下载辰思小说免费APP
CHAPTERIII。
[Theauthorstudiestolearnthelanguage。TheHouyhnhnm，hismaster，assistsinteachinghim。Thelanguagedescribed。
SeveralHouyhnhnmsofqualitycomeoutofcuriositytoseetheauthor。Hegiveshismasterashortaccountofhisvoyage。]
Myprincipalendeavourwastolearnthelanguage，whichmymaster(forsoIshallhenceforthcallhim)，andhischildren，andeveryservantofhishouse，weredesiroustoteachme；fortheylookeduponitasaprodigy，thatabruteanimalshoulddiscoversuchmarksofarationalcreature。Ipointedtoeverything，andinquiredthenameofit，whichIwrotedowninmyjournal-bookwhenIwasalone，andcorrectedmybadaccentbydesiringthoseofthefamilytopronounceitoften。Inthisemployment，asorrelnag，oneoftheunder-servants，wasveryreadytoassistme。
Inspeaking，theypronouncedthroughthenoseandthroat，andtheirlanguageapproachesnearesttotheHigh-Dutch，orGerman，ofanyIknowinEurope；butismuchmoregracefulandsignificant。TheemperorCharlesV。madealmostthesameobservation，whenhesaid"thatifheweretospeaktohishorse，itshouldbeinHigh-Dutch。"
Thecuriosityandimpatienceofmymasterweresogreat，thathespentmanyhoursofhisleisuretoinstructme。Hewasconvinced(asheafterwardstoldme)thatImustbeaYAHOO；butmyteachableness，civility，andcleanliness，astonishedhim；whichwerequalitiesaltogetheroppositetothoseanimals。Hewasmostperplexedaboutmyclothes，reasoningsometimeswithhimself，whethertheywereapartofmybody:forIneverpulledthemofftillthefamilywereasleep，andgotthemonbeforetheywakedinthemorning。Mymasterwaseagertolearn"whenceIcame；howI
acquiredthoseappearancesofreason，whichIdiscoveredinallmyactions；andtoknowmystoryfrommyownmouth，whichhehopedheshouldsoondobythegreatproficiencyImadeinlearningandpronouncingtheirwordsandsentences。"Tohelpmymemory，IformedallIlearnedintotheEnglishalphabet，andwritthewordsdown，withthetranslations。Thislast，aftersometime，Iventuredtodoinmymaster\'spresence。ItcostmemuchtroubletoexplaintohimwhatIwasdoing；fortheinhabitantshavenottheleastideaofbooksorliterature。
Inabouttenweekstime，Iwasabletounderstandmostofhisquestions；andinthreemonths，couldgivehimsometolerableanswers。Hewasextremelycurioustoknow"fromwhatpartofthecountryIcame，andhowIwastaughttoimitatearationalcreature；becausetheYAHOOS(whomhesawIexactlyresembledinmyhead，hands，andface，thatwereonlyvisible)，withsomeappearanceofcunning，andthestrongestdispositiontomischief，wereobservedtobethemostunteachableofallbrutes。"I
answered，"thatIcameoverthesea，fromafarplace，withmanyothersofmyownkind，inagreathollowvesselmadeofthebodiesoftrees:thatmycompanionsforcedmetolandonthiscoast，andthenleftmetoshiftformyself。"Itwaswithsomedifficulty，andbythehelpofmanysigns，thatIbroughthimtounderstandme。Hereplied，"thatImustneedsbemistaken，orthatIsaidthethingwhichwasnot；"fortheyhavenowordintheirlanguagetoexpresslyingorfalsehood。"Heknewitwasimpossiblethattherecouldbeacountrybeyondthesea，orthataparcelofbrutescouldmoveawoodenvesselwhithertheypleaseduponwater。HewassurenoHOUYHNHNMalivecouldmakesuchavessel，norwouldtrustYAHOOStomanageit。"
ThewordHOUYHNHNM，intheirtongue，signifiesaHORSE，and，initsetymology，thePERFECTIONOFNATURE。Itoldmymaster，"thatIwasatalossforexpression，butwouldimproveasfastasI
could；andhoped，inashorttime，Ishouldbeabletotellhimwonders。"Hewaspleasedtodirecthisownmare，hiscolt，andfoal，andtheservantsofthefamily，totakeallopportunitiesofinstructingme；andeveryday，fortwoorthreehours，hewasatthesamepainshimself。Severalhorsesandmaresofqualityintheneighbourhoodcameoftentoourhouse，uponthereportspreadof"awonderfulYAHOO，thatcouldspeaklikeaHOUYHNHNM，andseemed，inhiswordsandactions，todiscoversomeglimmeringsofreason。"Thesedelightedtoconversewithme:
theyputmanyquestions，andreceivedsuchanswersasIwasabletoreturn。ByalltheseadvantagesImadesogreataprogress，that，infivemonthsfrommyarrivalIunderstoodwhateverwasspoken，andcouldexpressmyselftolerablywell。
TheHOUYHNHNMS，whocametovisitmymasteroutofadesignofseeingandtalkingwithme，couldhardlybelievemetobearightYAHOO，becausemybodyhadadifferentcoveringfromothersofmykind。Theywereastonishedtoobservemewithouttheusualhairorskin，exceptonmyhead，face，andhands；butIdiscoveredthatsecrettomymasteruponanaccidentwhichhappenedaboutafortnightbefore。
Ihavealreadytoldthereader，thateverynight，whenthefamilyweregonetobed，itwasmycustomtostrip，andcovermyselfwithmyclothes。Ithappened，onemorningearly，thatmymastersentformebythesorrelnag，whowashisvalet。WhenhecameI
wasfastasleep，myclothesfallenoffononeside，andmyshirtabovemywaist。Iawakedatthenoisehemade，andobservedhimtodeliverhismessageinsomedisorder；afterwhichhewenttomymaster，andinagreatfrightgavehimaveryconfusedaccountofwhathehadseen。ThisIpresentlydiscovered，for，goingassoonasIwasdressedtopaymyattendanceuponhishonour，heaskedme"themeaningofwhathisservanthadreported，thatI
wasnotthesamethingwhenIslept，asIappearedtobeatothertimes；thathisvaleassuredhim，somepartofmewaswhite，someyellow，atleastnotsowhite，andsomebrown。"
Ihadhithertoconcealedthesecretofmydress，inordertodistinguishmyself，asmuchaspossible，fromthatcursedraceofYAHOOS；butnowIfounditinvaintodosoanylonger。Besides，Iconsideredthatmyclothesandshoeswouldsoonwearout，whichalreadywereinadecliningcondition，andmustbesuppliedbysomecontrivancefromthehidesofYAHOOS，orotherbrutes；
wherebythewholesecretwouldbeknown。Ithereforetoldmymaster，"thatinthecountrywhenceIcame，thoseofmykindalwayscoveredtheirbodieswiththehairsofcertainanimalspreparedbyart，aswellfordecencyastoavoidtheinclemenciesofair，bothhotandcold；ofwhich，astomyownperson，Iwouldgivehimimmediateconviction，ifhepleasedtocommandme:onlydesiringhisexcuse，ifIdidnotexposethosepartsthatnaturetaughtustoconceal。"Hesaid，"mydiscoursewasallverystrange，butespeciallythelastpart；forhecouldnotunderstand，whynatureshouldteachustoconcealwhatnaturehadgiven；thatneitherhimselfnorfamilywereashamedofanypartsoftheirbodies；but，however，ImightdoasIpleased。"
WhereuponIfirstunbuttonedmycoat，andpulleditoff。Ididthesamewithmywaistcoat。Idrewoffmyshoes，stockings，andbreeches。Iletmyshirtdowntomywaist，anddrewupthebottom；fasteningitlikeagirdleaboutmymiddle，tohidemynakedness。
Mymasterobservedthewholeperformancewithgreatsignsofcuriosityandadmiration。Hetookupallmyclothesinhispastern，onepieceafteranother，andexaminedthemdiligently；
hethenstrokedmybodyverygently，andlookedroundmeseveraltimes；afterwhich，hesaid，itwasplainImustbeaperfectYAHOO；butthatIdifferedverymuchfromtherestofmyspeciesinthesoftness，whiteness，andsmoothnessofmyskin；mywantofhairinseveralpartsofmybody；theshapeandshortnessofmyclawsbehindandbefore；andmyaffectationofwalkingcontinuallyonmytwohinderfeet。Hedesiredtoseenomore；
andgavemeleavetoputonmyclothesagain，forIwasshudderingwithcold。
IexpressedmyuneasinessathisgivingmesooftentheappellationofYAHOO，anodiousanimal，forwhichIhadsoutterahatredandcontempt:Ibeggedhewouldforbearapplyingthatwordtome，andmakethesameorderinhisfamilyandamonghisfriendswhomhesufferedtoseeme。Irequestedlikewise，"thatthesecretofmyhavingafalsecoveringtomybody，mightbeknowntononebuthimself，atleastaslongasmypresentclothingshouldlast；forastowhatthesorrelnag，hisvalet，hadobserved，hishonourmightcommandhimtoconcealit。"
Allthismymasterverygraciouslyconsentedto；andthusthesecretwaskepttillmyclothesbegantowearout，whichIwasforcedtosupplybyseveralcontrivancesthatshallhereafterbementioned。Inthemeantime，hedesired"Iwouldgoonwithmyutmostdiligencetolearntheirlanguage，becausehewasmoreastonishedatmycapacityforspeechandreason，thanatthefigureofmybody，whetheritwerecoveredornot；"adding，"thathewaitedwithsomeimpatiencetohearthewonderswhichI
promisedtotellhim。"
Thenceforwardhedoubledthepainshehadbeenattoinstructme:
hebroughtmeintoallcompany，andmadethemtreatmewithcivility；"because，"ashetoldthem，privately，"thiswouldputmeintogoodhumour，andmakememorediverting。"
Everyday，whenIwaitedonhim，besidethetroublehewasatinteaching，hewouldaskmeseveralquestionsconcerningmyself，whichIansweredaswellasIcould，andbythesemeanshehadalreadyreceivedsomegeneralideas，thoughveryimperfect。ItwouldbetedioustorelatetheseveralstepsbywhichIadvancedtoamoreregularconversation；butthefirstaccountIgaveofmyselfinanyorderandlengthwastothispurpose:
"ThatIcamefromaveryfarcountry，asIalreadyhadattemptedtotellhim，withaboutfiftymoreofmyownspecies；thatwetravelledupontheseasinagreathollowvesselmadeofwood，andlargerthanhishonour\'shouse。IdescribedtheshiptohiminthebesttermsIcould，andexplained，bythehelpofmyhandkerchiefdisplayed，howitwasdrivenforwardbythewind。
Thatuponaquarrelamongus，Iwassetonshoreonthiscoast，whereIwalkedforward，withoutknowingwhither，tillhedeliveredmefromthepersecutionofthoseexecrableYAHOOS。"Heaskedme，"whomadetheship，andhowitwaspossiblethattheHOUYHNHNMSofmycountrywouldleaveittothemanagementofbrutes？"Myanswerwas，"thatIdurstproceednofurtherinmyrelation，unlesshewouldgivemehiswordandhonourthathewouldnotbeoffended，andthenIwouldtellhimthewondersI
hadsooftenpromised。"Heagreed；andIwentonbyassuringhim，thattheshipwasmadebycreatureslikemyself；who，inallthecountriesIhadtravelled，aswellasinmyown，weretheonlygoverningrationalanimals；andthatuponmyarrivalhither，IwasasmuchastonishedtoseetheHOUYHNHNMSactlikerationalbeings，ashe，orhisfriends，couldbe，infindingsomemarksofreasoninacreaturehewaspleasedtocallaYAHOO；towhichI
ownedmyresemblanceineverypart，butcouldnotaccountfortheirdegenerateandbrutalnature。Isaidfarther，"thatifgoodfortuneeverrestoredmetomynativecountry，torelatemytravelshither，asIresolvedtodo，everybodywouldbelieve，thatIsaidthethingthatwasnot，thatIinventedthestoryoutofmyownhead；and(withallpossiblerespecttohimself，hisfamily，andfriends，andunderhispromiseofnotbeingoffended)
ourcountrymenwouldhardlythinkitprobablethataHOUYHNHNM
shouldbethepresidingcreatureofanation，andaYAHOOthebrute。"
CHAPTERIV。
[TheHouyhnhnm\'snotionoftruthandfalsehood。Theauthor\'sdiscoursedisapprovedbyhismaster。Theauthorgivesamoreparticularaccountofhimself，andtheaccidentsofhisvoyage。]
Mymasterheardmewithgreatappearancesofuneasinessinhiscountenance；becausedoubting，ornotbelieving，aresolittleknowninthiscountry，thattheinhabitantscannottellhowtobehavethemselvesundersuchcircumstances。AndIremember，infrequentdiscourseswithmymasterconcerningthenatureofmanhoodinotherpartsoftheworld，havingoccasiontotalkoflyingandfalserepresentation，itwaswithmuchdifficultythathecomprehendedwhatImeant，althoughhehadotherwiseamostacutejudgment。Forhearguedthus:"thattheuseofspeechwastomakeusunderstandoneanother，andtoreceiveinformationoffacts；now，ifanyonesaidthethingwhichwasnot，theseendsweredefeated，becauseIcannotproperlybesaidtounderstandhim；andIamsofarfromreceivinginformation，thatheleavesmeworsethaninignorance；forIamledtobelieveathingblack，whenitiswhite，andshort，whenitislong。"Andthesewereallthenotionshehadconcerningthatfacultyoflying，soperfectlywellunderstood，andsouniversallypractised，amonghumancreatures。
Toreturnfromthisdigression。WhenIassertedthattheYAHOOS
weretheonlygoverninganimalsinmycountry，whichmymastersaidwasaltogetherpasthisconception，hedesiredtoknow，"whetherwehadHOUYHNHNMSamongus，andwhatwastheiremployment？"Itoldhim，"wehadgreatnumbers；thatinsummertheygrazedinthefields，andinwinterwerekeptinhouseswithhayandoats，whereYAHOOservantswereemployedtorubtheirskinssmooth，combtheirmanes，picktheirfeet，servethemwithfood，andmaketheirbeds。""Iunderstandyouwell，"saidmymaster:"itisnowveryplain，fromallyouhavespoken，thatwhatevershareofreasontheYAHOOSpretendto，theHOUYHNHNMS
areyourmasters；IheartilywishourYAHOOSwouldbesotractable。"Ibegged"hishonourwouldpleasetoexcusemefromproceedinganyfurther，becauseIwasverycertainthattheaccountheexpectedfrommewouldbehighlydispleasing。"Butheinsistedincommandingmetolethimknowthebestandtheworst。
Itoldhim"heshouldbeobeyed。"Iowned"thattheHOUYHNHNMS
amongus，whomwecalledhorses，werethemostgenerousandcomelyanimalswehad；thattheyexcelledinstrengthandswiftness；andwhentheybelongedtopersonsofquality，wereemployedintravelling，racing，ordrawingchariots；theyweretreatedwithmuchkindnessandcare，tilltheyfellintodiseases，orbecamefounderedinthefeet；butthentheyweresold，andusedtoallkindofdrudgerytilltheydied；afterwhichtheirskinswerestripped，andsoldforwhattheywereworth，andtheirbodieslefttobedevouredbydogsandbirdsofprey。Butthecommonraceofhorseshadnotsogoodfortune，beingkeptbyfarmersandcarriers，andothermeanpeople，whoputthemtogreaterlabour，andfedthemworse。"Idescribed，aswellasIcould，ourwayofriding；theshapeanduseofabridle，asaddle，aspur，andawhip；ofharnessandwheels。I
added，"thatwefastenedplatesofacertainhardsubstance，callediron，atthebottomoftheirfeet，topreservetheirhoofsfrombeingbrokenbythestonyways，onwhichweoftentravelled。"
Mymaster，aftersomeexpressionsofgreatindignation，wondered"howwedaredtoventureuponaHOUYHNHNM\'Sback；forhewassure，thattheweakestservantinhishousewouldbeabletoshakeoffthestrongestYAHOO；orbylyingdownandrollingonhisback，squeezethebrutetodeath。"Ianswered"thatourhorsesweretrainedup，fromthreeorfouryearsold，totheseveralusesweintendedthemfor；thatifanyofthemprovedintolerablyvicious，theywereemployedforcarriages；thattheywereseverelybeaten，whiletheywereyoung，foranymischievoustricks；thatthemales，designedforthecommonuseofridingordraught，weregenerallycastratedabouttwoyearsaftertheirbirth，totakedowntheirspirits，andmakethemmoretameandgentle；thattheywereindeedsensibleofrewardsandpunishments；buthishonourwouldpleasetoconsider，thattheyhadnottheleasttinctureofreason，anymorethantheYAHOOSinthiscountry。"
Itputmetothepainsofmanycircumlocutions，togivemymasterarightideaofwhatIspoke；fortheirlanguagedoesnotaboundinvarietyofwords，becausetheirwantsandpassionsarefewerthanamongus。ButitisimpossibletoexpresshisnobleresentmentatoursavagetreatmentoftheHOUYHNHNMrace；
particularlyafterIhadexplainedthemanneranduseofcastratinghorsesamongus，tohinderthemfrompropagatingtheirkind，andtorenderthemmoreservile。Hesaid，"ifitwerepossibletherecouldbeanycountrywhereYAHOOSalonewereenduedwithreason，theycertainlymustbethegoverninganimal；
becausereasonintimewillalwaysprevailagainstbrutalstrength。But，consideringtheframeofourbodies，andespeciallyofmine，hethoughtnocreatureofequalbulkwassoill-contrivedforemployingthatreasoninthecommonofficesoflife；"whereuponhedesiredtoknowwhetherthoseamongwhomI
livedresembledme，ortheYAHOOSofhiscountry？"Iassuredhim，"thatIwasaswellshapedasmostofmyage；buttheyounger，andthefemales，weremuchmoresoftandtender，andtheskinsofthelattergenerallyaswhiteasmilk。"Hesaid，"I
differedindeedfromotherYAHOOS，beingmuchmorecleanly，andnotaltogethersodeformed；but，inpointofrealadvantage，hethoughtIdifferedfortheworse:thatmynailswereofnouseeithertomyforeorhinderfeet；astomyforefeet，hecouldnotproperlycallthembythatname，forheneverobservedmetowalkuponthem；thattheyweretoosofttobeartheground；thatIgenerallywentwiththemuncovered；neitherwasthecoveringI
sometimesworeonthemofthesameshape，orsostrongasthatonmyfeetbehind:thatIcouldnotwalkwithanysecurity，forifeitherofmyhinderfeetslipped，Imustinevitablyfail。"Hethenbegantofindfaultwithotherpartsofmybody:"theflatnessofmyface，theprominenceofmynose，mineeyesplaceddirectlyinfront，sothatIcouldnotlookoneithersidewithoutturningmyhead:thatIwasnotabletofeedmyself，withoutliftingoneofmyfore-feettomymouth:andthereforenaturehadplacedthosejointstoanswerthatnecessity。Heknewnotwhatcouldbetheuseofthoseseveralcleftsanddivisionsinmyfeetbehind；thattheseweretoosofttobearthehardnessandsharpnessofstones，withoutacoveringmadefromtheskinofsomeotherbrute；thatmywholebodywantedafenceagainstheatandcold，whichIwasforcedtoputonandoffeveryday，withtediousnessandtrouble:andlastly，thatheobservedeveryanimalinthiscountrynaturallytoabhortheYAHOOS，whomtheweakeravoided，andthestrongerdrovefromthem。Sothat，supposingustohavethegiftofreason，hecouldnotseehowitwerepossibletocurethatnaturalantipathy，whicheverycreaturediscoveredagainstus；norconsequentlyhowwecouldtameandrenderthemserviceable。However，hewould，"ashesaid，"debatethematternofarther，becausehewasmoredesiroustoknowmyownstory，thecountrywhereIwasborn，andtheseveralactionsandeventsofmylife，beforeIcamehither。"
Iassuredhim，"howextremelydesirousIwasthatheshouldbesatisfiedoneverypoint；butIdoubtedmuch，whetheritwouldbepossibleformetoexplainmyselfonseveralsubjects，whereofhishonourcouldhavenoconception；becauseIsawnothinginhiscountrytowhichIcouldresemblethem；that，however，Iwoulddomybest，andstrivetoexpressmyselfbysimilitudes，humblydesiringhisassistancewhenIwantedproperwords；"whichhewaspleasedtopromiseme。
Isaid，"mybirthwasofhonestparents，inanislandcalledEngland；whichwasremotefromhiscountry，asmanydays\'journeyasthestrongestofhishonour\'sservantscouldtravelintheannualcourseofthesun；thatIwasbredasurgeon，whosetradeitistocurewoundsandhurtsinthebody，gottenbyaccidentorviolence；thatmycountrywasgovernedbyafemaleman，whomwecalledqueen；thatIleftittogetriches，wherebyImightmaintainmyselfandfamily，whenIshouldreturn；that，inmylastvoyage，Iwascommanderoftheship，andhadaboutfiftyYAHOOSunderme，manyofwhichdiedatsea，andIwasforcedtosupplythembyotherspickedoutfromseveralnations；thatourshipwastwiceindangerofbeingsunk，thefirsttimebyagreatstorm，andthesecondbystrikingagainstarock。"Heremymasterinterposed，byaskingme，"howIcouldpersuadestrangers，outofdifferentcountries，toventurewithme，afterthelossesIhadsustained，andthehazardsIhadrun？"Isaid，"theywerefellowsofdesperatefortunes，forcedtoflyfromtheplacesoftheirbirthonaccountoftheirpovertyortheircrimes。Somewereundonebylawsuits；othersspentalltheyhadindrinking，whoring，andgaming；othersfledfortreason；manyformurder，theft，poisoning，robbery，perjury，forgery，coiningfalsemoney，forcommittingrapes，orsodomy；forflyingfromtheircolours，ordesertingtotheenemy；andmostofthemhadbrokenprison；
noneofthesedurstreturntotheirnativecountries，forfearofbeinghanged，orofstarvinginajail；andthereforetheywereunderthenecessityofseekingalivelihoodinotherplaces。"
Duringthisdiscourse，mymasterwaspleasedtointerruptmeseveraltimes。Ihadmadeuseofmanycircumlocutionsindescribingtohimthenatureoftheseveralcrimesforwhichmostofourcrewhadbeenforcedtoflytheircountry。Thislabourtookupseveraldays\'conversation，beforehewasabletocomprehendme。Hewaswhollyatalosstoknowwhatcouldbetheuseornecessityofpractisingthosevices。Toclearupwhich，I
endeavouredtogivesomeideasofthedesireofpowerandriches；
oftheterribleeffectsoflust，intemperance，malice，andenvy。
AllthisIwasforcedtodefineanddescribebyputtingcasesandmakingsuppositions。Afterwhich，likeonewhoseimaginationwasstruckwithsomethingneverseenorheardofbefore，hewouldliftuphiseyeswithamazementandindignation。Power，government，war，law，punishment，andathousandotherthings，hadnotermswhereinthatlanguagecouldexpressthem，whichmadethedifficultyalmostinsuperable，togivemymasteranyconceptionofwhatImeant。Butbeingofanexcellentunderstanding，muchimprovedbycontemplationandconverse，heatlastarrivedatacompetentknowledgeofwhathumannature，inourpartsoftheworld，iscapabletoperform，anddesiredI
wouldgivehimsomeparticularaccountofthatlandwhichwecallEurope，butespeciallyofmyowncountry。
CHAPTERV。
[Theauthorathismaster\'scommand，informshimofthestateofEngland。ThecausesofwaramongtheprincesofEurope。TheauthorbeginstoexplaintheEnglishconstitution。]
Thereadermaypleasetoobserve，thatthefollowingextractofmanyconversationsIhadwithmymaster，containsasummaryofthemostmaterialpointswhichwerediscoursedatseveraltimesforabovetwoyears；hishonouroftendesiringfullersatisfaction，asIfartherimprovedintheHOUYHNHNMtongue。I
laidbeforehim，aswellasIcould，thewholestateofEurope；I
discoursedoftradeandmanufactures，ofartsandsciences；andtheanswersIgavetoallthequestionshemade，astheyaroseuponseveralsubjects，wereafundofconversationnottobeexhausted。ButIshallhereonlysetdownthesubstanceofwhatpassedbetweenusconcerningmyowncountry，reducingitinorderaswellasIcan，withoutanyregardtotimeorothercircumstances，whileIstrictlyadheretotruth。Myonlyconcernis，thatIshallhardlybeabletodojusticetomymaster\'sargumentsandexpressions，whichmustneedssufferbymywantofcapacity，aswellasbyatranslationintoourbarbarousEnglish。
Inobedience，therefore，tohishonour\'scommands，IrelatedtohimtheRevolutionunderthePrinceofOrange；thelongwarwithFrance，enteredintobythesaidprince，andrenewedbyhissuccessor，thepresentqueen，whereinthegreatestpowersofChristendomwereengaged，andwhichstillcontinued:Icomputed，athisrequest，"thataboutamillionofYAHOOSmighthavebeenkilledinthewholeprogressofit；andperhapsahundredormorecitiestaken，andfivetimesasmanyshipsburntorsunk。"
Heaskedme，"whatweretheusualcausesormotivesthatmadeonecountrygotowarwithanother？"Ianswered"theywereinnumerable；butIshouldonlymentionafewofthechief。
Sometimestheambitionofprinces，whoneverthinktheyhavelandorpeopleenoughtogovern；sometimesthecorruptionofministers，whoengagetheirmasterinawar，inordertostifleordiverttheclamourofthesubjectsagainsttheireviladministration。Differenceinopinionshascostmanymillionsoflives:forinstance，whetherfleshbebread，orbreadbeflesh；
whetherthejuiceofacertainberrybebloodorwine；whetherwhistlingbeaviceoravirtue；whetheritbebettertokissapost，orthrowitintothefire；whatisthebestcolourforacoat，whetherblack，white，red，orgray；andwhetheritshouldbelongorshort，narroworwide，dirtyorclean；withmanymore。
Neitherareanywarssofuriousandbloody，orofsolongacontinuance，asthoseoccasionedbydifferenceinopinion，especiallyifitbeinthingsindifferent。
"Sometimesthequarrelbetweentwoprincesistodecidewhichofthemshalldispossessathirdofhisdominions，whereneitherofthempretendtoanyright。Sometimesoneprincequarrelswithanotherforfeartheothershouldquarrelwithhim。Sometimesawarisenteredupon，becausetheenemyistoostrong；andsometimes，becauseheistooweak。Sometimesourneighbourswantthethingswhichwehave，orhavethethingswhichwewant，andwebothfight，tilltheytakeours，orgiveustheirs。Itisaveryjustifiablecauseofawar，toinvadeacountryafterthepeoplehavebeenwastedbyfamine，destroyedbypestilence，orembroiledbyfactionsamongthemselves。Itisjustifiabletoenterintowaragainstournearestally，whenoneofhistownsliesconvenientforus，oraterritoryofland，thatwouldrenderourdominionsroundandcomplete。Ifaprincesendsforcesintoanation，wherethepeoplearepoorandignorant，hemaylawfullyputhalfofthemtodeath，andmakeslavesoftherest，inordertocivilizeandreducethemfromtheirbarbarouswayofliving。
Itisaverykingly，honourable，andfrequentpractice，whenoneprincedesirestheassistanceofanother，tosecurehimagainstaninvasion，thattheassistant，whenhehasdrivenouttheinvader，shouldseizeonthedominionshimself，andkill，imprison，orbanish，theprincehecametorelieve。Alliancebyblood，ormarriage，isafrequentcauseofwarbetweenprinces；
andthenearerthekindredis，thegreatertheirdispositiontoquarrel；poornationsarehungry，andrichnationsareproud；andprideandhungerwilleverbeatvariance。Forthesereasons，thetradeofasoldierisheldthemosthonourableofallothers；
becauseasoldierisaYAHOOhiredtokill，incoldblood，asmanyofhisownspecies，whohaveneveroffendedhim，aspossiblyhecan。
"ThereislikewiseakindofbeggarlyprincesinEurope，notabletomakewarbythemselves，whohireouttheirtroopstorichernations，forsomuchadaytoeachman；ofwhichtheykeepthree-fourthstothemselves，anditisthebestpartoftheirmaintenance:sucharethoseinmanynorthernpartsofEurope。"
"Whatyouhavetoldme，"saidmymaster，"uponthesubjectofwar，doesindeeddiscovermostadmirablytheeffectsofthatreasonyoupretendto:however，itishappythattheshameisgreaterthanthedanger；andthatnaturehasleftyouutterlyincapableofdoingmuchmischief。For，yourmouthslyingflatwithyourfaces，youcanhardlybiteeachothertoanypurpose，unlessbyconsent。Thenastotheclawsuponyourfeetbeforeandbehind，theyaresoshortandtender，thatoneofourYAHOOS
woulddriveadozenofyoursbeforehim。Andtherefore，inrecountingthenumbersofthosewhohavebeenkilledinbattle，I
cannotbutthinkyouhavesaidthethingwhichisnot。"
Icouldnotforbearshakingmyhead，andsmilingalittleathisignorance。Andbeingnostrangertotheartofwar，Igavehimadescriptionofcannons，culverins，muskets，carabines，pistols，bullets，powder，swords，bayonets，battles，sieges，retreats，attacks，undermines，countermines，bombardments，seafights，shipssunkwithathousandmen，twentythousandkilledoneachside，dyinggroans，limbsflyingintheair，smoke，noise，confusion，tramplingtodeathunderhorses\'feet，flight，pursuit，victory；fieldsstrewedwithcarcases，leftforfoodtodogsandwolvesandbirdsofprey；plundering，stripping，ravishing，burning，anddestroying。Andtosetforththevalourofmyowndearcountrymen，Iassuredhim，"thatIhadseenthemblowupahundredenemiesatonceinasiege，andasmanyinaship，andbeheldthedeadbodiesdropdowninpiecesfromtheclouds，tothegreatdiversionofthespectators。"
Iwasgoingontomoreparticulars，whenmymastercommandedmesilence。Hesaid，"whoeverunderstoodthenatureofYAHOOS，mighteasilybelieveitpossibleforsovileananimaltobecapableofeveryactionIhadnamed，iftheirstrengthandcunningequalledtheirmalice。Butasmydiscoursehadincreasedhisabhorrenceofthewholespecies，sohefounditgavehimadisturbanceinhismindtowhichhewaswhollyastrangerbefore。
Hethoughthisears，beingusedtosuchabominablewords，might，bydegrees，admitthemwithlessdetestation:thatalthoughhehatedtheYAHOOSofthiscountry，yethenomoreblamedthemfortheirodiousqualities，thanhedidaGNNAYH(abirdofprey)foritscruelty，orasharpstoneforcuttinghishoof。Butwhenacreaturepretendingtoreasoncouldbecapableofsuchenormities，hedreadedlestthecorruptionofthatfacultymightbeworsethanbrutalityitself。Heseemedthereforeconfident，that，insteadofreasonwewereonlypossessedofsomequalityfittedtoincreaseournaturalvices；asthereflectionfromatroubledstreamreturnstheimageofanillshapenbody，notonlylargerbutmoredistorted。"
Headded，"thathehadheardtoomuchuponthesubjectofwar，bothinthisandsomeformerdiscourses。Therewasanotherpoint，whichalittleperplexedhimatpresent。Ihadinformedhim，thatsomeofourcrewlefttheircountryonaccountofbeingruinedbylaw；thatIhadalreadyexplainedthemeaningoftheword；buthewasatalosshowitshouldcometopass，thatthelaw，whichwasintendedforeveryman\'spreservation，shouldbeanyman\'sruin。ThereforehedesiredtobefurthersatisfiedwhatImeantbylaw，andthedispensersthereof，accordingtothepresentpracticeinmyowncountry；becausehethoughtnatureandreasonweresufficientguidesforareasonableanimal，aswepretendedtobe，inshowinguswhatheoughttodo，andwhattoavoid。"
Iassuredhishonour，"thatthelawwasascienceinwhichIhadnotmuchconversed，furtherthanbyemployingadvocates，invain，uponsomeinjusticesthathadbeendoneme:however，IwouldgivehimallthesatisfactionIwasable。"
Isaid，"therewasasocietyofmenamongus，bredupfromtheiryouthintheartofproving，bywordsmultipliedforthepurpose，thatwhiteisblack，andblackiswhite，accordingastheyarepaid。Tothissocietyalltherestofthepeopleareslaves。
Forexample，ifmyneighbourhasamindtomycow，hehasalawyertoprovethatheoughttohavemycowfromme。Imustthenhireanothertodefendmyright，itbeingagainstallrulesoflawthatanymanshouldbeallowedtospeakforhimself。Now，inthiscase，I，whoamtherightowner，lieundertwogreatdisadvantages:first，mylawyer，beingpractisedalmostfromhiscradleindefendingfalsehood，isquiteoutofhiselementwhenhewouldbeanadvocateforjustice，whichisanunnaturalofficehealwaysattemptswithgreatawkwardness，ifnotwithill-will。
Theseconddisadvantageis，thatmylawyermustproceedwithgreatcaution，orelsehewillbereprimandedbythejudges，andabhorredbyhisbrethren，asonethatwouldlessenthepracticeofthelaw。AndthereforeIhavebuttwomethodstopreservemycow。Thefirstis，togainovermyadversary\'slawyerwithadoublefee，whowillthenbetrayhisclientbyinsinuatingthathehathjusticeonhisside。Thesecondwayisformylawyertomakemycauseappearasunjustashecan，byallowingthecowtobelongtomyadversary:andthis，ifitbeskilfullydone，willcertainlybespeakthefavourofthebench。Nowyourhonouristoknow，thatthesejudgesarepersonsappointedtodecideallcontroversiesofproperty，aswellasforthetrialofcriminals，andpickedoutfromthemostdexterouslawyers，whoaregrownoldorlazy；andhavingbeenbiassedalltheirlivesagainsttruthandequity，lieundersuchafatalnecessityoffavouringfraud，perjury，andoppression，thatIhaveknownsomeofthemrefusealargebribefromthesidewherejusticelay，ratherthaninjurethefaculty，bydoinganythingunbecomingtheirnatureortheiroffice。
"Itisamaximamongtheselawyersthatwhateverhasbeendonebefore，maylegallybedoneagain:andthereforetheytakespecialcaretorecordallthedecisionsformerlymadeagainstcommonjustice，andthegeneralreasonofmankind。These，underthenameofprecedents，theyproduceasauthoritiestojustifythemostiniquitousopinions；andthejudgesneverfailofdirectingaccordingly。
"Inpleading，theystudiouslyavoidenteringintothemeritsofthecause；butareloud，violent，andtedious，indwellinguponallcircumstanceswhicharenottothepurpose。Forinstance，inthecasealreadymentioned；theyneverdesiretoknowwhatclaimortitlemyadversaryhastomycow；butwhetherthesaidcowwereredorblack；herhornslongorshort；whetherthefieldI
grazeherinberoundorsquare；whethershewasmilkedathomeorabroad；whatdiseasessheissubjectto，andthelike；afterwhichtheyconsultprecedents，adjournthecausefromtimetotime，andinten，twenty，orthirtyyears，cometoanissue。
"Itislikewisetobeobserved，thatthissocietyhasapeculiarcantandjargonoftheirown，thatnoothermortalcanunderstand，andwhereinalltheirlawsarewritten，whichtheytakespecialcaretomultiply；wherebytheyhavewhollyconfoundedtheveryessenceoftruthandfalsehood，ofrightandwrong；sothatitwilltakethirtyyearstodecide，whetherthefieldleftmebymyancestorsforsixgenerationsbelongstome，ortoastrangerthreehundredmilesoff。
"Inthetrialofpersonsaccusedforcrimesagainstthestate，themethodismuchmoreshortandcommendable:thejudgefirstsendstosoundthedispositionofthoseinpower，afterwhichhecaneasilyhangorsaveacriminal，strictlypreservingalldueformsoflaw。"
Heremymasterinterposing，said，"itwasapity，thatcreaturesendowedwithsuchprodigiousabilitiesofmind，astheselawyers，bythedescriptionIgaveofthem，mustcertainlybe，werenotratherencouragedtobeinstructorsofothersinwisdomandknowledge。"InanswertowhichIassuredhishonour，"thatinallpointsoutoftheirowntrade，theywereusuallythemostignorantandstupidgenerationamongus，themostdespicableincommonconversation，avowedenemiestoallknowledgeandlearning，andequallydisposedtopervertthegeneralreasonofmankindineveryothersubjectofdiscourseasinthatoftheirownprofession。"
CHAPTERVI。
[AcontinuationofthestateofEnglandunderQueenAnne。ThecharacterofafirstministerofstateinEuropeancourts。]
Mymasterwasyetwhollyatalosstounderstandwhatmotivescouldincitethisraceoflawyerstoperplex，disquiet，andwearythemselves，andengageinaconfederacyofinjustice，merelyforthesakeofinjuringtheirfellow-animals；neithercouldhecomprehendwhatImeantinsaying，theydiditforhire。
WhereuponIwasatmuchpainstodescribetohimtheuseofmoney，thematerialsitwasmadeof，andthevalueofthemetals；
"thatwhenaYAHOOhadgotagreatstoreofthisprecioussubstance，hewasabletopurchasewhateverhehadamindto；thefinestclothing，thenoblesthouses，greattractsofland，themostcostlymeatsanddrinks，andhavehischoiceofthemostbeautifulfemales。Thereforesincemoneyalonewasabletoperformallthesefeats，ourYAHOOSthoughttheycouldneverhaveenoughofittospend，ortosave，astheyfoundthemselvesinclined，fromtheirnaturalbenteithertoprofusionoravarice；
thattherichmanenjoyedthefruitofthepoorman\'slabour，andthelatterwereathousandtooneinproportiontotheformer；
thatthebulkofourpeoplewereforcedtolivemiserably，bylabouringeverydayforsmallwages，tomakeafewliveplentifully。"
Ienlargedmyselfmuchonthese，andmanyotherparticularstothesamepurpose；buthishonourwasstilltoseek；forhewentuponasupposition，thatallanimalshadatitletotheirshareintheproductionsoftheearth，andespeciallythosewhopresidedovertherest。ThereforehedesiredIwouldlethimknow，"whatthesecostlymeatswere，andhowanyofushappenedtowantthem？"WhereuponIenumeratedasmanysortsascameintomyhead，withthevariousmethodsofdressingthem，whichcouldnotbedonewithoutsendingvesselsbyseatoeverypartoftheworld，aswellforliquorstodrinkasforsaucesandinnumerableotherconveniences。Iassuredhim"thatthiswholeglobeofearthmustbeatleastthreetimesgoneroundbeforeoneofourbetterfemaleYAHOOScouldgetherbreakfast，oracuptoputitin。"
Hesaid"thatmustneedsbeamiserablecountrywhichcannotfurnishfoodforitsowninhabitants。Butwhathechieflywonderedatwas，howsuchvasttractsofgroundasIdescribedshouldbewhollywithoutfreshwater，andthepeopleputtothenecessityofsendingovertheseafordrink。"Ireplied"thatEngland(thedearplaceofmynativity)wascomputedtoproducethreetimesthequantityoffoodmorethanitsinhabitantsareabletoconsume，aswellasliquorsextractedfromgrain，orpressedoutofthefruitofcertaintrees，whichmadeexcellentdrink，andthesameproportionineveryotherconvenienceoflife。But，inordertofeedtheluxuryandintemperanceofthemales，andthevanityofthefemales，wesentawaythegreatestpartofournecessarythingstoothercountries，whence，inreturn，webroughtthematerialsofdiseases，folly，andvice，tospendamongourselves。Henceitfollowsofnecessity，thatvastnumbersofourpeoplearecompelledtoseektheirlivelihoodbybegging，robbing，stealing，cheating，pimping，flattering，suborning，forswearing，forging，gaming，lying，fawning，hectoring，voting，scribbling，star-gazing，poisoning，whoring，canting，libelling，freethinking，andthelikeoccupations:"
everyoneofwhichtermsIwasatmuchpainstomakehimunderstand。
"Thatwinewasnotimportedamongusfromforeigncountriestosupplythewantofwaterorotherdrinks，butbecauseitwasasortofliquidwhichmadeusmerrybyputtingusoutofoursenses，divertedallmelancholythoughts，begatwildextravagantimaginationsinthebrain，raisedourhopesandbanishedourfears，suspendedeveryofficeofreasonforatime，anddeprivedusoftheuseofourlimbs，tillwefellintoaprofoundsleep；
althoughitmustbeconfessed，thatwealwaysawakedsickanddispirited；andthattheuseofthisliquorfilleduswithdiseaseswhichmadeourlivesuncomfortableandshort。
"Butbesideallthis，thebulkofourpeoplesupportedthemselvesbyfurnishingthenecessitiesorconveniencesoflifetotherichandtoeachother。Forinstance，whenIamathome，anddressedasIoughttobe，Icarryonmybodytheworkmanshipofahundredtradesmen；thebuildingandfurnitureofmyhouseemployasmanymore，andfivetimesthenumbertoadornmywife。"
Iwasgoingontotellhimofanothersortofpeople，whogettheirlivelihoodbyattendingthesick，having，uponsomeoccasions，informedhishonourthatmanyofmycrewhaddiedofdiseases。ButhereitwaswiththeutmostdifficultythatI
broughthimtoapprehendwhatImeant。"Hecouldeasilyconceive，thataHOUYHNHNM，grewweakandheavyafewdaysbeforehisdeath，orbysomeaccidentmighthurtalimb；butthatnature，whoworksallthingstoperfection，shouldsufferanypainstobreedinourbodies，hethoughtimpossible，anddesiredtoknowthereasonofsounaccountableanevil。"
Itoldhim"wefedonathousandthingswhichoperatedcontrarytoeachother；thatweatewhenwewerenothungry，anddrankwithouttheprovocationofthirst；thatwesatwholenightsdrinkingstrongliquors，withouteatingabit，whichdisposedustosloth，inflamedourbodies，andprecipitatedorpreventeddigestion；thatprostitutefemaleYAHOOSacquiredacertainmalady，whichbredrottennessinthebonesofthosewhofellintotheirembraces；thatthis，andmanyotherdiseases，werepropagatedfromfathertoson；sothatgreatnumberscameintotheworldwithcomplicatedmaladiesuponthem；thatitwouldbeendlesstogivehimacatalogueofalldiseasesincidenttohumanbodies，fortheywouldnotbefewerthanfiveorsixhundred，spreadovereverylimbandjoint-inshort，everypart，externalandintestine，havingdiseasesappropriatedtoitself。Toremedywhich，therewasasortofpeoplebredupamongusintheprofession，orpretence，ofcuringthesick。AndbecauseIhadsomeskillinthefaculty，Iwould，ingratitudetohishonour，lethimknowthewholemysteryandmethodbywhichtheyproceed。
"Theirfundamentalis，thatalldiseasesarisefromrepletion；
whencetheyconclude，thatagreatevacuationofthebodyisnecessary，eitherthroughthenaturalpassageorupwardsatthemouth。Theirnextbusinessisfromherbs，minerals，gums，oils，shells，salts，juices，seaweed，excrements，barksoftrees，serpents，toads，frogs，spiders，deadmen\'sfleshandbones，birds，beasts，andfishes，toformacomposition，forsmellandtaste，themostabominable，nauseous，anddetestable，theycanpossiblycontrive，whichthestomachimmediatelyrejectswithloathing，andthistheycallavomit；orelse，fromthesamestore-house，withsomeotherpoisonousadditions，theycommandustotakeinattheorificeaboveorbelow(justasthephysicianthenhappenstobedisposed)amedicineequallyannoyinganddisgustfultothebowels；which，relaxingthebelly，drivesdownallbeforeit；andthistheycallapurge，oraclyster。Fornature(asthephysiciansallege)havingintendedthesuperioranteriororificeonlyfortheintromissionofsolidsandliquids，andtheinferiorposteriorforejection，theseartistsingeniouslyconsideringthatinalldiseasesnatureisforcedoutofherseat，therefore，toreplaceherinit，thebodymustbetreatedinamannerdirectlycontrary，byinterchangingtheuseofeachorifice；forcingsolidsandliquidsinattheanus，andmakingevacuationsatthemouth。
"But，besidesrealdiseases，wearesubjecttomanythatareonlyimaginary，forwhichthephysicianshaveinventedimaginarycures；thesehavetheirseveralnames，andsohavethedrugsthatareproperforthem；andwiththeseourfemaleYAHOOSarealwaysinfested。
"Onegreatexcellencyinthistribe，istheirskillatprognostics，whereintheyseldomfail；theirpredictionsinrealdiseases，whentheyrisetoanydegreeofmalignity，generallyportendingdeath，whichisalwaysintheirpower，whenrecoveryisnot:andtherefore，uponanyunexpectedsignsofamendment，aftertheyhavepronouncedtheirsentence，ratherthanbeaccusedasfalseprophets，theyknowhowtoapprovetheirsagacitytotheworld，byaseasonabledose。
"Theyarelikewiseofspecialusetohusbandsandwiveswhoaregrownwearyoftheirmates；toeldestsons，togreatministersofstate，andoftentoprinces。"
Ihadformerly，uponoccasion，discoursedwithmymasteruponthenatureofgovernmentingeneral，andparticularlyofourownexcellentconstitution，deservedlythewonderandenvyofthewholeworld。Buthavinghereaccidentallymentionedaministerofstate，hecommandedme，sometimeafter，toinformhim，"whatspeciesofYAHOOIparticularlymeantbythatappellation。"
Itoldhim，"thatafirstorchiefministerofstate，whowasthepersonIintendedtodescribe，wasthecreaturewhollyexemptfromjoyandgrief，loveandhatred，pityandanger；atleast，makesuseofnootherpassions，butaviolentdesireofwealth，power，andtitles；thatheapplieshiswordstoalluses，excepttotheindicationofhismind；thathenevertellsatruthbutwithanintentthatyoushouldtakeitforalie；noralie，butwithadesignthatyoushouldtakeitforatruth；thatthosehespeaksworstofbehindtheirbacksareinthesurestwayofpreferment；andwheneverhebeginstopraiseyoutoothers，ortoyourself，youarefromthatdayforlorn。Theworstmarkyoucanreceiveisapromise，especiallywhenitisconfirmedwithanoath；afterwhich，everywisemanretires，andgivesoverallhopes。
"Therearethreemethods，bywhichamanmayrisetobechiefminister。Thefirstis，byknowinghow，withprudence，todisposeofawife，adaughter，orasister；thesecond，bybetrayingorundermininghispredecessor；andthethirdis，byafuriouszeal，inpublicassemblies，againstthecorruption\'softhecourt。Butawiseprincewouldratherchoosetoemploythosewhopractisethelastofthesemethods；becausesuchzealotsprovealwaysthemostobsequiousandsubservienttothewillandpassionsoftheirmaster。Thattheseministers，havingallemploymentsattheirdisposal，preservethemselvesinpower，bybribingthemajorityofasenateorgreatcouncil；andatlast，byanexpedient，calledanactofindemnity"(whereofIdescribedthenaturetohim)，"theysecurethemselvesfromafter-reckonings，andretirefromthepublicladenwiththespoilsofthenation。
"Thepalaceofachiefministerisaseminarytobreedupothersinhisowntrade:thepages，lackeys，andporters，byimitatingtheirmaster，becomeministersofstateintheirseveraldistricts，andlearntoexcelinthethreeprincipalingredients，ofinsolence，lying，andbribery。Accordingly，theyhaveasubalterncourtpaidtothembypersonsofthebestrank；andsometimesbytheforceofdexterityandimpudence，arrive，throughseveralgradations，tobesuccessorstotheirlord。
"Heisusuallygovernedbyadecayedwench，orfavouritefootman，whoarethetunnelsthroughwhichallgracesareconveyed，andmayproperlybecalled，inthelastresort，thegovernorsofthekingdom。"
Oneday，indiscourse，mymaster，havingheardmementionthenobilityofmycountry，waspleasedtomakemeacomplimentwhichIcouldnotpretendtodeserve:"thathewassureImusthavebeenbornofsomenoblefamily，becauseIfarexceededinshape，colour，andcleanliness，alltheYAHOOSofhisnation，althoughI
seemedtofailinstrengthandagility，whichmustbeimputedtomydifferentwayoflivingfromthoseotherbrutes；andbesidesI
wasnotonlyendowedwiththefacultyofspeech，butlikewisewithsomerudimentsofreason，toadegreethat，withallhisacquaintance，Ipassedforaprodigy。"
Hemademeobserve，"thatamongtheHOUYHNHNMS，thewhite，thesorrel，andtheiron-gray，werenotsoexactlyshapedasthebay，thedapple-gray，andtheblack；norbornwithequaltalentsofmind，oracapacitytoimprovethem；andthereforecontinuedalwaysintheconditionofservants，withouteveraspiringtomatchoutoftheirownrace，whichinthatcountrywouldbereckonedmonstrousandunnatural。"
Imadehishonourmymosthumbleacknowledgmentsforthegoodopinionhewaspleasedtoconceiveofme，butassuredhimatthesametime，"thatmybirthwasofthelowersort，havingbeenbornofplainhonestparents，whowerejustabletogivemeatolerableeducation；thatnobility，amongus，wasaltogetheradifferentthingfromtheideahehadofit；thatouryoungnoblemenarebredfromtheirchildhoodinidlenessandluxury；
that，assoonasyearswillpermit，theyconsumetheirvigour，andcontractodiousdiseasesamonglewdfemales；andwhentheirfortunesarealmostruined，theymarrysomewomanofmeanbirth，disagreeableperson，andunsoundconstitution(merelyforthesakeofmoney)，whomtheyhateanddespise。Thattheproductionsofsuchmarriagesaregenerallyscrofulous，rickety，ordeformedchildren；bywhichmeansthefamilyseldomcontinuesabovethreegenerations，unlessthewifetakescaretoprovideahealthyfather，amongherneighboursordomestics，inordertoimproveandcontinuethebreed。Thataweakdiseasedbody，ameagrecountenance，andsallowcomplexion，arethetruemarksofnobleblood；andahealthyrobustappearanceissodisgracefulinamanofquality，thattheworldconcludeshisrealfathertohavebeenagroomoracoachman。Theimperfectionsofhismindrunparallelwiththoseofhisbody，beingacompositionofspleen，dullness，ignorance，caprice，sensuality，andpride。
"Withouttheconsentofthisillustriousbody，nolawcanbeenacted，repealed，oraltered:andthesenobleshavelikewisethedecisionofallourpossessions，withoutappeal。"(6)
CHAPTERVII。
[Theauthor\'sgreatloveofhisnativecountry。Hismaster\'sobservationsupontheconstitutionandadministrationofEngland，asdescribedbytheauthor，withparallelcasesandcomparisons。
Hismaster\'sobservationsuponhumannature。]
ThereadermaybedisposedtowonderhowIcouldprevailonmyselftogivesofreearepresentationofmyownspecies，amongaraceofmortalswhoarealreadytooapttoconceivethevilestopinionofhumankind，fromthatentirecongruitybetweenmeandtheirYAHOOS。ButImustfreelyconfess，thatthemanyvirtuesofthoseexcellentquadrupeds，placedinoppositeviewtohumancorruptions，hadsofaropenedmyeyesandenlargedmyunderstanding，thatIbegantoviewtheactionsandpassionsofmaninaverydifferentlight，andtothinkthehonourofmyownkindnotworthmanaging；which，besides，itwasimpossibleformetodo，beforeapersonofsoacuteajudgmentasmymaster，whodailyconvincedmeofathousandfaultsinmyself，whereofIhadnottheleastperceptionbefore，andwhich，withus，wouldneverbenumberedevenamonghumaninfirmities。Ihadlikewiselearned，fromhisexample，anutterdetestationofallfalsehoodordisguise；andtruthappearedsoamiabletome，thatI
determineduponsacrificingeverythingtoit。
LetmedealsocandidlywiththereaderastoconfessthattherewasyetamuchstrongermotiveforthefreedomItookinmyrepresentationofthings。IhadnotyetbeenayearinthiscountrybeforeIcontractedsuchaloveandvenerationfortheinhabitants，thatIenteredonafirmresolutionnevertoreturntohumankind，buttopasstherestofmylifeamongtheseadmirableHOUYHNHNMS，inthecontemplationandpracticeofeveryvirtue，whereIcouldhavenoexampleorincitementtovice。Butitwasdecreedbyfortune，myperpetualenemy，thatsogreatafelicityshouldnotfalltomyshare。However，itisnowsomecomforttoreflect，thatinwhatIsaidofmycountrymen，I
extenuatedtheirfaultsasmuchasIdurstbeforesostrictanexaminer；anduponeveryarticlegaveasfavourableaturnasthematterwouldbear。For，indeed，whoistherealivethatwillnotbeswayedbyhisbiasandpartialitytotheplaceofhisbirth？
IhaverelatedthesubstanceofseveralconversationsIhadwithmymasterduringthegreatestpartofthetimeIhadthehonourtobeinhisservice；buthave，indeed，forbrevitysake，omittedmuchmorethanisheresetdown。
WhenIhadansweredallhisquestions，andhiscuriosityseemedtobefullysatisfied，hesentformeonemorningearly，andcommandedmetositdownatsomedistance(anhonourwhichhehadneverbeforeconferreduponme)。Hesaid，"hehadbeenveryseriouslyconsideringmywholestory，asfarasitrelatedbothtomyselfandmycountry；thathelookeduponusasasortofanimals，towhoseshare，bywhataccidenthecouldnotconjecture，somesmallpittanceofreasonhadfallen，whereofwemadenootheruse，thanbyitsassistance，toaggravateournaturalcorruptions，andtoacquirenewones，whichnaturehadnotgivenus；thatwedisarmedourselvesofthefewabilitiesshehadbestowed；hadbeenverysuccessfulinmultiplyingouroriginalwants，andseemedtospendourwholelivesinvainendeavourstosupplythembyourowninventions；that，astomyself，itwasmanifestIhadneitherthestrengthnoragilityofacommonYAHOO；thatIwalkedinfirmlyonmyhinderfeet；hadfoundoutacontrivancetomakemyclawsofnouseordefence，andtoremovethehairfrommychin，whichwasintendedasashelterfromthesunandtheweather:lastly，thatIcouldneitherrunwithspeed，norclimbtreeslikemybrethren，"ashecalledthem，"theYAHOOSinhiscountry。
"Thatourinstitutionsofgovernmentandlawwereplainlyowingtoourgrossdefectsinreason，andbyconsequenceinvirtue；
becausereasonaloneissufficienttogovernarationalcreature；
whichwas，therefore，acharacterwehadnopretencetochallenge，evenfromtheaccountIhadgivenofmyownpeople；
althoughhemanifestlyperceived，that，inordertofavourthem，Ihadconcealedmanyparticulars，andoftensaidthethingwhichwasnot。
"Hewasthemoreconfirmedinthisopinion，because，heobserved，thatasIagreedineveryfeatureofmybodywithotherYAHOOS，exceptwhereitwastomyrealdisadvantageinpointofstrength，speed，andactivity，theshortnessofmyclaws，andsomeotherparticularswherenaturehadnopart；sofromtherepresentationIhadgivenhimofourlives，ourmanners，andouractions，hefoundasneararesemblanceinthedispositionofourminds。"Hesaid，"theYAHOOSwereknowntohateoneanother，morethantheydidanydifferentspeciesofanimals；andthereasonusuallyassignedwas，theodiousnessoftheirownshapes，whichallcouldseeintherest，butnotinthemselves。Hehadthereforebeguntothinkitnotunwiseinustocoverourbodies，andbythatinventionconcealmanyofourdeformitiesfromeachother，whichwouldelsebehardlysupportable。Buthenowfoundhehadbeenmistaken，andthatthedissensionsofthosebrutesinhiscountrywereowingtothesamecausewithours，asIhaddescribedthem。
Forif，"saidhe，"youthrowamongfiveYAHOOSasmuchfoodaswouldbesufficientforfifty，theywill，insteadofeatingpeaceably，falltogetherbytheears，eachsingleoneimpatienttohavealltoitself；andthereforeaservantwasusuallyemployedtostandbywhiletheywerefeedingabroad，andthosekeptathomeweretiedatadistancefromeachother:thatifacowdiedofageoraccident，beforeaHOUYHNHNMcouldsecureitforhisownYAHOOS，thoseintheneighbourhoodwouldcomeinherdstoseizeit，andthenwouldensuesuchabattleasIhaddescribed，withterriblewoundsmadebytheirclawsonbothsides，althoughtheyseldomwereabletokilloneanother，forwantofsuchconvenientinstrumentsofdeathaswehadinvented。
Atothertimes，thelikebattleshavebeenfoughtbetweentheYAHOOSofseveralneighbourhoods，withoutanyvisiblecause；
thoseofonedistrictwatchingallopportunitiestosurprisethenext，beforetheyareprepared。Butiftheyfindtheirprojecthasmiscarried，theyreturnhome，and，forwantofenemies，engageinwhatIcallacivilwaramongthemselves。
"Thatinsomefieldsofhiscountrytherearecertainshiningstonesofseveralcolours，whereoftheYAHOOSareviolentlyfond:
andwhenpartofthesestonesisfixedintheearth，asitsometimeshappens，theywilldigwiththeirclawsforwholedaystogetthemout；thencarrythemaway，andhidethembyheapsintheirkennels；butstilllookingroundwithgreatcaution，forfeartheircomradesshouldfindouttheirtreasure。"Mymastersaid，"hecouldneverdiscoverthereasonofthisunnaturalappetite，orhowthesestonescouldbeofanyusetoaYAHOO；butnowhebelieveditmightproceedfromthesameprincipleofavaricewhichIhadascribedtomankind。Thathehadonce，bywayofexperiment，privatelyremovedaheapofthesestonesfromtheplacewhereoneofhisYAHOOShadburiedit；whereuponthesordidanimal，missinghistreasure，byhisloudlamentingbroughtthewholeherdtotheplace，theremiserablyhowled，thenfelltobitingandtearingtherest，begantopineaway，wouldneithereat，norsleep，norwork，tillheorderedaservantprivatelytoconveythestonesintothesamehole，andhidethemasbefore；which，whenhisYAHOOhadfound，hepresentlyrecoveredhisspiritsandgoodhumour，buttookgoodcaretoremovethemtoabetterhidingplace，andhaseversincebeenaveryserviceablebrute。"
Mymasterfurtherassuredme，whichIalsoobservedmyself，"thatinthefieldswheretheshiningstonesabound，thefiercestandmostfrequentbattlesarefought，occasionedbyperpetualinroadsoftheneighbouringYAHOOS。"
Hesaid，"itwascommon，whentwoYAHOOSdiscoveredsuchastoneinafield，andwerecontendingwhichofthemshouldbetheproprietor，athirdwouldtaketheadvantage，andcarryitawayfromthemboth；"whichmymasterwouldneedscontendtohavesomekindofresemblancewithoursuitsatlaw；whereinIthoughtitforourcreditnottoundeceivehim；sincethedecisionhementionedwasmuchmoreequitablethanmanydecreesamongus；
becausetheplaintiffanddefendanttherelostnothingbesidethestonetheycontendedfor:whereasourcourtsofequitywouldneverhavedismissedthecause，whileeitherofthemhadanythingleft。
Mymaster，continuinghisdiscourse，said，"therewasnothingthatrenderedtheYAHOOSmoreodious，thantheirundistinguishingappetitetodevoureverythingthatcameintheirway，whetherherbs，roots，berries，thecorruptedfleshofanimals，orallmingledtogether:anditwaspeculiarintheirtemper，thattheywerefonderofwhattheycouldgetbyrapineorstealth，atagreaterdistance，thanmuchbetterfoodprovidedforthemathome。Iftheirpreyheldout，theywouldeattilltheywerereadytoburst；afterwhich，naturehadpointedouttothemacertainrootthatgavethemageneralevacuation。
"Therewasalsoanotherkindofroot，veryjuicy，butsomewhatrareanddifficulttobefound，whichtheYAHOOSsoughtforwithmucheagerness，andwouldsuckitwithgreatdelight；itproducedinthemthesameeffectsthatwinehasuponus。Itwouldmakethemsometimeshug，andsometimestearoneanother；theywouldhowl，andgrin，andchatter，andreel，andtumble，andthenfallasleepinthemud。"
IdidindeedobservethattheYAHOOSweretheonlyanimalsinthiscountrysubjecttoanydiseases；which，however，weremuchfewerthanhorseshaveamongus，andcontracted，notbyanyill-treatmenttheymeetwith，butbythenastinessandgreedinessofthatsordidbrute。Neitherhastheirlanguageanymorethanageneralappellationforthosemaladies，whichisborrowedfromthenameofthebeast，andcalledHNEA-YAHOO，orYAHOO\'SEVIL；
andthecureprescribedisamixtureoftheirowndungandurine，forciblyputdowntheYAHOO\'Sthroat。ThisIhavesinceoftenknowntohavebeentakenwithsuccess，anddoherefreelyrecommendittomycountrymenforthepublicgood，asanadmirablespecificagainstalldiseasesproducedbyrepletion。
"Astolearning，government，arts，manufactures，andthelike，"
mymasterconfessed，"hecouldfindlittleornoresemblancebetweentheYAHOOSofthatcountryandthoseinours；forheonlymeanttoobservewhatparitytherewasinournatures。Hehadheard，indeed，somecuriousHOUYHNHNMSobserve，thatinmostherdstherewasasortofrulingYAHOO(asamongusthereisgenerallysomeleadingorprincipalstaginapark)，whowasalwaysmoredeformedinbody，andmischievousindisposition，thananyoftherest；thatthisleaderhadusuallyafavouriteaslikehimselfashecouldget，whoseemploymentwastolickhismaster\'sfeetandposteriors，anddrivethefemaleYAHOOStohiskennel；forwhichhewasnowandthenrewardedwithapieceofass\'sflesh。Thisfavouriteishatedbythewholeherd，andtherefore，toprotecthimself，keepsalwaysnearthepersonofhisleader。Heusuallycontinuesinofficetillaworsecanbefound；buttheverymomentheisdiscarded，hissuccessor，attheheadofalltheYAHOOSinthatdistrict，youngandold，maleandfemale，comeinabody，anddischargetheirexcrementsuponhimfromheadtofoot。Buthowfarthismightbeapplicabletoourcourts，andfavourites，andministersofstate，mymastersaidI
couldbestdetermine。"
Idurstmakenoreturntothismaliciousinsinuation，whichdebasedhumanunderstandingbelowthesagacityofacommonhound，whohasjudgmentenoughtodistinguishandfollowthecryoftheablestdoginthepack，withoutbeingevermistaken。
Mymastertoldme，"thereweresomequalitiesremarkableintheYAHOOS，whichhehadnotobservedmetomention，oratleastveryslightly，intheaccountsIhadgivenofhumankind。"Hesaid，"thoseanimals，likeotherbrutes，hadtheirfemalesincommon；
butinthistheydiffered，thatthesheYAHOOwouldadmitthemaleswhileshewaspregnant；andthattheheswouldquarrelandfightwiththefemales，asfiercelyaswitheachother；bothwhichpracticesweresuchdegreesofinfamousbrutality，asnoothersensitivecreatureeverarrivedat。
"AnotherthinghewonderedatintheYAHOOS，wastheirstrangedispositiontonastinessanddirt；whereasthereappearstobeanaturalloveofcleanlinessinallotheranimals。"Astothetwoformeraccusations，Iwasgladtoletthempasswithoutanyreply，becauseIhadnotawordtoofferuponthemindefenceofmyspecies，whichotherwiseIcertainlyhaddonefrommyowninclinations。ButIcouldhaveeasilyvindicatedhumankindfromtheimputationofsingularityuponthelastarticle，iftherehadbeenanyswineinthatcountry(asunluckilyformetherewerenot)，which，althoughitmaybeasweeterquadrupedthanaYAHOO，cannot，Ihumblyconceive，injustice，pretendtomorecleanliness；andsohishonourhimselfmusthaveowned，ifhehadseentheirfilthywayoffeeding，andtheircustomofwallowingandsleepinginthemud。
MymasterlikewisementionedanotherqualitywhichhisservantshaddiscoveredinseveralYahoos，andtohimwaswhollyunaccountable。Hesaid，"afancywouldsometimestakeaYAHOOtoretireintoacorner，toliedown，andhowl，andgroan，andspurnawayallthatcamenearhim，althoughhewereyoungandfat，wantedneitherfoodnorwater，nordidtheservantimaginewhatcouldpossiblyailhim。Andtheonlyremedytheyfoundwas，tosethimtohardwork，afterwhichhewouldinfalliblycometohimself。"TothisIwassilentoutofpartialitytomyownkind；
yethereIcouldplainlydiscoverthetrueseedsofspleen，whichonlyseizesonthelazy，theluxurious，andtherich；who，iftheywereforcedtoundergothesameregimen，Iwouldundertakeforthecure。
Hishonourhadfurtherobserved，"thatafemaleYAHOOwouldoftenstandbehindabankorabush，togazeontheyoungmalespassingby，andthenappear，andhide，usingmanyanticgesturesandgrimaces，atwhichtimeitwasobservedthatshehadamostoffensivesmell；andwhenanyofthemalesadvanced，wouldslowlyretire，lookingoftenback，andwithacounterfeitshowoffear，runoffintosomeconvenientplace，wheresheknewthemalewouldfollowher。
"Atothertimes，ifafemalestrangercameamongthem，threeorfourofherownsexwouldgetabouther，andstare，andchatter，andgrin，andsmellherallover；andthenturnoffwithgestures，thatseemedtoexpresscontemptanddisdain。"
Perhapsmymastermightrefinealittleinthesespeculations，whichhehaddrawnfromwhatheobservedhimself，orhadbeentoldhimbyothers；however，Icouldnotreflectwithoutsomeamazement，andmuchsorrow，thattherudimentsoflewdness，coquetry，censure，andscandal，shouldhaveplacebyinstinctinwomankind。
IexpectedeverymomentthatmymasterwouldaccusetheYAHOOSofthoseunnaturalappetitesinbothsexes，socommonamongus。Butnature，itseems，hasnotbeensoexpertaschool-mistress；andthesepoliterpleasuresareentirelytheproductionsofartandreasononoursideoftheglobe。
CHAPTERVIII。
[TheauthorrelatesseveralparticularsoftheYAHOOS。ThegreatvirtuesoftheHOUYHNHNMS。Theeducationandexerciseoftheiryouth。Theirgeneralassembly。]
AsIoughttohaveunderstoodhumannaturemuchbetterthanI
supposeditpossibleformymastertodo，soitwaseasytoapplythecharacterhegaveoftheYAHOOStomyselfandmycountrymen；
andIbelievedIcouldyetmakefurtherdiscoveries，frommyownobservation。IthereforeoftenbeggedhishonourtoletmegoamongtheherdsofYAHOOSintheneighbourhood；towhichhealwaysverygraciouslyconsented，beingperfectlyconvincedthatthehatredIborethesebruteswouldneversuffermetobecorruptedbythem；andhishonourorderedoneofhisservants，astrongsorrelnag，veryhonestandgood-natured，tobemyguard；
withoutwhoseprotectionIdurstnotundertakesuchadventures。
ForIhavealreadytoldthereaderhowmuchIwaspesteredbytheseodiousanimals，uponmyfirstarrival；andIafterwardsfailedverynarrowly，threeorfourtimes，offallingintotheirclutches，whenIhappenedtostrayatanydistancewithoutmyhanger。AndIhavereasontobelievetheyhadsomeimaginationthatIwasoftheirownspecies，whichIoftenassistedmyselfbystrippingupmysleeves，andshowingmynakedarmsandbreastsintheirsight，whenmyprotectorwaswithme。Atwhichtimestheywouldapproachasnearastheydurst，andimitatemyactionsafterthemannerofmonkeys，buteverwithgreatsignsofhatred；
asatamejackdawwithcapandstockingsisalwayspersecutedbythewildones，whenhehappenstobegotamongthem。
Theyareprodigiouslynimblefromtheirinfancy。However，Ioncecaughtayoungmaleofthreeyearsold，andendeavoured，byallmarksoftenderness，tomakeitquiet；butthelittleimpfellasqualling，andscratching，andbitingwithsuchviolence，thatI
wasforcedtoletitgo；anditwashightime，forawholetroopofoldonescameaboutusatthenoise，butfindingthecubwassafe(forawayitran)，andmysorrelnagbeingby，theydurstnotventurenearus。Iobservedtheyounganimal\'sfleshtosmellveryrank，andthestinkwassomewhatbetweenaweaselandafox，butmuchmoredisagreeable。Iforgotanothercircumstance(andperhapsImighthavethereader\'spardonifitwerewhollyomitted)，thatwhileIheldtheodiousvermininmyhands，itvoideditsfilthyexcrementsofayellowliquidsubstanceallovermyclothes；butbygoodfortunetherewasasmallbrookhardby，whereIwashedmyselfascleanasIcould；althoughIdurstnotcomeintomymaster\'spresenceuntilIweresufficientlyaired。
BywhatIcoulddiscover，theYAHOOSappeartobethemostunteachableofallanimals:theircapacityneverreachinghigherthantodraworcarryburdens。YetIamofopinion，thisdefectariseschieflyfromaperverse，restivedisposition；fortheyarecunning，malicious，treacherous，andrevengeful。Theyarestrongandhardy，butofacowardlyspirit，and，byconsequence，insolent，abject，andcruel。Itisobserved，thattheredhairedofbothsexesaremorelibidinousandmischievousthantherest，whomyettheymuchexceedinstrengthandactivity。
TheHOUYHNHNMSkeeptheYAHOOSforpresentuseinhutsnotfarfromthehouse；buttherestaresentabroadtocertainfields，wheretheydiguproots，eatseveralkindsofherbs，andsearchaboutforcarrion，orsometimescatchweaselsandLUHIMUHS(asortofwildrat)，whichtheygreedilydevour。Naturehastaughtthemtodigdeepholeswiththeirnailsonthesideofarisingground，whereintheyliebythemselves；onlythekennelsofthefemalesarelarger，sufficienttoholdtwoorthreecubs。
Theyswimfromtheirinfancylikefrogs，andareabletocontinuelongunderwater，wheretheyoftentakefish，whichthefemalescarryhometotheiryoung。And，uponthisoccasion，Ihopethereaderwillpardonmyrelatinganoddadventure。
Beingonedayabroadwithmyprotectorthesorrelnag，andtheweatherexceedinghot，Ientreatedhimtoletmebatheinariverthatwasnear。Heconsented，andIimmediatelystrippedmyselfstarknaked，andwentdownsoftlyintothestream。IthappenedthatayoungfemaleYAHOO，standingbehindabank，sawthewholeproceeding，andinflamedbydesire，asthenagandIconjectured，camerunningwithallspeed，andleapedintothewater，withinfiveyardsoftheplacewhereIbathed。Iwasneverinmylifesoterriblyfrightened。Thenagwasgrazingatsomedistance，notsuspectinganyharm。Sheembracedmeafteramostfulsomemanner。IroaredasloudasIcould，andthenagcamegallopingtowardsme，whereuponshequittedhergrasp，withtheutmostreluctancy，andleapedupontheoppositebank，whereshestoodgazingandhowlingallthetimeIwasputtingonmyclothes。
Thiswasamatterofdiversiontomymasterandhisfamily，aswellasofmortificationtomyself。FornowIcouldnolongerdenythatIwasarealYAHOOineverylimbandfeature，sincethefemaleshadanaturalpropensitytome，asoneoftheirownspecies。Neitherwasthehairofthisbruteofaredcolour(whichmighthavebeensomeexcuseforanappetitealittleirregular)，butblackasasloe，andhercountenancedidnotmakeanappearancealtogethersohideousastherestofherkind；forIthinkshecouldnotbeaboveelevenyearsold。
Havinglivedthreeyearsinthiscountry，thereader，Isuppose，willexpectthatIshould，likeothertravellers，givehimsomeaccountofthemannersandcustomsofitsinhabitants，whichitwasindeedmyprincipalstudytolearn。
AsthesenobleHOUYHNHNMSareendowedbynaturewithageneraldispositiontoallvirtues，andhavenoconceptionsorideasofwhatisevilinarationalcreature，sotheirgrandmaximis，tocultivatereason，andtobewhollygovernedbyit。Neitherisreasonamongthemapointproblematical，aswithus，wheremencanarguewithplausibilityonbothsidesofthequestion，butstrikesyouwithimmediateconviction；asitmustneedsdo，whereitisnotmingled，obscured，ordiscoloured，bypassionandinterest。IrememberitwaswithextremedifficultythatIcouldbringmymastertounderstandthemeaningofthewordopinion，orhowapointcouldbedisputable；becausereasontaughtustoaffirmordenyonlywherewearecertain；andbeyondourknowledgewecannotdoeither。Sothatcontroversies，wranglings，disputes，andpositiveness，infalseordubiouspropositions，areevilsunknownamongtheHOUYHNHNMS。Inthelikemanner，whenIusedtoexplaintohimourseveralsystemsofnaturalphilosophy，hewouldlaugh，"thatacreaturepretendingtoreason，shouldvalueitselfupontheknowledgeofotherpeople\'sconjectures，andinthingswherethatknowledge，ifitwerecertain，couldbeofnouse。"WhereinheagreedentirelywiththesentimentsofSocrates，asPlatodeliversthem；whichI
mentionasthehighesthonourIcandothatprinceofphilosophers-Ihaveoftensincereflected，whatdestructionsuchdoctrinewouldmakeinthelibrariesofEurope；andhowmanypathsoffamewouldbethenshutupinthelearnedworld。
FriendshipandbenevolencearethetwoprincipalvirtuesamongtheHOUYHNHNMS；andthesenotconfinedtoparticularobjects，butuniversaltothewholerace；forastrangerfromtheremotestpartisequallytreatedwiththenearestneighbour，andwhereverhegoes，looksuponhimselfasathome。Theypreservedecencyandcivilityinthehighestdegrees，butarealtogetherignorantofceremony。Theyhavenofondnessfortheircoltsorfoals，butthecaretheytakeineducatingthemproceedsentirelyfromthedictatesofreason。AndIobservedmymastertoshowthesameaffectiontohisneighbour\'sissue，thathehadforhisown。
Theywillhaveitthatnatureteachesthemtolovethewholespecies，anditisreasononlythatmakesadistinctionofpersons，wherethereisasuperiordegreeofvirtue。
WhenthematronHOUYHNHNMShaveproducedoneofeachsex，theynolongeraccompanywiththeirconsorts，excepttheyloseoneoftheirissuebysomecasualty，whichveryseldomhappens；butinsuchacasetheymeetagain；orwhenthelikeaccidentbefallsapersonwhosewifeispastbearing，someothercouplebestowonhimoneoftheirowncolts，andthengotogetheragainuntilthemotherispregnant。Thiscautionisnecessary，topreventthecountryfrombeingoverburdenedwithnumbers。ButtheraceofinferiorHOUYHNHNMS，breduptobeservants，isnotsostrictlylimiteduponthisarticle:theseareallowedtoproducethreeofeachsex，tobedomesticsinthenoblefamilies。
Intheirmarriages，theyareexactlycarefultochoosesuchcoloursaswillnotmakeanydisagreeablemixtureinthebreed。
Strengthischieflyvaluedinthemale，andcomelinessinthefemale；notupontheaccountoflove，buttopreservetheracefromdegenerating；forwhereafemalehappenstoexcelinstrength，aconsortischosen，withregardtocomeliness。
Courtship，love，presents，jointures，settlementshavenoplaceintheirthoughts，ortermswherebytoexpressthemintheirlanguage。Theyoungcouplemeet，andarejoined，merelybecauseitisthedeterminationoftheirparentsandfriends；itiswhattheyseedoneeveryday，andtheylookuponitasoneofthenecessaryactionsofareasonablebeing。Buttheviolationofmarriage，oranyotherunchastity，wasneverheardof；andthemarriedpairpasstheirliveswiththesamefriendshipandmutualbenevolence，thattheybeartoallothersofthesamespecieswhocomeintheirway，withoutjealousy，fondness，quarrelling，ordiscontent。
Ineducatingtheyouthofbothsexes，theirmethodisadmirable，andhighlydeservesourimitation。Thesearenotsufferedtotasteagrainofoats，exceptuponcertaindays，tilleighteenyearsold；normilk，butveryrarely；andinsummertheygrazetwohoursinthemorning，andasmanyintheevening，whichtheirparentslikewiseobserve；buttheservantsarenotallowedabovehalfthattime，andagreatpartoftheirgrassisbroughthome，whichtheyeatatthemostconvenienthours，whentheycanbebestsparedfromwork。
Temperance，industry，exercise，andcleanliness，arethelessonsequallyenjoinedtotheyoungonesofbothsexes:andmymasterthoughtitmonstrousinus，togivethefemalesadifferentkindofeducationfromthemales，exceptinsomearticlesofdomesticmanagement；whereby，ashetrulyobserved，onehalfofournativesweregoodfornothingbutbringingchildrenintotheworld；andtotrustthecareofourchildrentosuchuselessanimals，hesaid，wasyetagreaterinstanceofbrutality。
ButtheHOUYHNHNMStrainuptheiryouthtostrength，speed，andhardiness，byexercisingtheminrunningracesupanddownsteephills，andoverhardstonygrounds；andwhentheyareallinasweat，theyareorderedtoleapoverheadandearsintoapondorriver。Fourtimesayeartheyouthofacertaindistrictmeettoshowtheirproficiencyinrunningandleaping，andotherfeatsofstrengthandagility；wherethevictorisrewardedwithasonginhisorherpraise。Onthisfestival，theservantsdriveaherdofYAHOOSintothefield，ladenwithhay，andoats，andmilk，forarepasttotheHOUYHNHNMS；afterwhich，thesebrutesareimmediatelydrivenbackagain，forfearofbeingnoisometotheassembly。
Everyfourthyear，atthevernalequinox，thereisarepresentativecouncilofthewholenation，whichmeetsinaplainabouttwentymilesfromourhouse，andcontinuesaboutfiveorsixdays。Heretheyinquireintothestateandconditionoftheseveraldistricts；whethertheyaboundorbedeficientinhayoroats，orcows，orYAHOOS；andwhereverthereisanywant(whichisbutseldom)itisimmediatelysuppliedbyunanimousconsentandcontribution。Herelikewisetheregulationofchildrenissettled:asforinstance，ifaHOUYHNHNMhastwomales，hechangesoneofthemwithanotherthathastwofemales；
andwhenachildhasbeenlostbyanycasualty，wherethemotherispastbreeding，itisdeterminedwhatfamilyinthedistrictshallbreedanothertosupplytheloss。
