第8章

Itislegitimateandnecessarythatwomenshouldmakeastudyofcertaintradesandoccupations。Theproductionofsweatedgoods，fromthehumanpointofview，isnotproductionatall，butwaste。Iftheemployertakesfromtheworkersweekbyweekmorethanhiswagesrestoretothem，hegraduallyreducesthemtothestateofindustrialparasites。Thewagesofthesweatedworkerareeitherbeingsupplementedbythewagesofrelativesandthegiftsofcharitableassociations，orelseherstandardoflivingissolowthatsheiscontinuallylosinghervitalityandtendingtobecomeachargeuponthecommunityinahospitalorapoorhouse。[1]

Yeteventhesweat-shops，inwhichwomancar-

(192)-riesonheroldbusinessofmakingclothing，hadtoberedeemed，sofarastheyhavebeenredeemed，bythevotesofmenwhopassedananti-sweat。shoplaw；bythecityfathers，who，aftermuchpleading，wereinducedtoorderaninspectionofsweat-shopsthattheymightbemadetocomplywithsanitaryregulations。Womendirectlycontrolledthesurroundingsoftheirworkaslongastheirarrangementsweredomestic，buttheycannotdothisnowunlesstheyhavethefranchise，asyettheonlymechanismdevisedbywhichacityselectsitsrepresentativeandbywhichanumberofpersonsareabletoembodytheircollectivewillinlegislation。ForahundredyearsEnglandhasbeenlegislatinguponthesubjectofinsanityworkshops，longandexhaustinghoursofwork，nightworkforwomen，occupationsinwhichpregnantwomenmaybeemployed，andhundredsofotherrestrictionswhichweareonlybeginningtoconsiderobjectsoflegislationhere。

Sofaraswomenhavebeenable，inChicagoatleast，tohelpthepoorestworkersinthesweatshops，ithasbeenaccomplishedbywomenorganizedintotradesunions。TheorganizationofSpecialOrderTailorsfoundthatitwascomparativelysimpleforanemployertogivetheskilledoperativesinaclothingfactorymoremoneybytakingitawayfromthewagesoftheseam-sewer(193)andbutton-holer。Thefactthatitresultedinonesetofworkersbeinghelpedattheexpenseofanothersetdidnotappealtohim，solongashewassatisfyingthedemandoftheunionwithoutincreasingthetotalcostofproduction。ButtheSpecialOrderTailors，atthesacrificeoftheirownwagesandgrowth，madeadeterminedefforttoincludeeventhesweat-shopworkersinthebenefitstheyhadslowlysecuredforthemselves。Bymeansoftheuseofthelabeltheywerefinallyabletoinsistthatnogoodsshouldbegivenoutforhome-finishingsavetowomenpresentingunioncards，andtheyraisedthewagesfromnineandelevencentsadozenforfinishinggarments，totheminimumwageoffifteencents。Theyalsomadeaprotestagainsttheexcessivesubdivisionofthelaborupongarments，apracticewhichenablesthemanufacturertousechildrenandtheleastskilledadults。Thirty-twopersonsarecommonlyemployeduponasinglecoat，anditisthepurposeoftheSpecialOrderTailorstohaveallthemachineworkperformedbyoneworker，thusreducingthenumberworkingononecoattotwelveorfourteen。Asthischangewillatthesametimedemandmoreskillonthepartoftheoperator，andwillincreasethevarietyandinterestinhiswork，thesegarment-makersaresacrificingbothtimeandmoneyforthedefenceof(194)Ruskinianprinciples——oneofthefewactualattemptstorecoverthe“joyofwork。“Althoughtheattemptwas，ofcourse，mixedwithadesiretopreserveatradefromtheinvasionoftheunskilled，andaconsequentloweringofwages，italsorepresentedagenuineefforttopreservetothepoorestworkersomeinterestandvalueintheworkinself。

Itismostunfair，however，toputthistaskuponthetradesunionistsandtosoconfuseitwiththeirothereffortsthatit，too，becomesacauseofwarfare。Thepoorestwomenareoftenbutuncomprehendingvictimsofthislabormovementofwhichtheyunderstandsolittle，andwhichhasbecomesomuchamatterofbattlethathelplessindividualsarelostintheconflict。

Acomplicatedsituationoccurstomeinillustration。AwomanfromtheHull-HouseDayNurserycametometwoyearsagoaskingtoborrowtwenty-fivedollars，asumherunionhadimposedasafine。Shegavesuchanincoherentaccountofherplightthatitwasevidentthatshedidnotintheleastunderstandwhatitwasallabout。Alittleinvestigationdisclosedthefollowingfacts:The“NurseryMother，“asIherecallherforpurposesofidentification，hadworkedforalongtimeinanunorganizedoverallfactory，wheretheproprietor，dealingashe(195)didingoodspurchasedexclusivelybyworkingmen，founditincreasinglydifficulttosellhisoverallsbecausetheydidnotbeartheunionlabel。Hefinallymadearequesttotheunionthattheemployeesinhisfactory-beorganized。Thiswasdone，hewasgiventheuseofthelabel，anduponthisbasisheprosperedforseveralmonths。

Whethertheorganizerwas“fixed“ornot，theinvestigationdidnotmakeclear；for，althoughthe“NurseryMother，“withherfellow-workers，hadpaidtheirunionduesregularly，theemployerwasnotcompelledtopaytheunionscaleofwages，butcontinuedtopaythesamewagesasbefore。

Attheendofthreemonthshisemployeesdiscoveredthattheywerenotbeingpaidtheunionscale，anddemandedthattheirwagesberaisedtothatamount。Theemployer，inthemeantimehavingextensivelyadvertisedhisuseofthelabel，concludedthathispurposehadbeenserved，andthathenolongerneededtheunionHerefused，therefore，topaytheunionscale，andastrikeensued。The“NurseryMother“wentoutwiththerest，andwithinafewdaysfoundworkinanothershop，aunionshopdoingalowergradeofmanufacturing。Atthattimetherewasnouniformscaleinthegarmenttrades，andalthoughatradeunionistworkingforunionwages，shereceivedlowerwagesthanshehadunder(196)thenon-unionconditionsintheoverallfactory。

Shewasnaturallymuchconfusedand，followingherinstincttogetthebestwagespossible，shewentbacktoheroldplace。Affairsransmoothlyforafewweeks，untiltheemployerdiscoveredthathewasagainlosingtradebecausehisgoodslackedthelabel，whereuponheoncemoreappliedtohavehisshopunionized。Theorganizer，comingback，promptlydiscoveredtherecreant“NurseryMother，“and，muchtoherbewilderment，shewasfinedtwenty-fivedollars。Sheunderstoodnothingclearly，norcouldshe，indeed，bemadetounderstandsolong-asshewasinthemidstofthispettywarfare。

HerlaborwasameremethodofearningmoneyquitedetachedfromherEuropeanexperience，andfailedtomakeforhertheremotestconnectionwiththecommunitywhosegenuineneedsshewassupplying。Noefforthadbeenmadetoshowhertheculturalaspectofherwork，togivehereventhefeeblestunderstandingofthefactthatshewassupplyingagenuineneedofthecommunity，andthatshewasentitledtorespectandalegitimateindustrialposition。Itwouldhavebeennecessarytomakesuchaneffortfromthehistoricstandpoint，andthiscouldbeundertakenonlybythecommunityasawholeandnotbyanyoneclassinit。Protectivelegislationwouldbebutthefirststeptowardmakinghera(197)morevaluableproducerandamoreintelligentcitizen。Thewholeeffortwouldimplyacloserconnectionbetweenindustryandgovernment\'andcouldbeaccomplishedintelligentlyonlyifwomenwerepermittedtoexercisethefranchise。

Acertainhealingandcorrectionwoulddoubtlessensuecouldwebutsecurefortheprotectionandeducationofindustrialworkersthatnurtureofhealthandmoralswhichwomenhavesolongreservedfortheirownfamiliesandwhichhasneverbeenutilizedasadirectingforceinindustrialaffairs。

Whenthefamilyconstitutedtheindustrialorganismoftheday，thedaughtersofthehouseholdwerecarefullytaughtinreferencetotheplacetheywouldtakeinthatorganism，butasthehouseholdartshavegoneoutsidethehome，almostnothinghasbeendonetoconnecttheyoungwomenwiththepresentgreatindustrialsystem。Thisneglecthasbeenequallytrueinretyardtothetechnicalandculturalsidesofthatsystem。

Thefailuretofittheeducationofwomentotheactualindustriallifewhichiscarriedonaboutthemhashaddisastrousresultsintwodirections。

First，industryitselfhaslackedthemodificationwhichwomenmighthavebroughttoithadtheycommittedtheentiremovementtothat(198)growingconcernforalargerandmoresatisfyinglifeforeachmemberofthecommunity，aconcernwhichwehavecometoregardaslegitimate。Second，themoreprosperouswomenwouldhavebeenabletounderstandandadjusttheirowndifficultiesofhouseholdmanagementinrelationtotheproduceroffactoryproducts，astheyarenowutterlyunabletodo。

Asthecensusof1900showedthatmorethanhalfofthewomenemployedin“gainfuloccupations“intheUnitedStatesareengagedinhouseholds，certainlytheirconditionsoflaborlielargelyinthehandsofwomenemployers。

AtaconferenceheldatLakePlacidbyemployersofhouseholdlabor，itwascontendedthatfuturehistoricalreviewmayshowthatthegirlswhoareto-dayindomesticservicearethereallyprogressivewomenoftheage；thattheyarethosewhoarefightingconditionswhichlimittheirfreedom，andalthoughtheyaredoingitblindly，atleasttheyaredemandingavenuesofself-expressionoutsidetheirwork；andthatthisstrugglefromconditionsdetrimentaltotheirhighestlifeistheever-recurringstoryoftheemancipationoffirstoneclassandthenanother。Itwasfurthercontendedthatinthisefforttobecomesufficientlyeducatedtobeabletounderstandtheneedsofaneducatedemployerfromanindependentstand(199)-point，theyarereallydoingthecommunityagreatservice，anddidtheybutreceiveco-operationinsteadofopposition，domesticservicewouldloseitssocialostracismandattractamoreintelligentclassofwomen。Andyetthiseffort，perfectlyreasonablefromthestandpointofhistoricdevelopmentanddemocratictradition，receiveslittlehelpfromtheemployinghousekeepers，becausetheyknownothingofindustrialdevelopment。

Thesituationcouldbeunderstoodonlybyviewingit，first，intherelationtorecentimmigrationand，second，inconnectionwiththefactorysystematthepresentstageofdevelopmentinAmerica。AreviewofthehistoryofdomesticserviceinafairlyprosperousAmericanfamilybeginswiththecolonialperiod，whenthedaughtersoftheneighboringfarmerscameinto“help“duringthebusyseason。ThiswasfollowedbytheIrishimmigrant，whenalmosteverykitchenhaditsNoraorBridget，whilethemistressofthehouseholdretainedthesweepinganddustingandtheSaturdaybaking。ThencamethehalcyondaysofGerman“secondgirls“andcooks，followedbytheSwedes。Thesuccessivewavesofimmigrationsupplythedemandfordomesticservice，graduallyobliteratingthefactthatasthewomenbecamemorefamiliarwith(200)Americancustoms，theyaswellastheirmenfolk，enteredintomoreskilledandlucrativepositions。

Intheselastyearsimmigrationconsistsinever-increasingnumbersofSouthItaliansandofRussian，Polish，andRumanianJews，noneofwhomhavetoanyappreciableextententeredintodomesticservice。TheItaliangirlsaremarriedbetweentheagesoffifteenandeighteen，andtoliveinanyhouseintownotherthanthatofherfatherseemstoanItaliangirlquiteincomprehensible。Thestrengthofthefamilytie，theneedfor“kosher“foods，thecelebrationofreligiousfestivities，thereadinesswithwhichshetakesupthesewingtradesinwhichherfatherandbrotherarealreadylargelyengaged，makesdomesticservicearareoccupationforthedaughtersoftherecentJewishimmigrants。Moreover，thesetwoclassesofimmigrantshavebeenquicklyabsorbed，as，indeed，allworkingpeopleare，bytheincreasingdemandforthelaborofyounggirlsandchildreninfactoryandworkshops。Thepaucityofthematerialfordomesticserviceisthereforerevealedatlast，andweareobligedtoconsiderthematerialfordomesticservicewhichademocracysupplies，andalsotorealizethattheadministrationofthehouseholdhassufferedbe-causeithasbecomeunnaturallyisolatedfromtherestofthecommunity。

(201)Theproblemsoffoodandshelterforthefamily，atanygivenmoment，mustbeconsideredinrelationtoalltheothermechanicalandindustriallifeofthatmoment，quiteastheintellectuallifeofthefamilyfinallydependsforitsvitalityuponitsrelationtotheintellectualresourcesoftherestofthecommunity。Whentheadministratorofthehouseholddeliberatelyrefusestoavailherselfofthewonderfulinventionsgoingonallabouther，shesooncomestothepointofpridingherselfuponthefactthatherhouseholdisadministeredaccordingtotraditionallinesandofbelievingthatthemorallifeofthefamilyissoenwrappedintheseoldcustomsastobeendangeredbyanyradicalchange。Becauseofthisattitudeonthepartofcontemporaryhousekeepers，thehouseholdhasfirmlywithstoodthebeneficentchangesandhealinginnovationswhichappliedscienceandeconomicswouldlongagohavebroughtaboutcouldtheyhaveworkednaturallyandunimpeded。

Thesemoralandeconomicdifficulties，whetherconnectedwiththeisolationofthehomeorwiththepartialandunsatisfactoryeffortsoftradesunions，couldbeavoidedonlyifsocietywouldfranklyrecognizetheindustrialsituationasthatwhichconcernsusall，andwouldseriouslyprepareallclassesofthecommunityfortheirrela(202)-tiontothesituation。Atechnicalpreparationwould，ofcourse，notbefeasible，butaculturalonewouldbepossible，sothatallpartsofthecommunitymightbeintelligentinregardtotheindustrialdevelopmentsandtransitionsgoingonaboutthem。IfAmericanwomencouldbutobtainaliberatingknowledgeofthathistoryofindustryandcommercewhichissosimilarineverycountryoftheglobe，thefactthatsomuchfactorylaborisperformedbyimmigrantswouldhelptobringthemnearertotheimmigrantwoman。Equippedwith“theinformingmind“

ontheonehandandwithexperienceontheother，wecouldthenwalktogetherthroughthemarvelousstreetsofthehumancity，nolongerconsciouswhetherwearenativesoraliens，becausewehavebecomeabsorbedinafraternalrelationarisingfromacommonexperience。

Andthisattitudeofunderstandingandrespectfortheworkerisnecessary，notonlytoappreciatewhatheproduces，buttopreservehispowerofproduction，againshowingthenecessityformakingthatsubstituteforwar——humanlabor——moreaggressiveanddemocratic。Wearetoldthattheconqueredraceseverywhere，intheirhelplessness，aregivingupthegenuinepracticeoftheirownarts。InIndia，forinstance，wheretheirartshavebeentheblossomofmanyyearsoflabor，(203)theconqueredracesarecastingthemasideasofnovalueinorderthattheymayconformtotheinferiorart，orrather，lackofart，oftheirconquerors。MorrisconstantlylamentedthatinsomepartsofIndiathenativeartswerequitedestroyed，andinmanyothersnearlyso；thatinallpartstheyhadmoreorlessbeguntosicken。Thislackofrespectandunderstandingoftheprimitiveartsfoundamongcoloniesofimmigrantsinamoderncosmopolitancity，producesalikeresultinthattheartslanguishanddisappear。WehavemadeaneffortatHull-Housetorecoversomethingoftheearlyindustriesfromanimmigrantneighborhood，andinalittleexhibitcalledalabormuseum，wehaveplacedinhistoricsequenceandordermethodsofspinningandweavingfromadozennationalitiesinAsiaMinorandEurope。Theresulthasbeenastrikingexhibitionoftheunityandsimilarityoftheearlierindustrialprocesses。Withinthenarrowconfinesofoneroom，theSyrian，theGreek，theItalian，theRussian，theNorwegian，theDutch，andtheIrish\'findthatthedifferencesintheirspinninghavebeenmerelyputtingthedistaffuponaframeorplacingtheoldhand-spindleinahorizontalposition。Agroupofwomenrepresentingvastdifferencesinreligion，inlanguage，intradition，andinnationality，exhibitpracticallynodifference(204)inthedailyartsbywhich，forathousandgenerations，theyhaveclothedtheirfamilies。WhenAmericanwomencometovisitthem，thequickestmethod，infactalmosttheonlyoneofestablishingagenuinecompanionshipwiththem，isthroughthissameindustry，unlessweexceptthatstillolderoccupation，thecareoflittlechildren。Perhapsthisexperimentmayclaimtohavemadeagenuineefforttofindthebasicexperiencesuponwhichacosmopolitancommunitymayuniteatleastontheindustrialside。TherecentdateoftheindustrialrevolutionandournearnesstoaprimitiveindustryareshownbythefactthatItalianmothersaremorewillingtohavetheirdaughtersworkinfactoriesproducingtextileandfoodstuffsthaninthosewhichproducewoodandmetal。Theyinterprettheentiresituationsosimplythatitappearstothemjustwhatitis——amerecontinuationofwoman\'straditionalworkunderchangedconditions。

AnotherexampleofournearnesstoearlymethodsisshownbythefactthatmanywomenfromSouthItalyandfromtheremoterpartsofRussiahaveneverseenaspinning-wheel，andlookuponitasanewandmarvelousinvention。

Buttheseverypeople，whoarehabituallyatsuchadisadvantagebecausetheylackcertainsuperficialqualitieswhicharetoohighlyprized，haveanopportunityinthelabormuseum，(205)atleastforthemoment，toassertapositioninthecommunitytowhichtheirpreviouslifeandtrainingentitlesthem，andtheyarejudgedwithsomethingofahistoricbackground。Theirveryapparentremotenessgivesindustrialprocessesapicturesquecontentandcharm。

Canwelearnourfirstlessoninmodernindustryfromthesehumblepeasantwomenwhohavenevershirkedtheprimitivelaborsuponwhichallcivilizedlifeisfounded，evenaswemustobtainourfirstlessonsinsocialmoralityfromthosewhoarebearingthebruntoftheovercrowdedandcosmopolitancitywhichisthedirectresultofmodernindustrialconditions？Ifwecontendthatthefranchiseshouldbeextendedtowomenonthegroundthatlessemphasisiscontinuallyplaceduponthemilitaryorderandmoreupontheindustrialorderofsociety，weshouldhavetoinsistthat，ifshewouldsecureheroldplaceinindustry，themodernwomanmustneedsfitherlaborstothepresentindustrialorganizationasthesimplerwomanfittedherstothemoresimpleindustrialorder。Ithasbeenpointedoutthatwomanlostherearlierplacewhenmanusurpedtheindustrialpursuitsandcreatedwealthonascaleunknownbefore。Sincethattimewomenhavebeenreducedmoreandmoretoastateofdependency，untilweseeonlyamongthe(206)Europeanpeasantwomenastheyworkinthefields，“theheavy，strong，enduring，patient，economicallyfunctionalrepresentativeofwhatthewomenofourdayusedtobe。“

Culturaleducationasitisatpresentcarriedoninthemostadvancedschools，istosomeextentcorrectingthepresentdetachedrelationofwomentoindustrybutasenseofresponsibilityinrelationtothedevelopmentofindustrywouldaccomplishmuchmore。Asmenearnedtheircitizenshipthroughtheirreadinessandabilitytodefendtheircity，soperhapswoman，ifshetakesacitizen\'splaceinthemodernindustrialcity，willhavetoearnitbydevotionandself-abnegationintheserviceofitscomplexneeds。

Theoldsocialproblemsweretoooftenmadeacauseofwarinthebeliefthatalldifficultiescouldbesettledbyanappealtoarms。Butcertainlythesesubtlerproblemswhichconfrontthemoderncosmopolitancity，theproblemsofraceantagonismsandeconomicadjustments，mustbesettledbyamoresearchingandgenuinemethodthanmereprowesscanpossiblyafford。

Thefirststeptowardtheirrealsolutionmustbemadeuponapastexperiencecommontothecitizensasawholeandconnectedwiththeirdailyliving。

Asmoralproblemsbecomemoreandmoreassociatedwithourcivicandindustrialorganizations，(207)thedemandforenlargedactivityismoreexigent。

Ifonecouldconnecttheoldmaternalanxieties，whicharereallythebasisoffamilyandtriballife，withthecandidateswhoareseekingoffices，itwouldneverbenecessarytolookaboutforothermotivepowers，andiftothiswecouldaddmaternalconcernforthesafetyanddefenceoftheindustrialworker，weshouldhaveanincreasingcodeofprotectivelegislation。

Wecertainlymayhopefortworesultsifwomenenterformallyintomunicipallife。First，theopportunitytofulfilltheirolddutiesandobligationswiththesafeguardandtheconsiderationwhichtheballotalonecansecureforthemunderthechangedconditions，and，second，theeducationwhichparticipationinactualaffairsalwaysbrings。Aswebelievethatwomanhasnorighttoallowwhatreallybelongstohertodropawayfromher，sowecontendthatabilitytoperformanobligationcomesverylargelyinproportionasthatobligationisconscientiouslyassumed。

Outofthemediaevalcityfoundeduponmilitarismtherearoseinthethirteenthcenturyaneworder，themiddleclass，whoseimportancerested，notuponbirthorarms，butuponwealth，intelligence，andorganization。

Thismiddleclassachievedasterlingsuccessinthesucceedingsixcenturiesofindustrialismbecauseitwasessential(208)totheexistenceanddevelopmentoftheindustrialera。Perhapswecanforecastthecareerofwoman，thecitizen，ifsheispermittedtobearanelector\'spartinthecomingperiodofhumanitarianisminwhichgovernmentmustconcernitselfwithhumanwelfare。Shewillbearhershareofcivicresponsibilitybecausesheisessentialtothenormaldevelopmentofthecityofthefuture，andbecausethedefinitionoftheloyalcitizenasonewhoisreadytoshedhisbloodforhiscountry，hasbecomeinadequateandobsolete。

EndnotesACasefortheFactoryActs。Mrs。SidneyWebb。

JaneAddams:NewerIdealsofPeace:Chapter8:PassingoftheWarVirtuesCHAPTERVIII

PASSINGOFTHEWARVIRTUESOfallthewingedwordswhichTolstoywroteduringthewarbetweenRussiaandJapan，perhapsnonearemoresignificantthanthese:“ThegreatstrifeofourtimeisnotthatnowtakingplacebetweentheJapaneseandtheRussians，northatwhichmayblazeupbetweenthewhiteandtheyellowraces，northatstrifewhichiscarriedonbymines，bombs，andbullets，butthatspiritualstrifewhich，withoutceasing，hasgoneonandisgoingonbetweentheenlightenedconsciousnessofmankindnowawaitingformanifestationandthatdarknessandthatburdenwhichsurroundsandoppressesmankind。“

Inthecuriousperiodofaccommodationinwhichwelive，itispossibleforoldhabitsandnewcompunctionstobeequallypowerful，anditisalmostamatterofpridewithusthatweneitherbreakwiththeoldnoryieldtothenew。Wecallthisattitudetolerance，whereasitisoftenmereconfusionofmind。Suchmentalconfusionisstrikinglyillustratedbyourtendencytosubstitutea(210)statementofthehistoricevolutionofanidealofconductinplaceoftheidealitself。Thisalmostalwaysoccurswhentheidealnolongeraccordswithourfaithfulexperienceoflifeandwhenitsimplicationsarenotjustifiedbyourlatestinformation。Inthiswaywespareourselvesthenecessityofpressingforwardtoneweridealsofconduct。

Wequotetheconvictionsandachievementsofthepastasanexcuseforourselveswhenwelacktheenergyeithertothrowoffoldmoralcodeswhichhavebecomeburdensortoattainamoralityproportionatetoourpresentsphereofactivity。

Atthepresentmomentthewarspiritattemptstojustifyitsnoisydemonstrationsbyquotingitsgreatachievementsinthepastandbydrawingattentiontothecourageouslifewhichithasevokedandfostered。Itis，however，perhapssignificantthattheadherentsofwararemoreandmorejustifyingitbyitspastrecordandremindingusofitsancientorigin。Theytellusthatitisinterwovenwitheveryfibreofhumangrowthandisattherootofallthatisnobleandcourageousinhumanlife，thatstruggleisthebasisofallprogress，thatitisnowextendedfromiindividualsandtribestonationsandraces。

Wemayadmiremuchthatisadmirableinthispastlifeofcourageouswarfare。whileatthe(211)sametimeweaccorditnorighttodominatethepresent，whichhastraveledoutofitsreachintoalandofnewdesires。

Wemayadmitthattheexperiencesofwarhaveequippedthemenofthepresentwithpluckandenergy，buttoinsistupontheselfsameexpressionforthatpluckandenergywouldbeasstupidamistakeasifwewouldrelegatethefull-growncitizen，respondingtomanyclaimsanddemandsuponhispowers，totheschool-yardfightsofhisboyhood，ortothecollegecontestsofhiscruderyouth。Thelittleladwhostoutlydefendshimselfontheschoolgroundmaybeworthyofmuchadmiration，butifwefindhim，adozenyearslater，thebullyingleaderofastreet-gangwhobaseshisprestigeonthefactthat“noonecanwhiphim，“ouradmirationcoolsamazingly，andwesaythatthecarryingoverofthosepuerileinstinctsintomanhoodshowsarresteddevelopmentwhichismainlyresponsibleforfillingourprisons。

Thisconfusionbetweenthecontemporaneousstageofdevelopmentandthehistoricroleofcertainqualities，isintensifiedbyourcustomofreferringtosocialevolutionasifitwereaforceandnotaprocess。

Weassumethatsocialendsmaybeobtainedwithouttheapplicationofsocialenergies，althoughweknowinourheartsthatthebestresultsofcivilizationhavecomeabout(212)onlythroughhumanwillandeffort。Topointtotheachievementofthepastasaguaranteeforcontinuingwhathassincebecomeshockingtousisstupidbusiness；itistoforgetthatprogressitselfdependsuponadaptation，uponanicebalancebetweencontinuityandchange。Letusbyallmeansacknowledgeandpreservethatwhichhasbeengoodinwarfareandinthespiritofwarfare；letusgatherittogetherandincorporateitinournationalfibre。Letus，however，notbeguiltyforamomentofshuttingoureyestothatwhichformanycenturiesmusthavebeendisquietingtothemoralsense，butwhichisgraduallybecomingimpossible，notonlybecauseofourincreasingsensibilities，butbecausegreatconstructiveplansandhumanizedinterestshavecapturedourhopesandwearefindingthatwarisanimplementtooclumsyandbarbarictosubserveourpurpose。Wehavecometorealizethatthegreattaskofpushingforwardsocialjusticecouldbeenormouslyacceleratedifprimitivemethodsaswellasprimitiveweaponswereonceforallabolished。

Thepastmayhavebeeninvolvedinwarandsufferinginordertobringforthanewandbeneficentcourage，aninvincibleardorforconservingandhealinghumanlife，forunderstandingandelaboratingit。Toobtainthiscourage(213)istodistinguishbetweenasocialorderfoundeduponlawenforcedbyauthorityandthatothersocialorderwhichincludeslibertyofindividualactionandcomplexityofgroupdevelopment。Thelattersocialorderwouldnotsuppresstheleastgermofpromise，ofgrowthandvariety，butwouldnurtureallintoafullandvariedlife。Itisnotaneasyundertakingtoobtainitanditcannotbecarriedforwardwithoutconsciousandwell-definedeffort。Thetaskthatisreallybeforeusisfirsttoseetoit，thattheoldvirtuesbequeathedbywararenotretainedaftertheyhavebecomeasocialdeterrentandthatsocialprogressisnotcheckedbyacertaincontemptforhumannaturewhichisbuttheinheritedresultofconquest。Second，wemustactupontheassumptionthatspontaneousandfraternalactionasvirileandwidespreadaswaritselfistheonlymethodbywhichsubstitutesforthewarvirtuesmaybediscovered。

Itwascontendedinthefirstchapterofthisbookthatsocialmoralityisdevelopedthroughsentimentandaction。Inthisparticularagewecanlivethetruthwhichhasbeenapprehendedbyourcontemporaries，thattruthwhichisespeciallyourown，onlybyestablishingnoblerandwisersocialrelationsandbydiscoveringsocialbondsbetterfittedtoourrequirements。

Warfarein(214)thepasthasdonemuchtobringmentogether。

Asenseofcommondangerandthestirringappealtoactionforacommonpurpose，easilyopenthechannelsofsympathythroughwhichwepartakeofthelifeaboutus。Buttherearecertainlyothermethodsofopeningthosechannels。Asociallifetobehealthymustbeconsciouslyandfullyadjustedtothemarchofsocialneeds，andaswemayeasilymakeamistakebyforgettingthatenlargedopportunitiesareeverdemandinganenlargedmorality，sowewillfailinthetaskofsubstitutionifwedonotdemandsocialsympathyinalargermeasureandofaqualitybetteradaptedtothecontemporaneoussituation。

Perhapstheonepointatwhichthisundertakingismostneededisinregardtoourconceptionofpatriotism，which，althoughasgenuineaseverbefore，istoomuchdressedinthetrappingsofthepastandcontinuallycarriesusbacktoitsbeginningsinmilitaryprowessanddefence。Tohavebeenabletotracetheoriginanddevelopmentofpatriotismandthentorestcontentwiththat，andtofailtoinsistthatitshallrespondtothestimulusofalargerandmorevariedenvironmentwithwhichwearenowconfronted，isaconfessionofweakness；itexhibitslackofmoralenterpriseandofnationalvigor。

(215)

Wehaveallseenthebreakdownofvillagestandardsofmoralitywhentheconditionsofagreatcityareencountered。Todo“thegoodIyingnextathand“maybeasufficientformulawhenthevillageidlerandhisneedychildrenlivebutafewdoorsdownthestreet，butthesamedictummaybetotallymisleadingwhenthevillagerbecomesacityresidentandfindshisnext-doorneighborsprosperousandcomfortable，whilethepoorandoverburdenedlivemanyblocksawaywherehewouldneverseethematall，unlesshewerestirredbyaspiritofsocialenterprisetogoforthandfindtheminthemidstoftheirmeagrelivingandtheirlargerneeds。Thespiritofvillagegossip，penetratingandkeenasitis，maybedependedupontobringtothenoticeofthekindheartedvillagerallcasesofsuffering——thatsomeoneisneeded“tositupallnight“withasickneighbor，orthatthevillageloaferhasbeendrunkagainandbeatenhiswife；butinacitydividedsocuriouslyintotheregionsofthewell-to-doandthecongestedquartersoftheimmigrant，theconscientiouspersoncannolongerrelyupongossip。Thereisnointercourse，notevenascatteredone，betweenthetwo，savewhatthedailypaperbrings，withitsinvinciblepropensitytoreportthegossipofpovertyandcrime，perhapsahealthiertendencythanweimagine。Themanwhohasmovedfrom(216)thevillagetothecosmopolitancityandwhowouldcontinueevenhisformershareofbeneficentactivitymustbestirhimselftokeepinformedastosocialneedsandtomakenewchannelsthroughwhichhissympathymayflow。Withoutsomesuchconsciouseffort，hissympathywillfinallybecomestratifiedalongthelineofhissocialintercourseandhewillbeunablereallytocareforanypeoplebuthis“ownkind。“

Americanconceptionsofpatriotismhavemoved，sotospeak，fromtheNewEnglandvillageintohugecosmopolitancities。Theyfindthemselvesbewilderedbythechangeandhavenotonlyfailedtomaketheadjustment，buttheveryeffortinthatdirectionislookeduponwithdeepsuspicionbytheiroldvillageneighbors。Unlessourconceptionofpatriotismisprogressive，itcannothopetoembodytherealaffectionandtherealinterestofthenation。Weknowfullwellthatthepatriotismofcommondescentisthemerepatriotismoftheclan——theearlypatriotismofthetribe——andthat，whilethepossessionofaliketerritoryisanadvanceuponthatfirstconception，bothofthemareunworthytobethepatriotismofagreatcosmopolitannation。Weshallnothavemadeanygenuineadvanceuntilwehavegrownimpatientofapatriotismfoundeduponmilitaryprowessanddefence，becausethisreallygetsinthewayand(217)preventsthegrowthofthatbeneficentandprogressivepatriotismwhichweneedfortheunderstandingandhealingofourcurrentnationaldifficulties。

Toseekourpatriotisminsomeageotherthanourownistoacceptacodethatistotallyinadequatetohelpusthroughtheproblemswhichcurrentlifedevelops。Wecontinuetofoundourpatriotismuponwarandtocontrastconquestwithnurture，militarismwithindustrialism，callingthelatterpassiveandinertandtheformeractiveandaggressive，withoutreallyfacingthesituationasitexists。Wetremblebeforeourownconvictions，andareafraidtofindnewermanifestationsofcourageanddaringlestwetherebylosethevirtuesbequeathedtousbywar。Itisapitifulacknowledgmentthatwehavelostthemalreadyandthatweshallhavetogiveupthewaysofwar，iffornootherreasonthantopreservethefinerspiritofcourageanddetachmentwhichithasengenderedanddeveloped。

Wecomeatlasttothepracticalquestionastohowthesesubstitutesforthewarvirtuesmaybefound。Howmaywe，thechildrenofanindustrialandcommercialage，findthecourageandsacrificewhichbelongtoourindustrialism。WemaybeginwithAugustComte\'sassertionthatmanseekstoimprovehispositionintwodifferent(218)ways，bythedestructionofobstaclesandbytheconstructionofmeans，or，designatedbytheirmostobvioussocialresults，ifhiscontentioniscorrect，bymilitaryactionandbyindustrialaction，andthatthetwomustlongcontinuesidebyside。Thenwefindourselvesaskingwhatmaybedonetomakemorepicturesquethoseliveswhicharespentinamonotonousandwearingtoil，comparedtowhichthecampisexcitingandthebarrackscomfortable。Howshallitbemadetoseemasmagnificentpatientlytocorrectthewrongsofindustrialismastodobattlefortherightsofthenation？ThistransitionoughtnottobesodifficultinAmerica，fortobeginwith，ournationallifeinAmericahasbeenlargelyfoundeduponoursuccessininventionandengineering，inmanufacturingandcommerce。Ourprosperityhasresteduponconstructivelaborandmaterialprogress，bothoftheminstrikingcontrasttowarfare。

Thereisanelementofalmostgrimhumorinthenation\'srevertingatlasttotheoutwornmethodsofbattle-shipsanddefendedharbors。Wemayadmitthatidlemenneedwartokeepalivetheircourageandendurance，butwehavefewidlemeninanationengagedinindustrialism。Weconstantlyseesubordinationofsensationtosentimentinhundredsofcareerswhicharenotmilitary；thethousandsofminers(219)inPennsylvaniadoubtlessendureeveryyearmorebodilypainandperilthanthesamenumberofmeninEuropeanbarracks。

Industriallifeaffordsampleopportunityforendurance，discipline，andasenseofdetachment，ifthestruggleisreallyputuponthehighestlevelofindustrialefficiency。Butbecauseourindustriallifeisnotonthislevel，weconstantlytendtodropthenewerandlessdevelopedidealsfortheolderonesofwarfare，weignorethefactthatwarsoreadilythrowsbacktheidealswhichtheyoungarenourishingintothemoldofthosewhichtheoldshouldbeoutgrowing。Itluresyoungmennottodevelop，buttoexploit；itturnsthemfromthecourageandtoilofindustrytothebraveryandenduranceofwar，andleadsthemtoforgetthatcivilizationisthesubstitutionoflawforwar。Itincitestheirambitions，nottoirrigate，tomakefertileandsanitary，thebarrenplainofthesavage，buttofillitwithmilitarypostsandtaxgatherers，toceasefrompushingforwardindustrialactionintonewfieldsandtofallbackuponmilitaryaction。

Wemayillustratethisbythemostbeneficentactsofwar，whenthemilitaryspiritclaimingtocarryforwardcivilizationinvadesacountryforthepurposeofbringingitintothezoneofthecivilizedworld。Militarismenforceslawand(220)orderandinsistsuponobedienceanddiscipline，assumingthatitwillultimatelyestablishrighteousnessandfosterprogress。

Inordertocarryoutthisgoodintention，itfirstofallclearsthedecksofimpedimenta，althoughintheprocessitmayextinguishthemostpreciousbeginningsofself-governmentandthenucleusofself-help，whichthewiseofthenativecommunityhavelongbeenanxiouslyhoarding。

Itisthemilitaryidea，restingcontentasitdoeswiththepassiveresultsoforderanddiscipline，whichconfessesatotallyinadequateconceptionofthevalueandpowerofhumanlife。Thechargeofobtainingnegativeresultscouldwithgreatcandorhebroughtagainstmilitarism，whilethestrenuoustask，thevigorousanddifficultundertaking，involvingtheuseofthemosthighlydevelopedhumanpowers，canbeclaimedforindustrialism。

Itisreallyhumanconstructivelaborwhich\'mustgivethenewlyinvadedcountryasenseofitsplaceinthelifeofthecivilizedworld，someideaoftheeffectiveoccupationswhichitmayperform。Inordertoaccomplishthisitsenergymustbefreedanditsresourcesdeveloped。Militarismundertakestosetinorder，tosuppressandtogovern，ifnecessarytodestroy，whileindustrialismundertakestoliberatelatentforces，to(221)reconcilethemtonewconditions，todemonstratethattheirarousedactivitiescannolongerfollowcaprice，butmustfitintoalargerorderoflife。Tocallthislatterundertaking，demandingevernewpowersofinsight，patience，andfortitude，lessdifficult，lessmanly，lessstrenuous，thanthefirst，isonthefaceofitabsurd。Itisthesoldierwhoisinadequatetothedifficulttask，whostrewshiswayswithblundersandlostopportunities，whocannotjustifyhisvocationbytheresults，andwhoisobligedtopleadguiltytoalackofrationalmethod。

OfBritishgovernmentintheEmpire，anEnglishmanhasrecentlywritten，“WeareobligedinpracticetomakeachoicebetweengoodorderandjusticeadministeredautocraticallyinaccordancewithBritishstandardsontheonehand，anddelicate，costly，doubtful，anddisorderlyexperimentsinself-governmentonBritishlinesupontheother，andwehavepracticallyeverywheredecidedupontheformeralternative。Itis，ofcourse，lessdifficult。“[1]HadourAmericanidealsofpatriotismandmoralityininternationalrelationskeptpacewithourexperience，hadwefollowedupourwidecommercialrelationswithanadequateethicalcode，wecanimagineabodyofyoungAmericans，“theflowerofouryouth，“

(222)asweliketosay，proudlydecliningcommercialadvantagesfoundeduponforcedmilitaryoccupationandwell-meaninggovernmentthattheydeclinedtoacceptopeningsonanysuchtermsasthese，thattheiridealsofpatriotismandofgenuinegovernmentdemandedtheplayoftheirmoralprowessandtheirconstructiveintelligence。CertainlyinAmericawehaveachancetoemploysomethingmoreactiveandvirile，moreinventive，moreinlinewithourtemperamentandtradition，thanthemeredesiretoincreasecommercialrelationsbyarmedoccupationasothergovernmentshavedone。Adifferentconductisrequiredfromademocracythanfromthemereorder-keeping，bridge-building，tax-gatheringRoman，orfromtheconscientiousBritoncarryingtheblessingsofanestablishedgovernmentandenlargedcommercetoallquartersoftheglobe。

Ithasbeenthetime-honoredcustomtoattributeunjustwarstotheselfishambitionofrulerswhoremorselesslysacrificetheirsubjectstosatisfytheirgreed。But，asLeckyhasrecentlypointedout，itremainstobeseenwhetherornotdemocraticrulewilldiminishwar。Immoderateanduncontrolleddesiresareattherootofmostnationalaswellasofmostindividualcrimes，andalargenumberofpersonsmaybemovedbyunworthyambitionsquiteaseasilyasafew。Ifthe(223)electorateofademocracyaccustomthemselvestotakethecommercialviewoflife，toconsidertheextensionoftradeasthetestofanationalprosperity，itbecomescomparativelyeasyformereextensionofcommercialopportunitytoassumeamoralaspectandtoreceivethemoralsanction。Unrestrictedcommercialismisanexcellentpreparationforgovernmentalaggression。Thenationwhichisaccustomedtocondonethequestionablebusinessmethodsofarichmanbecauseofhissuccess，willfindnodifficultyinobscuringthemoralissuesinvolvedinanyundertakingthatissuccessful。Itbecomeseasytodenythemoralbasisofself-governmentandtosubstitutemilitarism。Thesoldierformerlylookeddownuponthemerchantwhomhenowobeys，ashestilllooksdownuponthelaborerasamanwhoisengagedinabusinessinferiortohisown，assomeonewhoisdullandpassiveandineffective。Whenourpubliceducationsucceedsinfreeingthecreativeenergyanddevelopingtheskillwhichtheadvanceofindustrydemands，thisattitudemustdisappear，andaspectaclesuchasthatrecentlyseeninLondonamongtheidlemenreturnedfromserviceinSouthAfrica，whorefusedtoworkthroughacontemptuousattitudetowardsthe“slowlife“ofthelaborer，willbecomeimpossible。

Wehaveasyetfailedtouncovertherelativedifficultyand(224)requisitetrainingforthetwomethodsoflife。

Itisdifficulttoillustrateonanationalscalethesubstitutionoftheidealsoflaborforthoseofwarfare。

Attheriskofbeingabsurd，andwiththecertaintyofpushinganillustrationbeyonditslegitimatelimits，Iamventuringtotypifythissubstitutionbytheonemanwhomthecivilizedworldhasmostcloselyassociatedwithmilitaryideals，thepresentEmperorofGermany。WemaycertainlybelievethattheGermanEmperorisaconscientiousman，whomeanstodohisdutytoallhissubjects；thatheregardshimself，notonlyasgeneralandchiefofthearmy，butalsoasthefosteringfatherofthehumblepeople。Letusimaginethequiteimpossiblethingthatfortenyearshedoesnotreviewanytroops，doesnotattendanyparades，doesnotwearauniform，norheartheclangoftheswordashewalks，butthatduringthesetenyearsheliveswiththepeasants“whodrivethepainfulplow，“thatheconstantlyconverseswiththem，andsubjectshimselftotheiralternatinghopesandfearsastotheresultoftheharvest，atbestsoinadequateforsupplyingtheirwantsandforpayingtheirtaxes。LetusimaginethattheGermanEmperorduringthesehalcyonyears，inadditiontothecompanionshipofthehumble，readsonlythefolk-lore，theminorpoetry(225)andtheplaintivesongsinwhichGermanliteratureissorich，untilhecomestoseeeachmanofthefieldashedailygoesforthtohistoil“withasoldiertiedtohisback，“exhaustedbythedoublestrainofhisburdenandhiswork。

LetusimaginethisEmperorgoingthroughsomesuchprofoundmoralchangeasbefellCountTolstoywhenhequittedhismilitaryserviceintheCaucasusandlivedwiththepeasantsonhisestate，withthisdifferencethat，insteadoffeelingdirectlyresponsibleforavillageofhumblefolk，heshouldcometofeelresponsibleforallthetoilersofthe“Fatherland“andfortheinternationalresultsoftheGermanarmy。Letusimaginethatinhisself-surrendertothehumblestofhispeople，therewouldgraduallygrowupinhissubconsciousness，forcesmoreidealthananywhichhadpossessedhimbefore；thathisinterestsandthoughtswouldgraduallyshiftfromwarandthemanoeuvresandextensionsofthearmy，totheunceasingtoil，thepermanentpatience，whichlieatthebottomofallnationalexistence；

thatthelifeofthecommonpeople，whichissoinfiniteinitsmoralsuggestiveness，wouldopenuptohimnewmoralregions，wouldstirnewenergieswithinhim，untiltherewouldtakeplaceoneofthosestrangealterationsinpersonalityofwhichhundredsofexamplesarere-

(226)-corded。Underaglowofgenerousindignation，magnanimity，loyaltytohispeople，apassionofself-surrendertohisnewideals，wecanimaginethattheimperialtemperamentwouldwastenotimeinpipingsandregret，butthat，hisenergiesbeingenlistedinanovermasteringdesiretofreethepeoplefromtheburdenofthearmy，hewoulddrivevigorouslyinthedirection-ofhisnewideals。Itisimpossibletoimaginehim“passive“underthisconversiontotheneweridealsofpeace。

HewouldnomorebepassivethanSt。Paulwasafterhisconversion。HewouldregardthefourmillionmeninEuropeshutupinbarracks，fedinidlenessbytoilingpeasants，asanactualwrongandoppression。Theywouldallhavetobefreedandreturnedtonormallifeandoccupation——notthroughthecomparativelyeasymethodofstorminggarrisons，inwhichhehashadtraining，butthroughconvictiononthepartofrulersandpeopleofthewrongandfollyofbarrackidlenessandmilitaryglitter。ThefreeingoftheChristiansfromtheoppressionsoftheTurks，oftheSpaniardsfromtheMoslems，couldoffernomorestrenuoustask——always，however，withtheaddeddifficultyandcomplicationthatthechangeinthepeoplemustbeamoralchangeanalogoustotheonewhichhadalreadytakenplacewithinhimself；thathemustbedebarred(227)fromtheuseofweapons，towhichhisearlierlifehadmadehimfamiliar；thathishightask，whileenormousinitsproportion，wasstillmostdelicateinitscharacter，andmustbeundertakenwithouttheguaranteeofprecedent，andwithoutanysuretyofsuccess。“Smittenwiththegreatvisionofsocialrighteousness，“assomanyofhiscontemporarieshavebeen，hecouldnotpermithimselftobeblindedortotakerefugeinglitteringgeneralities，but，evenasSt。Paularosefromhisvisionandwentonhiswayinanewdeterminationneveragainchanged，sohewouldhavetogoforthtoamission，imperialindeedinitsmagnitude，but“over-imperial“

inthesweepofitsconsequencesandinthedifficultyofitsaccomplishment。

CertainlycountingallthehoursoftheEmperor\'slifespentincampandcourtdominatedbymilitarypompandambition，hehasgivenmorethantenyearstomilitaryenvironmentandmuchlessthantenyearstothebulkofhispeople，anditwouldnotbeimpossibletoimaginesuchaconversionduetothereactionofenvironmentandinterest。Suchachangehavingtakenplace，shouldweholdhimroyalintemperorworthyofthetraditionsofknight-errantry，ifhewereheldbackbycommercialconsiderations，ifhehesitatedbecausetheKruppCompanycouldsellnomoregunsandwouldbethrownoutofbusiness？Weshould(228)saytothisEmperorwhomourimaginationshaveevoked，Wereyourenthusiasmsgenuineenough，wereyourinsightsabsolutelytrue，youwouldseeofhowlittleconsequencethesethingsreallyare，andhoweasilyadjusted。LettheKruppfactories，withtheirtremendousresourcesinmachineryandmen，proceedtomanufacturedredgingmachinesforthereclaimingofthewastelandinPosen；letthemmakenewinventionstorelievethedrudgeryofthepeasant，agriculturalimplementsadequatetoGermany\'sagriculturalresourcesandpossibilities。Theywillfindneedforallthepowerofinventionwhichtheycancomrnand，allthemanufacturingandcommercialabilitywhichtheynowemploy。Itispartofyournewvocationtoadjusttheindustriesnowtributarytothestandingarmiesandorganizationofwarfare，tousefulandbeneficentoccupations；totransformandreadjustalltheirdependentindustries，fromthemanufacturingofcannonandwar-shipstothatofgoldbraidandepaulets。Itisyourmissiontoreviveandincreaseagriculture，industry，andcommerce，bydivertingalltheenergywhichisnowdirectedtothefeeding，clothing，andarmingoftheidle，intothelegitimateandnormalchannelsoflife。

Itiscertainlynotmoredifficulttoimaginesuchachangeoccurringtoanentirepeoplethaninthe(229)mindandpurposeofoneman——infact，suchchangesaregoingonallaboutus。

Theadvanceofconstructivelaborandthesubsidenceanddisappearanceofdestructivewarfareisagenuinelineofprogression。Oneseesmuchofprotectionandsomethingofconstructionintheofficeofwar，astheRomanbridgessurvivedthroughoutEuropelongafterthelegionswhichbuiltthemandcrossedthemfornewconquestshadpassedoutofmind。Also，intherisingtideoflaborthereisalargeadmixtureofwarfare，ofthepurelymilitantspiritwhichissometimessodominantthatitthrowstheentiremovementintoconfusionandleadsthelaborertorenouncehisbirthright；

butneverthelessthedesireforbattleisbecomingconstantlymorerestrictedinarea。Itstillswaysinregionswheremenofuntamedbloodaredwelling，andamongmenwho，becausetheyregardthemselvesasasuperiorrace，imaginethattheyarefreefromtheordinarymoralrestraints；butitsterritoryconstantlygrowssmalleranditsmanifestationsmoreguarded。Doubtlesswarwillexistformanygenerationsamongsemi-savagetribes，anditwillalsobreakoutinthosenationswhichmayberousedanddominatedbytheunrestrictedcommercialspirit；buttheordinarylifeofmanwillgo(230)onwithoutit，asitbecomestransmittedintoadesirefornormalhumanrelationship。

Itisdifficulttopredictatwhatmomenttheconvictionthatwarisfoolishorwastefulorunjustifiablemaydescendupontheearth，anditisalsoimpossibletoestimateamonghowmanygroupsofpeoplethisconvictionhasalreadybecomeestablished。

TheDoukhoborsareareligioussectinRussiawhosecreedemphasizestheteachingofnonresistance。Astoryistoldofoneoftheiryoungmenwho，becauseofhisrefusaltoentertheRussianarmy，wasbroughtfortrialbeforeajudge，whoreasonedwithhimconcerningthefollyofhiscourseandinreturnreceivedahomilyupontheteachingsofJesus。“Quiterightyouare，“answeredthejudge，“fromthepointofabstractvirtue，butthetimehasnotyetcometoputintopracticetheliteralsayingsofChrist。““Thetimemaynothavecomeforyou，yourHonor，“wasthereply，“butthetimehascomeforus。“WhocantellatwhathourvastnumbersofRussianpeasantsuponthoseRussiansteppeswilldecidethatthetimehascomeforthemtorenouncewarfare，evenastheirprototype，themujik，CountTolstoy，hasalreadydecidedthatithascomeforhim？Consciousasthepeasantsareofreligiousmotive，theywill(231)meetacheerfulmartyrdomfortheirconvictions，assomanyoftheDoukhoborshavedone。Itmay，however，beeasytooverestimatethischangedtemperbecauseofthesimpleyetdramaticformulationgivenbyTolstoytothenonresistingspirit。HowfarTolstoyisreallythemouthpieceofagreatmoralchangegoingoninthelifeoftheRussianpeasantandhowfarhespeaksmerelyforhimself，itis，ofcourse，impossibletostate。

Ifonlyafewpeasantsareexperiencingthischange，hisgeniushascertainlydonemuchtomaketheirpositiondefinite。Themanwhoassumesthatanewdegreeofvirtueispossible，therebymakesitrealandtangibletothosewholongtopossessitbutlackcourage。Tolstoyatleastisreadytopredictthatinthegreataffairsofnationaldisarmament，itmayeasilybetruethattheRussianpeasantswilltakethefirststeps。

Theirarmedrebellionmayeasilybeovercomebyarmedtroops，butwhatcanbedonewiththeirpermanentpatience，theirinsatiablehungerforholiness？Allidealismhasitsprudentialaspects，and，ashasbeenpointedoutbyMr。Perris，[2]nootherformofrevolutionissofittedtoanagriculturalpeopleasthiscontinuedoutburstofpassiveresistanceamongwholecommunities，not(232)intheory，butinpractice。Thispeasantmove-

mentgoesoninspiteofpersecution，perfectlyspontaneous，self-reliant，colossalinthesilentconfidenceandpowerofendurance。InthisdayofMaximgunsandhighexplosives，theoldmethodofrevoltwouldbeimpossibletoanagriculturalpeople，butthenon-resistantstrikeagainstmilitaryserviceliesdirectlyinlinewiththetemperamentandcapacityoftheRussianpeople。That“thegovernmentcannotputthewholepopulationinprison，and，ifitcould，itwouldstillbewithoutmaterialforanarmy，andwithoutmoneyforitssupport，“isanalmostirrefutableargument。

Weseehere，atleast，thebeginningsofasentimentthatshall，ifsufficientlydeveloped，makewarimpossibletoanentirepeople，aconvictionofsinmanifestingitselfthroughoutanation。

Whatevermayhavebeentrueoftherevolutionistofthepastwhenhisspikewasonacertainlevelofequalitywiththebayonetoftheregularsoldier，andhisenthusiasmanddaringcould，inlargemeasure，overcomethedifference，itiscertainlytruenowthatsuchsimplearmsasarevolutionistcouldcommand，wouldbeutterlyfutileagainsttheequipmentoftheregularsoldier。Tocontinuetheuseofarmedforcemeans，underthesecircumstances，thatwemustreferthepossi(233)-bilitiesofallsocialandindustrialadvancetotheconsentoftheownersoftheMaximguns。Wemustdenytothehumblethepossibilityoftheinitiationofprogressivemovementsemployingrevolutionor，atleast，wemustdeferalladvanceuntilthehumblemanycanpersuadethepowerfulfewoftherighteousnessoftheircause，andwemustthrowouttheworkingclassfromparticipationinthebeginningsofsocialrevolutions。

Tolstoywouldmakenon-resistanceaggressive。Hewouldcarryoverintothereservoirsofmoralinfluenceallthestrengthwhichisnowspentincoercionandresistance。Itisanexperimentwhichinitsfullnesshasneverbeentriedinhumanhistory，anditisworthyofagenius。Asmoralinfluencehaseveralargerplaceinindividualrelationshipandasphysicalforcebecomesdailymorerestrictedinarea，soTolstoywould“speedup“

theprocessincollectiverelationshipsandresetthewholeofinternationallifeuponthebasisofgoodwillandintelligentunderstanding。Itdoesnotmatterthathehasenteredthesenewmoralfieldsthroughthenarrowgatewayofpersonalexperience；thathesetsforthhisconvictionswiththelimitationsoftheRussiangovernmentalenvironment；thatheisregardedatthismomentbytheRussianrevolutionistsasaquietistandreactionary。

Hehasneverthelessreacheddown(234)intothemorallifeofthehumblepeopleandformulatedforthemasforusthesecretoftheirlongpatienceandunremittinglabor。Therefore，intheteachingsofTolstoy，asinthelifeofthepeasants，coextensivewiththedoctrineofnonresistance，stressislaiduponproductivelabor。ThepeasantBandereff，fromwhomTolstoyclaimstohavelearnedmuch，hasnotonlyproclaimedhimselfasagainstwar，buthaswrittenamarvelousbookentitled“BreadLabor，“expressingoncemorethestrikingantithesis，theeternalcontrastbetweenwarandlabor，andbetweenthosewhoabhortheoneandeveradvocatetheother。

Warontheonehand——plaindestruction，VonMoltkecalledit——representsthelifeofthegarrisonandthetax-gatherer，theRomanemperorandhisdegeneratepeople，livinguponthefruitsoftheirconquest。Labor，ontheotherhand，representsproductiveeffort，holdingcarefullywhathasbeengarneredbytheoutputofbrainandmuscle，guardingtheharvestjealouslybecauseitisthepreciousbreadmenliveby。

Itisquitepossiblethatwehavecommittedthetime-honoredfollyoflookingforasuddenchangeinmen\'sattitudetowardwar，evenasthepooralchemistswastedtheirlivesinsearchingforamagicfluidanddidnothingtodiscoverthegreatlawsgoverningchemicalchangesandreactions，(235)theknowledgeofwhichwouldhavedevelopeduntoldwealthbeyondtheircrudedreamsoftransmutedgold。

Thefinalmoralreactionmayatlastcome，accompaniedbydeepremorse，tootardytoreclaimallthehumanlifewhichhasbeenspentandthetreasurewhichhasbeenwasted，oritmaycomewithagreatsenseofjoythatallvoluntarydestructionofhumanlife，allthedeliberatewastingofthefruitsoflabor，havebecomeathingofthepast，andthatwhateverthefuturecontainsforus，itwillatleastbefreefromwar。WemayatlastcomprehendthetruthofthatwhichRuskinhasstatedsomanytimes，thatweworshipthesoldier，notbecausehegoesforthtoslay，buttobeslain。

Thatthisworldpeacemovementshouldbearisingfromthehumblestwithoutthesanctionandinsomecaseswiththeexplicitindifference，ofthechurchfoundedbythePrinceofPeace，issimplyanotherexampleofthestrangepathsofmoralevolution。

TosomeofusitseemsclearthatmarkedmanifestationsofthismovementarefoundintheimmigrantquartersofAmericancities。TheprevioussurveyoftheimmigrantsituationwouldindicatethatallthepeoplesoftheworldhavebecomepartoftheAmericantribunal，andthattheir(236)senseofpity，theirclamorforpersonalkindness，theirinsistenceupontherighttojoininourprogress，cannolongerbedisregarded。Theburdensandsorrowsofmenhaveunexpectedlybecomeintelligentandurgenttothisnation，anditisonlybyacceptingthemwithsomemagnanimitythatwecandevelopthelargersenseofjusticewhichisbecomingworld-wideandislyingambush，asitwere，tomanifestitselfingovernmentalrelations。Menofallnationsaredeterminingupontheabolitionofdegradingpoverty，disease，andintellectualweakness，withtheirresultingindustrialinefficiency，andaremakingadeterminedefforttoconserveeventhefeeblestcitizentotheState。Tojoininthisdeterminedeffortistobreakthroughnationalbondsandtounlockthelatentfellowshipbetweenmanandman。Inapoliticalcampaignmenwillgothrougheverypossiblehardshipinresponsetocertainpoliticalloyalties；inamomentofnationaldangermenwillsacrificeeverypersonaladvantage。Itisbutnecessarytomakethisfellowshipwider，toextenditsscopewithoutloweringitsintensity。Thoseemotionswhichstirthespirittodeedsofselfsurrenderandtohighenthusiasm，areamongtheworld\'smostpreciousassets。Thatthisemotionhassooftenbecomeassociatedwithwar，bynomeansprovesthatitcannotbeusedforotherends。

(237)Thereissomethingactiveandtangibleinthisnewinternationalism，althoughitisdifficulttomakeitclear，andinourstrivingforanewwordwithwhichtoexpressthisnewandimportantsentiment，wearedriventotheratherabsurdphraseof“cosmicpatriotism。“

Whateveritmaybecalled，itmayyetbestrongenoughtomovemassesofmenoutoftheirnarrownationalconsiderationsandcautionsintonewreachesofhumaneffortandaffection。Religionhaslongagotaughtthatonlyastheindividualcanestablishasenseofunionwithapowerforrighteousnessnothimself，canheexperiencepeace；anditmaybepossiblethatthenationswillbecalledtoasimilarexperience。

TheInternationalPeaceConferenceheldinBostonin1904wasopenedbyahugemeetinginwhichmenofinfluenceandmodernthoughtfromfourcontinents，gavereasonsfortheirbeliefinthepassingofwar。Butnonewassomodern，sofundamentalandsotrenchant，astheaddresswhichwasreadfromtheprophetIsaiah。Hefoundedthecauseofpeaceuponthecauseofrighteousness，notonlyasexpressedinpoliticalrelations，butalsoinindustrialrelations。Hecontendedthatpeacecouldbesecuredonlyasmenabstainedfromthegainsofoppressionandrespondedtothecauseofthepoor；thatswords(238)wouldfinallybebeatenintoplowsharesandpruning-hooks，notbecausemenresolvedtobepeaceful，butbecauseallthemetaloftheearthwouldbeturnedtoitsproperusewhenthepoorandtheirchildrenshouldbeabundantlyfed。Itwasasiftheancientprophetforesawthatunderanenlightenedindustrialismpeacewouldnolongerbeanabsenceofwar，buttheunfoldingofworldwideprocessesmakingforthenurtureofhumanlife。Hepredictedthemomentwhichhascometousnowthatpeaceisnolongeranabstractdogmabuthasbecomearisingtideofmoralenthusiasmslowlyengulfingallprideofconquestandmakingwarimpossible。

EndnotesImperialism，byJohnA。Hobson。Page128。

TheGrandMujik，G。H。Perris