下载辰思小说免费APP
在接下来的页面中,我所提供的一切不过是最简单的事实、直白的论据和常识;除了要求读者放下偏见和先入为主的观念,任由自己的理性与情感自行判断外,我没有其他需要与读者事先说明的内容;希望他能够穿上,或者说,不脱下作为一个人的真实品格,并以开阔的视野超越眼前的日子。VolumeshavebeenwrittenonthesubjectofthestrugglebetweenEnglandandAmerica.Menofallrankshaveembarkedinthecontroversy,fromdifferentmotives,andwithvariousdesigns;butallhavebeenineffectual,andtheperiodofdebateisclosed.Arms,asthelastresource,decidethecontest;theappealwasthechoiceoftheking,andthecontinenthathacceptedthechallenge.关于英格兰和美洲之间这场斗争,已经写下了大量的文字。各阶层的人都卷入了这场争论,出于不同的动机,怀着各种各样的目的,但所有努力都归于无效,辩论的时期已经结束。武器,作为最后的手段,决定了这场争斗;这次上诉是国王的选择,而大陆接受了挑战。IthathbeenreportedofthelateMr.Pelham(whotho’anableministerwasnotwithouthisfaults)thatonhisbeingattackedinthehouseofcommons,onthescore,thathismeasureswereonlyofatemporarykind,replied“theywilllastmytime.”Shouldathoughtsofatalandunmanlypossessthecoloniesinthepresentcontest,thenameofancestorswillberememberedbyfuturegenerationswithdetestation.据报道,已故的佩尔汉先生(尽管他是一位能干的部长,但也并非没有缺点)在下议院因被指责其政策只是临时性的而受到攻击时,回答说:“这些政策将持续我的任期。”如果殖民地在当前的争端中产生如此消极和不男子气概的想法,后代将会以憎恨的心情记住我们的祖先的名字。Thesunnevershinedonacauseofgreaterworth.’Tisnottheaffairofacity,acountry,aprovince,orakingdom,butofacontinent—ofatleastoneeighthpartofthehabitableglobe.’Tisnottheconcernofaday,ayear,oranage;posterityarevirtuallyinvolvedinthecontest,andwillbemoreorlessaffected,eventotheendoftime,bytheproceedingsnow.Nowistheseedtimeofcontinentalunion,faithandhonor.Theleastfracturenowwillbelikeanameengravedwiththepointofapinonthetenderrindofayoungoak;thewoundwillenlargewiththetree,andposterityreaditinfullgrowncharacters.太阳从未照耀过比这更有价值的事业。“这并非一座城市、一个国家、一个省或一个王国的事,而是整个大陆的事——至少是可居住地球的八分之一。这不是一天、一年或一个时代的事;后代实际上卷入了这场斗争,并且会或多或少地受到影响,甚至到时间的尽头都会因现在的行为而有所改变。现在是大陆团结、信念和荣誉的播种时期。现在哪怕是最小的裂痕,都会像用针尖刻在幼Oak树柔软树皮上的文字一样;伤口会随着树木生长而扩大,后代会以完全成熟的字体读到它。Byreferringthematterfromargumenttoarms,anewæraforpoliticsisstruck;anewmethodofthinkinghatharisen.Allplans,proposals,&c.priortothenineteenthofApril,i.e.tothecommencementofhostilities,arelikethealmanacksofthelastyear;which,thoughproperthen,aresupersededanduselessnow.Whateverwasadvancedbytheadvocatesoneithersideofthequestionthen,terminatedinoneandthesamepoint,viz.aunionwithGreat-Britain;theonlydifferencebetweenthepartieswasthemethodofeffectingit;theoneproposingforce,theotherfriendship;butithathsofarhappenedthatthefirsthathfailed,andthesecondhathwithdrawnherinfluence.通过将争论转化为武力对抗,政治领域开启了新的篇章;一种新的思维方式应运而生。所有在四月十九日之前提出的计划、提案等,即战争开始之前,都如同去年的年历;它们当时是恰当的,但现在已被取代且无用。无论当时问题的各方倡导者提出了什么论点,最终都归结到一点,即与大不列颠联合;双方唯一的分歧是如何实现这一目标;一方主张使用武力,另一方主张友谊;然而事态发展到如此地步,即前者失败了,后者也撤回了其影响力。Asmuchhathbeensaidoftheadvantagesofreconciliation,which,likeanagreeabledream,hathpassedawayandleftusaswewere,itisbutright,thatweshouldexaminethecontrarysideoftheargument,andinquireintosomeofthemanymaterialinjurieswhichthesecoloniessustain,andalwayswillsustain,bybeingconnectedwith,anddependantonGreat-Britain.Toexaminethatconnexionanddependance,ontheprinciplesofnatureandcommonsense,toseewhatwehavetotrustto,ifseparated,andwhatwearetoexpect,ifdependant.关于和解的好处说得已经够多了,它就像一场令人愉快的梦一样过去了,留给我们的是和原来一样的处境,因此我们有权利去审视争论的另一面,并探讨这些殖民地所遭受以及永远会遭受的一些重大损害,如果我们与大不列颠联合并依赖于她的话。按照自然和常识的原则来审视这种联合与依赖关系,看看如果我们分离能依靠什么,如果我们依赖又能期望得到什么。Ihavehearditassertedbysome,thatasAmericahathflourishedunderherformerconnexionwithGreat-Britain,thatthesameconnexionisnecessarytowardsherfuturehappiness,andwillalwayshavethesameeffect.Nothingcanbemorefallaciousthanthiskindofargument.Wemayaswellassertthatbecauseachildhasthriveduponmilk,thatitisnevertohavemeat,orthatthefirsttwentyyearsofourlivesistobecomeaprecedentforthenexttwenty.Buteventhisisadmittingmorethanistrue,forIanswerroundly,thatAmericawouldhaveflourishedasmuch,andprobablymuchmore,hadnoEuropeanpowerhadanythingtodowithher.Thecommerce,bywhichshehathenrichedherselfarethenecessariesoflife,andwillalwayshaveamarketwhileeatingisthecustomofEurope.有人声称,由于美洲在与大不列颠之前的联系中繁荣发展,这种联系对于她未来的幸福是必要的,并且将始终产生同样的效果。这种论点没有任何道理。我们完全可以这样反驳:既然一个孩子靠牛奶长大,我们就不能说他永远不需要吃肉,或者我们前二十年的生活可以成为接下来二十年的先例。但即便如此,这也承认了比事实更多的东西,因为我明确回答说,如果没有欧洲任何国家插手美洲事务,美洲会同样繁荣,甚至可能更加繁荣。她通过贸易积累的财富是生活的必需品,在欧洲人继续以这些商品为食的情况下,这些商品将始终有市场。Butshehasprotectedus,saysome.Thatshehasengrossedusistrue,anddefendedthecontinentatourexpenceaswellasherownisadmitted,andshewouldhavedefendedTurkeyfromthesamemotive,viz.thesakeoftradeanddominion.但是有些人说,她保护了我们。她确实吸引了我们的注意力,而且承认她在用自己的资源以及我们的资源保卫这个大陆也是事实,而且出于同样的动机(即贸易和统治的利益),她也会去保卫土耳其。Alas,wehavebeenlongledawaybyancientprejudices,andmadelargesacrificestosuperstition.WehaveboastedtheprotectionofGreat-Britain,withoutconsidering,thathermotivewasinterestnotattachment;thatshedidnotprotectusfromourenemiesonouraccount,butfromherenemiesonherownaccount,fromthosewhohadnoquarrelwithusonanyotheraccount,andwhowillalwaysbeourenemiesonthesameaccount.LetBritainwaveherpretensionstothecontinent,orthecontinentthrowoffthedependance,andweshouldbeatpeacewithFranceandSpainweretheyatwarwithBritain.ThemiseriesofHanoverlastwaroughttowarnusagainstconnexions.唉,我们长久以来被古代的偏见所误导,并为了迷信做出了巨大的牺牲。我们夸耀英国的保护,却未曾考虑,她保护我们的动机是利益而非情感;她并非因为我们而保护我们免受敌人的侵害,而是因为她自己有自身利益而保护我们免受她的敌人的侵害,那些人与我们并无其他其他方面的争端,并且他们将会始终因同样的原因成为我们的敌人。如果英国放弃对大陆的野心,或者大陆摆脱对她的依赖,那么即使法国和西班牙与英国处于战争状态,我们也应该与他们和平共处。汉诺威在上次战争中的苦难应当警告我们远离这些联系。Ithaslatelybeenassertedinparliament,thatthecolonieshavenorelationtoeachotherbutthroughtheparentcountry,i.e.thatPennsylvaniaandtheJerseys,andsoonfortherest,aresistercoloniesbythewayofEngland;thisiscertainlyaveryround-aboutwayofprovingrelationship,butitisthenearestandonlytruewayofprovingenemyship,ifImaysocallit.FranceandSpainneverwere,norperhapseverwillbeourenemiesasAmericans,butasourbeingthesubjectsofGreat-Britain.最近议会有人声称,殖民地之间没有直接的关系,而是通过母国相互联系,也就是说,宾夕法尼亚和泽西等殖民地是通过英国成为姐妹殖民地;这无疑是一种非常迂回的方式来证明关系的存在,但却是证明敌对关系(如果我可以这样称呼的话)的最近且唯一正确的方式。法国和西班牙从未成为,或许也永远不会因为我们是美洲人而成为我们的敌人,而是因为我们是大不列颠王国的臣民。ButBritainistheparentcountry,saysome.Thenthemoreshameuponherconduct.Evenbrutesdonotdevourtheiryoung,norsavagesmakewarupontheirfamilies;whereforetheassertion,iftrue,turnstoherreproach;butithappensnottobetrue,oronlypartlyso,andthephraseparentormothercountryhathbeenjesuiticallyadoptedbythekingandhisparasites,withalowpapisticaldesignofgaininganunfairbiasonthecredulousweaknessofourminds.Europe,andnotEngland,istheparentcountryofAmerica.ThisnewworldhathbeentheasylumforthepersecutedloversofcivilandreligiouslibertyfromeverypartofEurope.Hitherhavetheyfled,notfromthetenderembracesofthemother,butfromthecrueltyofthemonster;anditissofartrueofEngland,thatthesametyrannywhichdrovethefirstemigrantsfromhome,pursuestheirdescendantsstill.但是英国是祖国,有些人说。那么她就更应该感到羞耻了。就连野兽也不会吞食它们的幼崽,野蛮人也不会对他们的家庭发动战争;因此,如果这个说法是真的,就会反过来指责她;但实际上,这个说法并不完全真实,或者只是一部分真实,“母国”或“祖国”这个词已经被国王和他的走狗们以诡辩的方式采用,带着一种低劣的天主教意图,试图对我们幼稚的头脑产生不公平的影响。美洲的祖国是欧洲,而不是英格兰。这片新大陆一直是所有追求公民自由和宗教自由的受迫害者的避难所,来自欧洲的每一个角落。他们不是从母亲温暖的怀抱中逃离,而是从怪物的残酷中逃出;至于英格兰,确实如此,那种驱赶第一批移民离开家园的暴政,至今仍在追逐他们的后代。Inthisextensivequarteroftheglobe,weforgetthenarrowlimitsofthreehundredandsixtymiles(theextentofEngland)andcarryourfriendshiponalargerscale;weclaimbrotherhoodwitheveryEuropeanchristian,andtriumphinthegenerosityofthesentiment.在这广大的地区里,我们忘掉了仅仅三百六十英里(即英国的幅员)那样狭小的限度,而以较大的规模来建立友谊;我们认为自己是每个欧洲基督徒的兄弟,并且为这种宽宏大量的感情而自豪。Itispleasanttoobservebywhatregulargradationswesurmounttheforceoflocalprejudice,asweenlargeouracquaintancewiththeworld.AmanborninanytowninEnglanddividedintoparishes,willnaturallyassociatemostwithhisfellowparishioners(becausetheirinterestsinmanycaseswillbecommon)anddistinguishhimbythenameofneighbour;ifhemeethimbutafewmilesfromhome,hedropsthenarrowideaofastreet,andsaluteshimbythenameoftownsman;ifhetraveloutofthecounty,andmeethiminanyother,heforgetstheminordivisionsofstreetandtown,andcallshimcountryman,i.e.county-man;butifintheirforeignexcursionstheyshouldassociateinFranceoranyotherpartofEurope,theirlocalremembrancewouldbeenlargedintothatofEnglishmen.Andbyajustparityofreasoning,allEuropeansmeetinginAmerica,oranyotherquarteroftheglobe,arecountrymen;forEngland,Holland,Germany,orSweden,whencomparedwiththewhole,standinthesameplacesonthelargerscale,whichthedivisionsofstreet,town,andcountydoonthesmallerones;distinctionstoolimitedforcontinentalminds.Notonethirdoftheinhabitants,evenofthisprovince,areofEnglishdescent.WhereforeIreprobatethephraseofparentormothercountryappliedtoEnglandonly,asbeingfalse,selfish,narrowandungenerous.观察我们如何通过有规律的渐进方式克服地方偏见是一件令人愉快的事,这随着我们对世界的认识不断扩大而自然发生。一个出生在英格兰某个城镇的人,该城镇被划分为教区,他很自然会与他的教区同胞交往最多(因为他们的利益在许多情况下是共同的),并以“邻居”称呼他们;如果他在离家几英里外遇到他们,他会放弃狭隘的街道观念,称他们为“城里人”;如果他走出郡界,在另一个郡遇到他们,他会忘记街和镇的小分区,称他们为“乡下人”,即“郡里人”;但如果他们在国外旅行时在法国或其他欧洲大陆某地相遇,他们会把地方记忆扩大到“英国人”。根据同样的推理,所有欧洲人在美洲或世界其他角落相遇时都是“同胞”;因为英格兰、荷兰、德国或瑞典,当与整体相比时,在更大的尺度上占据相同的位置,就像小尺度上的街道、城镇和郡的划分一样;这些区分对于大陆思维来说过于局限。甚至在这个省份中,也不到三分之一的居民是英国血统。因此,我认为将“祖国”这个短语仅应用于英格兰是错误的、自私的、狭隘且不慷慨的。Butadmitting,thatwewereallofEnglishdescent,whatdoesitamountto?Nothing.Britain,beingnowanopenenemy,extinguisheseveryothernameandtitle:Andtosaythatreconciliationisourduty,istrulyfarcical.ThefirstkingofEngland,ofthepresentline(WilliamtheConqueror)wasaFrenchman,andhalfthePeersofEnglandaredescendantsfromthesamecountry;therefore,bythesamemethodofreasoning,EnglandoughttobegovernedbyFrance.但是,假定我们都是英国人的后裔,这有什么意义呢?毫无意义。英国现在已经是一个公开的敌人,抹去了所有其他的名字和头衔:而且说和解是我们的责任,真是滑稽至极。英格兰现在的第一位国王(威廉征服者)是一个法国人,而且一半的英国贵族都来自同一个国家;因此,用同样的推理方法,英格兰应该由法国来统治。MuchhathbeensaidoftheunitedstrengthofBritainandthecolonies,thatinconjunctiontheymightbiddefiancetotheworld.Butthisismerepresumption;thefateofwarisuncertain,neitherdotheexpressionsmeananything;forthiscontinentwouldneversufferitselftobedrainedofinhabitants,tosupporttheBritisharmsineitherAsia,Africa,orEurope.关于大不列颠和殖民地的联合力量被说得很多,说它们联合起来可以向世界挑战。但这只是假设;战争的命运是不确定的,这些话也没有任何意义;因为这个大陆决不会让自己被耗尽居民,以支持英国的军队在亚洲、非洲或欧洲作战。Besideswhathavewetodowithsettingtheworldatdefiance?Ourplaniscommerce,andthat,wellattendedto,willsecureusthepeaceandfriendshipofallEurope;because,itistheinterestofallEuropetohaveAmericaafreeport.Hertradewillalwaysbeaprotection,andherbarrennessofgoldandsilversecureherfrominvaders.除此之外,我们还有什么理由与世界作对呢?我们的计划是商业贸易,只要认真经营,就能确保我们获得欧洲所有国家的和平与友谊;因为,这对整个欧洲都有利,使美洲成为一个自由港。她的贸易永远是一种保障,而她缺乏金银矿产的贫瘠也将保护她免受入侵者的威胁。Ichallengethewarmestadvocateforreconciliation,toshew,asingleadvantagethatthiscontinentcanreap,bybeingconnectedwithGreatBritain.Irepeatthechallenge,notasingleadvantageisderived.OurcornwillfetchitspriceinanymarketinEurope,andourimportedgoodsmustbepaidforbuythemwherewewill.我向和解最热心的拥护者提出挑战,让他们展示这片大陆从与大不列颠联合中能获得的任何一点好处。我再次提出挑战,没有任何好处可言。我们的谷物在欧洲任何市场都能卖到价格,而我们购买进口商品时也必须用它们支付。Buttheinjuriesanddisadvantageswesustainbythatconnection,arewithoutnumber;andourdutytomankindatlarge,aswellastoourselves,instructustorenouncethealliance:Because,anysubmissionto,ordependanceonGreat-Britain,tendsdirectlytoinvolvethiscontinentinEuropeanwarsandquarrels;andsetsusatvariancewithnations,whowouldotherwiseseekourfriendship,andagainstwhom,wehaveneitherangernorcomplaint.AsEuropeisourmarketfortrade,weoughttoformnopartialconnectionwithanypartofit.ItisthetrueinterestofAmericatosteerclearofEuropeancontentions,whichshenevercando,whilebyherdependenceonBritain,sheismadethemake-weightinthescaleofBritishpolitics.但是,我们因这种关系而遭受的伤害和不利是数不胜数的;而且,我们对全人类以及对我们自己都有责任放弃这种联盟:因为任何对英国的屈服或依赖,都会直接使这片大陆卷入欧洲的战争和争端;还会使我们与那些原本会寻求我们友谊的国家发生冲突,而我们对他们既无怨恨也无不满。由于欧洲是我们贸易的市场,我们应该与欧洲任何一部分都不要形成偏袒的关系。美国真正的利益在于避开欧洲的纷争,但她永远无法做到这一点,因为她对英国的依赖使她成为英国政治天平上的砝码。Europeistoothicklyplantedwithkingdomstobelongatpeace,andwheneverawarbreaksoutbetweenEnglandandanyforeignpower,thetradeofAmericagoestoruin,becauseofherconnectionwithBritain.Thenextwarmaynotturnoutlikethelast,andshoulditnot,theadvocatesforreconciliationnowwillbewishingforseparationthen,because,neutralityinthatcase,wouldbeasaferconvoythanamanofwar.Everythingthatisrightornaturalpleadsforseparation.Thebloodoftheslain,theweepingvoiceofnaturecries,’Tistimetopart.EventhedistanceatwhichtheAlmightyhathplacedEnglandandAmerica,isastrongandnaturalproof,thattheauthorityoftheone,overtheother,wasneverthedesignofHeaven.Thetimelikewiseatwhichthecontinentwasdiscovered,addsweighttotheargument,andthemannerinwhichitwaspeopledencreasestheforceofit.ThereformationwasprecededbythediscoveryofAmerica,asiftheAlmightygraciouslymeanttoopenasanctuarytothepersecutedinfutureyears,whenhomeshouldaffordneitherfriendshipnorsafety.欧洲王国林立,过于稠密,不可能长期和平共处。每当英格兰与任何外国势力爆发战争时,美洲的贸易就会陷入混乱,因为其与英国的联系。下一场战争可能不会像上一次那样发展,如果真是如此,那么现在主张和解的人到那时会希望实现分离,因为在这种情况下,中立可能会比战舰提供更安全的护航。一切正确且自然的事情都在呼吁分离。被屠杀者的鲜血、大自然哀伤的呼喊都在说:“是时候分开了。”上帝将英格兰和美洲相隔遥远的距离,这本身就是一种强有力的自然证明,表明一个国家对另一个国家的统治从来就不是天意。大陆被发现的时间也加重了这一论点,而它的人口构成则增强了这一论据的力量。宗教改革之前美洲被发现,仿佛全能的上帝慈悲地打算在未来几年为受迫害者开辟一个避难所,当家园既没有友谊也没有安全保障时。TheauthorityofGreat-Britainoverthiscontinent,isaformofgovernment,whichsoonerorlatermusthaveanend:Andaseriousmindcandrawnotruepleasurebylookingforward,underthepainfulandpositiveconviction,thatwhathecalls“thepresentconstitution”ismerelytemporary.Asparents,wecanhavenojoy,knowingthatthisgovernmentisnotsufficientlylastingtoensureanythingwhichwemaybequeathtoposterity:Andbyaplainmethodofargument,aswearerunningthenextgenerationintodebt,weoughttodotheworkofit,otherwiseweusethemmeanlyandpitifully.Inordertodiscoverthelineofourdutyrightly,weshouldtakeourchildreninourhand,andfixourstationafewyearsfartherintolife;thateminencewillpresentaprospect,whichafewpresentfearsandprejudicesconcealfromoursight.大不列颠政府对这片大陆的权威是一种迟早必须结束的政体形式:一个严肃的思想者在正确认识到他所谓的“现行宪法”只是临时性的前提下,不可能从中获得真正的快乐。作为父母,我们知道这个政府不够持久,无法确保我们留给后代的东西,这让我们无法感到喜悦:而且通过简单的推理,既然我们正在使下一代背负债务,我们就应该为他们完成这项工作,否则我们就是在卑劣地对待他们。为了正确发现我们的职责所在,我们应该牵着孩子的手,把我们的立足点稍微移到未来几年;从那个高度可以看到的前景,会被一些眼前的恐惧和偏见暂时遮蔽。ThoughIwouldcarefullyavoidgivingunnecessaryoffence,yetIaminclinedtobelieve,thatallthosewhoespousethedoctrineofreconciliation,maybeincludedwithinthefollowingdescriptions.Interestedmen,whoarenottobetrusted;weakmen,whocannotsee;prejudicedmen,whowillnotsee;andacertainsetofmoderatemen,whothinkbetteroftheEuropeanworldthanitdeserves;andthislastclass,byanill-judgeddeliberation,willbethecauseofmorecalamitiestothiscontinent,thanalltheotherthree.尽管我会小心避免不必要的冒犯,但我倾向于认为,所有支持和解论调的人都可以归入以下几类人之中。不可信任的利益相关者;缺乏洞察力的软弱之人,他们无法看清;抱有偏见的人,他们不愿看清;以及一群自视甚高的温和派人士,他们对欧洲世界的评价过高;而这最后一类人,由于判断失误,将会给这片大陆带来比其他三类人更多的灾难。Itisthegoodfortuneofmanytolivedistantfromthesceneofsorrow;theevilisnotsufficientbroughttotheirdoorstomakethemfeeltheprecariousnesswithwhichallAmericanpropertyispossessed.ButletourimaginationstransportusforafewmomentstoBoston,thatseatofwretchednesswillteachuswisdom,andinstructusforevertorenounceapowerinwhomwecanhavenotrust.Theinhabitantsofthatunfortunatecity,whobutafewmonthsagowereineaseandaffluence,havenow,nootheralternativethantostayandstarve,orturnouttobeg.Endangeredbythefireoftheirfriendsiftheycontinuewithinthecity,andplunderedbythesoldieryiftheyleaveit.Intheirpresentconditiontheyareprisonerswithoutthehopeofredemption,andinageneralattackfortheirrelief,theywouldbeexposedtothefuryofbotharmies.许多人有幸远离悲伤的场景;那里的邪恶并没有充分地降临到他们的家门口,使他们感受到所有美国财产都处于岌岌可危的状态。但是,让我们想象一下,把我们带到波士顿,那个不幸之地会教会我们智慧,并永远教导我们要放弃对我们无法信任的权力。这个不幸城市的居民,仅仅几个月前还过着安逸富裕的生活,如今却只有两种选择:要么留下挨饿,要么出去乞讨。如果他们继续留在城里,就会受到朋友火力的威胁;如果离开,又会被士兵掠夺。以他们目前的状况,他们是无望获救的囚犯,在一场全面攻击中为了他们的救援,他们会面临两支军队的愤怒。MenofpassivetemperslooksomewhatlightlyovertheoffencesofBritain,and,stillhopingforthebest,areapttocallout,“Come,come,weshallbefriendsagain,forallthis.”Butexaminethepassionsandfeelingsofmankind,Bringthedoctrineofreconciliationtothetouchstoneofnature,andthentellme,whetheryoucanhereafterlove,honour,andfaithfullyservethepowerthathathcarriedfireandswordintoyourland?Ifyoucannotdoallthese,thenareyouonlydeceivingyourselves,andbyyourdelaybringingruinuponposterity.YourfutureconnectionwithBritain,whomyoucanneitherlovenorhonour,willbeforcedandunnatural,andbeingformedonlyontheplanofpresentconvenience,willinalittletimefallintoarelapsemorewretchedthanthefirst.Butifyousay,youcanstillpasstheviolationsover,thenIask,Hathyourhousebeenburnt?Hathyourpropertybeendestroyedbeforeyourface?Areyourwifeandchildrendestituteofabedtolieon,orbreadtoliveon?Haveyoulostaparentorachildbytheirhands,andyourselftheruinedandwretchedsurvivor?Ifyouhavenot,thenareyounotajudgeofthosewhohave.Butifyouhave,andstillcanshakehandswiththemurderers,thenareyouunworthyofthenameofhusband,father,friend,orlover,andwhatevermaybeyourrankortitleinlife,youhavetheheartofacoward,andthespiritofasycophant.性情温和的人对英国的过失往往看得比较轻,仍然抱着希望,便容易喊出:“来吧,来吧,我们还会再做朋友的。”但是,请考察一下人类的感情和情绪,把恢复关系的主张放在自然的试金石上,然后告诉我,你以后还能否爱戴、尊敬并忠实地服从那个把火与剑带进你们国土的力量?如果你不能做到这些,那么你只是在欺骗自己,并且由于你的拖延给后代带来毁灭。你将来与英国的关系,既然既不能爱又不能敬,将是被迫的、不自然的,而且仅仅基于眼前的便利而建立,不久就会陷入比第一次更悲惨的衰退。但是,如果你说你可以忽略这些侵犯行为,那么我问你:你的房子被烧了吗?你的财产是否在你眼前被毁坏?你的妻子和孩子是否无床可睡、无面包可吃?你是否因他们的手失去了父母或子女,而你自己成了被毁坏和悲惨的幸存者?如果你没有,那么你不具备评判那些经历这些的人的资格。但是,如果你有,却仍然能与凶手握手言欢,那么你就配不上丈夫、父亲、朋友或恋人的称号,无论你在生活中有何种地位或头衔,你都有一颗懦夫的心和一个谄媚者的灵魂。Thisisnotinflamingorexaggeratingmatters,buttryingthembythosefeelingsandaffectionswhichnaturejustifies,andwithoutwhich,weshouldbeincapableofdischargingthesocialdutiesoflife,orenjoyingthefelicitiesofit.Imeannottoexhibithorrorforthepurposeofprovokingrevenge,buttoawakenusfromfatalandunmanlyslumbers,thatwemaypursuedeterminatelysomefixedobject.ItisnotinthepowerofBritainorofEuropetoconquerAmerica,ifshedonotconquerherselfbydelayandtimidity.Thepresentwinterisworthanageifrightlyemployed,butiflostorneglected,thewholecontinentwillpartakeofthemisfortune;andthereisnopunishmentwhichthatmanwillnotdeserve,behewho,orwhat,orwherehewill,thatmaybethemeansofsacrificingaseasonsopreciousanduseful.这不是煽动或夸大事实,而是依据自然所赋予的情感来判断问题,并且没有这些情感,我们将无法履行社会生活中的责任,也无法享受生活的幸福。我的目的不是用恐怖来激发复仇心理,而是唤醒我们摆脱致命的和不成熟的懒散,以便我们坚定地追求某个明确的目标。如果美洲不是因拖延和怯懦而自我征服的话,那么无论是英国还是整个欧洲都无法征服美洲。拖延和怯懦将是她的致命弱点。如果这个冬天被充分利用,它将胜过一个时代;但如果失去或被忽视,整个大陆都将遭受不幸;无论这个人是谁、是什么身份、身处何方,只要他成为牺牲如此珍贵和有用季节的人,他就应该受到应有的惩罚。Itisrepugnanttoreason,totheuniversalorderofthingstoallexamplesfromformerages,tosuppose,thatthiscontinentcanlongerremainsubjecttoanyexternalpower.ThemostsanguineinBritaindoesnotthinkso.Theutmoststretchofhumanwisdomcannot,atthistime,compassaplanshortofseparation,whichcanpromisethecontinentevenayear’ssecurity.Reconciliationisnowafallaciousdream.Naturehathdesertedtheconnexion,andArtcannotsupplyherplace.For,asMiltonwiselyexpresses,“nevercantruereconcilementgrowwherewoundsofdeadlyhatehavepiercedsodeep.”这种认为这片大陆还能继续臣服于外部势力的想法,既违背理性,也违背万物的普遍秩序,更与历代的所有先例相悖。就连英国最乐观的人也不会这么想。当今人类智慧所能达到的极限,在这个时刻也无法设计出一个不分离的计划,能够为这片大陆带来哪怕一年的安全感。和解现在不过是一个虚幻的梦想。大自然已经放弃了这种联系,而人工无法填补她的位置。正如弥尔顿明智地表达的那样:“深深的仇恨之伤永远不可能真正和解。”Everyquietmethodforpeacehathbeenineffectual.Ourprayershavebeenrejectedwithdisdain;andonlytendedtoconvinceus,thatnothingflattersvanity,orconfirmsobstinacyinKingsmorethanrepeatedpetitioning—andnothinghathcontributedmorethanthatverymeasuretomaketheKingsofEuropeabsolute:WitnessDenmarkandSweden.Wherefore,sincenothingbutblowswilldo,forGod’ssake,letuscometoafinalseparation,andnotleavethenextgenerationtobecuttingthroats,undertheviolatedunmeaningnamesofparentandchild.每一种安静追求和平的方法都无效。我们的祈祷被轻蔑地拒绝了;这只会让我们确信,没有什么比重复的请愿更能取悦国王的虚荣心或坚定其顽固立场的了——而且没有什么比这一措施更能让欧洲的国王们变得专制:见证丹麦和瑞典。因此,既然除了武力别无他法,为了上帝的sake,请让我们彻底决裂,不要让下一代在被破坏的、毫无意义的父母和子女之名下互相残杀。Tosay,theywillneverattemptitagainisidleandvisionary,wethoughtsoattherepealofthestamp-act,yetayearortwoundeceivedus;aswellmaywesupposethatnations,whichhavebeenoncedefeated,willneverrenewthequarrel.说什么他们再也不会尝试了,这是空洞而幻想的,我们在废除印花税法的时候也这么想过,然而一两年就让我们意识到错了;同样地,我们也可以认为那些曾经被击败的国家永远不会再次挑起争端。Astogovernmentmatters,itisnotinthepowerofBritaintodothiscontinentjustice:Thebusinessofitwillsoonbetooweighty,andintricate,tobemanagedwithanytolerabledegreeofconvenience,byapower,sodistantfromus,andsoveryignorantofus;foriftheycannotconquerus,theycannotgovernus.Tobealwaysrunningthreeorfourthousandmileswithataleorapetition,waitingfourorfivemonthsforananswer,whichwhenobtainedrequiresfiveorsixmoretoexplainitin,willinafewyearsbelookeduponasfollyandchildishness—Therewasatimewhenitwasproper,andthereisapropertimeforittocease.至于政府事务,英国有能力为我们这片大陆伸张正义:这项事务很快就会变得过于繁重和复杂,无法由距离我们如此遥远且对我们知之甚少的权力机构以任何可接受的便利程度来管理;因为如果他们无法征服我们,就无法统治我们。总是要跑三四千里去诉说或请愿,等待四五个月才能得到答复,而得到的答复还需要五六个月更多的时间来解释,几年后这会被视为愚蠢和幼稚——曾经这样做是合适的,但现在有合适的时间让它停止。Smallislandsnotcapableofprotectingthemselves,aretheproperobjectsforkingdomstotakeundertheircare;butthereissomethingveryabsurd,insupposingacontinenttobeperpetuallygovernedbyanisland.Innoinstancehathnaturemadethesatellitelargerthanitsprimaryplanet,andasEnglandandAmerica,withrespecttoeachother,reversesthecommonorderofnature,itisevidenttheybelongtodifferentsystems:EnglandtoEurope,Americatoitself.incapableof保护自己的小岛,是王国应该加以照顾的对象;但是,认为一个大陆能永远由一个岛屿来统治,这实在是非常荒谬的。自然界从未使卫星比它的母行星更大,在这方面,英国和美洲相对于彼此而言,违背了自然的常规秩序,由此可见它们属于不同的体系:英国属于欧洲,而美洲则属于它自身。Iamnotinducedbymotivesofpride,party,orresentmenttoespousethedoctrineofseparationandindependance;Iamclearly,positively,andconscientiouslypersuadedthatitisthetrueinterestofthiscontinenttobeso;thateverythingshortofthatismerepatchwork,thatitcanaffordnolastingfelicity,—thatitisleavingtheswordtoourchildren,andshrinkingbackatatime,when,alittlemore,alittlefarther,wouldhaverenderedthiscontinentthegloryoftheearth.我不是出于骄傲、党派或怨恨的心理来拥护分离和独立的学说;我明确地、果断地、且出于良心确信这是这片大陆的真正利益所在;任何低于这个目标的都只是敷衍了事,它无法带来持久的幸福——它是在把剑留给我们的后代,而在一个只需再进一步就能使这片大陆成为地球荣耀的时刻退缩了。AsBritainhathnotmanifestedtheleastinclinationtowardsacompromise,wemaybeassuredthatnotermscanbeobtainedworthytheacceptanceofthecontinent,oranywaysequaltotheexpenceofbloodandtreasurewehavebeenalreadyputto.由于英国丝毫没有表现出妥协的意愿,我们可以确信没有任何条件值得大陆接受,也没有任何条件能够在我们已经付出的鲜血和财富的代价上达成平等。Theobject,contendedfor,oughtalwaystobearsomejustproportiontotheexpence.TheremovalofNorth,orthewholedetestablejunto,isamatterunworthythemillionswehaveexpended.Atemporarystoppageoftrade,wasaninconvenience,whichwouldhavesufficientlyballancedtherepealofalltheactscomplainedof,hadsuchrepealsbeenobtained;butifthewholecontinentmusttakeuparms,ifeverymanmustbeasoldier,itisscarcelyworthourwhiletofightagainstacontemptibleministryonly.Dearly,dearly,dowepayfortherepealoftheacts,ifthatisallwefightfor;forinajustestimation,itisasgreatafollytopayaBunker-hillpriceforlaw,asforland.AsIhavealwaysconsideredtheindependancyofthiscontinent,asanevent,whichsoonerorlatermustarrive,sofromthelaterapidprogressofthecontinenttomaturity,theeventcouldnotbefaroff.Wherefore,onthebreakingoutofhostilities,itwasnotworththewhiletohavedisputedamatter,whichtimewouldhavefinallyredressed,unlesswemeanttobeinearnest;otherwise,itislikewastinganestateonasuitatlaw,toregulatethetrespassesofatenant,whoseleaseisjustexpiring.Nomanwasawarmerwisherforreconciliationthanmyself,beforethefatalnineteenthofApril1775,butthemomenttheeventofthatdaywasmadeknown,Irejectedthehardened,sullentemperedPharaohofEnglandforever;anddisdainthewretch,thatwiththepretendedtitleoffatherofhispeoplecanunfeelinglyhearoftheirslaughter,andcomposedlysleepwiththeirblooduponhissoul.所争之物,理应与其花费成正比。罢免诺斯,或者整个可憎的集团,这是一件不值得我们耗费百万金钱的事。贸易暂时停顿是一种不便,如果有这样的撤销所有被抱怨的法案能得以实现,它已经足以平衡这种撤销所带来的影响;但如果整个大陆都必须拿起武器,如果每个人都必须成为士兵,那么仅仅为了对抗一个轻蔑的内阁而斗争就几乎不值得了。如果我们仅仅是为了撤销这些法案而战斗,那我们为此付出高昂代价是极其愚蠢的;因为在公正的评价中,为了法律支付邦克山战役那样的价格,就如同为了土地付出同样高昂的代价一样愚蠢。我一直认为这片大陆的独立是迟早会发生的事件,而且从大陆最近迅速走向成熟的进程来看,这个事件不会太远了。因此,在冲突爆发时,再去争论一件时间最终会纠正的问题是没有意义的,除非我们是认真的;否则,这就像是浪费财产去打一场诉讼官司,来解决一个租约即将到期的佃户的侵权行为。在1775年4月19日这个不幸的日子之前,我是最渴望和解的人之一,但那天事件的结果一公布,我就永远拒绝了那个顽固、阴沉的英国暴君;我对那个以“人民之父”自居却冷酷地听闻人民被屠杀的人感到鄙视,也对那个能平静地带着血腥入睡的家伙不屑一顾。Butadmittingthatmatterswerenowmadeup,whatwouldbetheevent?Ianswer,theruinofthecontinent.Andthatforseveralreasons.但是承认现在事情已经解决,结果会是什么?我回答说,大陆的毁灭。而且有以下几个原因。First.Thepowersofgoverningstillremaininginthehandsoftheking,hewillhaveanegativeoverthewholelegislationofthiscontinent.Andashehathshewnhimselfsuchaninveterateenemytoliberty,anddiscoveredsuchathirstforarbitrarypower;ishe,orishenot,apropermantosaytothesecolonies,“YoushallmakenolawsbutwhatIplease.”AndisthereanyinhabitantinAmericasoignorant,asnottoknow,thataccordingtowhatiscalledthepresentconstitution,thatthiscontinentcanmakenolawsbutwhatthekinggivesleaveto;andisthereanymansounwise,asnottosee,that(consideringwhathashappened)hewillsuffernolawtobemadehere,butsuchassuithispurpose.WemaybeaseffectuallyenslavedbythewantoflawsinAmerica,asbysubmittingtolawsmadeforusinEngland.Aftermattersaremadeup(asitiscalled)cantherebeanydoubt,butthewholepowerofthecrownwillbeexerted,tokeepthiscontinentaslowandhumbleaspossible?Insteadofgoingforwardweshallgobackward,orbeperpetuallyquarrellingorridiculouslypetitioning.—Wearealreadygreaterthanthekingwishesustobe,andwillhenothereafterendeavourtomakeusless?Tobringthemattertoonepoint.Isthepowerwhoisjealousofourprosperity,aproperpowertogovernus?WhoeversaysNotothisquestionisanindependant,forindependancymeansnomore,than,whetherweshallmakeourownlaws,orwhethertheking,thegreatestenemythiscontinenthath,orcanhave,shalltellus“thereshallbenolawsbutsuchasIlike.”首先。国王手中仍掌握着统治权,他将在整个大陆的立法上拥有否决权。由于他已经表现出如此顽固的敌视自由的态度,并且显露出如此强烈的独裁欲望;他是,还是不是,一个合适的人来对我们这些殖民地说:“你们只能制定我允许的法律。”而且美国是否有人如此无知,以至于不知道根据所谓的现行宪法,这片大陆只能制定国王同意的法律;是否有人如此不明智,以至于看不到(考虑到所发生的事情)他将不允许在这里制定任何不符合他目的的法律。我们可能会因为缺乏美国的法律而像屈从于英国制定的法律一样受到奴役。在事情达成协议(正如人们所说的那样)之后,难道还有人会怀疑王室的全部权力会被用来让我们这个大陆尽可能地保持低微吗?我们将停滞不前,要么倒退,要么无休止地争吵或可笑地请愿。我们已经比国王希望的要强大得多,他以后不会努力让我们变得更弱小吗?归结到一点。一个嫉妒我们繁荣的权力是一个合适的治理我们的权力吗?无论谁对这个问题回答不是,就是一位独立派,因为独立意味着我们自己制定法律,还是国王,这片大陆最大的敌人或可能的最大敌人,告诉我们“只会有我喜欢的法律。”ButthekingyouwillsayhasanegativeinEngland;thepeopletherecanmakenolawswithouthisconsent.Inpointofrightandgoodorder,thereissomethingveryridiculous,thatayouthoftwenty-one(whichhathoftenhappened)shallsaytoseveralmillionsofpeople,olderandwiserthanhimself,Iforbidthisorthatactofyourstobelaw.ButinthisplaceIdeclinethissortofreply,thoughIwillneverceasetoexposetheabsurdityofit,andonlyanswer,thatEnglandbeingtheKing’sresidence,andAmericanotso,makesquiteanothercase.Theking’snegativehereistentimesmoredangerousandfatalthanitcanbeinEngland,fortherehewillscarcelyrefusehisconsenttoabillforputtingEnglandintoasstrongastateofdefenceaspossible,andinAmericahewouldneversuffersuchabilltobepassed.但是你会说,英国的国王有否决权;那里的人们没有他的同意就不能制定法律。从权利和良好秩序的角度来看,有一种非常荒谬的事情,即一个二十一岁的年轻人(这种情况经常发生)会对比自己年长和聪明得多的数百万人说:“我禁止你们的这项或那项行为成为法律。”但在这一点上,我拒绝这种答复方式,尽管我永远不会停止揭露它的荒谬性,并且只回答说,由于英格兰是国王的居住地,而美洲不是,这使得情况完全不同。这里的国王否决权在此处危险和致命十倍于在英格兰,因为在英格兰他几乎不会拒绝一项使英格兰尽可能加强防御的法案,而在美洲他绝不会允许这样的法案通过。AmericaisonlyasecondaryobjectinthesystemofBritishpolitics,Englandconsultsthegoodofthiscountry,nofartherthanitanswersherownpurpose.Wherefore,herowninterestleadshertosuppressthegrowthofoursineverycasewhichdothnotpromoteheradvantage,orintheleastinterfereswithit.Aprettystateweshouldsoonbeinundersuchasecond-handgovernment,consideringwhathashappened!Mendonotchangefromenemiestofriendsbythealterationofaname:Andinordertoshewthatreconciliationnowisadangerousdoctrine,Iaffirm,thatitwouldbepolicyinthekingatthistime,torepealtheactsforthesakeofreinstatinghimselfinthegovernmentoftheprovinces;inorder,thathemayaccomplishbycraftandsubtilty,inthelongrun,whathecannotdobyforceandviolenceintheshortone.Reconciliationandruinarenearlyrelated.在美国的政体中,美国只是次要的对象,英国只会在符合自身利益的情况下才考虑这个国家的好处。因此,她自己的利益促使她在所有不促进其利益或者稍微妨碍其利益的情况下压制我们的成长。考虑到已经发生的事情,我们在这个由二流政府统治下应该很快处于什么样的状态!人们并不会因为名字的改变而从敌人变成朋友。为了表明现在和解是一个危险的学说,我断言,此时国王通过废除这些法案来重新确立自己对各省的统治是明智的政策;以便他能够通过计谋和狡猾,在长期内完成他无法通过武力和暴力在短期内实现的目标。和解与毁灭密切相关。Secondly.Thataseventhebestterms,whichwecanexpecttoobtain,canamounttonomorethanatemporaryexpedient,orakindofgovernmentbyguardianship,whichcanlastnolongerthantillthecoloniescomeofage,sothegeneralfaceandstateofthings,intheinterim,willbeunsettledandunpromising.Emigrantsofpropertywillnotchoosetocometoacountrywhoseformofgovernmenthangsbutbyathread,andwhoiseverydaytotteringonthebrinkofcommotionanddisturbance;andnumbersofthepresentinhabitantswouldlayholdoftheinterval,todispenseoftheireffects,andquitthecontinent.其次,即使我们能够得到最好的条件,也不过是一种权宜之计,或者是一种监护式的政府,这种政府只能维持到殖民地成年为止,因此在此期间,整个局势将处于动荡不安且前景不明的状态。有财产的移民不会选择来到一个政局不稳、每天都在动荡边缘摇摆的国家;而当前的一些居民会利用这段时间来处理自己的财产并离开这片大陆。Butthemostpowerfulofallarguments,is,thatnothingbutindependance,i.e.acontinentalformofgovernment,cankeepthepeaceofthecontinentandpreserveitinviolatefromcivilwars.IdreadtheeventofareconciliationwithBritainnow,asitismorethanprobable,thatitwillbefollowedbyarevoltsomewhereorother,theconsequencesofwhichmaybefarmorefatalthanallthemaliceofBritain.但是所有论点中最有力的是,只有独立,即大陆形式的政府,才能保持大陆的和平并使其免受内战之害。我现在害怕与英国恢复关系,因为很有可能这将随后引发某地的叛乱,其后果可能比英国所有的恶意更为致命。ThousandsarealreadyruinedbyBritishbarbarity;(thousandsmorewillprobablysufferthesamefate)Thosemenhaveotherfeelingsthanuswhohavenothingsuffered.Alltheynowpossessisliberty,whattheybeforeenjoyedissacrificedtoitsservice,andhavingnothingmoretolose,theydisdainsubmission.Besides,thegeneraltemperofthecolonies,towardsaBritishgovernment,willbelikethatofayouth,whoisnearlyoutofhistime;theywillcareverylittleabouther.Andagovernmentwhichcannotpreservethepeace,isnogovernmentatall,andinthatcasewepayourmoneyfornothing;andpraywhatisitthatBritaincando,whosepowerwillbewhollyonpaper,shouldaciviltumultbreakouttheverydayafterreconciliation?Ihaveheardsomemensay,manyofwhomIbelievespokewithoutthinking,thattheydreadedanindependance,fearingthatitwouldproducecivilwars.Itisbutseldomthatourfirstthoughtsaretrulycorrect,andthatisthecasehere;fortherearetentimesmoretodreadfromapatchedupconnexionthanfromindependance.Imakethesuffererscasemyown,andIprotest,thatwereIdrivenfromhouseandhome,mypropertydestroyed,andmycircumstancesruined,thatasman,sensibleofinjuries,Icouldneverrelishthedoctrineofreconciliation,orconsidermyselfboundthereby.已有成千上万的人因英国的残暴而家破人亡;(成千上万的人可能也会遭遇同样的命运)这些人与我们这些一无所有的人有着不同的感受。他们现在所拥有的一切就是自由,他们之前所享受的幸福已被牺牲来服务于自由,因为他们已经没有什么可失去的了,所以他们蔑视屈服。此外,殖民地人民对英国政府的态度将会像一个即将成年的年轻人一样,他们对它几乎不会关心。而且,一个不能维持和平的政府根本就不是政府,如果是这样的话,我们缴纳的税款就等于白费;那么请问,如果一场内乱在和解的第二天就爆发的话,英国又能做什么呢?她所有的力量只会停留在纸面上。我已经听到一些人说,其中很多人我相信他们是未经深思熟虑就说出了自己的担忧,他们害怕独立会导致内战。我们最初的想法很少是正确的,这里也是如此;事实上,从一个修补过的联系中产生的危险要比独立大十倍。我把受害者的处境当作自己的处境,我发誓,如果我被驱逐出家园,我的财产被摧毁,我的生活陷入绝境,作为一个人,我无法接受和解的教义,也不会认为自己受其约束。Thecolonieshavemanifestedsuchaspiritofgoodorderandobediencetocontinentalgovernment,asissufficienttomakeeveryreasonablepersoneasyandhappyonthathead.Nomancanassigntheleastpretenceforhisfears,onanyothergrounds,thansuchasaretrulychildishandridiculous,viz.thatonecolonywillbestrivingforsuperiorityoveranother.殖民地已经表现出如此良好的秩序和对大陆政府的服从精神,足以使每一个有理智的人都安心并感到幸福。没有任何人能提出任何理由来支持他的恐惧,除了那些真正幼稚可笑的理由,即一个殖民地会试图凌驾于另一个殖民地上方。Wheretherearenodistinctionstherecanbenosuperiority,perfectequalityaffordsnotemptation.TherepublicsofEuropeareall(andwemaysayalways)inpeace.HollandandSwisserlandarewithoutwars,foreignordomestic:Monarchicalgovernments,itistrue,areneverlongatrest;thecrownitselfisatemptationtoenterprizingruffiansathome;andthatdegreeofprideandinsolenceeverattendantonregalauthority,swellsintoarupturewithforeignpowers,ininstances,wherearepublicangovernment,bybeingformedonmorenaturalprinciples,wouldnegociatethemistake.在没有区别的情况下就不存在优越性,完全平等不会引诱任何人。欧洲的共和国(我们可以而且必须说永远)处于和平之中。荷兰和瑞士都没有战争,无论是国外的还是国内的:当然,君主制政府从未长时间处于平静状态;皇冠本身就是国内冒险家的诱惑;而且那种伴随着王权的骄傲和傲慢,在某些情况下,会因为共和制政府按照更自然的原则形成而得以谈判解决。Ifthereisanytruecauseoffearrespectingindependance,itisbecausenoplanisyetlaiddown.Mendonotseetheirwayout—Wherefore,asanopeningintothatbusiness,Iofferthefollowinghints;atthesametimemodestlyaffirming,thatIhavenootheropinionofthemmyself,thanthattheymaybethemeansofgivingrisetosomethingbetter.Couldthestragglingthoughtsofindividualsbecollected,theywouldfrequentlyformmaterialsforwiseandablementoimproveintousefulmatter.如果在独立问题上有任何真正的恐惧原因,那是因为还没有制定出任何计划。人们看不到自己的出路——因此,作为进入这个议题的一个开端,我提出以下几点提示;同时谦逊地声明,我自己对它们的看法也仅限于它们可能成为引发更好想法的手段。如果能够收集到个人分散的思考,它们经常会为明智且有能力的人提供材料,以将其改进为有用的内容。Lettheassembliesbeannual,withaPresidentonly.Therepresentationmoreequal.Theirbusinesswhollydomestic,andsubjecttotheauthorityofaContinentalCongress.让代表大会每年召开一次,只设主席。代表的分配更加均衡。其事务纯属国内事务,并受大陆会议的管辖。Leteachcolonybedividedintosix,eight,orten,convenientdistricts,eachdistricttosendapropernumberofdelegatestoCongress,sothateachcolonysendatleastthirty.ThewholenumberinCongresswillbeatleast390.EachCongresstositandtochooseapresidentbythefollowingmethod.Whenthedelegatesaremet,letacolonybetakenfromthewholethirteencoloniesbylot,afterwhich,letthewholeCongresschoose(byballot)apresidentfromoutofthedelegatesofthatprovince.InthenextCongress,letacolonybetakenbylotfromtwelveonly,omittingthatcolonyfromwhichthepresidentwastakenintheformerCongress,andsoproceedingontillthewholethirteenshallhavehadtheirproperrotation.Andinorderthatnothingmaypassintoalawbutwhatissatisfactorilyjust,notlessthanthreefifthsoftheCongresstobecalledamajority.—Hethatwillpromotediscord,underagovernmentsoequallyformedasthis,wouldhavejoinedLuciferinhisrevolt.让每个殖民地分为六个、八个或十个方便的区域,每个区域派适当数量的代表到国会,这样每个殖民地至少要派出三十名代表。整个国会的人数将至少达到三百九十人。每次国会开会时,通过以下方法选择一位主席。当代表们聚集时,从十三个殖民地中随机抽取一个殖民地,之后,整个国会(通过投票)从该省的代表中选出一位主席。那个省份的代表。在下一次国会中,从十二个殖民地中随机抽取一个殖民地,排除在前一次国会中选出主席的那个殖民地,并以此类推,直到所有十三个殖民地都轮流担任主席。为了确保没有任何事情未经令人满意的公正程序就成为法律,国会召开时不少于五分之三的人数应被视为多数。那些在一个如此平等形成的政府下仍试图挑起不和的人,将会与路西法一起加入叛乱。Butasthereisapeculiardelicacy,fromwhom,orinwhatmanner,thisbusinessmustfirstarise,andasitseemsmostagreeableandconsistentthatitshouldcomefromsomeintermediatebodybetweenthegovernedandthegovernors,thatis,betweentheCongressandthepeople,letaContinentalConferencebeheld,inthefollowingmanner,andforthefollowingpurpose.但是,由于这项事务的起源以及由谁、以何种方式发起存在某种特殊微妙之处,而且似乎最合理且一致的做法是它应该来自被统治者和统治者之间的中间机构,即大陆会议和人民之间,因此,召开一次大陆会议,以如下方式和目的进行。Acommitteeoftwenty-sixmembersofCongress,viz.twoforeachcolony.TwomembersfromeachHouseofAssembly,orProvincialConvention;andfiverepresentativesofthepeopleatlarge,tobechoseninthecapitalcityortownofeachprovince,for,andinbehalfofthewholeprovince,byasmanyqualifiedvotersasshallthinkpropertoattendfromallpartsoftheprovinceforthatpurpose;or,ifmoreconvenient,therepresentativesmaybechosenintwoorthreeofthemostpopulouspartsthereof.Inthisconference,thusassembled,willbeunited,thetwograndprinciplesofbusiness,knowledgeandpower.ThemembersofCongress,Assemblies,orConventions,byhavinghadexperienceinnationalconcerns,willbeableandusefulcounsellors,andthewhole,beingimpoweredbythepeople,willhaveatrulylegalauthority.由国会二十六名成员组成的委员会,即每个殖民地两名代表。每个立法机构或省级代表大会的两名成员;以及五个人民代表,将在各省的首府城市或城镇中由尽可能多的合格选民选出,代表整个省份;或者,如果更方便的话,代表可以在该省人口最多的两到三个地区选出。在这次集会中,将结合两项业务的基本原则,知识和权力。国会议员、议会或代表大会的成员由于在国家事务中有过经验,将成为能干且有用的顾问,而全体人员由于得到了人民的授权,将拥有真正合法的权威。Theconferringmembersbeingmet,lettheirbusinessbetoframeaContinentalCharter,orCharteroftheUnitedColonies;(answeringtowhatiscalledtheMagnaChartaofEngland)fixingthenumberandmannerofchoosingmembersofCongress,membersofAssembly,withtheirdateofsitting,anddrawingthelineofbusinessandjurisdictionbetweenthem:(Alwaysremembering,thatourstrengthiscontinental,notprovincial:)Securingfreedomandpropertytoallmen,andaboveallthings,thefreeexerciseofreligion,accordingtothedictatesofconscience;withsuchothermatterasisnecessaryforachartertocontain.Immediatelyafterwhich,thesaidConferencetodissolve,andthebodieswhichshallbechosencomformabletothesaidcharter,tobethelegislatorsandgovernorsofthiscontinentforthetimebeing:Whosepeaceandhappiness,mayGodpreserve,Amen.参会成员集会后,其任务应是制定一份大陆宪章,或称为联合殖民地宪章(相当于英国的大宪章);明确国会议员、州议会议员的人数及选举方式,并规定他们的任期和职责划分:(始终牢记,我们的力量在于大陆,而非各省份)保障所有人的自由和财产,尤其是根据良心自由行使宗教信仰的权利;并加入宪章应有的其他必要事项。之后,该会议解散,依据上述宪章选出的机构将成为此大陆的立法者和管理者,任期暂定:愿上帝保佑他们的和平与幸福,阿门。Shouldanybodyofmenbehereafterdelegatedforthisorsomesimilarpurpose,IofferthemthefollowingextractsfromthatwiseobserverongovernmentsDragonetti.“Thescience”sayshe“ofthepoliticianconsistsinfixingthetruepointofhappinessandfreedom.Thosemenwoulddeservethegratitudeofages,whoshoulddiscoveramodeofgovernmentthatcontainedthegreatestsumofindividualhappiness,withtheleastnationalexpense.如果日后有任何团体被委派从事此项或类似的工作,我愿向他们提供那位明智的政府观察家Dragonetti的以下摘录。“政治家的学问”他说,“在于确定幸福和自由的真正要点。那些能够发现一种政府模式的人将受到世代的感激,这种模式能够在最少的国家支出下,带来最大的个人幸福。”Dragonettionvirtueandrewards.”关于美德与回报,龙内蒂如是说。ButwheresayssomeistheKingofAmerica?I’lltellyouFriend,hereignsabove,anddothnotmakehavocofmankindliketheRoyalBruteofBritain.Yetthatwemaynotappeartobedefectiveeveninearthlyhonors,letadaybesolemnlysetapartforproclaimingthecharter;letitbebroughtforthplacedonthedivinelaw,thewordofGod;letacrownbeplacedthereon,bywhichtheworldmayknow,thatsofarasweapproveofmonarchy,thatinAmericathelawisking.ForasinabsolutegovernmentstheKingislaw,soinfreecountriesthelawoughttobeKing;andthereoughttobenoother.Butlestanyilluseshouldafterwardsarise,letthecrownattheconclusionoftheceremonybedemolished,andscatteredamongthepeoplewhoserightitis.但是有人说哪里有美洲的国王呢?让我告诉你,朋友,他高高在上,并不像英国那位暴虐的君主那样残害人类。然而,为了让我们在世俗荣誉上也不显得有所缺失,让我们专门设定一天来宣布这个章程;把它拿出来放在神圣的法律、上帝的话语之上;在那里放一顶王冠,让世人知道,就我们所认可的君主制而言,在美国法律就是国王。因为在绝对的政府中,国王就是法律;所以在自由的国家里,法律应该成为国王;除此之外不应有其他。但为了避免日后可能出现的不良后果,在仪式结束时,这顶王冠应当被摧毁,并分发给其真正的主人——人民。Agovernmentofourownisournaturalright:Andwhenamanseriouslyreflectsontheprecariousnessofhumanaffairs,hewillbecomeconvinced,thatitisinfinitelywiserandsafer,toformaconstitutionofourowninacooldeliberatemanner,whilewehaveitinourpower,thantotrustsuchaninterestingeventtotimeandchance.Ifweomititnow,someMassanello¹mayhereafterarise,wholayingholdofpopulardisquietudes,maycollecttogetherthedesperateandthediscontented,andbyassumingtothemselvesthepowersofgovernment,maysweepawaythelibertiesofthecontinentlikeadeluge.ShouldthegovernmentofAmericareturnagainintothehandsofBritain,thetotteringsituationofthings,willbeatemptationforsomedesperateadventurertotryhisfortune;andinsuchacase,whatreliefcanBritaingive?Ereshecouldhearthenews,thefatalbusinessmightbedone;andourselvessufferinglikethewretchedBritonsundertheoppressionoftheConqueror.Yethatopposeindependancenow,yeknownotwhatyedo;yeareopeningadoortoeternaltyranny,bykeepingvacanttheseatofgovernment.Therearethousands,andtensofthousands,whowouldthinkitglorioustoexpelfromthecontinent,thatbarbarousandhellishpower,whichhathstirreduptheIndiansandNegroestodestroyus,thecrueltyhathadoubleguilt,itisdealingbrutallybyus,andtreacherouslybythem.我们拥有自己的政府是我们的自然权利:当一个人认真反思人类事务的不确定性时,他会意识到,以冷静和审慎的态度,在我们有能力的时候制定一部宪法,比将如此重要的事件寄托给时间和偶然要明智和安全得多。如果我们现在不这样做,日后可能会出现某个马萨内洛¹式的人物,抓住民众的不满情绪,聚集起绝望和不满的人群,并通过夺取政府权力,像洪水一样摧毁大陆的自由。如果美洲的政府再次落入英国手中,动荡的局面将诱使某些冒险家尝试运气;在这种情况下,英国能提供什么帮助?在她听到消息之前,灾难可能已经发生;我们将像被征服者压迫的不幸的英国人一样遭受苦难。你们这些现在反对独立的人,不知道自己在做什么;你们正在空出政府的席位,从而为永恒的暴政打开大门。有成千上万的人会认为驱逐那个从印度人和黑人那里煽动我们对抗的野蛮而地狱般的势力是光荣的,这种残酷行为有双重罪责,因为它对我们施以残暴,对他们是背信弃义。¹ThomasAnello,otherwiseMassanello,afishermanofNaples,whoafterspiritinguphiscountrymeninthepublicmarketplace,againsttheoppressionsoftheSpaniards,towhomtheplacewasthensubject,promptedthemtorevolt,andinthespaceofadaybecameking.¹那不勒斯渔民托马斯·安内洛,又名马萨内洛,他在公众市场煽动同胞反对当时统治他们的西班牙人压迫者,促使他们起义,并在一天之内成为了国王。Totalkoffriendshipwiththoseinwhomourreasonforbidsustohavefaith,andouraffectionswoundedthroughathousandporesinstructustodetest,ismadnessandfolly.Everydaywearsoutthelittleremainsofkindredbetweenusandthem,andcantherebeanyreasontohope,thatastherelationshipexpires,theaffectionwillincrease,orthatweshallagreebetter,whenwehavetentimesmoreandgreaterconcernstoquarreloverthanever?与那些我们理智上不允许信任、情感上因无数伤口而憎恨的人谈论友谊,是疯狂和愚蠢的。每一天都在削弱我们与他们之间那一点点亲属关系的残余,难道还有理由希望,随着这种关系的消失,我们的感情会增加,或者当我们有十倍于以往更多且更严重的问题需要争论时,我们会相处得更好吗?Yethattellusofharmonyandreconciliation,canyerestoretousthetimethatispast?Canyegivetoprostitutionitsformerinnocence?NeithercanyereconcileBritainandAmerica.Thelastcordnowisbroken,thepeopleofEnglandarepresentingaddressesagainstus.Thereareinjurieswhichnaturecannotforgive;shewouldceasetobenatureifshedid.Aswellcantheloverforgivetheravisherofhismistress,asthecontinentforgivethemurdersofBritain.TheAlmightyhathimplantedinustheseunextinguishablefeelingsforgoodandwisepurposes.Theyaretheguardiansofhisimageinourhearts.Theydistinguishusfromtheherdofcommonanimals.Thesocialcompactwoulddissolve,andjusticebeextirpatedtheearth,orhaveonlyacasualexistencewerewecalloustothetouchesofaffection.Therobber,andthemurderer,wouldoftenescapeunpunished,didnottheinjurieswhichourtemperssustain,provokeusintojustice.你们这些告诉我们和谐与和解的人,难道能为我们恢复过去的时间吗?你们能让卖淫恢复其昔日的纯洁吗?你们也无法调和英国和美国之间的关系。最后一根纽带现在也断了,英格兰的人民正在向我们呈递反对我们的请愿书。有些伤害是大自然无法原谅的;如果她原谅了,她就不再是大自然了。正如爱人无法原谅夺走他情人的强盗一样,大陆也无法原谅英国的杀戮行为。全能者在我们心中植入这些不可熄灭的情感,是为了善良和明智的目的。它们是我们心中神圣形象的守护者。它们使我们区别于普通的动物群体。如果我们对情感的触动无动于衷,社会契约将会瓦解,正义将在地球上消失,或者只能存在一时。如果我们的感情不受到伤害,强盗和凶手常常会逃脱惩罚。Oyethatlovemankind!Yethatdareoppose,notonlythetyranny,butthetyrant,standforth!Everyspotoftheoldworldisoverrunwithoppression.Freedomhathbeenhuntedroundtheglobe.Asia,andAfrica,havelongexpelledher—Europeregardsherlikeastranger,andEnglandhathgivenherwarningtodepart.O!receivethefugitive,andprepareintimeanasylumformankind.热爱人类的人们啊!敢于反抗,不仅是暴政,还有暴君的人们,站出来吧!旧世界的每一寸土地都被压迫所覆盖。自由在全世界被追逐。亚洲和非洲早已将她驱逐出境——欧洲视她为陌生人,而英国已经警告她离开。哦!接纳这位逃亡者,并及时为人类准备一个避难所。