第3章

Stillwetakeitthatforonemostimportantpurposethevillein\'slandisthelord\'sland：——thelordmustanswerforthegeldthatisduefromit。Notthattheburdenfallsultimatelyonthelord。Onthecontrary，itisnotunlikelythathemakeshisvilleinspaythegeldthatisduefromhisdemesneland；itisoneoftheirservicesthattheymust\'defendtheirlord\'sinland\'againstthegeld。Butoveragainstthestatethelordrepresentsaswellthelandofhisvilleinsashisowndemesneland。Fromthegreatlevyof1084thedemesnelandsofthebaronshadbeenexempted，(76*)butnodoubttheyhadbeenresponsibleforthetaxassessedonthelandsheldbytheirvillani。Wemuchdoubtwhetherthecollectorsofthegeldwentroundtothecottagesofthevilleinsanddemandedheresixpenceandtherefourpence；theypresentedthemselvesatthelord\'shallandaskedforalargesum。Nay，webelievethatveryoftenaperfectlyfreetenantpaidhisgeldtohislord，orthroughhislord。(77*)Hencearrangementsbywhichsomehidesweremadetoacquitotherhides；such，forexample，wasthearrangementatTewkesbury；therewerefiftyhideswhichhadtoacquitthewholeninety-fivehidesfromallgeldandroyalservice。(78*)Andthenitmightbethatthelord，enjoyingaspecialprivilege，wasentitledtotakethegeldfromhistenantsandyetpaidnogeldtotheking；thusdidthecanonsofStPetrocinCornwall(79*)

andthemonksofStEdmundinSuffolk。(80*)Butasregardslandsoccupiedbyvilleins，theking，soitseemstous，looksforhisgeldtothelordandhedoesnotlookbehindthelord。Thisisnodetailofafiscalsystem。Apotentforcehasthusbeensetinmotion。Hewhopaysforland——itisbutfairthatheshouldbeconsideredtheownerofthatland。WehaveahintofthisprincipleinalawofCnut：——\'Hewhohas“defended“landwiththewitnessoftheshireistoenjoyitwithoutquestionduringhislifeandonhisdeathmaygiveorsellittowhomhepleases。\'(81*)WehaveanotherhintofthisprincipleinastorytoldbyHeming，themonkofWorcester：——inCnut\'stimebutfourdaysofgraceweregiventothelandownerforthepaymentofthegeld；whenthesehadelapsed，anyonewhopaidthegeldmighthavetheland。(82*)Itisaprinciplewhich，ifitisappliedtothecaseoflordandvillein，willattributetheownershipofthelandtothelordandnottothevillein。

Andthenwewouldask：Whatservicesdothevilleinsrender？

Adeepsilenceanswersus，andaswillhereafterbeshown，therearemanyreasonswhyweshouldnotimporttheinformationgivenusbythemonasticcartularies，evensuchearlycartulariesastheBlackBookofPeterborough，intothedaysoftheConfessor。

Nodoubtthevilleinsusuallydosomelabouruponthelord\'sdemesnelands。Inparticulartheyhelptoploughit。Amanor，wecansee，isgenerallysoarrangedthattheratiobornebythedemesneoxentothedemesnelandwillbesmallerthanthatbornebythevilleins\'oxentothevilleins\'land。Thus，togiveoneexampleoutofahundred，inaSomersetshiremanorthelordhasfourhidesandthreeteams，thevilleinshavetwohidesandthreeteams。(83*)Butthenthelordgetssomehelpinhisagriculturefromthosewhoareundoubtedlyfreetenants。Theteamsofthefreetenantsareoftencoveredbythesamephrasethatcoverstheteamsofthevilleins。(84*)Radknightswhoareliberihominesploughandharrowatthelord\'scourt。(85*)Theveryfewentrieswhichtellusofthelabourofthevilleinsarequiteinsufficienttocondemnthewholeclasstounlimited，oreventoveryheavywork。OnamanorinHerefordshiretherearetwelvebordierswhoworkonedayintheweek。(86*)OntheenormousmanorofLeominsterthereare238villaniand85bordarii。Thevillaniploughandsowwiththeirownseed140acresoftheirlord\'slandandtheypay11poundsand52pence。(87*)OnthemanorofMarcle，whichalsoisinHerefordshire，thereare36villaniand10bordariiwith40teams。Thesevillaniploughandsowwiththeirownseed80acresofwheatand71ofoats。(88*)AtKingston，yetanothermanorinthesamecounty，\'thevillaniwhodweltthereinKingEdward\'sdaycarriedvenisontoHerefordanddidnootherservice，sosaystheshire。(89*)OnoneWorcestershiremanorofWestminsterAbbey10villeinsand10

bordierswith6teamsplough6acresandsowthemwiththeirownseed；onanother8villeinsand6bordierswith6teamsdothelikeby4acres。(90*)Thisislightwork。CasuallywearetoldofburgesseslivingatTamworthwhohavetoworkliketheothervilleinsofthemanorofDraytontowhichtheyareattached，(91*)

andwearetoldofmenonaroyalmanorwhodosuchworksforthekingasthereevemaycommand；(92*)but，curiouslyenough，itisnotofanyvilleinsbutoftheBishopofWorcester\'sridingmen(radmanni)thatitiswritten\'theydowhateveriscommandedthem\'。(93*)

Withourthirteenthcenturycartulariesbeforeus，wemighteasilyunderratetheamountofmoneythatwasalreadybeingpaidastherentoflandatthedateoftheConquest。Inseveralcountieswecomeacrosssmallgroupsofcensarii，censores，gablatoreswhopayfortheirlandinmoney，ofcervisariiandmellitariiwhobringbeerandhoney。Rendersinkind，inherrings，eels，salmonarenotuncommon，andsometimestheyare\'appreciated\'，valuedintermsofmoney。Thepannagepigorthegrassswine，whichthevilleinsgiveinreturnformastandherbage，isoftenmentioned。ThroughoutSussexitseemstobethecustomthatthelordshouldhave\'forherbage\'onepigfromeveryvilleinwhohassevenpigs。(94*)Butmoneywillbetakeninsteadofswine，oxenorfish。(95*)Thegersuma，thetailla，thetheoreticallyfreegiftsofthetenants，aresumsofmoney。Butoftenenoughthevillanusispayingasubstantialmoneyrent。WehaveseenhowatLeominstervilleinsploughandsow140acresfortheirlordandpayarentofmorethan？1。(96*)AtLewishaminKenttheAbbotofGandhasamanorvaluedat？0；ofthis？isduetotheprofitsoftheportwhiletwomillswith\'thegafoloftherustics\'bringin？12s。(97*)Suchentriesasthefollowingarenotuncommon——thereisonevilleinrendering30d。(98*)——

thereisonevilleinrendering10s(99*)——46cotariiwithonehiderender30shillingsayear(100*)——thevilleinsgive13s4dbywayofconsuetudo。(101*)Nodoubtitwouldbesomewhatraretofindavilleindischargingallhisduesinmoney——thisissuggestedwhenwearetoldhowonthelandofStAugustinoneWadardholdsalargepiece\'deterravillanorum\'andyetrendersnoservicetotheabbotsave30sayear。(102*)Atleastinoneinstancethevilleinsseemtobeholdingthemanorinfarm，thatistosay，theyarefarmingthedemesnelandandpayingarentinmoneyorinprovender。(103*)Wedarenotrepresentthestreamofeconomichistoryasflowinguninterruptedlyfromasystemoflabourservicestoasystemofrents。WemustrememberthatintheConqueror\'sreignthelordveryoftenhadnumerousserfswhosewholetimewasgiventothecultivationofhisdemesne。Inthesouth-westerncountieshewilloftenhavetwo，threeormoreserfsforeveryteamthathehasonhisdemesne，and，whilethisisso，wecannotsafelysaythathishusbandryrequiresthatthevilleinsshouldbelabouringonhislandforthreeorfourdaysineveryweek。

Asalastquestionwemayask：WhatwastheEnglishforvillanus？Itisaforeignword，oneofthosewordswhichcameinwiththeConqueror。Surely，wemayargue，theremusthavebeensomeEnglishequivalentforit。Yetwehavethegreatestdifficultyinfindingtheproperterm。TruethatintheQuadripartitusandtheLegesvillanusgenerallyrepresentsceorl；

ceorlwhenitisnotrenderedbyvillanusisleftuntranslatedinsomesuchformascyrliscushomo。ButthenceorlmustbeawiderwordthanthevillanusofDomesdayBook，forithastocoverallthenon-noblefreemen；itmustcomprehendthenumeroussochemanniandliberihominesofnorthernandeasternEngland。

Thisinitselfisnotalittleremarkable；itmakesussuspectthatsomeofthelinesdrawnbyDomesdayBookarebynomeansveryold；theycannotbedrawnbyanyofthosetermsthathavebeencurrentintheAnglo-Saxondoomsorwhichstillarecurrentinthetext-booksthatlawyersarecompiling。Tosupposethatvillanusisequivalenttogeb鷕isimpossible；wehavethebestwarrantforsayingthattheLatinforgeb鷕isnotvillanusbutcolibertus。(104*)Norcanweholdthatthevillanusisageneat。

InthelastdaysoftheoldEnglishkingdomthegeneat，the\'companion，\'the\'fellow，\'appearsasahorsemanwhoridesonhislord\'serrands；wemustseekhimamongtheradmanniandrachenistresanddrengiofDomesdayBook。(105*)WeshallventuretheguessthatwhentheNormanclerkswrotedownvillanus，theEnglishjurorshadsaidt鷑esman。Asamatterofetymologythetwowordsanswertoeachotherwellenough；thevillaisthet鷑，andthemenofthevillaarethemenofthet鷑。IntheenlargedLatinversionofthelawsofCnut，knownasInstitutaCnuti，thereisanimportantremark：——tithesaretobepaidbothfromthelandsofthethegnandfromthelandsofthevilleins——\'tamdedominioliberalishominis，idestthegenes，quamdeterravillanorum，idesttuumannes(corr。tunmannes)。\'(106*)TheninacollectionofdoomsknownastheNorthumbrianPriests\'LawthereisaclausewhichordersthepaymentofPeter\'spence。Ifaking\'sthegnorlandlord(landrica)withholdshispenny，hemustpaytenhalf-marks，halftoChrist，halftotheking；butifat鷑esmanwithholdsit，thenletthelandlordpayitandtakeanoxfromtheman。(107*)Averyvaluablepassagethisis。Itshowsushowthelordisbecomingresponsiblefortheman\'staxes；ifthetenantwillnotpaythem，thelordmust。Itistheninconnexionwiththisresponsibilityofthelordthatthetermtownsmanmeetsus，and，ifwemistakenot，itisthelord\'sresponsibilityforgeldthatisthechiefagentinthedefinitionoftheclassofvillani。Thepressureoftaxation，civilandecclesiastical，hasbeenformingnewsocialstrata，andanewword，initselfavagueword，ismakingitswayintothevocabularyofthelaw。(108*)

Theclassofvilleinsmaywellbeheterogeneous。Itmaywellcontain(sowethink)menwho，orwhoseancestors，haveownedthelandunderapoliticalsupremacy，noteasilytobedistinguishedfromlandlordship，thatbelongstotheking；and，ontheotherhand，itmaywellcontainthosewhohaveneverinthemselvesortheirpredecessorsbeenotherthanthetenantsofanotherman\'ssoil。InsomecountiesontheWelshmarchtherearegroupsofhospiteswhoinfactortheoryarecolonistswhomthelordhasinvitedontohisland；(109*)butthisword，verycommoninFrance，isnotcommoninEngland。Ourrecordisnotconcernedtodescribethenatureortheoriginofthevillein\'stenure；itisinquestofgeldandofthepersonswhooughttobechargedwithgeld，andsoitmattersnotwhetherthelordhasletlandtothevilleinorhasacquiredrightsoverlandofwhichthevilleinwasoncetheowner。Thereforewelaydownnobroadprincipleabouttherightsofthevillein，butwehavesuggestedthattakeninthemassthevillanioftheConfessor\'sreignwerefarmore\'law-worthy\'thanwerethevillaniofthethirteenthcentury。Wecannottreateitherthelegalortheeconomichistoryofourpeasantryasacontinuouswhole；itisdividedintotwopartsbytheredthreadoftheNormanConquest。Thatisacatastrophe。

Williammightdohisbesttomakeitaslittleofacatastropheaswaspossible，toinsistthateachFrenchlordshouldhavepreciselythesamerightsthathadbeenenjoyedbyhisEnglishantecessor；itmayevenbethatheendeavouredtoassuretothosewhowerebecomingvillanitherightsthattheyhadenjoyedunderKingEdward。(110*)Suchatask，ifattempted，wasimpossible。WehearindeedthattheEnglish\'redeemedtheirlands，\'butprobablythisrefersonlytothoseEnglishlords，thosethegnsorthelike，whowerefortunateenoughtofindthataransomwouldbeaccepted。(111*)Wehavenowarrantforthinkingthatthepeasants，thecommon\'townsmen，\'obtainedfromthekinganycovenantedmercies。Theywerehandedovertonewlords，whowereveryfreeinfact，ifnotintheory，togetoutofthemallthatcouldbegotwithoutgrosscruelty。

Wearenotlefttospeculateaboutthismatter。Inafterdaysthosewhowerelikelytoholdatruetradition，thegreatfinancierofthetwelfth，thegreatlawyerofthethirteenthcentury，believedthattherehadbeenacatastrophe。AsaresultoftheConquest，thepeasants，atalleventssomeofthepeasants，hadfallenfromtheirfreeestate；freemen，holdingfreely，theyhadbeencompelledtodounfreeservices。(112*)Butifweneednotrelyuponspeculation，neitherneedwerelyupontradition。DomesdayBookisfullofevidencethatthetillersofthesoilarebeingdepressed。

Herewemayreadofafreemanwithhalfahidewhohasnowbeenmadeoneofthevilleins，(113*)thereoftheholderofasmallmanorwhonowcultivatesitasthefarmerofaFrenchlordgraviteretmiserabiliter，(114*)andthereofasokemanwhohaslosthislandfornotpayinggeld，thoughnonewasdue；(115*)

whilethegreatRichardofTonbridgehascondescendedtoabstractavirgatefromavilleinoravilleinfromavirgate。(116*)But，again，itisnotonafewcasesinwhichourrecordstatesthatsomemanhassufferedaninjusticethatwewouldrely。Ratherwenoticewhatittreatsasaquitecommonevent。Freemenarebeing\'addedto\'manorstowhichtheydidnotbelong。ThusinSuffolkanumberoffreemenhavebeenaddedtothemanorofMontfort；theypayno\'custom\'toitbeforetheConquest，butnowtheypay？5；

AElfricwhowasreeveunderRogerBigotsetthemthiscustom。(117*)Hardbythemweremenwhousedtopay20shillings，butthissameAElfricraisedtheirrentto100shillings。(118*)

\'Afreemanheldthislandandcouldsellit，butWaleranfatherofJohnhasaddedhimtothismanor\'：(119*)——Entriesofthiskindarecommon。Theutmostrentsarebeingexactedfromthefarmers：——thismanorwasletforthreeyearsatarentof？2

andayearlygiftofanounceofgold，butallthefarmerswhotookitwereruined(120*)——thatmanorwasletfor？15s。butthemenweretherebyruinedandnowitisvaluedatonly45s。(121*)AboutthesemattersFrenchandEnglishcannotagree：——

thismanorrenders？0byweight，buttheEnglishvalueitatonly？0bytale(122*)——theEnglishfixthevalueat？0，buttheFrenchat？00(123*)——FrenchmenandEnglishmenagreethatitisworth？0，butRichardletittoanEnglishmanfor？0，whotherebylost？0ayear，attheveryleast。(124*)\'Itcannotpay，\'\'itcanhardlypay，\'\'itcouldnotstand\'therent，sucharethephrasesthatwehear。Ifthelordgetsthemostoutofthefarmertowhomhehasleasedthemanor，wemaybesurethatthefarmerismakingthemostoutofthevilleins。

ButthemostconvincingproofofthedepressionofthepeasantrycomestousfromCambridgeshire。Theruralpopulationofthatcountyasitexistedin1086hasbeenclassifiedthus：(125*)——

sochemanni213

villani1902

bordarii1428

cotarii736

servi548

ButwealsolearnthattheCambridgeshireoftheConfessor\'sdayhadcontainedattheveryleast900insteadof200sokemen。(126*)

Thisisanenormousandasignificantchange。Letuslookatasinglevillage。InMeldreththereisamanor；itisnowamanorofthemostordinarykind；itisratedat3hidesand1virgate，butcontains5team-lands；indemesnearehalfahideandoneteam，and15bordariiand3cotariihave4teams，andthereisoneservus。ButbeforetheConquestthislandwasheldby15

sokemen；10ofthemwereunderthesokeoftheAbbeyofElyandheld2hidesandhalfavirgate；theother5held1hideandhalfavirgateandwerethemenofEarlAElfgar。(127*)Whathasbecomeofthesefifteensokemen？Theyarenowrepresentedbyfifteenbordiersandfivecottiers；andthedemesnelandofthemanorisanewthing。Thesokemenhavefallen，andtheirfallhasbroughtwithittheconsolidationofmanorialhusbandryandseignorialpower。AtOrwellEarlRogerhasnowasmallestate；athirdofitisindemesne，whiletheresidueisheldby2villeinsand3

bordiers，andthereisaserfthere。Thislandhadbelongedtosixsokemen，andthosesixhadbeenundernolessthanfivedifferentlords；twobelongedtoEdiththeFair，onetoArchbishopStigand，onetoRobertWimarc\'sson，onetotheking，andonetoEarlAelfgar。(128*)Displacementssuchasthiswemayseeinvillageaftervillage。NoonecanreadthesurveyofCambridgeshirewithoutseeingthatthefreersortsofthepeasantryhavebeenthrustout，orratherthrustdown。

EvidencesocogentasthisweshallhardlyfindinanypartoftherecordsavethatwhichrelatestoCambridgeshireandBedfordshire。Butgreatmovementsofthekindthatweareexaminingwillhardlyconfinethemselveswithintheboundariesofacounty。Alittlevariationintheformulawhichtellsuswhoheldthelandin1066mayhidefromusthetruestateofthecase。Wecannotexpectthatmenwillbeveryaccurateinstatingthelegalrelationshipsthatexistedtwentyyearsago。SincethedaywhenKingEdwardwasaliveanddeadmanythingshavehappened，manynewwordsandnewformsofthoughthavebecomefamiliar。Buttakingtheverdictsaswefindthem，thereisstillnolackofevidence。InEssexwemayseetheliberihominesdisappearing。(129*)Butweneednotlookonlytotheeasterncounties。AtBromley，inSurrey，BishopOdohasamanorof32

hides，4ofwhichhadbelongedto\'freemen\'whocouldgowheretheypleased，butnowthereareonlyvilleins，cottiers，andserfs。(130*)WeturnthepageandfindOdoholding10hideswhichhadbelongedto\'thealodiariesofthevill。\'(131*)InKentHughdePortisholdinglandthatwasheldby6freemenwhocouldgowhithertheywould；therearenow6villeinsand14bordiersthere，withoneteambetweenthem。(132*)StudentsofDomesdayweretooapttotreattheantecessoresoftheNormanlordsasbeinginallcaseslordsofmanors。Lordsofmanors，orratherholdersofmanors，theyoftenwere，butasweshallseemorefullyhereafter，whenweareexaminingthetermmanerium，suchphrasesarelikelytodeceiveus。Oftenenoughtheywereverysmallpeoplewithverylittleland。ForexamplethesesixfreemenwhomHughdePortrepresentshadonlytwoandahalfteam-lands。WepassbyafewpagesandfindHughdeMontfortwithaholdingwhichcomprisesbutoneteam-landandahalf；hehas4

villeinsand2bordiersthere。Hisantecessoreswerethreefreemen，whocouldgowhithertheywould。(133*)Theyhadneedforbut12oxen；theyhadnomorelandthantheycouldeasilytill，atalleventswiththehelpoftwoorthreecottagesorslaves。Toallappearancetheywerenobetterthanpeasants。TheyortheirsonsmaystillbetillingthelandasHugh\'svilleins。Whenwelookforsuchinstancesweveryeasilyfindthem。Thecaseisnotalteredbythefactthattheterm\'manor\'isgiventotheholdingsoftheseantecessores。InSussexanunder-tenantofEarlRogerhasanestatewithfourvilleinsuponit。Hisantecessoresweretwofreemenwhoheldthelandastwomanors。Andhowmuchlandwastheretobedividedbetweenthetwo？Therewasoneteam-land。Suchholdersofmaneriaweretillersofthesoil，peasants，atbestyeomen。(134*)Iftheywereofthegnlyrank，thisagaindoesnotalterthecase。WheninthesurveyofDorsetwereadhowfourthegnsheldtwoteam-lands，howsixthegnsheldtwoteam-lands，eightthegnstwoteam-lands，ninethegnsfourteam-lands，eleventhegnsfourteam-lands，(135*)wecannotofcoursebecertainthateachofthesegroupsofco-tenantshadbutoneholding；butthegnlyrankisinherited，andifathegnwillhavenineortensonstherewillsoonbetillersofthesoilwiththewergildoftwelvehundredshillings。Nowifthesethingsarebeingdoneinthemiddlingstrataofsociety，ifthesokemenarebeingsuppressedordepressedinCambridgeshire，thealodiariesinSussex，whatislikelytobethefateofthepoor？Theywillhavetotilltheirlord\'sdemesnegraviteretmiserabiliter。Hecanaffordtodispensewithserfs，forhehasvilleins。

Alastargumentmustbeadded。Whatweseeinthethirteenthcenturyoftheancientdemesneofthecrown(136*)mightleadustoexpectthatinDomesdayBook\'themanorsofStEdward\'wouldstandoutinboldrelief。Insteadofapopulationmainlyconsistingofvilleins，shallwenotfinduponthemlargenumbersofsokemen，theancestersofthemenwhoinafterdayswillbeprotectedbythelittlewritofrightandtheMonstraverunt？

Nothingofthekind。Theroyalmanordiffersinnosuchmodeasthisfromanyothermanor。Ifitliesinacountyinwhichothermanorshavesokemen，thenitmayormaynothavesokemen。Ifitliesinacountyinwhichothermanorshavenosokemen，itwillhavenone。Cambridgeshireisacountyinwhichtherearesome，andhavebeenmany，sokemen；thereishardlyasokemanupontheancientdemesne。InafterdaysthemenofChesterton，forexample，willhaveallthepeculiarrightsattributedbylawyerstothesokemenofStEdward。ButStEdward，ifwetrustDomesdayBook，hadneverasokemanthere；hehadtwovilleinsandanumberofbordiersandcottiers。(137*)Itseemsfairlyclearthatfromanearlytime，ifnotfromthefirstdaysoftheConquestonwards，thekingwasthebestoflandlords。Thetenantsofthosemanorsthatwereconceivedasannexedtothecrown，thosetenantsoneandall，savetheclassofslaveswhichwasdisappearing，gotabetter，amoreregularjusticethanthatwhichthevilleinsofotherlordscouldhopefor。Itwastheking\'sjustice，andtherefore——fortheking\'spublicandprivatecapacitieswerehardlytobedistinguished——itwaspublicjustice，andsobecameformaljustice，definedbywrits，administeredinthelastresortbythehighestcourt，theablestlawyers。Andsosokemendisappearfromprivatemanors。Someofthemastenantsinfreesocagemaymaintaintheirposition；manyfalldownintotheclassoftenantsinvilleinage。Ontheancientdemesnethesokemenmultiply；theyappearwhereDomesdayknewthemnot；forthosewhoareprotectedbyroyaljusticecanhardly(nowthatvilleinageimpliesaprecarioustenure)becalledvilleins，theymustbe\'villeinsokemen\'attheleast。Whetherornowetrustthetraditionwhichascribes。totheConqueroralawinfavourofthetillersofthesoil，wecanhardlydoubtthatthevillaniandbordariiwhomDomesdayBookshowsusontheroyalmanorsaretreatedashavinglegalrightsintheirholdings。Andifthisbetrueofthem，itshouldbetrueoftheirpeersuponothermanors。

Yes，itshouldbetrue；themanorialcourtsthatarearisingshoulddoimpartialjusticeevenbetweenlordandvilleins；butwhoistomakeittrue？

NOTES：

1。D。B。i。38，Coseham：\'8bursi。coliberti。\'Ib。38bDene：

\'etcoliberti[velburesinterlined]。\'

2。D。B。i。65，Wintreburne。

3。D。B。i。75，BridetoneetBere。

4。D。B。i。239b，Etone。

5。Gu閞ard，CartulairedeL\'AbbayedeS。P鑢edeChartres，vol。

i。p。xlii。

6。ThepositionofthecolibertiisdiscussedbyGu閞ard，loc。

citandbyLamprecht，GeschichtedesFranz鰏ischenWirthschaftslebens(inSchmoller\'sForschungen，Bdi。)，p。81。

Gu閞ardsays，\'Lescolibertspeuventseplacer？peupr鑣

indiff閞emmentouaudernierdeshommeslibres，ou？lat阾edeshommesengag閟dansdesliensdelaservitudei\'

7。Schmid。App。iii。c。4。

8。Rectitudines，c。3。

9。OccasionallythecolibertiofD。B。areputbeforeusaspayingrentsinmoneyorinkind。ThusD。B。i。38，Hants：\'InCosehamsunt4hidaequaepertinenthuicmanerioubiT。R。E。

erant8bursi。coliberticum4carucisreddentes50sol。8den。

minus。\'D。B。i。179b。Heref。：\'Villanidantdeconsuetudine13

sol。et4den。et[sex]colibertireddunt3sextariosfrumentietordeiet2ovesetdimidiamcumagniset2den。etunumobolum。\'

D。B。i。165：\'etinGlouucestre1burgensisreddens5den。et2

colibertireddentes34den。\'InachartercomingfromBishopDenewulf(K。1079)wereadofthreewite-the體menwhowereboor-bornandthreewhowerethe體-born。

10。Ellis，Introduction，ii。511-14。

11。ForexamplesseeD。B。iv。211andthefollowingpages。

12。Leg。Hen。81，sect。3\'Quidamvillaniquisunteiusmodileierwitametblodwitamethuiusmodiminoraforisfactaemeruntadominissuis，velquomodomerueruntdesuisetinsuos，quorumletgefothveloverseunessaest30den。；cothseti15den。；servi6

den。\'

13。D。B。i。71，Haseberie：\'5villaniet13coscezet2

cotarii。\'Ibid80b：Chinestanestone：\'18villaniet14coscezet4cotarii。\'

14。WorcesterRegister，59b(Sedgebarrow)：fourcotmanni，eachofwhompays20d。orworksonedayaweekandtwoinautumn；twocottarii，eachwhompays12d。orworksonedayaweek。Ibid。69b(Shipston)：twocotmanni，eachofwhompays3s。orworkslikeavirgater；twocottarii，eachofwhompays13d。Ibid。76a(Cropthorn)：twocotmanni，eachofwhompays2s。orworkslikeacottarius；twocottarii，eachofwhompays18d。orworksonedayaweek。

15。Vinogradoff，Villainage，149，givesafewinstancesofitsoccurrence；butitseemstobeveryrare。

16。D。B。i。127b，Fuleham：\'Ibi5villaniquisque1hidam。\'

Thereareagoodmanyotherinstances。

17。D。B。i。130，Hamtone；\'et4bordariiquisquededimidiavirga。\'

18。D。B。i。127，Herges：\'et2cotariide13acris。\'

19。D。B。i。127b，Fuleham：\'et22cotariidedimidiahidaet8

cotariidesuishortis。\'

20。D。B。ii。75b：\'et5bordariisuperaquamquinontenentterram。\'

21。D。B。i。163b，Turneberie：\'et42villaniet18radchenistrecum21caruciset23bordariiet15serviet4coliberti。\'Ibid164，Hechanestede：\'et5villaniet8bordariicum6carucis；ibi6servi。\'

22。D。B。iv。215-223；onp。223therearetwovillaniwithoneox。

23。D。B。i。164，Tedeneham：\'Ibierant38villanihabentes38

carucas。\'Ibid。164b，Nortune，\'15villanicum15carucis；

Stanwelle，5villanicum5carucis。\'

24。Malden，DomesdaySurveyofSurrey(DomesdayStudies，ii。)

469，saysthatinSurrey\'bordariiandcotariionlyoccuroncetogetheruponthesamemanor，andveryseldominthesamehundred……Therearethreehundreds，Godalming，WallingtonandElmbridge，wherethecotariiarenearlyuniversaltotheexclusionofbordarii。Intheothersthebordariiarenearlyorquiteuniversal，totheexclusionofthecotarii。\'

25。Thorpe，Diplomatarium，623，KingEadwigdeclaresthatacertainchurchwardofExeteris\'freeandfare-worth。

26。Hist。Eng。Law，i，541ff。

27。Hist。Eng。Law，i，354-5。

28。Liebermann，InstitutaCnuti，Transact。Roy。Hist。Soc。vii。

93。

29。Leg。Will。Conq。1。8：\'Laweredelthein20lib。inMerchenelahe，25lib。inWestsexenelahe。Laweredelvilain100

sol。enMerchenelaheeensementenWestsexene。\'Leg。Henr。70，1：

\'InWestsexaquaecaputregniestetlegum，twyhindi，i。e。

villagi，weraest4lib。；twelfhindi，i。e。thaigi，25lib。\'Ibid。

76，section2：\'Omnisautemweraliberorumestautservorum……

liberialiitwyhindi，aliisyxhindi，aliitwelfhindi\'；section6，twihindus=cyrliscus=villanus。Astothe100shillingsinthefirstofthesepassages，seeSchmid，p。676。Thereissomeotherevidencethattheequation，1Normanshilling=2Englishshillings，wasoccasionallytreatedascorrectenough。Astothesix-hyndeman，seeSchmid，p。653；wemaydoubtwhetherheexistedintheeleventhcentury，butaccordingtotheInstitutaCnutitheradchenistresofthewestmayhavebeensix-hynde。WemustgotdrawfromAlfred\'streatywiththeDages(Schmid，p。

107)theinferencethatthenormalceorlwasseatedongafol-land。Thisinternationalinstrumentissettlinganexceptionallyhightariffforthemaintenanceofthepeace。Everyman，whateverhisrank，istoenjoythehandsomewergildof8

half-marksofpuregold，excepttheDanishlysingandtheEnglisheeorlwhoisseatedongafol-land；thesearetohavebutthecommonwerof200shillings。TheparallelpassageinAEthelred\'streaty(Schmid，p。207)sets？0oneveryfreemanifheiskilledbyamanoftheotherrace。SeeSchmid，p。676。

30。Ine，55：asheepwithalambuntilafortnightafterEasterisworth1shilling。AEethelstan，vi。6：ahorse120pence，anox30pence，acow20，asheep1shilling(5pence)。Ibid。8，sect。

5：anox30pence。Schmid，App。1。c。7：ahorse30shillings，amare20shillings，anox30pence，acow24pence，aswine8

pence，asheep1shilling，agoat2pence，aman(i。e。aslave)1

pound。Schmid，App。iii。c。9：asheepor3pence。D。B。i。117

b。：anoxor30pence。D。B。i。26：TollsatLewes；foramag4

pence，anoxahalfpenny。Thispreservestheequationthatwehavealreadyseen，namely，1slave=8oxen。Thusthefullteamisworthonepound。Onthetwelfth-centuryPipeRollstheoxoftencosts3shillings(=36pence)orevenmore。

31。InLeg。Will。Conq。1。16，wehearoftheforisfacturae(probablythe\'insultfines\')duetoarchbishops，bishops，counts，baronsandsokemen；thebaronhas10shillings，thesokeman40pence。Inthesamedocument，e。20，section2，wereadofthereliefsofcounts，barons，vavassorsandvilleins。Leg。

Edw。Conf。12，section4，speaksofthemanb髏dueintheDanelaw。onthedeathofavillanusorasocheman12oresarepaid，onthedeathofaliberhomo3marks。

32。D。B。i。167b，Heile：\'ibierant12serviquosWillelmusliberosfecit。\'

33。D。B。i263：\'Siquisliberhomofacitoperaindieferiatoindeepiscopushabet8solidos。Deservoautemvelancillaferiatumdieminfringente，habetepiscopus4solidos。\'CompareCnut，ii。45。

34。D。B。i。86：\'HuicmanerioreddebaturT。R。E。deCrucheperannumconsuetudo，hocest6ovescumagnistotidem，etquisqueliberhomoi。blomamferri。\'SouthPerrotthadbelongedtotheConfessor，CrewkernetoEdith，probably\'therichandfair。\'ForthedescriptionofCrucheseeD。B。i。86b。Astothe\'bloom\'ofironseeEllis，Introduction，i。136。

35。D。B。i。92。Seealsop。87b，theaccontofSeveberge。

36。D。B。ii。145。

37。D。B。ii。I：\'Inhocmanerioerattunctemporisquidamliberhomodedimidiahidaquimodoeffectusestunusdevillanis。\'

38。ThusD。B。i。127，Mid。：\'interfrancosetvillanos45

carucae\'；Ibid。70，Wilts：\'4villaniet3bordariietunusfracuscum2carucis\'；Ibid。241，Warw。：\'Ibisunt3franconeshominescum4villaniset3bordariis。\'Sometimesfrancusmaybeanequivalentforfrancigena；e。g。i。254b，whereinoneentrywehaveunusfrancigenaandinthenextunusfrancushomo。ButanEnglishmanmaybefrancus；ii。54b“accepit15acrasdeunofrancoteignoetmisitcumterrasua。\'However，itisnotaninsignificantfactthattheverynameofFrenchman(francigena)

musthavesuggestedfreebirth。

39。EorexamplesseethesurveysofWarwick，StaffordandShropshire。

40。D。B。ii。260：\'et7hominesquipossentvendereterramsuamsieampriusobtulissentdominosuo。\'

41。D。B。ii。278b：\'sivellentrecederedaretquisqe2

solidos。\'Ibid。207：\'etpossentrecederesidarent2solidos。\'

42。D。B。ii。435：\'EtsuperVlnohthabuitcommendationemantecessorR。Malet，testehundredo，etnonpotuitvenderenecdaredeeoterramsuam。\'Ibid。397：\'viderunteumiurarequodnonpoteratdare[vel]vendereterramsuamabantecessoreRicardi。\'

43。D。B。i。145：\'IocmaneriumtenuitAluuinushomoEstan，nonpotuitdarenecvedereextraBrichellemaneriumEstani。\'

44。D。B。i。133：\'HancterramtenuitAluricBlac2hidasdeAbbateWestmonasterii。T。R。E。：nonpoteratseparateabaecclesia\'

45。DB。ii。216b：\'Itaestinmonasterioquodnecvenderenecforisfacerepotestextraecclesia。\'

46。Forexample，D。B。i。201：\'terramsuamvenderepotuerunt，socaveroremansitAbbati。\'D。B。ii，78：\'etpoterantvendereterramsetsocaetsacaremanebatantecessoriAlberici。\'Ibid。

ii。92b：\'unussochemannusfuitinhacterrade15acrisquaspoteratvendere，setsocaiacebatinWarleiaterraS。Pauli。\'

47。Buttheconsuetudo，rentorthelike，may\'remain\'：D。B。ii。

181b：\'etpossentvendereterramsuamsetconsuetudoremanebatinmanerio。\'Andsothecommendatiomay\'remain\'；ii。357b：\'Hipoterantdareetvendereterram，setsacaetsocaetcommendatioremanebantSancto[Eadmundo]。\'

48。Forexample，D。B。i。201：\'HominesAbbatisdeElyfueruntet4terramsuamvenderepotuerunt，socaveroremansitAbbati，etquartus1virgametdimidiamhabuitetrecederenonpoutuit。\'SeetheimportantevidenceproducedbyRound，FeudalEngland，24，astotheequivalenceofthesephrases。

49。Oneofthecommonesttermsisrecedere——\'potuitrecedere\'——

\'nonpotuitrecedere\'。i。41，\'nonpotuitcumterrarecedereadaliumdominum\'；i。56b，\'toliberihominesT。R。E。tenebant12hidasetdimidiamdeterraeiusdemmaneriisedinderecederenonpoterant\'；ii。19b，\'nonpoterantrecedereaterrasinelicentiaAbbatis\'；ii。57b，\'nonpoterantrecedereabillomanerio\'；ii66，\'nonpoterantremovereabillomanerio\'；ii。41，\'nonpoterantrecedereasocaWisgari\'；ii。41b，\'necpoterantabiresineiussudomini\'；i。66b，\'quitenuitT。R。E。nonpoteratabaecclesiadiverti[separari\']；ii。116，\'unus[burgensis]eratitadominicusutnonpossetrecederenechomagiurnfaceresinelicentia([Stigandi]\'；ii。119，\'deistishominibuserant36itadominiceRegisEdwardiutnonpssentessehominescuiuslibetsedsempertamenconsuetudoregisremanebatpreterherigete。\'Aremarkableformis，ii。57b，\'nonpotuitistamterrammittereinaliquoloconisiinabbatia。\'Then\'potuitirequovoluit，\'\'nonpotuitirequolibet\'arecommonenough。

50。Ine，c。39：Hewholeaveshislordwithoutpermissionpayssixtyshillingstohislord。

51。Forexample，D。B。i。41：\'Trestainitenueruntdeepiscopoetnonpotueruntirequolibet。\'

52。D。B。i。35b，Tornecrosta。

53。D。B。i。212b，Stanford。

54。D。B。i。249b：\'Trestainitenueruntetliberihominesfuerunt\'；256，\'Ipsitainiliberierant\'；259b，\'Quatuortainitenueruntanteeumetliberifuerunt。\'

55。Chron。Abingd。i。490：\'Namquidamdives，Turkillusnomine，subHaroldicomitistestimonioetconsultu，desecumsuaterraquaeKingestundicitur，ecclesiaeAbbendonensietabbatiOrdricohomagiumfecit；licitumquippeliberocuique，illointempore，sicagereerat。\'

56。D。B。i。180b：\'etpoterantirecumterraquovolebant，ethabebantsubse4milites，italiberosutipsierant。\'

57。D。B。ii。59。

58。D。B。i。172：\'siitaliberhomoestuthabeatsocamsuametsacametcumterrasuapossitirequovoluerit。\'

59。D。B。i。84b。

60。D。B。ii。213：\'HancterramcalumpniaturesseliberamVlchitelhomoHermeri，quocunquemodoiudicetur，velbelloveliudicio，etaliusestpraestoprobareeomodoquodiacuitadecclesiam[S。Adeldredae]diequorexEdwardusobiit。SettotushundretustestatureamfuisseT。R。E。adS。Adeldredam。\'

61。SeeinparticularthesurveyofGloucestershire；D。B。i。165

b：\'Hocmaneriumquietumestageldoetabomniforensiservitiopraeteraecclesiae\'；Ibid。\'Haecterraliberafuitetquietaabomnigeldoetregaliservitio\'。170，\'Unahidaetdimidialiberaageldo。\'Whenafterreadingthesepassage\'swecomeuponthefollowing(167b)，\'IsdemW。tenetTatinton：UlgartenuitderegeEdwardo：haecterraliberaest，\'andwhenweobservethatthelandisnothidated，weshallprobablyinferthat\'Thislandisfree\'means\'Thislandisexemptfromgeld，and[perhaps]fromallotherroyalservice。\'

62。Dialogus，i。c。11；ii。c。14。

63。Dialogus，i。c。10。

64。Will。Conq。i。30，31：\'Silesseignuragesnefacentaltrigainursveniralourterre，lajustiselefacet。\'TheLatinversionisridiculous：\'Sidominiterrarumnonprocurentidoneoscultoresadterrassuascolendas，iustitiariihocfaciant。\'Thetranslatorseemstohavebeenpuzzledbythewordaltriorautrui。

65。Ibid。29。

66。Schmid，App。v。；vii。，2，9-11；PseudolegesCanuti，60-1

(Schmid，p。431)。

67。D。B。iv。497。

68。D。B。i。44b：\'IstamterramcalumpniaturWillelmusdeChernet，dicenspertinereadmaneriumdeCernefordfeudumHugonisdePortperhereditatemsuiantecessorisetdehocsuumtestimoniumadduxitdemelioribusetantiquishominibustotiuscomitatusethundredi；etPicotcontraduxitsuumtestimoniumdevillanisetviliplebeetdeprepositis，quivoluntdefenderepersacramentumvedeiiudicium，quodillequitenuitterramliberhomofuitetpotuitirecumterrasuaquovoluit。SedtestesWillelminoluntacciperelegemnisiregisEdwardiusquedumdiffiniaturperregem。\'ItseemspossiblethatWilliam\'switnesseswishedtoinsistontheancientrulethattheoathofonethegnwouldcountervailtheoathsofsixceorls。ThiswastheoldEnglishlaw(lexEdwardi)onwhichtheyrelied。

69。D。B。ii。393：\'et5villanideeodemmaneriotestantureietofferuntlegemqualemquisiudicaverit；setdimidiumhundretdeGepeswiztestanturquodhociacebatadecclesiamT。R。E。etWisgarustenebatetoffertderationari。\'

70。Schmid，App。vi。；Leg。Hen。64sect。2：\'thainiiusiurandumcontravaletiusiurandumsexvillanorum。\'

71。Leg。Hen。29，sect。1。

72。HistEng。Law，i。344。

73。Dialogus，i。c。11

74。D。B。i。67b；\'Deterravillanorumdeditabbatissaunimiliti3hidasetdimidiam。\'Ibid。89：\'tenetJohannesdeepiscopo2hidasdeterravillanorum。\'Ibid。i。169：\'unusfrancigenatenetterramuniusvillani。\'Ibid。164：\'InSauerna11

piscariaeindominioet42piscariaevillanorum。\'Ibid。230：

\'Silvadominica1leu。long。etdim。leu。lat。Silvavillanorum4

quarent。long。et3quarent。lat。\'Ibid。7b：\'5molinivillanorum。\'Wehavenotseendominicumusedasasubstantive；

butintheExon。D。B。iv。75wehavedominicatusRegis，fortheking\'sdemesne。Thereisalreadyaslightambiguityaboutthetermdominium。Wemaysaythatachurchhasamanorindominio，meaningtherebythatthemanorasawholeisheldbythechurchitselfandisnotheldofitbyanytenant；andthenwemaygoontosaythatonlyonehalfofthelandcomprisedinthismanorisheldbythechurchindominio。Cf。Hist。Eng。Law，ii。126。

75。Forexample，D。B。i。159：\'Nuncindominio3carucaeet6

servi，et26villanicum3bordariiset15liberihomineshabent30carucas。\'Ibid。165：\'Indominio2carucaeet9villaniet6

bordariietpresbyteretunusrachenistrecum10carucis。\'Ibid。

258b：\'et3villaniet2bordariiet2francigenaecum2

carucis。\'Butsuchentriesarecommonenough。

76。Round，DomesdayStudies，i。97。

77。D。B。i。28：\'IpseWillelmusdeBraiosetenetWasingetune……

DehacterratenetGislebertusdim。hidam，RadulfusIhidam，Willelmus3virgas，Leuuinusdim。hidamquipotuitrecederecumterrasuaetdeditgeldumdominosuoetdominussuusnichildedit。\'

78。B。i。163，b。

79。D。B。i。121：\'OmnessuperiusdescriptasterrastenebantT。

R。E。S。Petrocus；huiussanctiterraenunquamreddideruntgeldumnisiipsiaecclesiae。\'D。B。iv。187：\'TerraeS。Petrochinunquamreddideruntgildumhisisancto。\'

80。D。B。ii。372：\'Etquandoinhundretosolvituradgeldum1

libratuncindeexeunt60denariiadvictummonachorum。\'

81。Cnut，ii。79：\'Andseelandgewerodhaebbebesciregewitnisse……\'TheA-S。werianisjusttheLatindefendere。

82。Heming，Cartulary，i。278；Round，DomesdayStudies，i。89。

ComparethestoryinD。B。i。216b：OsbernorOsbertthefishermanclaimscertainlandashavingbelongedtohis\'antecessor\'；\'sedpostquamrexWillelmusinAngliamvenit，illegablumdehacterradarenoluitetRadulfusTaillgeboscgablumdeditetproforisfactoipsamterramsumpsitetcuidamsuomilititribuit。\'

83。D。B。iv。245，Cruca。

84。Seeabovep。81，note3。

85。D。B。i。163：\'Ibierantvillani21et9rachenistreshabentes26carucaset5colibertietunusbordariuscum5

carucis。Hirachenistresarabantetherciabantadcuriamdomini。\'

Ibid。\'Ibi19liberihominesrachenistreshabentes48carucascumsuishominibus。\'Ibid。166：\'Deterrahuiusmaneriitenebantradchenistres，idestliberihomines，T。R。E。，quitamenomnesadopusdominiarabantetherciabantetfalcabantetmetebant。\'

86。D。B。i。186，Ewias。

87。D。B。i。180。

88。D。B。i。179b。

89。D。B。i。179b。

90。D。B。i。174b。

91。D。B。i。246b。SotheburgessesofSteyning(i。17)\'adcuriamoperabantursicutvillaniT。R。E。\'

92。D。B。i。219。

93。D。B。i。174b：\'Ipsiradmanssecabantunadieinannoetomneservitiumquodeisiubebaturfaciebant。\'ThepositionofthesetenantswillbediscussedhereafterinconnexionwithSt。

Oswald\'scharters。

94。D。B……i。16b：\'Deherbagio，unusporcusdeunoquoquevillanoquihabetseptemporcos。\'Inthemarginstands\'SimiliterpertotumSussex。\'

95。D。B。i。12b：\'Ibitantumsilvaeundeexeuntdepasnagio40

porciaut54denariietunusobolus。\'Ibid。191b：\'Depresentacionepiscium12solidiet9denarii。\'Ibid。117b：\'autunumbovemaut30denarios。\'

96。Seeabovep。84。

97。D。B。i。12b。

98。D。B。i。11b，Hamestede。

99。D。B。i。117b，Colun。

100。D。B。i。127，Stibenhede。

101。D。B。i。179b，Lene。

102。D。B。i。12b，Norborne。

103。D。B。i。127b：\'WellesdonetenentcanoniciS。Pauli……Hocmaneriumtenentvillaniadfirmamcanonicorum。Indominionilhabetur。\'

104。Seeabovep。62。

105。ThismatterwillbediscussedwhenwedealwithSt。Oswald\'scharters。

106。Schmid，p。263(note)。ThisdocumentisDr。Liebermann\'sInstitutaCnuti(Trans。Rov。Hist。Soc。vii。77)。

107。Schmid，App。ii。57-9。

108。Fortherest，thewordt鷑esmanappearsinEdgariv。8，13，inconnexionwithprovisionsagainstthetheftofcattle。

109。D。B。i259，259b。

110。Leg。Will。i。29。

111。D。B。ii。360b：\'HancterramhabetAbbasinvadimonioproduabusmarcisauriconcessuEngelriciquandoredimebantAngliciterrassuas。\'SometimestheEnglishmangetsbackhislandasabedesman：i。218，\'HancterramtenuitpaterhujushominisetvenderepoteritT。R。E。HancrexWillelmusinelemosinaeidemconcessit\'；i。211，\'HancterramtenuitAvigietpotuitdarecuivoluitTR。E。Hanc。eipostearexWillelmusconcessitetperbreveR。Tallebosccommendavituteumservaret\'；i。218b，asimilarcase。

112。Dialogus，i。c。10；Bracton，f。7。OnbothpassagesseeVinogradoff，Villainage，p。121。

113。D。B。ii。1：\'Inhocmanerioerattunctemporisquidamliberhomo……quimodoeffectusestunusdevillanis。\'

114。D。B。i。148b：\'InMersetenetAilricdeWillelmo4hidasprounomanerio……IstemettenuitT。R。E。sedmodotenetadfirmamdeWillelmograviteretmiserabiliter。\'

115。D。B。i。141：\'HancterramsumpsitPetrusvicecomesdeistosochemannoRegisWillelmiinmanueiusdemRegisproforisfacturadegildoRegissenonreddidisseuthominessuidicunt。Sedhominesdesciranonportantvicecomititestimonium，quiasemperfuitquietadegildoetdealiisergaRegemquamdiutenuit，testantehundret。\'

116。D。B。i。30：\'RicardusdeTonebrigetenetdehocmaneriounamvirgatamcumsilvaundeabstulitrusticumquiibimanebat。\'

117。D。B。ii。282b：\'etistamconsuetudinemconstituitillisAluricusprepositusintemporeR。Bigot。\'

118。D。B。ii。284b。

119。D。B。ii。84b。

120。D。B。ii。353b：\'omnesfueruntconfusi。\'

121。D。B。ii。440b：\'sedhominesindefueruntconfusi。\'

122。D。B。i。65，Aldeborne。

123。D。B。ii。18，Berdringas。

124。D。B。ii。38b，Tachesteda。

125。Ellis，Introduction，ii。428。WegiveEllis\'sfigures，butthinkthathehasexaggeratedthenumberofsokemenwhoweretobefoundin1086。

126。Wemakeconsiderablymorethan900bycountingonlythosewhoareexpresslydescribedassokemenandexcludingthemanypersonswhoaresimplydescribedashominescapableofsellingtheirland。

127。Hamilton，Inquisitio，65。

128。Hamilton，Inquisitio，77。

129。Thuse。g。D。ii。87b：\'HidinghamtenetGarengerusdeRogeropro25acrisquastenuerunt15liberihominesT。R。E。\'

130。D。B。i。31。

131。D。B。i。31b：\'Et10hidastenebantalodiariivillae\'

132。D。B。i。10b。

133。D。B。i。13，Essella。

134。D。B。i。24。

135。D。B。83，83b。

136。Vinogradoff，Villainage，89ff。；Hist。Engl。Law，i。366ff。

137。D。B。i。189b。

4。TheSokemenNowofalargepartofEnglandwemaysaythatalltheoccupiersoflandwhoarenotholding\'manors\'(1*)willbelongtosomeofthoseclassesofwhichwehavealreadyspoken。Theywillbevilleins，bordiers，cottiers，\'boors\'orserfs。Hereandtherewemayfindafewpersonswhoaredescribedasliberihomines。Insomeofthewesterncounties，Gloucester，Worcester，Hereford，Shropshire，therearerachenistresorradmans；betweentheRibbleandtheMerseywemayfindapartyofdrengs。StillitisgenerallytruethattwoofthosefiveclassesthatseemtohavebeenmentionedinKingWilliam\'swrit，(2*)thesochemanniandtheliberihomines，arelargelyrepresentedonlyincertaincounties。

TheyaretobeseeninEssex，yetmorethicklyinSuffolkandNorfolk。InLincolnshirenearlyhalfoftheruralpopulationconsistsofsokemen，thoughthereisnoclassofpersonsdescribedasliberihomines。TherearesomesokemeninYorkshire，buttheyarenotverynumerousandtherearehardlyanyliberihomines。WehaveseenhowinCambridgeshireandBedfordshirethesokemenhavefaredill；butstillsomeareleftthere。TracesofthemmaybefoundinHertfordandBuckingham；theyarethickinLeicester，NottinghamandNorthampton；therearesomeinDerbyshire。TherehavebeensokemeninMiddlesex(3*)andinSurrey；(4*)buttheyhavebeensuppressed；afewremaininKent；(5*)soweshouldberashwerewetofindanythingcharacteristicallyScandinavianinthesokemen。EveninSuffolktheyaresufferingillatthehandsoftheirnewmasters，(6*)

whileinCambridgeshire，Bedfordshire，Hertfordshiretheyhavebeensuppressedordisplaced。

Wehavenowtoenteronadifficulttask，adiscussionoftherelationwhichexistsbetweenthesesochemanniandliberihominesontheonehandandtheirlordupontheother。Thecharacterofthisrelationvariesfromcasetocase。Wemaydistinguishthreedifferentbondsbywhichamanmaybeboundtoalord，apersonalbond，atenurialbond，ajurisdictionalorjusticiarybond。ButthelanguageofDomesdayBookisnotverypatientofthisanalysis。However，inthesecondvolumeweveryfrequentlycomeupontwoideaswhicharesharplycontrastedwitheachother；theoneisexpressedbythetermcommendatio，theotherbythetermsoca。(7*)Tothesewemustaddthegreatvaguetermconsuetudo，andweshallalsohavetoconsiderthephraseswhichdescribethevariousdegreesofthatfreedomof\'withdrawinghimselfwithhisland\'thatamanmayenjoy。

Inorderthatwemaybecomefamiliarwiththeusemadeofthesetermsandphraseswewilltranscribeafewtypicalentries：

Twofreemen，ofwhomAElfwinhadnoteventhecommendation。(8*)

OfthesemenHaroldhadnoteventhecommendation。(9*)

Thuscommendationseemsputbeforeusastheslightestbondthattherecanbebetweenlordandman。Veryoftenwearetoldthatthelordhadthecommendationandnothingmore。(10*)Thusitiscontrastedwiththesoke：——

Hispredecessorhadonlythecommendationofthis，andHaroldhadthesoke。(11*)

OfthesesixfreemenStBenethadthesoke，andofoneofthemthecommendation。(12*)

Andthecommendationiscontrastedwiththe\'custom，\'theconsuetudo，perhapswemightsaythe\'service\'：——

OfthesaidsokemanRalphPeverelhadacustomof3shillingsayear，butintheConfessor\'stimehisancestorhadonlythecommendation。(13*)

R。Maletclaims18freemen，3ofthembycommendation，andtherestforallcustom。(14*)

Andthesokeiscontrastedwiththeconsuetudo：——

Tothismanorbelong4menforallcustom，andother4forsokeonly。(15*)

Inagivencaseallthesebondsmaybeunited：——

Thereare7sokemenwhoaretheSaint\'smenwithsakeandsokeandallcustom。(16*)

OverthismantheSainthassakeandsokeandcommendationwithallcustom。(17*)

Theniftheman\'withdraws，\'orgivesorsellshisland，weoftenreadofthesoke\'remaining\'；wesometimesreadofthecommendation，thecustom，theservice\'remaining\'。

Thesefreemencouldsellorgivetheirland，butthecommendationandthesokeandsakewouldremaintoSt。

Edmund。(18*)

Thesemencouldselltheirland，butthesokewouldremaintotheSaintandtheservice(servitium)，whoevermightbethebuyer。(19*)

Theycouldgiveandselltheirland，butthesokeandthecommendationandtheservicewouldremaintotheSaint。(20*)

Butafterall，thesedistinctionsarenotmaintainedwithrigour，forthesokeissometimesspokenofasthoughitwereaspeciesofconsuetudo。Wehaveatangledskeininourhands。

Thethreadthatlooksasifitwouldbetheeasiesttounravel，isthatwhichisstyled\'merecommendation。\'Thesameideaisexpressedbyotherphrases——\'hecommittedhimselftoBishopHermanforhisdefence\'(21*)——\'theysubmittedthemselveswiththeirlandtotheabbeyfordefence\'(22*)——\'hebecamethemanofGoisfridofhisownfreewill\'(23*)——\'sheputherselfwithherlandinthehandofthequeen。\'(24*)\'Homage\'isnotacommonterminDomesdayBook，butif，whenspeakingoftheoldtime，itsays，asitconstantlydoes，thatonepersonwasthemanofanother，nodoubtitistellingusofarelationshipwhichhaditsorigininanoathandasymbolicceremony。(25*)\'Sheputherselfintothehandsofthequeen\'——weshouldtakethesewordstomeanjustwhattheysay。AnAnglo-Saxonoathoffealty(hyld醖)hasbeenpreserved。(26*)Theswearerpromisestobefaithfulandtruetohislord，toloveallthathislordlovesandeschewallthathislordeschews。Hemakesnodistinctreferencetoanyland，buthereferstosomecompactwhichexistsbetweenhimandhislord：——Hewillbefaithfulandtrueonconditionthathislordtreatshimaccordingtohisdesertsandaccordingtothecovenantthathasbeenestablishedbetweenthem。

Toallseemingthereneednotbeanylandinthecase；and，ifthemanhasland，theactofcommendationwillnotgivethelordasamatterofcourseanyrightsinthatland。CertainlyDomesdayBookseemstoassumethatingeneraleveryownerorholderoflandmusthavehadalord。Thisassumptionisveryworthyofnotice。AlawofAEthelstan(27*)hadsaidthatlordlessmen\'ofwhomnorightcouldbehad\'weretohavelords，butthiscommandseemsaimedatthelandlessfolk，notatthosewhoselandisasufficientsuretyfortheirgoodbehaviour。Thelawhadnotdirectlycommandedthelandedmentocommendthemselves，butithadsuppliedthemwithmotivesforsodoing。(28*)Whatdidamangainbythisactofsubmission？Ofadvantagesthatmightbecalled\'extra-legal\'wewillsaynothingthoughinthewilddaysofAEthelredtheUnready，andevenduringtheConfessor\'sreign，therewaslawlessnessenoughtomakethesmallproprietorwishthathehadamightierfriendthanthelawcouldbe。Butthereweredistinctlegaladvantagestobehadbycommendation。Inthefirstplace，thelifeofthegreatman\'smanwasprotectednotonlybyawer-gild，butbyaman-b髏：——aman-b髏duetoonewhohadthepowertoexactit；andif，asoneofourauthoritiesassuresus，theamountoftheman-b髏variedwiththerankofthelord，(29*)thiswouldhelptoaccountforaremarkablefactdisclosedbyDomesdayBook，namely，thatthechosenlordwasusuallyapersonoftheveryhighestrank，anearl，anarchbishop，theking。Then，again，ifthemangotintoascrape，hislordmightbeofservicetohim。Supposethemanaccusedoftheft：incertaincaseshemightescapewithasingle，insteadofatripleordeal，ifhehadalordwhowouldsweartohisgoodcharacter。(30*)Inyetothercaseshislordwouldcomeforwardashiscompurgator；perhapshewasmorallyboundtodoso；and，beingamanofhighrank，wouldswearacrushingoath。Andwithincertainlimitsthatwecannotwelldefinethelordmightwarrantthedoingsofhisman，mighttakeuponhimselfthetaskofdefendinganactiontowhichthismanwassubjected。(31*)Whatthemanhassoughtbyhissubmissionisdefensio，tuitio；thelordishisdefensor，tutor，protector，advocatus，inaword，hiswarrantor。(32*)

Ofwarrantyweareaccustomedtothinkchieflyinconnexionwiththetitletoland：——thefeofforwarrantsthefeoffeeinhisenjoymentofthetenement。Buttoallappearanceintheeleventhcenturyitisratheraslordthanasgiver，sellerorlender，thatthevoucheecomestothedefenceofhisman。Ifthelandisconceivedashavingoncebeenthewarrantor\'sland，thismaybebutafiction：——themanhasgivenuphislandandthentakenitagainmerelyinorderthathemaybeabletosaywithsometruththathehasitbyhislord\'sgift。Butwecannotbesurethatasyetanysuchfictionisnecessary。\'Iwilldefendanyactionthatisbroughtagainstyouforthisland\'：——asyetmenseenoreasonwhysuchapromiseasthis，ifmadewithdueceremony，shouldnotbeenforced。Acertainamountof\'maintenance\'isdesirableintheireyesandlaudable。

Thoughwebeganwiththestatementthatwherethereiscommendationtheremayyetbenolandinthecase，wehavenonethelessbeenalreadyledtothesuppositionthatoftenenoughlanddoesgetinvolvedinthisnexusbetweenmanandlord。Nodoubtalandlessmanmaycommendhimselfandgetnolandinreturnforhishomage；butwithsuchanoneDomesdayBookisnotconcerned。Thecasesinwhichittakesaninterestarethoseinwhichalandholderhascommendedhimself。Nowwedarenotsaythatalandholdercannevercommendhimselfwithoutcommendinghislandalso。(33*)Howbeit，theusualpracticecertainlyisthatamanwhosubmitsorcommitshimselffor\'defence\'or\'protection\'shalltakehislandwithhim；he\'goeswithhisland\'toalord。Verycuriousaresomeoftheinstanceswhichshowhowlargealibertymenhaveenjoyedoftakinglandwherevertheyplease。\'TostigboughtthislandfromthechurchofMalmesburyforthreelives\'：——inthisthereisnothingstrange；

leasesforthreelivesgrantedbychurchestothegnshavebeencommon。ButofcourseweshouldassumethatduringtheleasethelandcouldhavenootherlordthanthechurchofMalmesbury。Notso，however，forduringhisleaseTostig\'couldgowiththatlandtowhateverlordhepleased。\'(34*)InEssextherewasbeforetheConquestamanwhoheldland；thatlandinsomesortbelongedtotheAbbeyofBarking，andcouldnotbeseparatedfromtheabbey；

buttheholderofitwastheman(\'merelytheman\'saythejurors)ofoneLeofhildthepredecessorofGeoffreydeMandeville。(35*)Inthislastcasewemaysatisfyourselvesbysavingthatapurelypersonalrelationisdistinguishedfromatenurialrelation；themanofLeofhildisthetenantoftheabbey。ButwhatofTostig\'scase？LandthatheholdsofthechurchofMalmesbury，andthattoobynoperpetualtenure，hecancommendtoanotherlord。Fromtheman\'spointofview，protection，defence，warranty，istheessenceofcommendation，andthewarrantythathechieflyneedsisthewarrantyofhispossession，ofthetitlebywhichheholdshisland。itcannotbutbethereforethatthelordtowhomhecommendshimselfandhisland，shouldbeinsomesorthislandlord。

Notthatheneedpayrent，orperformotherservicesinreturnfortheland。Thelandishisland；hehasnotobtaineditfromhislord；onthecontraryhehascarriedittohislord。

Merecommendationisthereforedistinguishedbyascoreofentriesfromarelationthatinvolvesthepaymentofconsuetudines。Doubtlesshoweverthelordobtains\'avaluableconsideration\'forallthathegives。Partofthiswillprobablyliewithoutthelegalsphere。Hehasaswornretainerwhowillfightwheneverheistoldtofight。Buteventhelawallowsthemantogogreatlengthsinhislord\'sdefence。(36*)Inaroughagehappyisthelordwhohasmanysworntodefendhim。Whenatalatertimeweseethattheclaimantoflandmustofferproof\'bythebodyofacertainfreemanofhis，\'wearetaughtthatthelordshaverelieduponthetestimonyandthestrongrightarmsoftheirvassals。Thatinallcasesthelordgotmorethanthiswecannotsay，thoughperhapscommendationcarriedwithittherighttotheheriot，thehorseandarmourofthedeadman。(37*)Therelationisoftenputbeforeusastemporary。Numerousarethepersonswho\'canseeklordswheretheychoose\'orwhocan\'gowiththeirlandwherevertheyplease。\'Howlargealibertythesephrasesaccordtolordandmanitwerehardtotell。Wecannotbelievethateitherpartytothecontractcoulddissolveitjustatthemomentwhentheotherhadsomeneedtoenforceit；butstillatothertimesthemanmightdissolveit，andwemaysupposethatthelordcoulddosotoo。Buttheconnexionmightbeofamorepermanentkind。Perhapsinmostcasesinwhichwearetoldthatamancannotwithdrawhislandfromhislordthebondbetweenthemisregardedassomethingotherthancommendation——

thereiscommendationandsomethingmore。Butthisisnouniversaltruth。Youmightbethelord\'sman\'merelybycommendation\'andyetbeunabletosellyourlandwithoutthelord\'sleave。(38*)Atanyrate，inonewayandanother\'thecommendation\'isconsideredascapableofbindingtheland。Thecommendedmanwillbespokenofasholdingthelandunder(sub)

hislord，ifnotof(de)hislord。(39*)Inmanycasesifhesellstheland\'thecommendationwillremaintohislord\'——bywhichismeant，notthatthevendorwillcontinuetobethemanofthatlord(forthepurposesoftheDomesdayinquestthiswouldbeamatterofindifference)butthatthelord\'srightsoverthelandarenotdestroyed。Thepurchasercomestothelandandfindsthecommendationinheringinit。(40*)