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关于英国宪法的简要评论。Somewritershavesoconfoundedsocietywithgovernment,astoleavelittleornodistinctionbetweenthem;whereastheyarenotonlydifferent,buthavedifferentorigins.Societyisproducedbyourwants,andgovernmentbyourwickedness;theformerpromotesourhappinesspositivelybyunitingouraffections,thelatternegativelybyrestrainingourvices.Theoneencouragesintercourse,theothercreatesdistinctions.Thefirstapatron,thelastapunisher.有些作者将社会与政府混为一谈,几乎不区分两者;然而它们不仅不同,而且起源也不同。社会是由我们的需求产生的,而政府则是由我们的邪恶产生的;前者通过团结我们的感情,积极地促进我们的幸福,后者通过抑制我们的恶行,消极地发挥作用。前者鼓励交流,后者制造区别。前者是保护者,后者是惩罚者。Societyineverystateisablessing,butgovernmenteveninitsbeststateisbutanecessaryevil;initsworststateanintolerableone;forwhenwesuffer,orareexposedtothesamemiseriesbyagovernment,whichwemightexpectinacountrywithoutgovernment,ourcalamityisheightenedbyreflectingthatwefurnishthemeansbywhichwesuffer.Government,likedress,isthebadgeoflostinnocence;thepalacesofkingsarebuiltontheruinsofthebowersofparadise.Forweretheimpulsesofconscienceclear,uniform,andirresistiblyobeyed,manwouldneednootherlawgiver;butthatnotbeingthecase,hefindsitnecessarytosurrenderupapartofhispropertytofurnishmeansfortheprotectionoftherest;andthisheisinducedtodobythesameprudencewhichineveryothercaseadviseshimoutoftwoevilstochoosetheleast.Wherefore,securitybeingthetruedesignandendofgovernment,itunanswerablyfollowsthatwhateverformthereofappearsmostlikelytoensureittous,withtheleastexpenceandgreatestbenefit,ispreferabletoallothers.社会处于每一种状态都是一个祝福,但是政府即使处于最好的状态也只是一个必要的邪恶;在最坏的状态下则是难以忍受的。因为当我们遭受苦难,或者面临相同的不幸由政府引起,就像我们可能预期在一个没有政府的国家所经历的那样,我们的不幸因反思我们自己提供了导致这种苦难的手段而加剧了。政府,如同服装,是失去纯真的标志;国王的宫殿建在天堂凉亭的废墟之上。因为如果良心的冲动清晰、一致,并且不可抗拒地被服从,人类就不需要其他的立法者;但既然事实并非如此,他发现有必要放弃一部分财产来提供保护其余财产的手段;他这样做是出于同样的谨慎,在其他情况下,这种谨慎会建议他在两种恶之间选择较小的一种。因此,安全是政府真正的目的和宗旨,无可辩驳的是,无论何种形式的政府最有可能为我们提供安全保障,同时花费最少且收益最大,就是优于所有其他形式的。Inordertogainaclearandjustideaofthedesignandendofgovernment,letussupposeasmallnumberofpersonssettledinsomesequesteredpartoftheearth,unconnectedwiththerest,theywillthenrepresentthefirstpeoplingofanycountry,oroftheworld.Inthisstateofnaturalliberty,societywillbetheirfirstthought.Athousandmotiveswillexcitethemthereto,thestrengthofonemanissounequaltohiswants,andhismindsounfittedforperpetualsolitude,thatheissoonobligedtoseekassistanceandreliefofanother,whoinhisturnrequiresthesame.Fourorfiveunitedwouldbeabletoraiseatolerabledwellinginthemidstofawilderness,butonemanmightlabouroutofthecommonperiodoflifewithoutaccomplishinganything;whenhehadfelledhistimberhecouldnotremoveit,norerectitafteritwasremoved;hungerinthemeantimewouldurgehimfromhiswork,andeverydifferentwantcallhimadifferentway.Disease,nayevenmisfortunewouldbedeath,forthoughneithermightbemortal,yeteitherwoulddisablehimfromliving,andreducehimtoastateinwhichhemightratherbesaidtoperishthantodie.为了清晰且公正地理解政府的设计和目的,让我们设想一小群人定居在某个偏僻的地方,与外界隔绝。他们将代表任何一个国家或世界的最初居民。在这种自然自由的状态下,社会将是他们的首要考虑。成千上万的动机将会促使他们这样做,一个人的力量不足以满足他的需求,他的心灵也不适合永久的孤独,因此他很快就会寻求另一个人的帮助和支持,而后者同样需要这种帮助。四个人或五个人联合起来可以在荒野中建造一座尚可居住的房屋,但一个人可能在一生的普通劳动期间都无法完成任何事情;当他砍倒树木后,无法将其移走,也无法在移走后搭建起来;与此同时,饥饿会迫使他离开工作,而不同的需求又会把他引向不同的方向。疾病,甚至是不幸,都可能是致命的,因为尽管两者都不一定是致命的,但任一情况都会使他无法生存,并使他陷入一种更像毁灭而非死亡的状态。Thusnecessity,likeagravitatingpower,wouldsoonformournewlyarrivedemigrantsintosociety,thereciprocalblessingsofwhich,wouldsupersede,andrendertheobligationsoflawandgovernmentunnecessarywhiletheyremainedperfectlyjusttoeachother;butasnothingbutheavenisimpregnabletovice,itwillunavoidablyhappen,thatinproportionastheysurmountthefirstdifficultiesofemigration,whichboundthemtogetherinacommoncause,theywillbegintorelaxintheirdutyandattachmenttoeachother;andthisremissness,willpointoutthenecessity,ofestablishingsomeformofgovernmenttosupplythedefectofmoralvirtue.因此,这种必要性就像一种引力,很快会将我们的新移民组织成一个社会,这个社会的相互福祉,将在他们彼此完全公正时取代法律和政府的义务。然而,既然没有任何东西能抵御邪恶,无可避免的是,随着他们克服移民初期的困难(这些困难使他们团结在一个共同的事业中),他们会开始放松对彼此的责任和依附;而这种松懈将指明建立某种形式的政府以弥补道德美德缺陷的必要性。SomeconvenienttreewillaffordthemaState-House,underthebranchesofwhich,thewholecolonymayassembletodeliberateonpublicmatters.ItismorethanprobablethattheirfirstlawswillhavethetitleonlyofRegulations,andbeenforcedbynootherpenaltythanpublicdisesteem.Inthisfirstparliamenteveryman,bynaturalright,willhaveaseat.一些便利的树会为他们提供一座“议会大厦”,整个殖民地可以在其枝叶下集会商讨公共事务。很有可能他们的第一部法律仅仅会被称为规章,并且不以任何其他惩罚来执行,而仅仅是公众的轻蔑。在这第一次议会中,每个男人自然都有权占据一个席位。Butasthecolonyincreases,thepublicconcernswillincreaselikewise,andthedistanceatwhichthemembersmaybeseparated,willrenderittooinconvenientforallofthemtomeetoneveryoccasionasatfirst,whentheirnumberwassmall,theirhabitationsnear,andthepublicconcernsfewandtrifling.Thiswillpointouttheconvenienceoftheirconsentingtoleavethelegislativeparttobemanagedbyaselectnumberchosenfromthewholebody,whoaresupposedtohavethesameconcernsatstakewhichthosewhoappointedthem,andwhowillactinthesamemannerasthewholebodywouldactweretheypresent.Ifthecolonycontinueincreasing,itwillbecomenecessarytoaugmentthenumberoftherepresentatives,andthattheinterestofeverypartofthecolonymaybeattendedto,itwillbefoundbesttodividethewholeintoconvenientparts,eachpartsendingitspropernumber;andthattheelectedmightneverformtothemselvesaninterestseparatefromtheelectors,prudencewillpointouttheproprietyofhavingelectionsoften;becauseastheelectedmightbythatmeansreturnandmixagainwiththegeneralbodyoftheelectorsinafewmonths,theirfidelitytothepublicwillbesecuredbytheprudentreflexionofnotmakingarodforthemselves.Andasthisfrequentinterchangewillestablishacommoninterestwitheverypartofthecommunity,theywillmutuallyandnaturallysupporteachother,andonthis(notontheunmeaningnameofking)dependsthestrengthofgovernment,andthehappinessofthegoverned.但是,随着殖民地的发展,公共事务也会相应增加,成员之间的距离会变得太远,以至于不再方便像最初人数少、住得近、公共事务简单琐碎时那样随时聚集在一起。这将表明他们同意将立法部分交由从全体中选出的一部分人来管理是有好处的,这些人被认为与任命他们的那些人有相同的利益考量,并且他们会以全体在场时同样的方式行事。如果殖民地继续扩大,代表的数量也需要增加,为了让每个部分的利益都能得到关注,最好将其划分为若干个方便的部分,每个部分派出适当数量的代表;并且为了防止“当选者”形成独立于“选民”的利益,“明智”会指出定期举行选举的必要性;因为这样可以让“当选者”在几个月后重新与“选民”群体混合,从而通过审慎的反思确保对公众的忠诚,不自食其果。而且,这种频繁的人员更替将建立社区每个部分的共同利益,他们将会相互支持,自然而然地团结一致,政府的力量以及被治理者的幸福并不依赖于无意义的“国王”头衔,而是依赖于此(而非无意义的国王名号)。Herethenistheoriginandriseofgovernment;namely,amoderenderednecessarybytheinabilityofmoralvirtuetogoverntheworld;heretooisthedesignandendofgovernment,viz.freedomandsecurity.Andhoweveroureyesmaybedazzledwithshow,orourearsdeceivedbysound;howeverprejudicemaywarpourwills,orinterestdarkenourunderstanding,thesimplevoiceofnatureandofreasonwillsay,itisright.政府的起源及其兴起就在于道德美德不足以治理世界,因此需要一种治理方式;政府的设计和目的是自由与安全。无论我们的双眼如何被表面现象所迷惑,我们的耳朵如何被声音所欺骗;无论偏见如何扭曲我们的意志,利益如何蒙蔽我们的理解力,自然和理性的简单呼声都会说,这是正确的。Idrawmyideaoftheformofgovernmentfromaprincipleinnature,whichnoartcanoverturn,viz.thatthemoresimpleanythingis,thelessliableitistobedisordered;andtheeasierrepairedwhendisordered;andwiththismaximinview,IofferafewremarksonthesomuchboastedconstitutionofEngland.Thatitwasnobleforthedarkandslavishtimesinwhichitwaserected,isgranted.Whentheworldwasoverrunwithtyrannytheleastremovetherefromwasagloriousrescue.Butthatitisimperfect,subjecttoconvulsions,andincapableofproducingwhatitseemstopromise,iseasilydemonstrated.我从自然的一个原则中得出我的政府形式的想法,这个原则是任何艺术都无法推翻的,即越简单的东西越不容易陷入混乱;并且在混乱后也更容易修复;基于这一原则,我将对如此吹嘘的英国宪法提出一些看法。它在建立于黑暗和奴役的时代时确实是崇高的,这一点是可以承认的。当世界被暴政所笼罩时,哪怕是最小的摆脱暴政之举也是光荣的拯救。但是,它不完美,容易引发动荡,并且无法实现其看似承诺的一切,这一点很容易证明。Absolutegovernments(tho’thedisgraceofhumannature)havethisadvantagewiththem,thattheyaresimple;ifthepeoplesuffer,theyknowtheheadfromwhichtheirsufferingsprings,knowlikewisetheremedy,andarenotbewilderedbyavarietyofcausesandcures.ButtheconstitutionofEnglandissoexceedinglycomplex,thatthenationmaysufferforyearstogetherwithoutbeingabletodiscoverinwhichpartthefaultlies,somewillsayinoneandsomeinanother,andeverypoliticalphysicianwilladviseadifferentmedicine.绝对政府(尽管是人类社会的耻辱)有一个优势,那就是它们非常简单;如果人民遭受苦难,他们能知道苦难来自哪个源头,也知道解决的办法,并不会被各种原因和解决方案弄得困惑。但是英国的宪法极其复杂,以至于国家可能会持续多年遭受痛苦却无法找出问题出在哪里,有人会说是一个部分的问题,有人说是另一个部分的问题,每个政治医生都会建议不同的药方。Iknowitisdifficulttogetoverlocalorlongstandingprejudices,yetifwewillsufferourselvestoexaminethecomponentpartsoftheEnglishconstitution,weshallfindthemtobethebaseremainsoftwoancienttyrannies,compoundedwithsomenewrepublicanmaterials.我知道克服地方性或长期存在的偏见是困难的,然而,如果我们让自己去审视一下英国宪法的组成部分,我们会发现它们是由两种古代暴政的残余,掺杂一些新的共和制材料构成的。First.—Theremainsofmonarchicaltyrannyinthepersonoftheking.首先。—以国王个人形式存在的君主暴政残余。Secondly.—Theremainsofaristocraticaltyrannyinthepersonsofthepeers.其次。—贵族残余的暴政体现在贵族院的议员身上。Thirdly.—Thenewrepublicanmaterials,inthepersonsofthecommons,onwhosevirtuedependsthefreedomofEngland.第三点。——新人共和派的成分,即平民,其品德维系着英格兰的自由。Thetwofirst,bybeinghereditary,areindependentofthepeople;whereforeinaconstitutionalsensetheycontributenothingtowardsthefreedomofthestate.这两个首先是世袭的,因此不依赖于人民;因此,在宪制意义上,它们对国家的自由没有贡献。TosaythattheconstitutionofEnglandisaunionofthreepowersreciprocallycheckingeachother,isfarcical,eitherthewordshavenomeaning,ortheyareflatcontradictions.说英国宪法是三种权力相互制衡的联合体,这简直就是在开玩笑——要么这些话毫无意义,要么它们就是自相矛盾的。Tosaythatthecommonsisacheckupontheking,presupposestwothings:说公地是对国王的一种约束,这预设了两件事:First.—Thatthekingisnottobetrustedwithoutbeinglookedafter,orinotherwords,thatathirstforabsolutepoweristhenaturaldiseaseofmonarchy.首先。——不经监督便不可信任国王,换句话说,即获取绝对权力的欲望是君主制度的天然弊端。Secondly.—Thatthecommons,bybeingappointedforthatpurpose,areeitherwiserormoreworthyofconfidencethanthecrown.其次。——而且下议院因其被指定为此目的,要么比王室更明智,要么比王室更值得信赖。Butasthesameconstitutionwhichgivesthecommonsapowertocheckthekingbywithholdingthesupplies,givesafterwardsthekingapowertocheckthecommons,byempoweringhimtorejecttheirotherbills;itagainsupposesthatthekingiswiserthanthosewhomithasalreadysupposedtobewiserthanhim.Amereabsurdity!但是,既然同一部宪法赋予平民院通过扣留拨款来牵制国王的权力,随后又赋予国王通过否决平民院的其他议案来牵制平民院的权力;这又假定国王比之前被认为比他更聪明的人还要聪明。简直是荒谬!Thereissomethingexceedinglyridiculousinthecompositionofmonarchy;itfirstexcludesamanfromthemeansofinformation,yetempowershimtoactincaseswherethehighestjudgmentisrequired.Thestateofakingshutshimfromtheworld,yetthebusinessofakingrequireshimtoknowitthoroughly;whereforethedifferentparts,byunnaturallyopposinganddestroyingeachother,provethewholecharactertobeabsurdanduseless.君主制的构成中有某种非常荒谬的东西;它首先排除了一个男人获取信息的途径,却又赋予他处理最高判断力所要求事项的权力。国王的状态使他远离世界,然而国王的工作却需要他对世界有透彻的了解;因此,组成君主制的不同部分通过不自然地相互对抗和破坏,证明了整个制度是荒诞无用的。SomewritershaveexplainedtheEnglishconstitutionthus;theking,saythey,isone,thepeopleanother;thepeersareanhouseinbehalfoftheking;thecommonsinbehalfofthepeople;butthishathallthedistinctionsofahousedividedagainstitself;andthoughtheexpressionsbepleasantlyarranged,yetwhenexaminedtheyappearidleandambiguous;anditwillalwayshappen,thatthenicestconstructionthatwordsarecapableof,whenappliedtothedescriptionofsomethingwhicheithercannotexist,oristooincomprehensibletobewithinthecompassofdescription,willbewordsofsoundonly,andthoughtheymayamusetheear,theycannotinformthemind,forthisexplanationincludesapreviousquestion,viz.Howcamethekingbyapowerwhichthepeopleareafraidtotrust,andalwaysobligedtocheck?Suchapowercouldnotbethegiftofawisepeople,neithercananypower,whichneedschecking,befromGod;yettheprovision,whichtheconstitutionmakes,supposessuchapowertoexist.一些作家曾这样解释英国宪法:国王是一个,人民是另一个;贵族院代表国王;平民院代表人民;但这就好比一个内部四分五裂的家;尽管这些措辞安排得看似巧妙,但仔细推敲就会发现它们空洞且模棱两可。总会发生这样的情况,当试图用最细致的语言来描述某种实际上不存在的事物,或者太过复杂而无法被描述清楚的事物时,这些语言就只是空洞的声音而已,虽然可能悦耳,却无法启迪心智。因为这种解释包含了这样一个前提问题:即国王是如何获得一种连人民都害怕信任并总是需要制约的力量呢?这样的力量不可能是明智的人民所赋予的,任何需要制约的力量也不可能来自上帝;然而,宪法所作的安排却假定这种力量是存在的。Buttheprovisionisunequaltothetask;themeanseithercannotorwillnotaccomplishtheend,andthewholeaffairisafelodese;forasthegreaterweightwillalwayscarryuptheless,andasallthewheelsofamachineareputinmotionbyone,itonlyremainstoknowwhichpowerintheconstitutionhasthemostweight,forthatwillgovern;andthoughtheothers,orapartofthem,mayclog,or,asthephraseis,checktherapidityofitsmotion,yetsolongastheycannotstopit,theirendeavorswillbeineffectual;thefirstmovingpowerwillatlasthaveitsway,andwhatitwantsinspeedissuppliedbytime.但是这个规定无法完成任务;手段要么不能要么不愿意达成目标,整个事情是自毁的行为;因为较重的物体会总是带动较轻的,而且机器的所有轮子都由一个推动而运转,只需要知道宪法中哪个权力最有分量,因为这将决定一切;尽管其他权力,或者部分权力,可能会阻碍,或者像俗话所说,减缓其运动速度,但只要它们无法完全阻止它,它们的努力将是徒劳的;第一个推动力最终会实现其目标,它在速度上的不足将由时间来弥补。ThatthecrownisthisoverbearingpartintheEnglishconstitutionneedsnotbementioned,andthatitderivesitswholeconsequencemerelyfrombeingthegiverofplacesandpensionsisself-evident,wherefore,thoughwehavebeenwiseenoughtoshutandlockadooragainstabsolutemonarchy,weatthesametimehavebeenfoolishenoughtoputthecrowninpossessionofthekey.不言而喻,王权是英国宪法中至高无上的部分,而且它之所以具有全部影响力完全是因为它掌握着官职和养老金的分配大权。因此,尽管我们足够明智,已经关闭并锁上了绝对君主制的大门,但我们又愚蠢地将钥匙交到了王权手中。TheprejudiceofEnglishmen,infavouroftheirowngovernmentbyking,lordsandcommons,arisesasmuchormorefromnationalpridethanreason.IndividualsareundoubtedlysaferinEnglandthaninsomeothercountries,butthewillofthekingisasmuchthelawofthelandinBritainasinFrance,withthisdifference,thatinsteadofproceedingdirectlyfromhismouth,itishandedtothepeopleunderthemoreformidableshapeofanactofparliament.ForthefateofCharlesthefirst,hathonlymadekingsmoresubtle—notmorejust.英国人对君主制政府的偏爱更多是源于民族自豪感而非理性。毫无疑问,个人在英国比在其他国家更安全,但英王的意志在英国就如同在法国一样,都是国家的法律,唯一的区别是它不是直接出自国王之口,而是以更为严峻的形式——议会法案的形式传达给人民。查理一世的命运只是让国王变得更加狡猾,并未变得更公正。Wherefore,layingasideallnationalprideandprejudiceinfavourofmodesandforms,theplaintruthis,thatitiswhollyowingtotheconstitutionofthepeople,andnottotheconstitutionofthegovernmentthatthecrownisnotasoppressiveinEnglandasinTurkey.因此,抛开所有基于模式和形式的民族自豪感和偏见,显而易见的事实是,英王权势不如土耳其那么压迫人民,完全是由于人民的素质,而不是政府体制使然。AninquiryintotheconstitutionalerrorsintheEnglishformofgovernmentisatthistimehighlynecessary,forasweareneverinaproperconditionofdoingjusticetoothers,whilewecontinueundertheinfluenceofsomeleadingpartiality,soneitherarewecapableofdoingittoourselveswhileweremainfetteredbyanyobstinateprejudice.Andasaman,whoisattachedtoaprostitute,isunfittedtochooseorjudgeofawife,soanyprepossessioninfavourofarottenconstitutionofgovernmentwilldisableusfromdiscerningagoodone.对英国政体中“宪法错误”的探究现在是非常必要的,因为我们如果一直受某种偏见的影响,就无法公正地对待他人,同样,如果我们被某种顽固的偏见束缚,也无法公正地对待自己。正如一个沉迷于妓女的男人,不适合选择或判断一位妻子一样,任何对腐朽政体的偏爱都会使我们无法辨别一个好的政体。