常识

论君主制和世袭制度

人类在造物秩序中原本是平等的,这种平等只能被后来的一些情况所破坏;贫富的差异在很大程度上是可以解释的,并且无需诉诸压迫和贪婪这些听起来刺耳的名称。压迫往往是结果,很少或者几乎从来都不是财富的手段;尽管贪婪会使人免于贫困,但它通常会使一个人过于胆怯而无法变得富有。Butthereisanotherandgreaterdistinctionforwhichnotrulynaturalorreligiousreasoncanbeassigned,andthatis,thedistinctionofmenintokingsandsubjects.Maleandfemalearethedistinctionsofnature,goodandbadthedistinctionsofheaven;buthowaraceofmencameintotheworldsoexaltedabovetherest,anddistinguishedlikesomenewspecies,isworthenquiringinto,andwhethertheyarethemeansofhappinessorofmiserytomankind.但是,还有一个更大的区别,无法找到真正自然或宗教上的理由来解释,那就是人类被区分为国王和臣民。男性和女性是自然的区别,善与恶是天堂的区别;但是,一个种族的人类如何超越其他种族而来到这个世界,并像一个新的物种一样被区分出来,值得深入研究,还要研究他们是给人类带来幸福还是痛苦。Intheearlyagesoftheworld,accordingtothescripturechronology,therewerenokings;theconsequenceofwhichwastherewerenowars;itistheprideofkingswhichthrowmankindintoconfusion.HollandwithoutakinghathenjoyedmorepeaceforthislastcenturythananyofthemonarchialgovernmentsinEurope.Antiquityfavorsthesameremark;forthequietandrurallivesofthefirstpatriarchshathahappysomethinginthem,whichvanishesawaywhenwecometothehistoryofJewishroyalty.根据圣经年代学,在世界早期是没有国王的;其结果是那时没有战争。国王的傲慢使得人类陷入混乱。没有国王的荷兰在这一世纪所享受的和平比欧洲任何君主制政府都要多。古代的记载也支持同样的观点;因为第一位族长们安静而田园般的生活有着某种令人愉快的东西,当我们转向犹太王室的历史时,这种东西就消失了。GovernmentbykingswasfirstintroducedintotheworldbytheHeathens,fromwhomthechildrenofIsraelcopiedthecustom.ItwasthemostprosperousinventiontheDevileversetonfootforthepromotionofidolatry.TheHeathenspaiddivinehonorstotheirdeceasedkings,andthechristianworldhathimprovedontheplanbydoingthesametotheirlivingones.Howimpiousisthetitleofsacredmajestyappliedtoaworm,whointhemidstofhissplendoriscrumblingintodust!国王统治世界的制度最初是由异教徒引入的,以色列人的子女从他们那里模仿了这种习俗。这是魔鬼为了促进偶像崇拜所设计的最繁荣的发明。异教徒向已故的国王献上神圣的荣誉,而基督教世界则改进了这一计划,向他们的在世国王也献上同样的荣誉。将神圣的尊贵称号应用于一个蠕虫般的存在是多么不敬,在他的辉煌之中,他正化为尘土!Astheexaltingonemansogreatlyabovetherestcannotbejustifiedontheequalrightsofnature,soneithercanitbedefendedontheauthorityofscripture;forthewilloftheAlmighty,asdeclaredbyGideonandtheprophetSamuel,expresslydisapprovesofgovernmentbykings.Allanti-monarchicalpartsofscripturehavebeenverysmoothlyglossedoverinmonarchicalgovernments,buttheyundoubtedlymerittheattentionofcountrieswhichhavetheirgovernmentsyettoform.“RenderuntoCæsarthethingswhichareCæsar’s”isthescripturedoctrineofcourts,yetitisnosupportofmonarchicalgovernment,fortheJewsatthattimewerewithoutaking,andinastateofvassalagetotheRomans.将一个人如此高高置于众人之上,在自然权利的平等原则上无法得到辩护,同样,在圣经的权威上也无法为其辩护;因为全能者的旨意,正如基甸和先知撒母耳所宣告的那样,明确反对由国王统治。所有反君主制的圣经章节在君主制政府中都被非常圆滑地解释过去了,但在那些尚未形成自己政府的国家,这些章节无疑值得重视。“把属于凯撒的东西归还给凯撒”是法庭的圣经教义,但这并不是君主制政府的支持,因为当时犹太人没有国王,处于罗马人的臣属状态。NearthreethousandyearspassedawayfromtheMosaicaccountofthecreation,tilltheJewsunderanationaldelusionrequestedaking.Tillthentheirformofgovernment(exceptinextraordinarycases,wheretheAlmightyinterposed)wasakindofrepublicadministredbyajudgeandtheeldersofthetribes.Kingstheyhadnone,anditwasheldsinfultoacknowledgeanybeingunderthattitlebuttheLordofHosts.AndwhenamanseriouslyreflectsontheidolatroushomagewhichispaidtothepersonsofKings,heneednotwonder,thattheAlmightyeverjealousofhishonor,shoulddisapproveofaformofgovernmentwhichsoimpiouslyinvadestheprerogativeofheaven.从摩西创世记的记载到犹太人陷入民族幻觉并请求拥有一位国王,大约过去了三千年。在此之前的犹太人的政府形式(除了一些特殊情况下全能者介入的情况外)是一种由法官和部落长老管理的共和制。他们从未拥有过国王,认为承认任何其他被冠以“国王”称号的存在都是有罪的,除了万军之主。当一个人认真思考人们向国王个人所献上的偶像崇拜时,他就不难理解,那位永远警惕维护自己荣誉的全能者为何不赞成这种如此亵渎神权的形式的政府。MonarchyisrankedinscriptureasoneofthesinsoftheJews,forwhichacurseinreserveisdenouncedagainstthem.Thehistoryofthattransactionisworthattendingto.君主制在圣经中被列为犹太人的罪恶之一,因此针对他们的保留诅咒也被公开谴责。这一事件的历史值得我们去关注。ThechildrenofIsraelbeingoppressedbytheMidianites,Gideonmarchedagainstthemwithasmallarmy,andvictory,thro’thedivineinterposition,decidedinhisfavour.TheJewselatewithsuccess,andattributingittothegeneralshipofGideon,proposedmakinghimaking,saying,Rulethouoverus,thouandthysonandthyson’sson.Herewastemptationinitsfullestextent;notakingdomonly,butanhereditaryone,butGideoninthepietyofhissoulreplied,Iwillnotruleoveryou,neithershallmysonruleoveryou.TheLordshallruleoveryou.Wordsneednotbemoreexplicit;Gideondothnotdeclinethehonor,butdenieththeirrighttogiveit;neitherdothhecomplimentthemwithinventeddeclarationsofhisthanks,butinthepositivestileofaprophetchargesthemwithdisaffectiontotheirproperSovereign,theKingofheaven.以色列人被米甸人压迫,基甸率领一小支军队向他们进军,由于神的干预,胜利决定性地偏向了他一边。犹太人因成功而兴高采烈,并将此归功于基甸的指挥才能,于是提议让他做他们的王,说:你和你的儿子以及你的子孙后代来统治我们吧。这里诱惑达到了极致;不仅是做一个王国的君主,而且是世袭的王位,但基甸以他虔诚的灵魂回答道:我不会统治你们,我的儿子也不会统治你们。上帝会统治你们。言语无需更明确;基甸并没有拒绝这个荣誉,而是否认他们有给予的权力;他也没有用虚构的感谢之词来奉承他们,而是以先知的肯定语气指责他们对真正君主——天上的国王的不忠。Aboutonehundredandthirtyyearsafterthis,theyfellagainintothesameerror.ThehankeringwhichtheJewshadfortheidolatrouscustomsoftheHeathens,issomethingexceedinglyunaccountable;butsoitwas,thatlayingholdofthemisconductofSamuel’stwosons,whowereentrustedwithsomesecularconcerns,theycameinanabruptandclamorousmannertoSamuel,saying,Beholdthouartold,andthysonswalknotinthyways,nowmakeusakingtojudgeuslikeallothernations.Andherewecannotbutobservethattheirmotiveswerebad,viz.thattheymightbelikeuntoothernations,i.e.theHeathens,whereastheirtrueglorylaidinbeingasmuchunlikethemaspossible.ButthethingdispleasedSamuelwhentheysaid,Giveusakingtojudgeus;andSamuelprayeduntotheLord,andtheLordsaiduntoSamuel,Hearkenuntothevoiceofthepeopleinallthattheysayuntothee,fortheyhavenotrejectedthee,buttheyhaverejectedme,THATISHOULDNOTREIGNOVERTHEM.AccordingtoalltheworkswhichtheyhavedonesincethedaythatIbroughtthemupoutofEgypt,evenuntothisday;wherewiththeyhaveforsakenmeandservedotherGods;sodotheyalsountothee.Nowthereforehearkenuntotheirvoice,howbeit,protestsolemnlyuntothemandshewthemthemannerofthekingthatshallreignoverthem,i.e.notofanyparticularking,butthegeneralmannerofthekingsoftheearth,whomIsraelwassoeagerlycopyingafter.Andnotwithstandingthegreatdistanceoftimeanddifferenceofmanners,thecharacterisstillinfashion.AndSamueltoldallthewordsoftheLorduntothepeople,thataskedofhimaking.Andhesaid,Thisshallbethemannerofthekingthatshallreignoveryou;hewilltakeyoursonsandappointthemforhimself,forhischariots,andtobehishorsemen,andsomeshallrunbeforehischariots(thisdescriptionagreeswiththepresentmodeofimpressingmen)andhewillappointhimcaptainsoverthousandsandcaptainsoverfifties,andwillsetthemtoearhisgroundandtoreaphisharvest,andtomakehisinstrumentsofwar,andinstrumentsofhischariots;andhewilltakeyourdaughterstobeconfectionaries,andtobecooksandtobebakers(thisdescribestheexpenceandluxuryaswellastheoppressionofkings)andhewilltakeyourfieldsandyouroliveyards,eventhebestofthem,andgivethemtohisservants;andhewilltakethetenthofyourfeed,andofyourvineyards,andgivethemtohisofficersandtohisservants(bywhichweseethatbribery,corruptionandfavoritismarethestandingvicesofkings)andhewilltakethetenthofyourmenservants,andyourmaidservants,andyourgoodliestyoungmenandyourasses,andputthemtohiswork;andhewilltakethetenthofyoursheep,andyeshallbehisservants,andyeshallcryoutinthatdaybecauseofyourkingwhichyeshallhavechosen,andtheLordwillnothearyouinthatday.Thisaccountsforthecontinuationofmonarchy;neitherdothecharactersofthefewgoodkingswhichhavelivedsince,eithersanctifythetitle,orblotoutthesinfulnessoftheorigin;thehighencomiumgivenofDavidtakesnonoticeofhimofficiallyasaking,butonlyasamanafterGod’sownheart.NeverthelessthePeoplerefusedtoobeythevoiceofSamuel,andtheysaid,Nay,butwewillhaveakingoverus,thatwemaybelikeallthenations,andthatourkingmayjudgeus,andgooutbeforeus,andfightourbattles.Samuelcontinuedtoreasonwiththem,buttonopurpose;hesetbeforethemtheiringratitude,butallwouldnotavail;andseeingthemfullybentontheirfolly,hecriedout,IwillcalluntotheLord,andheshallsendthunderandrain(whichthenwasapunishment,beinginthetimeofwheatharvest)thatyemayperceiveandseethatyourwickednessisgreatwhichyehavedoneinthesightoftheLord,inaskingyouaking.SoSamuelcalleduntotheLord,andtheLordsentthunderandrainthatday,andallthepeoplegreatlyfearedtheLordandSamuel.AndallthepeoplesaiduntoSamuel,PrayforthyservantsuntotheLordthyGodthatwedienot,forwehaveaddeduntooursinsthisevil,toaskaking.Theseportionsofscripturearedirectandpositive.Theyadmitofnoequivocalconstruction.ThattheAlmightyhathhereenteredhisprotestagainstmonarchicalgovernmentistrue,orthescriptureisfalse.Andamanhathgoodreasontobelievethatthereisasmuchofking-craft,aspriest-craft,inwithholdingthescripturefromthepublicinPopishcountries.FormonarchyineveryinstanceisthePoperyofgovernment.大约一百三十年之后,他们又陷入了同样的错误。犹太人对异教徒习俗的渴望是极其难以解释的;但他们确实这样做了,抓住撒母耳两个儿子的行为不当(他们负责一些世俗事务)的机会,以一种突然且喧闹的方式来到撒母耳面前,说:「看哪,你年纪老迈了,你的儿子们不走你的道路,现在求你给我们立一个王治理我们,像其他列国一样。」在这里我们不能不注意到他们的动机是不良的,即他们想与别的国家「相似」,也就是与异教徒相似,而他们的真正荣耀在于尽可能地「不像」他们。但是这件事使撒母耳感到不悦,当他听到他们说『给我们立一个王来治理我们』的时候,撒母耳向耶和华祷告,耶和华对撒母耳说:『要听从百姓的一切话,因为他们不是厌弃你,而是厌弃我,不要让我作他们的王。自从我领他们出埃及以来,他们就一直这样对待我,离弃我,去事奉别的神。所以现在你要听从他们的声音,不过你要郑重地警告他们,并告诉他们将来统治他们的王的方式,也就是说,不是某一位特定的王,而是所有地上君王的一般方式,以色列人就是如此热切地模仿着这些君王。尽管时间久远,习俗不同,这种特性至今依然流行。于是撒母耳把耶和华的话都告诉了要求他立王的百姓。他说:『这位王治理你们的方式将是这样的:他会带走你们的儿子,任命他们为自己使用,有的做他的战车兵,有的做他的骑兵,有些则要在他的战车前奔跑(这个描述与目前征召人力的方式相符),他会指派千夫长和五十夫长,让他们耕种他的田地,收割他的庄稼,制造他的武器和战车所需的器具;他会带走你们的女儿,让她们成为调香师、厨师和面包师(这描述了国王的奢华和压迫),他会拿走你们的田地、葡萄园,甚至是最好的那些,给他的仆人;他会拿走你们收成的十分之一,以及你们葡萄园的果实,分给他的官员和他的仆人(由此我们可以看到贿赂、腐败和偏袒是君王一贯的恶习);他会拿走你们的奴仆、婢女、最俊美的年轻人和你们的驴,用来服侍他;他会拿走你们羊群的十分之一,而你们将成为他的奴仆,在那一天,当你们所选的王使你们受苦时,你们会呼喊,而耶和华在那一天也不会听你们的呼声。』这就解释了君主制的延续;即使自那以后出现了少数几位好国王,也不能为君主制的起源辩护,或者抹去其罪恶的本质;对大卫的极高评价并未提到他「作为君王」的身份,而是仅仅称他为「上帝心中所爱的人」。然而,百姓拒绝听从撒母耳的话,他们说:「不,但我们还是要有一位王治理我们,使我们像其他列国一样,让我们的王审判我们,带领我们出征,为我们打仗。」撒母耳继续劝诫他们,但毫无效果;他向他们指出他们的忘恩负义,但这都无济于事;看到他们固执于自己的愚蠢,他大声喊道:「我要呼唤耶和华,祂会让雷雨降下(当时正值麦收季节,这是惩罚),你们就能明白并看到你们的邪恶是多么大,在耶和华面前是多么严重,因你们要求立王。」于是撒母耳呼唤耶和华,耶和华当天就降下了雷雨,所有的百姓都非常敬畏耶和华和撒母耳。所有的百姓对撒母耳说:「请为我们这些仆人向耶和华你的神祈祷,免得我们灭亡,因为我们又犯了这个罪恶,就是要求立王。」这些经文是直接且明确的,不容有歧义的解释。若万能的上帝在这里表达了他对君主制的抗议,那就是真的,否则圣经就是假的。而且一个人有充分的理由相信,在天主教国家中隐藏圣经,就像君王术一样,也掺杂着祭司术。因为在每一个实例中,君主制都是政府中的天主教。Totheevilofmonarchywehaveaddedthatofhereditarysuccession;andasthefirstisadegradationandlesseningofourselves,sothesecond,claimedasamatterofright,isaninsultandanimpositiononposterity.Forallmenbeingoriginallyequals,noonebybirthcouldhavearighttosetuphisownfamilyinperpetualpreferencetoallothersforever,andthoughhimselfmightdeservesomedecentdegreeofhonorsofhiscotemporaries,yethisdescendantsmightbefartoounworthytoinheritthem.Oneofthestrongestnaturalproofsofthefollyofhereditaryrightinkings,is,thatnaturedisapprovesit,otherwiseshewouldnotsofrequentlyturnitintoridiculebygivingmankindanassforalion.我们不仅增加了对君主制的邪恶,还增加了世袭制度的邪恶;而前者是对我们自身的贬低,后者声称是权利,是对后代的侮辱和压迫。因为所有人原本都是平等的,没有人能够凭借出身就有权永远将自己的家族置于所有其他家族之上,尽管他自己可能值得同时代人给予一定的荣誉,但他的后代却可能远远不配继承这些荣誉。最有力证明国王世袭权利荒谬性的自然证据之一是,自然本身也反对这种权利,否则她就不会如此频繁地通过给人类一个“驴子冒充狮子”来嘲笑这种现象。Secondly,asnomanatfirstcouldpossessanyotherpublichonorsthanwerebestoweduponhim,sothegiversofthosehonorscouldhavenopowertogiveawaytherightofposterity,andthoughtheymightsay“Wechooseyouforourhead,”theycouldnot,withoutmanifestinjusticetotheirchildren,say“thatyourchildrenandyourchildren’schildrenshallreignoveroursforever.”Becausesuchanunwise,unjust,unnaturalcompactmight(perhaps)inthenextsuccessionputthemunderthegovernmentofarogueorafool.Mostwisemen,intheirprivatesentiments,haveevertreatedhereditaryrightwithcontempt;yetitisoneofthoseevils,whichwhenonceestablishedisnoteasilyremoved;manysubmitfromfear,othersfromsuperstition,andthemorepowerfulpartshareswiththekingtheplunderoftherest.第二,由于最初没有人能拥有其他公共荣誉,除非是由他人授予,所以那些授予荣誉的人也没有权力剥夺后代的权利。虽然他们可能会说“我们选择你做我们的领袖”,但他们不能,不经过明显不公正地对待他们的孩子,就说“你的子孙后代将永远统治我们的子孙后代。”因为这样一个不明智、不公正、不自然的契约(也许)在下一代就可能让他们处于一个无赖或傻瓜的统治之下。大多数明智的人,在他们个人的看法中,一直对世袭权利持轻蔑态度;然而,这是一种一旦确立就难以消除的弊端;许多人出于恐惧而顺从,另一些人出于迷信,更有权势的一部分人则与国王一起掠夺其他人。Thisissupposingthepresentraceofkingsintheworldtohavehadanhonorableorigin;whereasitismorethanprobable,thatcouldwetakeoffthedarkcoveringofantiquity,andtracethemtotheirfirstrise,thatweshouldfindthefirstofthemnothingbetterthantheprincipalruffianofsomerestlessgang,whosesavagemannersorpre-eminenceinsubtilityobtainedhimthetitleofchiefamongplunderers;andwhobyincreasinginpower,andextendinghisdepredations,over-awedthequietanddefencelesstopurchasetheirsafetybyfrequentcontributions.Yethiselectorscouldhavenoideaofgivinghereditaryrighttohisdescendants,becausesuchaperpetualexclusionofthemselveswasincompatiblewiththefreeandunrestrainedprinciplestheyprofessedtoliveby.Wherefore,hereditarysuccessionintheearlyagesofmonarchycouldnottakeplaceasamatterofclaim,butassomethingcasualorcomplimental;butasfewornorecordswereextantinthosedays,andtraditionalhistorystuffedwithfables,itwasveryeasy,afterthelapseofafewgenerations,totrumpupsomesuperstitioustale,convenientlytimed,Mahometlike,tocramhereditaryrightdownthethroatsofthevulgar.Perhapsthedisorderswhichthreatened,orseemedtothreaten,onthedeceaseofaleaderandthechoiceofanewone(forelectionsamongruffianscouldnotbeveryorderly)inducedmanyatfirsttofavorhereditarypretensions;bywhichmeansithappened,asithathhappenedsince,thatwhatatfirstwassubmittedtoasaconvenience,wasafterwardsclaimedasaright.这假设了当今世界君主种族有着光荣的起源;然而,极有可能的是,如果我们揭去古代那层黑暗的面纱,并追溯他们的最初起源,我们会发现他们最初的首领不过是些不安分的团伙里最大的恶棍,其粗野的举止或在狡猾方面占据优势使他获得了匪帮头目的称号;并且随着权力的增长和掠夺范围的扩大,他威吓那些平静且无防备的人们,迫使他们通过频繁的贡品来换取安全保障。然而,他的选民们并不会想到给予他的后代世袭权利,因为这种永久性的排除自身的方式与其宣称自由和不受限制的原则是不相容的。因此,在早期的君主制时代,世袭继承权不能作为一项要求的权利出现,而是作为一种偶然事件或礼节性的事情出现;但由于当时很少有记录留存下来,传统历史又充满了神话故事,所以在几代人之后,很容易编造出一些方便的神秘传说,像穆罕默德那样,强行将世袭权利灌输给大众。也许是在某个首领去世并选择新首领时(因为在强盗们的选举中不可能非常有序),威胁或看似威胁的混乱局面促使许多人最初支持世袭主张;结果正如后来发生的情况一样,起初被当作便利的事情后来却被当作一种权利来要求。England,sincetheconquest,hathknownsomefewgoodmonarchs,butgroanedbeneathamuchlargernumberofbadones;yetnomaninhissensescansaythattheirclaimunderWilliamtheConquerorisaveryhonorableone.AFrenchbastardlandingwithanarmedbanditti,andestablishinghimselfkingofEnglandagainsttheconsentofthenatives,isinplaintermsaverypaltryrascallyoriginal.—Itcertainlyhathnodivinityinit.However,itisneedlesstospendmuchtimeinexposingthefollyofhereditaryright;ifthereareanysoweakastobelieveit,letthempromiscuouslyworshiptheassandlion,andwelcome.Ishallneithercopytheirhumility,nordisturbtheirdevotion.自征服者威廉以来,英格兰曾有过几位还算不错的君主,但却在更多糟糕的君主统治下呻吟;然而,没有任何理智的人会说他们通过威廉征服者的权利要求是特别光荣的。一个法国私生子带着武装匪帮登陆,在不被本地人同意的情况下自立为英国国王,这简而言之是一个非常卑劣的出身。—它显然没有神圣性可言。不过,没有必要花费太多时间去揭露世袭权利的愚蠢之处;如果有人如此愚昧地相信它,就让他们随意崇拜驴和狮子,并随心所欲好了。我既不会效仿他们的谦卑,也不会打扰他们的虔诚。YetIshouldbegladtoaskhowtheysupposekingscameatfirst?Thequestionadmitsbutofthreeanswers,viz.eitherbylot,byelection,orbyusurpation.Ifthefirstkingwastakenbylot,itestablishesaprecedentforthenext,whichexcludeshereditarysuccession.Saulwasbylot,yetthesuccessionwasnothereditary,neitherdoesitappearfromthattransactiontherewasanyintentionitevershould.Ifthefirstkingofanycountrywasbyelection,thatlikewiseestablishesaprecedentforthenext;fortosay,thattherightofallfuturegenerationsistakenaway,bytheactofthefirstelectors,intheirchoicenotonlyofaking,butofafamilyofkingsforever,hathnoparrallelinoroutofscripturebutthedoctrineoforiginalsin,whichsupposesthefreewillofallmenlostinAdam;andfromsuchcomparison,anditwilladmitofnoother,hereditarysuccessioncanderivenoglory.ForasinAdamallsinned,andasinthefirstelectorsallmenobeyed;asintheoneallmankindweresubjectedtoSatan,andintheothertoSovereignty;asourinnocencewaslostinthefirst,andourauthorityinthelast;andasbothdisableusfromreassumingsomeformerstateandprivilege,itunanswerablyfollowsthatoriginalsinandhereditarysuccessionareparellels.Dishonorablerank!Ingloriousconnexion!Yetthemostsubtilesophistcannotproduceajustersimile.然而,我很乐意请教他们认为国王最初是如何产生的?这个问题的答案只能有三种,即要么通过抽签,要么通过选举,要么通过篡夺。如果第一位国王是通过抽签选出的,这就为下一位国王设定了先例,从而排除了世袭继承的可能性。扫罗就是通过抽签成为国王的,但他的继承权并非世袭,从那次事件中也看不出有任何意图让它永远如此。如果一个国家的第一位国王是通过选举产生的,那么这也为下一位国王设定了先例;因为说所有后代的权利因第一次选举者的行动而被剥夺,在他们的选择中不仅包括了一位国王,还包括了一个永远的王室家族,这种说法在圣经内外都没有平行的例子,除了原罪学说,它假定所有人在亚当身上失去了自由意志;由此类比,而且只可能有这种类比,世袭继承无法获得荣耀。因为正如我们在亚当身上都犯了罪,正如在第一个选举者身上所有人都服从了;正如我们在其一中都被撒旦支配,在另一个中被主权支配;正如我们的无辜在前者中失去,在后者中我们的权威失去;并且正如两者都使我们无法重新获得某些先前的状态和特权,这无可辩驳地表明原罪和世袭继承是平行的。可耻的地位!不光彩的联系!然而,最狡猾的诡辩家也无法提出一个更恰当的比喻。Astousurpation,nomanwillbesohardyastodefendit;andthatWilliamtheConquerorwasanusurperisafactnottobecontradicted.Theplaintruthis,thattheantiquityofEnglishmonarchywillnotbearlookinginto.至于篡夺王位,没有人会如此大胆去为其辩护;而且威廉征服者是一个篡位者这一事实是无法被反驳的。事实很简单,英国君主制的古老性经不起仔细推敲。Butitisnotsomuchtheabsurdityastheevilofhereditarysuccessionwhichconcernsmankind.Diditensurearaceofgoodandwisemenitwouldhavethesealofdivineauthority,butasitopensadoortothefoolish,thewicked,andtheimproper,ithathinitthenatureofoppression.Menwholookuponthemselvesborntoreign,andotherstoobey,soongrowinsolent;selectedfromtherestofmankindtheirmindsareearlypoisonedbyimportance;andtheworldtheyactindifferssomateriallyfromtheworldatlarge,thattheyhavebutlittleopportunityofknowingitstrueinterests,andwhentheysucceedtothegovernmentarefrequentlythemostignorantandunfitofanythroughoutthedominions.但这不仅仅是荒谬性的问题,而是继承制的邪恶之处关乎全人类。如果它能确保一代代都是贤明和睿智的人,那么它就具有了神权的印记,但是因为它打开了通向愚昧、邪恶以及不适当之人的大门,所以它本质上是一种压迫。那些认为自己生来就是统治他人的人很快变得专横;从普通人中被挑选出来,他们的思想从小就因自大而中毒;他们所处的世界与整个世界的现实差异如此之大,以至于他们很少有机会了解真正的利益所在。当他们继承政权时,往往是最无知和最不适合管理整个领地的人。Anotherevilwhichattendshereditarysuccessionis,thatthethroneissubjecttobepossessedbyaminoratanyage;allwhichtimetheregency,actingunderthecoverofaking,haveeveryopportunityandinducementtobetraytheirtrust.Thesamenationalmisfortunehappens,whenakingwornoutwithageandinfirmity,entersthelaststageofhumanweakness.Inboththesecasesthepublicbecomesapreytoeverymiscreant,whocantampersuccessfullywiththefollieseitherofageorinfancy.另一种伴随世袭制度而来的邪恶是,王位可能由任何年龄的未成年人继承;在此期间,摄政者在国王的掩盖下行事,有充分的机会和动机背叛他们的信任。当一位年老体弱、精力衰退的国王进入人类生命的最后阶段时,同样的国家不幸也会发生。在这两种情况下,公众成为各种恶棍的猎物,这些恶棍能够成功地利用年龄或幼年的愚蠢。Themostplausibleplea,whichhatheverbeenofferedinfavourofhereditarysuccession,is,thatitpreservesanationfromcivilwars;andwerethistrue,itwouldbeweighty;whereas,itisthemostbarefacedfalsityeverimposeduponmankind.ThewholehistoryofEnglanddisownsthefact.Thirtykingsandtwominorshavereignedinthatdistractedkingdomsincetheconquest,inwhichtimetherehavebeen(includingtheRevolution)nolessthaneightcivilwarsandnineteenrebellions.Whereforeinsteadofmakingforpeace,itmakesagainstit,anddestroystheveryfoundationitseemstostandon.最站得住脚的理由,也就是人们曾经为世袭制度辩护的唯一理由,就是它能防止国家陷入内战;假如这个理由是正确的,那它确实有分量。然而,这恰恰是强加给人们的最明显的谎言。整个英国历史都否认这一事实。自诺曼征服以来,这个混乱不堪的王国已经经历了三十位国王和两位幼主的统治,在这段时期内,包括革命在内,共发生了八次内战和十九次叛乱。因此,世袭制度非但没有带来和平,反而制造了冲突,并摧毁了看似支撑它的基础。Thecontestformonarchyandsuccession,betweenthehousesofYorkandLancaster,laidEnglandinasceneofbloodformanyyears.Twelvepitchedbattles,besidesskirmishesandsieges,werefoughtbetweenHenryandEdward.TwicewasHenryprisonertoEdward,whoinhisturnwasprisonertoHenry.Andsouncertainisthefateofwarandthetemperofanation,whennothingbutpersonalmattersarethegroundofaquarrel,thatHenrywastakenintriumphfromaprisontoapalace,andEdwardobligedtoflyfromapalacetoaforeignland;yet,assuddentransitionsoftemperareseldomlasting,Henryinhisturnwasdrivenfromthethrone,andEdwardrecalledtosucceedhim.Theparliamentalwaysfollowingthestrongestside.约克家族和兰开斯特家族争夺君主权力和继承权,使英格兰多年处于血腥之中。亨利与爱德华之间爆发了十二场大规模战役,除了小规模冲突和围攻。亨利两次被爱德华俘虏,而爱德华也两次成为亨利的囚犯。战争的命运和民族的情绪如此不确定,当争端仅仅基于个人问题时,亨利从监狱被带入宫殿,而爱德华却被迫从宫殿逃亡到外国土地;然而,情绪的突然转变通常不会持久,亨利随后又被赶下王位,爱德华重新被召回继承王位。议会总是追随最强的一方。ThiscontestbeganinthereignofHenrytheSixth,andwasnotentirelyextinguishedtillHenrytheSeventh,inwhomthefamilieswereunited.Includingaperiodof67years,viz.from1422to1489.这场纷争始于亨利六世在位时期,并于亨利七世时才得以完全平息,在他身上这两大家族实现了联合。涵盖了一个长达67年的时期,即从1422年到1489年。Inshort,monarchyandsuccessionhavelaid(notthisorthatkingdomonly)buttheworldinbloodandashes.’TisaformofgovernmentwhichthewordofGodbearstestimonyagainst,andbloodwillattendit.简而言之,君主制和世袭制(不仅仅是一个或几个王国)已经使世界陷入血海和废墟之中。这是一种上帝的话语明确反对的政体,而且它伴随着流血事件。Ifweinquireintothebusinessofaking,weshallfindthatinsomecountriestheyhavenone;andaftersaunteringawaytheirliveswithoutpleasuretothemselvesoradvantagetothenation,withdrawfromthescene,andleavetheirsuccessorstotreadthesameidleround.Inabsolutemonarchiesthewholeweightofbusiness,civilandmilitary,liesontheking;thechildrenofIsraelintheirrequestforaking,urgedthisplea“thathemayjudgeus,andgooutbeforeusandfightourbattles.”Butincountrieswhereheisneitherajudgenorageneral,asinEngland,amanwouldbepuzzledtoknowwhatishisbusiness.如果我们探究国王的职责,我们会发现,在某些国家他们根本没有职责;国王们虚度一生,既无法给自己带来快乐,也无法给国家带来好处,最后退场,让继任者重复同样的无所事事的循环。在绝对君主制国家,所有的民事和军事事务重量都压在国王身上;以色列人的后代在请求拥立国王时,提出了这个理由:“他可以为我们审判案件,带领我们出征打仗。”但在英国这样的国家,国王既不是法官也不是将军,在这里,一个人会感到困惑,不知道国王的工作到底是什么。Theneareranygovernmentapproachestoarepublicthelessbusinessthereisforaking.ItissomewhatdifficulttofindapropernameforthegovernmentofEngland.SirWilliamMeredithcallsitarepublic;butinitspresentstateitisunworthyofthename,becausethecorruptinfluenceofthecrown,byhavingalltheplacesinitsdisposal,hathsoeffectuallyswallowedupthepower,andeatenoutthevirtueofthehouseofcommons(therepublicanpartintheconstitution)thatthegovernmentofEnglandisnearlyasmonarchicalasthatofFranceorSpain.Menfalloutwithnameswithoutunderstandingthem.ForitistherepublicanandnotthemonarchicalpartoftheconstitutionofEnglandwhichEnglishmengloryin,viz.thelibertyofchoosingahouseofcommonsfromoutoftheirownbody—anditiseasytoseethatwhenrepublicanvirtuefails,slaveryensues.WhyistheconstitutionofEnglandsickly,butbecausemonarchyhathpoisonedtherepublic,thecrownhathengrossedthecommons?任何一个政府越接近共和制,国王的工作就越少。要给英国的政体起个合适的名字是相当困难的。威廉·梅雷迪思爵士称其为共和国;但在目前的状态下,这个称呼并不恰当,因为王室通过掌控所有职位的任命权,已经非常有效地吞噬了下议院(宪法中的共和部分)的权力,并腐蚀了其美德,以至于英国的政体几乎和法国或西班牙的君主制一样专制。人们在不了解含义的情况下就对名称产生争议。其实,英国人引以为豪的是宪法中的共和部分,而不是君主部分,即从自身当中选出下议院的自由——很容易看出,当共和精神衰退时,奴役随之而来。英国的宪政为什么病态呢?难道不是因为君主制毒害了共和制,王室垄断了议会吗?InEnglandakinghathlittlemoretodothantomakewarandgiveawayplaces;whichinplainterms,istoimpoverishthenationandsetittogetherbytheears.Aprettybusinessindeedforamantobeallowedeighthundredthousandsterlingayearfor,andworshippedintothebargain!OfmoreworthisonehonestmantosocietyandinthesightofGod,thanallthecrownedruffiansthateverlived.在英国,国王除了发动战争和封官许愿外,几乎无事可做;这简言之,就是使国家贫困并挑起纷争。一个人每年领取八十万英镑还被人崇拜,这工作确实相当不错!但在社会和上帝面前,一个诚实的人比所有活着过的加冕强盗都更有价值。

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