewithoutanoticeofTaunton。(43*)\'ThebishopofWinchesterholdsTantoneorhasamansioncalledTantone。StigandheldininKingEdward\'sdayanditgeldedfor54hidesand21/2virgates。Thereislandfor100

teams，andbesidesthisthebishopinhisdemesnehaslandfor20

teamswhichnevergelded。\'\'Withallitsappendagesandcustomsitisworth？5412d。\'\'Tantone\'thenisvaluedasawholeandithasgeldedasawhole。But\'Tantone\'inthissensecoversfarmorethantheboroughwhichbearsthatname；itcoversmanyplaceswhichhavenamesoftheirownandhadnamesoftheirownwhenthesurveywasmade。(44*)WemightspeakofthebishopofExeter\'smanorofCreditoninDevonwhichisworth？5

andinwhichare264villeinsand73bordiers，(45*)orofthebishopofWinchester\'smanorofChilcombeinHampshirewherethereareninechurches，(46*)butweturntoanotherpartofEngland。

IfwewishtoseeamidlandmanorwithmanymemberswemaylookatRothleyinLeicestershire。(47*)ThevillatRothleyitselfisnotverylargeanditisseparatelyvaluedatbut62s。

But\'tothismanorbelongthefollowingmembers，\'andthenwereadofnolessthantwenty-onemembersscatteredoveralargeareaandcontaining204sokemenwhowith157villeinsand94

bordiershave82teamsandwhopayinall？18s。1d。Theirrentsarethusreckonedasformingasinglewhole。InLincolnshireEarlEdwin\'smanorofKirtonhad25satellites，EarlMorcar\'smanorofCaistor16，theQueen\'smanorofHorncastle15。(48*)A

Northamptonshiremanorof27hideslayscatteredaboutinsixhundreds。(49*)

Itiscommonenoughtoseeatown-houseannexedtoaruralmanor。Sometimesaconsiderablegroupofhousesor\'haws\'intheboroughisdeemedto\'liein\'orformpartofamanorremotefromitswalls。Thus，togivebuttwoexamples，twelvehousesinLondonbelongtotheBishopofDurham\'smanorofWalthaminEssex；twenty-eighthousesinLondontothemanorofBarking。(50*)Notonlythesehousesbuttheiroccupantsaredeemedtobelongtothemanor；thus80burgessesinDunwichpertaintooneoftheElymanors。(51*)Theberewick(bereuita)(52*)alsofrequentlymeetsoureye。Itsnameseemstosignifyprimarilyawick，orvillage，inwhichbarleyisgrown；

but，likethebarton(bertona)andthegrange(grangia)oflaterdays，itseemsoftentobeadetachedportionofamanorwhichisinpartdependenton，andyetinpartindependentof，themainbody。Probablyattheberewickthelordhassomedemesnelandandsomefarmbuildings，abarnorthelike，andthevilleinsoftheberewickarebutseldomcalledupontoleaveitslimits；butthelordhasnohallthere，hedoesnotconsumeitsproduceuponthespot，andyetforsomeimportantpurposestheberewickisapartofthemanor。Theberewickmightwellbesomewayofffromthehall；amanorinHampshirehadthreeberewicksonthemainlandandtwointheIsleofWight。(53*)

Thenagaininthenorthandeastthemanorisoftenthecentreofanextensivebutverydiscreteterritoryknownasitssoke。Onesaysthatcertainlandsare\'soke\'orare\'thesoke，\'

orare\'inthesoke\'ofsuchamanor，orthat\'theirsokebelongs\'tosuchamanor。Onecontraststhesokeofthemanorwiththe\'inland\'andwiththeberewicks。(54*)Thesokeinthiscontestseemstobetheterritoryinwhichthelord\'srightsare，orhavebeen，ofajusticiaryratherthanofaproprietarykind。(55*)Themanoroftheeasterncountiesisadiscrete，adissipatedthing。Farfromlyingwithinaringfence，itoftenconsistsofasmallnucleusofdemesnelandandvilleintenementsinonevillage，togetherwithmanydetachedparcelsinmanyothervillages，whichareheldby\'freemen\'andsokemen。Insuchacasewemayusethetermmaneriumnowinawider，nowinanarrowersense。Invaluingthemanor，wehardlyknowwhethertoincludeorexcludethesefreemen。Wesaythatthemanor\'withthefreemen\'isworthsomuch，(56*)orthatthemanor\'withoutthefreemen\'isworthsomuch，(57*)thatthemanorisworth？0

andthatthefreemenpay40shillings，(58*)thatThurmothadsokeoverthemanorandoverthreeofthefreemenwhiletheAbbotofElyhadsokeovertheotherthree。(59*)

Fromoneextremewemaypasstotheotherextreme。Ifherewerehugemanors，therewerealsotinymanors。Letusbegininthesouth-westofEngland。Quitecommonisthemanorwhichissaidtohavelandforbutoneteam；commonalsoisthemanorwhichissaidtohavelandforbuthalfateam。Thismeans，aswebelieve，thatthefirstofthesemanorshasbutsome120acresofarable，whilethesecondhasbut60acresorthereabouts。

\'Domesdaymeasures\'are，itiswellknown，thematterofmanydisputes；thereforewewillnotwhollyrelyuponthem，butwilllookatsomeofthese\'half-team\'manorsandobservehowmuchtheyareworth，howmanytenantsandhowmuchstocktheyhaveuponthem。

(i)ASomersetshiremanor。(60*)Halfthelandisindemesne；

halfisheldby7bordiers。Theonlyploughbeastsare4oxenonthedemesne；thereare3beaststhatdonotplough，20sheep，7

acresofunderwood，20acresofpasture。Itisworth12s，formerlyitwasworth10s。

(ii)ASomersetshiremanor。(61*)Aquarterofthelandisindemesne；therestisheldby2villeinsand3bordiers。Themenhaveoneteam；apparentlythedemesnehasnoplough-oxen。Nootheranimalsarementioned。Thereare140acresofwood，41

acresofmoor，40acresofpasture。Itisworth12s。6d。andhasbeenworth20s。

(iii)ASomersetshiremanor。(62*)Alltheland，save10

acres，isindemesne；2bordiersholdthe10acres。Thereisateamonthedemesne；thereare2beaststhatdonotplough，7

pigs，16sheep，4acresofmeadow，7ofpasture。Value，6s。

(iv)ASomersetshiremanor。(63*)Thewholeofthearableisindemesne；theonlytenantisabordier。Thereare4plough-oxenand11goatsand7acresofunderwood。Value，6s。

(v)ADevonshiremanor。(64*)Toallseemingallisindemesneandtherearenotenants。Thereare4plough-beasts，15sheep，5

goats，4acresofmeadow。Value，3s。

Wehavebeenatnogreatpainstoselectexamples，andyetsmallermanorsmaybefound，manorswhichprovidearablelandforbuttwooxen。Thus。

(vi)ADevonshiremanor。(65*)Value，3s。Allseemstobeindemesne；weseenotenantsandnostock。

(vii)ASomersetshiremanor(66*)occupiedbyonevillein。Wereadnothingofanystock。Value，15d。

(viii)ASomersetshiremanor(67*)with3bordiersonit。

Value，4s。

(ix)ASomersetshiremanor(68*)withonebordieronit。

Value，30d。

Thelowestvalueofamanorinthispartoftheworldis，sofaraswehaveobserved，oneshilling；thatmanortoallappearancewasnothingbutapieceofpastureland。(69*)Yeteachofthoseholdingsisamansio，andtheBishopofWinchester\'sholdingatTauntonisamansio。

FromonesideofEnglandwewilljourneytotheotherside；

fromDevonandSomersettoEssexandSuffolk。Wesoonobservethatindescribingtheholdingsofthe\'freemen\'andsokemenofthiseasterndistrictastheywereinKingEdward\'sday，ourrecordconstantlyintroducesthetermmanerium。Aseriesofentriestellingushow\'afreemanheldxhidesorcarucatesoracres\'willeverandanonbebrokenbyanentrythattellsushow\'afreemanheldxhidesorcarucatesoracresforamanor\'。(70*)

Wesoongiveupcountingthecasesinwhichthemanorisratedat60acres。Webegincountingthecasesinwhichitisratedat30

acresandfindthemnumerous；weseemanorsratedat24acres，at20，at15，at12acres。Butthis，itmaybesaid，tellsuslittle，forthesemanorsmaybeextravagantlyunderrated。(71*)

Letusthenlookatafewofthem。

(i)InEspalleSiricheld30acresforamanor；therewerealways3bordiersandoneteamand4acresofmeadow；woodfor60

pigsand13beasts。Itwasthenworth10s。(72*)

(ii)InTorentunaTurchetelafreemanheld30acresforamanor；therewerealways2bordiersandoneteamandahalf。Itisworth10s。(73*)

(iii)InBongheaGodricafreemanheld30acresforamanor；

therewere1bordierand1teamand2acresofmeadow。Itwasthenworth8s。(74*)

(iv)Threefreemenandtheirmotherheld30acresforamanor。Therewashalfateam。Value，5s。(75*)

(v)InRinchamafreemanheld30acresforamanor。Therewerehalfateamandoneacreofmeadow。Value，5s。(76*)

(vi)InWenhamAElfgarafreemanheld24acresforamanor。

Value，4s。(77*)

(vii)InTorpafreemanheld20acresforamanor。Oneteam；

woodfor5pigs。Value，40d。(78*)

(viii)InTudenhamAElfricthedeacon，afreeman，held12

acresforamanor。Oneteam，3bordiers，2acresofmeadow，1

rouncey，2beaststhatdonotplough，11pigs，40sheep。Value，3s。(79*)

Wearenotspeakingofcuriosities；thesixty-acremanorwasverycommoninEssex，thethirty-acremanorwasnorarityinSuffolk。

Nowitisplainenoughthatthe\'lord\'ofsuchamanor——orrathertheholderofsuchamanor，fortherewaslittlelordshipinthecase——wasoftenenoughapeasant，atillerofthesoil。

Hewasundersokeandundercommendation；commendeditmaybetoonelordrenderingsoketoanother。Sometimesheiscalledasokeman。(80*)Buthehasamanor。Sometimeshehasafullteam，sometimesbuthalfateam。Sometimeshehasacoupleofbordiersseatedonhisland，whohelphiminhishusbandry。Sometimesthereisnotraceoftenants，andhisholdingisbynomeanstoolargetopermitofhiscultivatingitbyhisownlabourandthatofhissons。NodoubtinthewestcountryevenbeforetheConquestthesepettymansionesormaneriawerebeingaccumulatedinthehandsofthewealthy。ThethegnwhowastheantecessoroftheNormanbaronsometimesheldagroup，ageographicallydiscontinuousgroup，orpettymanorsaswellassomemoresubstantialandbetterconsolidatedestates。Butstilleachlittleholdingisreckonedamanor，whileintheeastofEnglandthereisnothingtoshowthatthenamelessfreemenwhoheldthemanorswhicharesaidtoconsistof60，40，30acreshadusuallymorethanonemanorapiece。WhenthereforewearetoldthatalreadybeforetheConquestEnglandwasfullofmanors，wemustreply：Yes，butofwhatmanors？(81*)

Nowwerethedifferencesbetweenvariousmanorsameredifferenceinsizeandinvalue，astudentoflawmightpassthemby。Ournotionofownershipisthesamewhetheritbeappliedtothelargestandmostprecious，ortothesmallestandmostworthlessofthings。Butinthiscasewehavenottodealwithmeredifferencesinsizeorvalue。Theexamplesthatwehavegivenwillhaveprovedthatfew，ifany，propositionsoflegalimportwillholdgoodofallmaneria。Wemustexpresslyrejectsomesuggestionsthatthelaterhistoryofourlawmaymaketous。\'Amanorhasacourtofitsown\'：——thisisplainlyuntrue。

Tosaynothingofextremecases，ofthesmallestofthemanorsthatwehavenoticed，wecannoteasilybelievethatamanorwithlessthantentenantshasacourtofitsown，yetthenumberofsuchmanorsisexceedinglylarge。\'Amanorhasfreeholdtenants\'：——

thisofcoursewemustdeny，unlessweholdthatthevillaniarefreeholders。\'Amanorhasvilleinorcustomarytenants\'：——

eventhisproposition，thoughtrueofmanycases，wecannotaccept。Notonlymaywefindamanortheonlytenantsuponwhichareliberihomines，(82*)butwearecompelledtoprotestthatamanorneednothaveanytenantsatall。\'Amanormustcontaindemesneland\'：——thisagainwecannotbelieve。Inonecasewereadthatthewholemanorisbeingfarmedbythevilleinssothatthereisnothingindemesne，(83*)whileinothercaseswearetoldthatthereisnothingindemesneandseenotraceofanyrecentchange。(84*)Thus，oneafteranother，allthefamiliarpropositionsseemtofailus，andyetwehaveseengoodreasontobelievethatmaneriumhassomeexactmeaning。Itremainsthatweshouldhazardanexplanation。

Amanorisahouseagainstwhichgeldischarged。Totheopinionthatinsomewayoranotherthedefinitionofamanorisintimatelyconnectedwiththegreattaxweshallbebroughtbyphrasessuchasthefollowing：\'RichardholdsFivehideoftheEarlwhichBrihtmaerheldinKingEdward\'stimeforfortyacresandforamanor。\'(85*)——\'Twofreemenwhowerebrothers，BondiandAElfric，helditfortwohidesandfortwomanors。\'(86*)Whenwesaythatamanholdsland\'as\'or\'for\'(pro)fortyacres，wemeanthathisholding，beitsrealsizewhatitmay，isratedtothegeldatfortyacres。Ifweaddthewords\'andas(orfor)onemanor，\'surelywearestillspeakingofthegeld。Foronemomentthethoughtmaycrossourmindsthat，besidesataxonland，therehasbeenanadditionaltaxon\'halls，\'onhousesofacertainsizeorvalue；butthiswesoondismissasmostunlikely。

Toraisebutoneoutofmanyobjections：hadtherebeensuchahouse-tax，itwouldhaveleftplaintracesofitselfinthose\'Geldinquests\'ofthesouthwesterncountiesthathavecomedowntous。Ratherweregardthematterthus：——Thegeldisaland-tax，ataxofsomuchperhideorcarucate。Inalllikelihoodithasbeenassessedaccordingtoamethodwhichwemightcallthemethodofsubpartitionedprovincialquotas。Theassumptionhasbeenmadethatashireorotherlargedistrictcontainsacertainnumberofhides；thisnumberhasthenbeenapportionedamongthehundredsofthatshire，andthenumberallottedtoeachhundredhasbeen。apportionedamongthevillsofthathundred。Thecommonresultisthatsomeneatnumberofhides，five，tenorthelikeisattributedtothevill。(87*)Thisagainhasbeendividedbetweentheholdingsinthatvill。

Ultimatelyitissettledthatforfiscalpurposesagivenholdingcontains，ormustbedeemedtocontain，thisorthatnumberofhides，virgates，oracres。Thusfarthesystemmakesnouseofthemanerium。Butitnowhastodiscoversomehouseagainstwhichademandmaybemadeforeveryparticularpennyofgeld。Despitethe\'realism\'ofthesystem，ithastofacethefactthat，afterall，taxesmustbepaidbymenandnotbyland。Menliveinhouses。Itseeksthetax-payerinhishouse。Now，werealltheoccupiersoflandabsoluteownersofthelandthattheyoccupied，evenwereittruethateveryacrehadsomeonepersonasitsabsoluteowner，thetaskwouldbesimple。Ascheduleoffivecolumns，suchwearefamiliarwith，wouldsetforth\'Owner\'sName，\'\'PlaceofResidence，\'\'DescriptionofGeldableProperty，\'

\'Hidage，\'\'Amountdue。\'Buttheoccupierisnotalwaystheowner；

whatismore，thereisnoabsoluteownership。Two，three，fourpersonswillbeinterestedintheland；theoccupierwillhavealordandthatlordalord；theoccupiermaybeaserf，avillein，asokeman；thereiscommendationtobeconsideredandsokeandalltheinfinitevarietiesofthepowerto\'withdraw\'thelandfromthelord。Rudeandhardandarbitrarylinesmustbedrawn。

Ofcoursethestatewillendeavourtocollectthegeldinbigsums。Itwillendeavourtomakethegreatfolkanswerforthegeldwhichliesonanylandthatisinanywaysubjecttotheirpower；thusthecostofcollectingpettysumswillbesavedandthetaxwillbechargedonmenwhoaresolvent。Thecentralpowermayevenholdoutcertainadvantagestothelordwhowillbecomeresponsibleforthegeldofhistenantsorjusticiablesorcommendedmen。Thehintsthatwegetindiverscountiesthatthelord\'s\'inland\'hasbornenogeldseemtopointinthisdirection，thoughthearrangementsaboutthismatterseemtohavevariedfromshiretoshire。(88*)Onthepiperollsofalaterdayweseethatthegeldchargedagainstthemagnatesisoften\'pardoned。\'Foronereasonthekingcannoteasilytaxtherich；

foranotherhecannoteasilytaxthepoor；sohegetsatthepoorthroughtherich。Thesmallfolkwillgladlyacceptanyschemethatwillkeepthetax-collectorfromtheirdoors，eventhoughtheypurchasetheirreliefbyonerouspromisesofrentsandservices。Thegreatmen，again，mayfindadvantageinsuchbargains；theywantperiodicalrentsandservices，andinordertoobtainthemwillacceptacertainresponsibilityforoccasionaltaxes。ThisprocesshadgoneveryfarontheeveoftheConquest。Moreoverthegreatmenhadenjoyedalargelibertyofpayingtheirgeldwheretheypleased，ofmakingspecialcompositionswiththeking，ofturningsomewideanddiscreteterritoryintoasinglegeld-payingunit，offormingsuch\'manors\'asTauntonorBerkeleyorLeominster。

InKingEdward\'sdaytheoccupiersofthesoilmight，soitseemstous，bedividedbythefinancierintothreemainclasses。

Inthefirstclassweplacethemanwhohasamanor。Hehas，thatis，ahouseatwhichheischargedwithgeld。Hemaybeagreatmanorasmall，anearlorapeasant；hemaybechargedatthathousewiththegeldofahundredhidesorwiththegeldoffifteenacres。Inthesecondclassweplacethevilleins，bordiers，cottiers。Thegeldapportionedtothelandthattheyoccupyisdemandedfromtheirlordathismanor，oroneofhismanors。Howherecoupshimselfforhavingtomakethispayment，thatishisconcern；butheisresponsibleforittotheking，notasguarantor，butasprincipaldebtor。Butthen，atleastintheeastandnorth，therearemanymenwhofallintoneitheroftheseclasses。Theyarenotvilleins，theyaresokemenor\'freemen\'；buttheirowntenementsarenotmanors；theybelongtoor\'liein\'somemanoroftheirlord。Thesemen，wethink，canbepersonallychargedwiththegeld；buttheypaytheirgeldattheirlord\'shallandheisinsomemeasureboundtoexactthepayment。

Anythingthatcouldbecalledastrictproofofthistheorywecannotoffer；butithasbeensuggestedbymanyfactsandphraseswhichwecannototherwiseexplain。Inthefirstplace，ourrecordseemstoassumethateveryholdingeitherisamanororformspartofamanor。(89*)Thenwearetoldhowlands\'geld\'

atorinsomemanororatthecaputmanerii。ThuslandswhichliemanymilesawayfromTewkesbury，butwhichbelongtothemanorofTewkesbury，\'geldinTewkesbury。\'(90*)Sometimesthesameinformationisconveyedtousbyaphrasethatdeservesnotice。A

pieceoflandissaidto\'defenditself\'inoratsomemanor，or，whichisthesamething，tohaveitswaraorrenderitswara，thatistosay，itsdefence，itsanswertothedemandforgeld，there。(91*)\'InMiddletontwosokemenhad16acresoflandandtheyrenderedtheirwarainthesaidMiddleton，buttheycouldgiveandselltheirlandtowhomtheypleased。\'(92*)WhenwearetoldthatcertainlandsareinwarnodeDrogonisorinwarnodeArchiepiscopi，itismeantthatthelandsbelongtoDrogoortheArchbishopforthepurposeof\'defence\'againstthegeld。(93*)Itisnotsufficientthatlandshouldbetaxed，itmustbetaxed\'in\'someplace，whichmayberemotefromthatinwhich，asamatterofphysicalfact，itlies。(94*)Oneclearcaseofafreetenantpayinghisgeldtohislordisputbeforeus：——\'Leofwinhadhalfahideandcouldwithdrawwithhislandandhepaidgeldtohislordandhislordpaidnothing。\'(95*)Besidesthiswehavecasesinwhichthelordenjoysthespecialprivilegeofcollectingthegeldfromhistenantsandkeepingitforhisownuse。(96*)AremarkableKentishentrytellsusthatatPeckhamthearchbishophadanestatewhichhadbeenratedatsixsullungs，andthenthat\'ofthelandofthismanoracertainmanofthearchbishopheldahalf-sullungwhichinKingEdward\'sdaygeldedwiththesesixsullungs，althoughbeingfreelanditdidnotbelongtothemanorsaveforthepurposeofthescot。\'(97*)Herewehavelandsofreethattheoneconnexionbetweenitandthemanortowhichitisattributedconsistsinthepaymentofgeld——itgeldsalongwiththeotherlandsofthemanor。InthegreatlawsuitbetweenthechurchesofWorcesterandEveshamaboutthelandsatHamton，theformercontendedthattheselandsshouldpaytheirgeldalongwiththeotherestatesofthebishop。(98*)