第46章

Inoppositiontolabourandrentsinkindwefindagreatmanypaymentsinmoney。Someofthesearesaidinasmanywordstohavesteptintotheplaceoflabourservices；ofmowing，carrying，makinghedges，(61*)etc。Thesamemaybethecaseinregardtoproduce：barlicksilverispaidinsteadofbarley，fish-silverevidentlyinsteadoffish，malt-silverinsteadofmalt；acertainpaymentinsteadofsalt，andsoon。(62*)Butsometimestheoriginofthemoneyrentismoredifficulttoascertain。Wefind，forinstance，adutyonsheep，whichisalmostcertainlyanoriginalimpositionwhenitappearsasfald-silver。Evensothescythe-pennyfromeveryscythe，thebosing-silverfromeveryhorseandcart，thewood-penny，probablyfortheuseofwoodasfuel，mustberegardedasoriginaltaxesandnotquit-rentsorcommutation-rents。(63*)Pannageispaidinthesamewayfortheswinegrazinginthewoods。(64*)Ward-pennyappearsalsoinconnexionwithcattle，butwithsomespecialshadeofmeaningwhichitisdifficulttobringoutdefinitely；

thenameseemstopointtoprotection，andalsooccursinconnexionwithpolicearrangements。(65*)

ImustacknowledgethatinagoodmanycasesIhavebeenunabletofindasatisfactoryexplanationforvarioustermswhichoccurintherecordsforthediverspayments。Anattentivestudyoflocalusageswillprobablyleadtodefiniteconclusionsastomostofthem。(66*)Fromageneralpointofviewitisinterestingtonotice，thatwefindalreadyinourrecordssomeattemptstobringalltheperplexingvarietyofpaymentstoafewmaindesignations。Annualrentsare，ofcourse，reckonedoutundertheoneheadof’census。’Veryobviousreasonssuggestedtheadvisabilityofcomputingtheentiremoney-proceedyieldedbytheestate。(67*)Itsometimeshappensthatthegeneralsummadeupinthisway，fixedasitisataconstantamount，isusedalmostasanameforacomplexofland。(68*)Adivisionofrentsintooldandnewonesdoesnotrequireanyparticularexplanation。(69*)

Butseveralothersubdivisionsareworthnotice。Therentpaidfromthelandoftenappearsseparatelyaslandgafolorlandchere。

Itisnaturallyopposedtopaymentsthatfallonthepersonaspolltaxes。(70*)Theselastareconsideredguaranteedbytheasareturnforthepersonalprotectionlordtohissubjects。OfthecontrastbetweengafolasacustomaryrentandmalasapaymentincommutationIhavespokenalready，andIhaveonlytoaddnow，thatgildissometimesusedinthesamesenseasmal。(71*)

AnothertermindirectoppositiontogafolistheLatindonum。(72*)Itseemstoindicateaspecialpaymentimposedasakindofvoluntarycontributionontheentirevillage。Tobesure，therewasnotmuchfreewilltobeexercisedinthematter；allthedependentpeopleofthetownshiphadtopayaccordingtotheirmeans。(73*)Butthetaxmusthavebeenconsideredasasupplementaryoneinthesamesenseassupplementaryboon-work。

Itmayhavebeenoriginallyintendedinsomecasesasanequivalentforsomerightssurrenderedbythelord，asamalorgild，infact。(74*)Incloseconnexionwiththedonumwefindtheauxilium，(75*)alsoanextraordinarytaxpaidonceayear，anddistinguishedfromtheordinaryrent。Itappearsasadirectconsequenceofthepoliticalsubjectionofthetenantry。(76*)。Itis，infact，merelyanexpressionoftherighttotallage。Ourrecordsmentionitsometimesasapportionedaccordingtothenumberofcattleownedbythepeasant，butthisconcernsonlythemodeofimpositionofthedutyandhardlyitsorigin。(77*)AsI

havesaidalready，theauxiliumisineveryrespectlikethedonum。Oneverycharacteristictraitofbothtaxesis，thattheyarelaidprimarilyonthewholevillage，whichismadetopayacertainroundsumasabody。(78*)Theburdenisdividedafterwardsbetweentheseveralhouseholders，andthenumberofcattle，andmoreparticularlyofthebeastsofploughkeptontheholding，hasofcoursetobetakenintoaccountmorethananythingelse。Butthemanorialadministrationdoesnotmuchconcernitselfwiththesedetails：thetownshipisanswerableforthewholesum。

Itistobeaddedthatthepaymentissometimesactuallymentionedasapoliticaloneindi