第3章

Itisalwaysdifficulttojudgeacontemporaneousmovementwithanydegreeoffairness，anditisperenniallyperplexingtodistinguishwhatismerelyadventitiousandtemporaryfromthatwhichrepresentsessentialandpermanenttendencies。Thisdiscriminationismademuchmoredifficultwhenamovementexhibitsvariousstagesofdevelopmentcontemporaneously，whenadozenhistoricphasesaregoingonatthesametime。Yeteveryhistoricmovementtowardsdemocracy，whichconstantlygatherstoitselflargebodiesofrawrecruitswhiletheoldergroupsaremovingon，presentsthispeculiardifficulty。Inthecaseoftradesunions，certaingroupsaremarkedbylawlessnessanddisorder，othersbymostdecorousbusinessmethods，andstillothersarefairlydecadentintheirdesireformonopolisticcontrol。

ItisalongcryfromtheChartistsof1839，burninghayricks，toJohnBurnsof1902，pleadingintheHouseofCommonswithwell-reasonedeloquenceforanextensionoftheworkingmen\'sfranchise。NeverthelesstheyarebothmanifestationsofthesamemovementtowardsuniversalsuffrageandshownogreaterdifferencethanthatbetweentheChica-

(126)-goteamsters，whowereblockingcommerceandalmostbarricadingthestreetsin1902whenatthesamemomentJohnMitchellmadehiswell-consideredstatementthathewouldratherlosethecoalstrike，withallthatthatlossimplied，thangainitatthecostofviolence。

StudentsofindustrialhistorywillpointoutthesequenceanddevelopmentofthepoliticalmovementfromtheChartisttotheIndependentLaborparty。

Theywilltellusthatthesamedesireburnedintheheartsoftheignorantfarmerswhichfiredthedistinguishedparliamentarian，buttheygivenohelptoourbewilderedmindswhenwewouldfaindiscoversomeorderandsequencebetweenthewidelyseparatedeventsofthecontemporaneouslabormovement。

Wemustfirstgetdowntothequestion，Inwhatdoes“theinevitablydestinedriseofthemenoflabor“consist？Whatarewetryingtosolveinthis“mosthazardousproblemoftheage“？Isprogressinthelabormovementtocome，aswearetoldprogresscomesinthenonmoralworld，bytheblind，brutestruggleofindividualinterests；orisittocome，asitsearlierleadersbelieved，throughtheoperationofthehumanwill？

Isitaquestionofmoralswhichmustdependuponeducatorsandapostles；

orisitmerelyaconflictofopposingrightswhichmay(127)legitimatelyusecoercion？Thequestion，fromtheverynatureofthecase，isconfusing；for，ofnecessity，thelabormovementhasperfectlylegitimateeconomicandbusinessaspects，whichloomlargeandeasilyovershadowtheethical。Wewouldallagreethatonlywhenmenhaveeducation，amarginofleisure，andadecenthomecantheyfindroomtodevelopthemorallife。Beforethat，therearetoomanychancesthatitwillbecrushedoutbyignorance，bygrindingweariness，andbyindecency。Butthedangerliesintheconvictionthattheseadvantagesaretobesecuredbyanymeans，moralornon-moral，andinholdingthemparamounttotheinnerlifewhichtheyaresupposedtonourish。Thelabormovementisconfrontedbythatinevitableproblemwhichconfrontseverymovementandeveryindividual。Howfarshallthecompromisebemadebetweentheinnerconceptandtheouteract？Howmayweconcedewhatitisnecessarytoconcede，withoutconcedingall？

Weconstantlyforgetthat，inthelastanalysis，thespiritualgrowthofonesocialgroupisconditionedbythereactionofothersocialgroupsuponit。Weignorethefactthattheworshipofsuccess，solongdominantinAmerica，hastaughtthemajorityofourcitizenstocountonlyaccomplishmentandtomakelittleinquiryconcerning(128)methods。Successhasbecomethesolestandardinregardtobusinessenterprisesandpoliticalparties，butitisevidentthatthepublicintendstocallahaltbeforeitiswillingtoapplythesamestandardtolabororganizations。

Itisclearthatthepresentmomentisoneofunusualcrisis——thatmanyofthetradesunionsofAmericahavereachedatransitionalperiod，whentheycannolongerbemerepropagandists，butarecalledupontodealwithconcreteanddifficultsituations。Whentheyweresmallandpersecuted，theyheldtothefaithanditsimplicationofidealism。Astheybecomelargerandmorepowerful，theymaketermswiththelifeaboutthem，andcompromiseasbesttheymaywithactualconditions。

Theolderunions，whichhavereachedthesecondstagethatmaybedescribedasthatofbusinessdealing，areconstantlyhamperedandharassedbytheactionsoftheyoungerunionswhicharestillintheenthusiasticstage。

Thisembarrassmentisespeciallynotablejustnow，for，duringthislastperiodofprosperity，tradesunionshaveincreasedenormouslyinnumbers；

theStateFederationofMinnesota，forinstance，reportedanincreaseofsixhundredpercent。inoneyear。Nearlyallthewell-establishedunions(129)havebeenfloodedbynewmemberswhoarenotyetassimilatedanddisciplined。

Duringthisperiodofextraordinarygrowth，thelabormovementhasnaturallyattractedtoitselfhundredsoforganizationswhichareyetintheirinfancyandexhibitalltheweaknessof“groupmorality。“Thisdoubtlesstendstoaconceptionofmorallifewhichisasprimitiveasthatwhichcontrolledthebeginningsofpatriotism，whenthemembersofthenewlyconsciousnationconsideredallthosewhowereoutsideaspossibleoppressorsandenemies，andwereloyalonlytowardsthosewhomtheirimaginationincludedasbelongingtothenationallife。Theygavemuch，anddemandedmuch，inthenameofbloodbrothers，butweremercilesstotherestoftheworld。Inadditiontoitsbelligerentyouthanditsprimitivemorality，thenewerunionispronetodeclareastrike，simplybecausethemembershavelongsufferedwhattheyconsidertobegrievances，andtheaccumulatedsenseofunredressedwrongmakesthemeagerforachanceto“fightfortheirrights。“Atthesametime，theemployeralwaysattemptshismostvigorousattackuponanewunion，bothbecausehedoesnotwishorganizedlabortoobtainafootholdinhisfactory，andbecausehischancesforsuccessaregreaterbeforehisemployeesarewelldisciplined(130)inunionism。Neverthelessinactualconflictayoungunionwilloftenmakeamorerecklessfightthananolderone，liketheroughriderincontrastwiththedisciplinedsoldier。Themembersof&；newlyorganizedgroupnaturallyrespondfirsttoasenseofloyaltytoeachotherasagainsttheiremployers，andthentothewiderconsciousnessoforganizedlaborasagainstcapital。Thisstageoftradesunionismisfullofwarphraseology，withits“pickets“and“battle-grounds，“andisresponsibleforthemostseriousmistakesofthemovement。

Thesenseofgrouployaltyholdstradesunionistslongerthanisnormaltoothergroups，doubtlessbecauseoftheconstantaccessionsofthosewhoarenewlyconsciousofitsclaims。

ThoseChicagostrikes，which，duringthelastfewyears，havebeenmostnotablycharacterizedbydisorderandthenecessityforpoliceinterference，havealmostuniversallybeeninauguratedbythenewlyorganizedunions。

Theyhavecalledtotheiraidtheolderorganizations，andthelatterhaveenteredintothestrugglemanytimesunderprotestandmostobviouslyagainsttheirbestinterests。

TheChicagoFederationofLaborhasoftengivenitsofficialindorsementtohot-headedstrikesonthepartof“babyunions“becausethe(131)delegatesfromthenewlyorganizedorfreshlyrecruitedunionshadthelargervote，andtheappealtoloyaltyandtofraternitycarriedthemeetingagainstthejudgmentofthedelegatesfromtheolderunions。

Themembersofnewlyorganizedunionsmorereadilyrespondtotheappealtostrike，inthatitstirsmemoryoftheir“organizationnight，“whentheywereadmittedaftersolemnceremoniesintotheAmericanFederationofLabor。Atthesametime，theorganizersthemselvesoftenholdouttoolargepromises，onthesordidside，ofwhatorganizationwillbeabletoaccomplish。Theytellthenewlyinitiatedwhatotherunionshavedone，withouttellingatthesametimehowlongtheyhavebeenorganizedandhowsteadilytheyhavepaiddues。Severalyearsago，whenthereseemedtobeaveritable“strikefever“inChicagoamongtheyoungertradesunions，itwassuggestedintheFederationofLaborthatnounionbeauthorizedtodeclareastrikeuntilithadbeenorganizedforatleasttwoyears。

Theregulationwasbackedbysomeofthestrongestandwisesttradesunionists，butitfailedtopassbecausetheorganizerswereconvincedthatitwouldcrippletheminformingnewunions。Theywouldbeobligedtopointtomanymonthsofpatientpaymentofduesandhumdrummeetingsbeforeany(132)realgaincouldbesecured。Theorganizers，infact，areinthepositionofarecruitingofficerwhoisobligedtotellhisrawmaterialofallthegloriesofwar，butatthesametimebidthemrememberthatwarfareisalwaysinexpedient。Hemustadvisethemtotakealongandtedioustrainingintheartsofdiplomacyandinthemostadvancedmethodsofavertingwarbeforeanyactioncanpossiblybeconsidered。

Inpointoffacttheorganizersdonotdothis，andmanymenjoinunionsexpectingthatastrikewillbespeedilydeclaredwhichwillsettleallthedifficultiesofmodernindustrialism。Itis，therefore，notsoremarkablethatstrikesshouldoccuroftenandshouldexhibitwarlikefeatures。Whatisremarkableistheattitudeofthepublicwhichhascertainlyeliminatedthetacticsofwarinothercivilrelations。

AtacitadmissionthatastrikeiswarandthatallthemethodsofwarfarearepermissiblewasmadeinChicagoduringtheteamsters\'strikeof1905，whentherewaslittleprotestagainstthewarmethodofconductingastrugglebetweentwoprivateorganizations，oneofemployerandoneofemployed。

Whyshouldtheprinciplesoflegaladjustmenthavebeenthuscomplacentlyflungtothewindsbythetwomillionsofcitizenswhohadnodirectinterestinthisstruggle，but(133)whosepursuitsinbusinesswereinterferedwith，whosesafetyonthestreetswasimperiled，andwhosemoralsensibilitieswereoutraged？

Howdidthepublicbecomehypnotizedintoapassiveenduranceofastreetwarfareinwhichtwoassociationswereengaged，likefeudalchiefswiththeirrecalcitrantretainers？Inthosesimilarcases，whenbloodgrewtoohotonbothsides，themediaevalemperorintervenedandcompelledpeace。

Generalpublicopinionisourhard-wonsubstitutefortheemperor\'spersonalwill。Publicopinion，however，didnotassertitselfandinterfere——onthecontrary，theentiretownacquiescedinthestatementofthecontestantsthatthismethodofwarfarewastheonlyonepossible，andthereuponyieldedtoatendencytoovervaluephysicalforceandtoignorethesubtlerandlessobviousconditionsonwhichthepublicwelfarerests。Atthattimeallmethodsofarbitrationandlegalredresswerecompletelysetaside。

Thereisnodoubtbutthatideasandwordswhichatonetimefillacommunitywithenthusiasmmay，afterafewyears，ceasetobeamovingforce，apparentlyfromnootherreasonthanthattheyarespentandnolongerfitintothetemperofthehour。Suchafatehasevidentlybefallentheword“arbitration，“atleastinChicago，asitisappliedtoindustrialstruggles。

(134)Almostimmediatelyfollowingthelabordisturbsancesof1894inChicago，theagitationwasbegunforaStateBoardofArbitration，resultinginlegislationandtheappointmentoftheIllinoisBoard。Atthattimethepublicbelievedthatarbitrationwouldgofartowardssecuringindustrialpeace，oratleastthatitwouldprovidethedevicethroughwhichlabortroublescouldbespeedilyadjusted，andduringthatperiodtherewasmuchtalkconcerningcompulsoryarbitrationwithreferencetothesuccessfulattemptsinNewZealand。

Duringtheindustrialstrugglesoflateryears，however，notonlyaretheservicesoftheStateBoardrejected，butvoluntarybodiesconstantlyfindtheireffortslesssatisfactory。Employerscontendthatarbitrationimpliestheyieldingofpointsonbothsides。Since，however，mostboardsofarbitrationprovidethatgrievancesmustbesubmittedtothembeforethestrikeoccurs，andthemenarethuskeptatworkwhilethegrievancesarebeingconsidered，thementhereforehavevirtuallynothingtolosebydeclaringastrike。Theyaresubjectedtoatemptationtoconstantlyformulatenewdemands，because，withoutlosingtimeorpay，theyarealmostcertaintosecuresomeconcession，howeversmall，intheirfavor。Theemployersintheteamsters\'strikethusexplainedtheirpositionwhentheyde-

(135)-claredthattherewasnothingwhichcouldbesubmistedtoarbitration。Theseemployersalsocontendedthattheordinarycourthasnoprecedentfordealingwithquestionsofhoursandwages，ofshoprules，andmanyothercausesoftradeuniondisputes，becauseallthesemattersarenewasquestionsoflawandcanbesatisfactorilyadjustedonlythroughindustrialcourtsinwhichtraditionandprecedentbearinguponmodernindustrialconditionshavebeenaccumulated。Theriseandfallofwagesaffectnotonefirmonly，butanationalindustry，andeventhecurrentsofinternationaltrade，sothatitisimpossibletotreatofthemasmattersinequity。Withthisexplanation，theChicagopublicrestedcontentduringthelongweeksoftheteamsters\'strike，fornoonepointedoutthattheseargumentsdidnotapplytothisparticularsituation，soaccustomedhavewegrowninChicagotowarfareasamethodofsettlinglabordisputes。ThechargesoftheEmployers\'Associationagainsttheteamstersdidnotinvolveanypointsdemandingadjustmentthroughindustrialcourts。

ThechargestheEmployers\'Associationmadewerethoseofbrokencontracts，ofblackmail，andofconspiracy，allofthempointswhichareconstantlyadjudicatedinCookCountycourts。

Itwasconstantlyassertedthatofficersofthe(136)Teamsters\'Uniondemandedmoneyfromemployersintheheightofthebusyseasoninordertoavertthreatenedstrikes；

thattherewasadisgracefulalliancebetweencertainmembersoftheTeamOwners\'AssociationandofficersoftheTeamsters\'Union。

Itwould，ofcourse，havebeenimpossibletoproveblackmailandthechargesof“graft，“unlesstheemployersthemselvesortheirrepresentativeshadbornetestimony，whichwouldinevitablyhaveimplicatedthemselves。

Duringthefirstweeksofthestrike，thesechargeswerefreelymade，definitesumswerenamed，anddatesweregiven。Therewasalsoanofferonthepartofvariousmanagerstomakeaffidavits，butlatertheyshrankfromthepublicity，andrefusedtogivethem，preferringapparentlytothrowthewholetownintodisorderratherthanto“standup“totheconsequencesoftheirownactsandtoacknowledgethebriberytowhichtheyclaimtheywereforcedtoresort。Theydemonstratedoncemorethatashowofmanlinessandanappealtoarmsmaymanytimeshidecowardice。

Tothrowaffairsintoastateofwarfareistoputthemwherethemoralaspectwillnotbescrutinizedandwherethemereinterestofthegameandadesiretowatchitwillbeparamount。

Theviciouscombinationrepresentedbycer-

(137)-tainmenintheTeamOwners\'AssociationandintheTeamsters\'Union，“thelaborandcapitalhuntingtogether“kind，isapublicmenacewhichcanbeabolishedonlybyacombinedeffortonthepartofthebestemployersandthebestlabormen。The“betterelement“

certainlywereinamajority，forthemostdangerousmembersofthissinistercombinationwereatlastreducedtofifteenortwentymen。Theseverymen，however，afteraprolongedstrike，becameeithervictorsormartyrs，andineithercasewerefirmlyestablishedinpowerandinfluenceforthesucceedingtwoyears。Whyshouldanentirecityoftwomillionpeoplehavebeenputtosuchanamazingamountofinconvenienceandfinancialloss，withtheircharactersbrutalizedaswell，inordertoaccomplishthis？Thetraditionalburningofthehouseinordertoroastthepigisquiteoutdonebythisoverturningofacityinordertocatcha“scoreofrascals，“forintheendtherascalsarenotcaught，anditisasifthehousewereburnedandthepighadescaped。Wasitnottheresultofactingundermilitaryfervor？Overandoveragainithasbeenfoundthatorganizationsbaseduponamutualsenseofgrievanceorofoutragehavealwaysbeenmilitant，forwhilemencannotbeformedpermanentlyintoassociationswhosechiefbondisasenseofexasperationandwrongdeal(138)ing，duringthetimetheyarethusheldtogethertheyarecommittedtoaggressiveaction。

Moralrightsanddutiesformedupontherelationsofmantomanareapplicabletoallsituations，andtodenythisapplicabilitytoadifficultcase，istobegtheentirequestion。Theconsequencesdonotstopthere，forweallknowthattodenythevalidityofthemoralprincipleinonerelationistosapitsstrengthinallrelations。

Employersoftenresentbeingobligedtohavebusinessrelationswithworkingmen，althoughtheynolongersaythattheywillrefusetodealwiththem，asawomanstillpermitsherselftosaythatshe“willnotarguewithaservant。“Theyneverthelesscontendthatthemenareunreasonable，andthatbecauseitisimpossibletoestablishcontractualrelationswiththem，theymustbecoerced。Thiscontentiongoesfartowardlegitimatizingterrorism。Itthereforeseemstothemdefensibletorefusetogointothecourtsandtoinsistuponwarbecausetheydoitfromaconsciousnessofrectitude，althoughthisinsensiblyslipsintoaconsciousnessofpower，asself-righteousnessissopronetodo。Buttheseareallthetraitsofmilitantyouth，whichintheteamsters\'strikewasindeedborneoutbythefactsinthecase。

TheEmployers\'AssociationofChicagowaslargelycomposedofmerchantswhoseexperience(139)withtradesunionismwasalmostlimitedtotheTeamsters\'Unionwhichhasbeeninexistenceforonlyfiveyearsand，fromthefirst，hasbeentruculentanddifficult。Hadtheemployersinvolvedbeenmanufacturersinsteadofmerchants，theywouldhavehadyearsofexperiencewithunionsofskilledmen，andtheywouldhavemorenearlylearnedtoadjusttheirpersonalandbusinessrelationstotradesunionism。Whenanentireclassinacommunityconfessthatwithoutanappealtoarmstheycannotdealwithtradesunions，who，afterall，representanationalandinternationalmovementahundredyearsold，theypracticallyadmitthattheycannotmanagetheirbusinessundertheexistingconditionsofmodernlife。Toaverygreatextentitisaconfessionofweakness，toaverygreatextentaconfessionoffrailtyoftemper。Tomaketheadjustmenttothepeculiarproblemsofone\'sownsurroundingsisthecruxoflife\'sdifficulties。“Neworganizations“and“newexperimentsinliving“wouldnotariseiftherewerenotacertaininadequatenessinexistingorganizationsandwaysofliving。Theneworganizationsandexperimentsmaynotpointtotherightmodeofmeetingthesituation，buttheydopointtotheexistenceofinadequatenessandtheneedofreadjustment。Changesinbusinessmethodshave(140)beenmultiformduringthepastfifteenyears，andChicagobusinessmenwhohavemadethoseotheradjustmentswouldcertainlybeabletodealwithlaborinitspresentorganizedformiftheywerenotinhibitedbycertainconceptsoftheir“groupmorality。“

Inthemeantimethepublic，whichhasbeenpowerlesstointerfere，canonlypointtotheconsequencesofgravesocialimportwhicharesuretoresultfromaprolongedperiodofdisturbance。

First，thereisthesharpdivisionofthemunityintoclasses，withitsinevitablehostilityandmisunderstanding。Capitallinesupononeside，andlaborontheother，untilthe“fair-mindedpublic“disappearsandChicagolosesherdemocraticspiritwhichhasalwaysbeenhermostpreciouspossession。Initsplaceissubstitutedloyaltytothesidetowhicheachmanbelongs，irrespectiveofthemeritsofthecase-the“mycountryrightorwrong“sentimentwhichwecallpatriotismonlyinwartimes，theblindadherencebywhichamanisattachedagainsthiswill，asitwere，totheblundersof“hisownkind。“

Duringthefirstweekofthestrike，Italkedwithlabormenwhowerewillingtoadmitthatthereweregroundsforindictmentagainstatleasttwooftheofficersintheteamsters\'locals。

(141)Duringthethirdweekofthestrikeallthatwassweptaside，andoneheardonlythatthesituationmustbetakenquitebyitself，withnoreferencestothefirstcauses，thatitwasastrikeoforganizedcapitalagainstorganizedlabor，andthatwecouldhavenopeaceinChicagountilitwas“foughttoafinish。“

Second，thereisanenormousincreaseinthefeelingofraceanimosity，beginningwiththeimportednegrostrike-breakers，andeasilyextendingto“Dagoes“andallotherdistinctnationalities。TheprincipleofracialandclassequalityisatthebasisofAmericanpoliticallife，andtowantonlydestroyitisoneofthegravestoutragesagainsttheRepublic。

Chicagoispreeminentlyacityofmixednationalities。Itisourproblemtolearntolivetogetherinforbearanceandunderstandingandtofuseallthenationsofmenintothenewestand，perhaps，thehighesttypeofcitizenship。ToacceptthisresponsibilitymayconstituteourfinestcontributiontotheproblemsofAmericanlife，butwemayalsowantonlyandeasilythrowawaysuchanopportunitybythestirringupofraceandnationalanimositywhichissoeasilyarousedandsoreluctantlysubsides。

Third，thereisthespiritofmaterialismwhichcontrolsthecityandconfirmsthebeliefthat，after(142)all，bruteforce，atrialofphysicalstrength，isallthatcountsandtheonlythingworthyofadmiration。Anycheckonthemoralconsciousnessisparalyzedwhenthebeliefisonceestablishedthatsuccessisitsownjustification。Whenthestreamofthisbeliefjoinsthecurrentofclassinterest，thespiritoftheprizefighters\'ringwhichcheersthebestroundandworshipsthewinner，becomesparamount。Itisexactlythatwhichappealstotheso-called“hoodlum，“andhissuddenappearanceuponthestreetatsuchtimesandinsuchsurprisingnumbersdemonstratesthatherealizesthathehascometohisown。Atthemomentweallforgetthatthedeterminationtosacrificeallhigherconsiderationstobusinessefficiency，tomakethemachinemovesmoothlyatanycost，“tostickatnothing，“mayeasilymakeabreachintheethicalconstitutionofsocietywhichcanbemadegoodonlybyyearsofpainfulreparation。

Fourth，thereistheeffectuponthechildrenandtheyouthoftheentirecity，forthefurrowofclassprejudice，whichis50easilyrunthroughaplasticmind，oftenleavesalife-longmark。Eachmorningduringthelongweeksofthestrike，thousandsofchildrenatthemorecomfortablebreakfasttableslearnedtoregardlaborunionsastheincitersofriotandtheinstrumentsofevil，thousandsofchildrenatthelesscomfortable(143)breakfasttablessharedtheimpotentrageoftheirparentsthat“lawisalwaysonthesideofcapital，“andbothsetsofchildrenaddedtothehorrorsofManchuriaandWarsaw，whichwerethentakingplace，thepleasurableexcitementthatwarhadbecomedomesticatedupontheirownstreets。Wemaywellbelievethattheseimpressionsandemotionswillbekeptbythesechildrenaspartoftheirequipmentinlifeandthattheirmoralconceptionswillpermanentlytendtowardgroupmoralitiesandwillbecastintoacoarsermold。

InillustrationofthispointImay，perhaps，citemyexperienceduringtheSpanishWar。

FortenyearsIhadlivedin-aneighborhoodwhichisbynomeanscriminal，andyetduringOctoberandNovemberof1898wewerestartledbysevenmurderswithinaradiusoftenblocks。Alittleinvestigationofdetailsandmotives，theaccidentofapersonalacquaintancewithtwoofthecriminals，madeitnotintheleastdifficulttotracethemurdersbacktotheinfluenceofthewar。Simplepeoplewhoreadofcarnageandbloodshedeasilyreceivesuggestions。Habitsofself-controlwhichhavebeenbutslowlyandimperfectlyacquiredquicklybreakdownwhensuchastressisputuponthem。

Psychologistsintimatethatactionisdeterminedbytheselectionofthesubjectuponwhich(144)theattentionishabituallyfixed。Thenewspapers，thetheatricalposters，thestreetconversationsforweeks，hadtodowithwarandbloodshed。Dayafterday，thelittlechildrenonthestreetplayedatwarandatkillingSpaniards。Thehumaneinstinct，whichkeepsinabeyancethetendencytocruelty，aswellasthegrowingbeliefthatthelifeofeachhumanbeing，howeverhopelessordegraded，isstillsacred，givesway，andthemoreprimitiveinstinctassertsitself。

Thereismuchthesamesocialresultduringastrike，inadditiontothefactthattheeffectoftheprolongedwarfareuponthelabormovementitselfismostdisastrous。Theunionsatsuchtimeseasilyraiseintopowertheunscrupulous“leader，“so-called。Intimesoftumult，theaggressiveman，theonewhoisofbellicosetemper，andisrecklessinhisstatements，istheonewhobecomesaleader。Itisaviciouscircle——themorewarlikethetimes，themorerecklesstheleaderwhoisdemanded，andhisrecklesscourseprolongsthestruggle。Suchmenmaketheirappealtoloyaltyfortheunion，tohatredandtocontemptforthe“non-union“man。Mutualhatetowardsanon-unionistmayhaveinitthemerebeginningsoffellowship，theprotoplasmoftribalfealty，butnomore。Whenitiscarriedoverintocivilized(145)lifeitbecomesasocialdeterrentandanactualmenacetosocialrelations。

Inasenseitisfairtoholdeveryinstitutionresponsibleforthetypeofmanwhomittendstobringtothefront，andthetypeoforganizationwhichclingstowarmethodsmust，ofcourse，consideritnoblertoyieldtoforcethantojustice。Theearlierstruggleofdemocracywasforitsrecognitionasapossibleformofgovernmentandthestruggleisnowontoprovedemocracyanefficientformofgovernment。Sotheearlierstrugglesoftradesunionswereformereexistence，andthestrugglehasnowpassedintooneforarecognitionofcontractualrelationsandcollectivebargainingwhichwillmaketradesunionsaneffectiveindustrialinstrument。Itismuchlessjustifiableofcourseinthelatereffortthanitwasintheearliertocarryonthemethodsofprimitivewarfare。

Thisneweffort，however，fromtheverynatureofthings，isbringinganothertypeofunionmanintoofficeandismodifyingtheentiresituation。

Theold-timeagitatorisnolongerusefulandacoolermanisneededforcollectivebargaining。Atthesametimetheemployersmustputforthamoredemocraticandamorereasonabletypeofmaniftheywouldbeartheirsideofthisnewbargaining，sothatithascomeaboutquite(146)recentlythatthefirstattemptshavebeenmadeinChicagotowardscontrollingintheinterestsofbusinessitselfthisnaturaltendencyofgroupmorality。

Itmayofferanotherexampleofbusinessandcommerce，affordingusalargermoralitythanthatwhichthemoraliststhemselvesteach。Certainitisthattheindustrialproblemsengenderedbytheindustrialrevolutionsofthelastcentury，andflunguponthiscenturyforsolution，canneverbesolvedbyclasswarfarenoryetbyignoringtheirexistenceintheoptimismofignorance。

Americaisonlybeginningtorealize，andhasnotyetformulated，alltheimplicationsofthefactorysystemandoftheconditionsoflivingwhichthiswell-establishedsystemimposesupontheworkers。Aswefeelitclosingdownuponus，momentsofrestlessnessandresentmentseizeusall。TheprotestagainstJohnMitchell\'sstatement[1]thattheAmericanworkingmanhasrecognizedthatheisdestinedtoremainaworkingman，isacaseinpoint。Intheirattempttoformulateandcorrectvariousindustrialills，tradesunionsareoftenblamedforwhatisinherentinthefactorysystemitselfandforthoseevilswhichcanbecuredonlythroughamodificationofthatsystem。Forinstance，factoryworkersingen-

(147)-eralhaveforyearsexhibitedatendencytoregulatetheoutputofeachworkertoacertainamountwhichtheyconsiderafairday\'swork，althoughtomanyaworkersucharestrictedoutputmayprovetobelessthanafairday\'swork。Theresultis，ofcourse，disastroustotheworkersthemselvesaswellastothefactorymanagement，foritdoubtlessisquiteasinjurioustoaman\'snervoussystemtoretardhisnaturalpaceasitistoundulyaccelerateit。Therealtrouble，whichthis“limitation“isanawkwardattempttocorrect，isinvolvedinthefactthattheintricatesubdivisionoffactorywork，andthelackofunderstandingonthepartofemployeesofthefinishedproduct，hasmadeanunnaturalsituation，inwhichtheworkerhasnonormalinterestinhisworkandnodirectrelationtoit。Inthevariousmakeshiftsonthepartofthemanufacturertosupplymotiveswhichshalltaketheplaceofthenaturalonessoobviouslymissing，manydeviceshavebeenresortedto，suchas“speedingup“machinery，“settingthepace，“andsubstituting“piecework“fordaywork。Themanufacturersmayjustlysaythattheyhavebeendriventothesevariousexpedients，notonlybythefactoryconditions，butbythenaturallazinessofmen。

Neverthelessreactionfromsuchacourseisinevitablyanuncompromisingattemptonthepartofthework-

(148)-erstoprotectthemselvesfromoverexertionandtoregulatetheoutput。TheworstcasesIhaveeverknownhaveoccurredinunorganizedshopsandhavebeenunregulatedandunaidedbyanytradesunion。The“pacesetter“insuchashopisoftendrivenoutandtreatedwiththesameanimositywhichthe“scab“receivesinaunionshop。

Inthesamespiritweblametradesunionistsforthatdisgracefulattitudewhichtheyhavefromtimetotimetakenagainsttheintroductionofimprovedmachinery——asmallgroupblindlyattemptingtodefendwhattheyconsidertheironlychancetowork。Theeconomistshavedonesurprisinglylittletoshedlightuponthisdifficulty；indeed，theyaresomewhatresponsibleforitsexaggeration。Theiroldtheoryofa“wagefund“whichdidnotreachtherankandfileoftradesunionistsuntilatleastinitsfirstformithadbeenabandonedbytheleadingeconomists，hasbeenresponsiblebothformuchdisorderalongthisline，andfortheothermistakenattempt“tomakeworkformoremen。“

Asocietywhichmadesomeefforttosecureanequitabledistributionoftheleisureandincreasedeasewhichnewinventionsimplywouldremovethetemptationsaswellastheodiumofsuchactionfromthemenwhoareblindedby(149)whattheyconsideraninfringementoftheirrights。

Ifthewonderfulinventionsofmachinery，astheycamealongduringthelastcentury，couldhavebeenregardedasinsomesensesocialpossessions，theworstevilsattendingthefactorysystemofproduction——starvationwages，exhaustinghours，unnecessarymonotony，childlabor，andalltherestofthewretchedlist——mighthavebeenavoidedintheinterestofsocietyitself。Allthiswouldhavecomeabouthadhumanwelfarebeenearlierregardedasalegitimateobjectofsocialinterest。

Butnosuchethicshadbeendevelopedinthebeginningofthiscentury。

Societyregardedmachineryastheabsolutepossessionofthemanwhoowneditatthemomentitbecameafinishedproduct，quiteirrespectiveofthelonglineofinventorsandworkmenwhorepresenteditsgradualgrowthanddevelopment。Societywas，therefore，destinedtoallthemaladjustmentwhichthiscenturyhasencountered。Isitthemilitantspiritoncemoreasoveragainstthenewerhumanitarianism？Thepossessorofthemachine，likethepossessorofarmswhoprecededhim，regardsitasalegitimateweaponforexploitation，astheformerheldhissword。

OneoftheexhibitsintheParisExpositionof(150)1900presentedacontrastbetweenamediaevaldrawingofacastletoweringabovethehamletsofitsprotectedserfs，andamodernphotographofthesamehillcoveredwithahugefactorywhichoverlookedthevillagesofitsdependentworkmen。Thetwopicturesofthesamehillandofthesameplainboremorethanageographicresemblance。

Thissuggestionofmodernexploitationwouldbeimpossiblehadwelearnedthefirstlessonswhichanenlargedindustrialismmightteachus。Classandgroupdivisionswiththeirdivergentmoralitiesbecomemostdangerouswhentheirmembersbelievethattheinferiorgrouporclasscannotbeappealedtobyreasonandfairdealing，butmustbetreateduponalowerplane。

Terrorismisconsiderednecessaryandlegitimatethattheymaybeinhibitedbyfearfromcommittingcertainacts。Sofarasemployersexhibitthisspirittowardworkmen，ortradesunioniststowardnon-unionists，theyinevitablyreverttotheuseofbruteforce——tothemethodsofwarfare。

EndnotesOrganizedLabor，JohnMitchell。Preface。

JaneAddams:NewerIdealsofPeace:Chapter6:ProtectionofChildrenforIndustrialEfficiencyCHAPTERVI

PROTECTIONOFCHILDRENFORINDUSTRIALEFFICIENCYInthepreviouschaptersitwasstatedthattheUnitedStates，comparedtothemostadvancedEuropeannations，isdeficientinprotectivelegislation。

This，ashasbeensaid，istheresultoftheemphasisplaceduponpersonallibertyatthedateofthefirstconstitutionalconventionsandoftheinheritedbeliefinAmericathatgovernmentisofnecessityoppressive，anditsfunctionsnottobelightlyextended。

ItisalsopossiblethatthisprotectionofthehumblestcitizenhasbeenpushedforwardinthosecountriesofahomogeneouspopulationmorerapidlythaninAmerica，becauseofthatunconsciousattitudeofcontemptwhichthenationalityatthemomentrepresentingeconomicsuccessalwaystakestowardtheweakerandlesscapable。Thereisnodoubtthatwealldespiseourimmigrantsalittlebecauseoftheireconomicstanding。Thenewlyarrivedimmigrantgoesverylargelyintounskilledwork；hebuildstherailroads，digsthesewers，hedoesthesortoflabortheEnglish(152)speakingAmericansoongetsridof；andthen，becauseheisinthislowesteconomicclass，hefallsintoneed，andwecomplainthatinAmericatheimmigrantmakesthelargestclaimuponcharitablefunds。YetinEngland，whereimmigrationhascountedforverylittle；inGermany，whereithascountedalmostnotatall，wefindthesameclaimmadeuponthepublicfundsbypeoplewhodothesameunskilledwork，whoarepaidthesameirregularandlowwages。InGermany，wherethismatterisapproached，notfromthecharitable，butfromthepatrioticside，thereisatremendouscodeoflegislationfortheprotectionofthemenwhoholdtolifebythemostuncertaineconomictenure。InEnglandthereexistsanelaboratedcodeoflaborlaws，protectingthelaboreratalltimesfromaccidents，inwaysunknowninAmerica。Herewehaveonlythebeginningofallthatlegislation，partlybecausewehavenotyetbrokenthroughthebeliefthatthemanwhodoesthiscasualworkisnotyetquiteoneofourselves。Wedonotconsiderhimentitledtotheprotectivelegislationwhichissecuredforhiminothercountrieswhereheisquitesimplyafellow-citizen，humbleitmaybe，butstillboundtothegoverningclassbytiesofbloodandhomogeneity。

Ourmoralattitudetowardonegroupinthe(153)communityisadeterminingfactorofourmoralattitudetowardothergroups，andthisrelationofkindlycontempt，ofcharitableratherthandemocraticobligation，maylendsomeexplanationtothefactthattheUnitedStates，asanation，issadlyinarrearsinthelegislationdesignedfortheprotectionofchildren。IntheSouthernStates，whereacontemptuousattitudetowardsaweakerpeoplehashadtheemostmarkedeffectuponpublicfeeling，wehavenotonlythelargestnumberofunprotectedworkingchildren，butthelargestnumberofilliteratechildrenaswell。Thereare，intheUnitedStates，accordingtothelatestcensus[1]580，000childrenbetweentheagesoftenandfourteenyears，whocannotreadnorwrite。Theyarenottheimmigrantchildren。

Theyareourownnative-bornchildren。Ofthese570，000areintheSouthernStatesandtenthousandofthemarescatteredovertherestoftheRepublic。

Thesamethingistrueofourchildrenatwork。Wehavetwomillionsofthem，accordingtothecensusof1900——childrenundertheageofsixteenyearswhoareearningtheirownlivings。

LegislationoftheStatessouthofMarylandforthechildrenislikethelegislationofEnglandin1844。Wearesixty-twoyearsbehindEngland(154)incaringforthechildrenofthetextileindustriesMaywenotalsotracesomeofthisnationalindifferencetothedispositionofthepastcenturytolovechildrenwithoutreallyknowingthem？Werefusetorecognizethemasthegreatnationalassetandarecontenttosurroundthemwithaglamourofinnocenceandcharm。Weputthemprematurelytowork，ignorantofthehavocitbrings，becausenoreallycarefulstudyhasbeenmadeoftheircapacitiesandpossibilities——thatis，nostudyreallyfittedtotheindustrialconditionsinwhichtheylive。

Eachagehas，ofcourse，itsowntemptationsandaboveallitsownpeculiarindustrialtemptationsandneedstoseethemnotonlyinthelightoftheincreasedsensibilityandhigherethicalstandardsofitscontemporaries，butalsoinrelationtoitspeculiarindustrialdevelopment。Whenweaskwhyitisthatchild-laborhasbeengiventoustodiscussandtorectify，ratherthantothepeoplewholivedbeforeus，weneedonlytorememberthat，forthefirsttimeinindustrialhistory，thelaborofthelittlechildhasinmanyindustriesbecomeasvaluableasthatofamanorwoman。

Theold-fashionedweaverwasobligedtopossessskillandstrengthtopullhisbeambackandforth。Itisonlythroughtheelaboratedinventionsofourownagethatskillaswellas(155)strengthhasbeensolargelyeliminatedthat，forexample，alittlechildmay“tendthethread“inatextilemillalmostaswellasanadult。Thisistrueofsomanyindustriesthatthetemptationtoexploitprematurelaborhasbecomepeculiartothisindustrialepochandwearetemptedasneverbeforetousethelaboroflittlechildren。

What，then，arewegoingtodoaboutit？Howdeeplyareweconcernedthatthislaborshallnotresulttothedetrimentofthechild，andwhatexcusesarewemakingtoourselvesforthusprematurelyusingupthestrengthwhichreallybelongstothenextgeneration？Ofcourse，itisalwaysdifficulttoseethewronginafamiliarthing；itisalmostatestofmoralinsighttobeabletoseethatanaffairoffamiliarintercourseanddailylivingmayalsobewrong。IhavetakenaChicagostreet-caronanightinDecemberatteno\'clock，whendozensoflittlegirlswhohadworkedinthedepartmentstoresalldaywerealsoboardingthecars。Iknow，asmanyothersdo，thatthesechildrenwillnotgetintotheirbedsbeforemidnight，andthattheywillhavetobeupagainearlyinthemorningtogototheirdailywork。AndyetbecauseIhaveseenitmanytimesItakemycaralmostplacidly——Iamhappytosay，notquiteplacidly。Almosteverydayatsixo\'clockIseecertainfactoriespouringout(156)astreamofmenandwomenandboysandgirls。

Theboysandgirlshaveapeculiarhueacolorsodistinctivethatonemeetingthemonthestreet，evenonSundaywhentheyareintheirbestclothesandmingledwithotherchildrenwhogotoschoolandplayoutofdoors，candistinguishtheminaninstant，andthereisontheirfacesaprematureanxietyandsenseofresponsibility，whichweshoulddeclarepatheticifwewerenotusedtoit。

Howfarareweresponsiblewhenweallowcustomtoblindoureyestothethingsthatarewrong？Inspiteoftheenormousgrowthincharitableandcorrectionalagenciesdesignedforchildren，arewereallysolackinginmoralinsightandvigorthatwefaileventoperceivetherealtemptationofourageandtotallyfailtograpplewithit？AnenlightenedStatewhichregardedtheindustrialsituationseriouslywouldwishtoconservetheabilityofitsyouth，togivethemvaluabletraininginrelationtoindustry，quiteastheold-fashionedStatecarefullycalculatedtheyearswhichwerethemostvaluableformilitarytraining。Thelatter，lookingonlytowardthepreservationoftheState，tookinfinitepains，whilewearecarelessinregardtothemuchgreatertaskwhichhastodowithitsupbuildingandextension。Weconscientiouslyignoreindustryinrelationtogovernmentandbecauseweassumethatitsregu-

(157)-lationisunnecessary，soweconcludethattheprotectionoftheyoungfromprematureparticipationinitsmightyoperationsisnottheconcernoftheGovernment。

Themunicipallodging-houseinChicagoinadditiontohousingvagrants，makesanintelligentefforttoputthemintoregularindustry。Aphysicianinattendancemakesacarefulexaminationofeachmanwhocomestothelodging-house，andonewinterwetriedtoseewhatconnectioncouldbegenuinelyestablishedbetweenprematurelaborandworn-outmen。Itissurprisingtofindhowmanyofthemaretiredtodeathofmonotonouslabor，andbegintotrampinordertogetawayfromit——asabusinessmangoestothewoodsbecauseheiswornoutwiththestressofbusinesslife。Thisinordinatedesiretogetawayfromworkseemstobeconnectedwiththefactthatthemenstartedtoworkveryearly，beforetheyhadthephysiquetostanduptoit，orthementalvigorwithwhichtoovercomeitsdifficulties，orthemoralstaminawhichmakesamansticktohisworkwhetherhelikesitornot。Butwecannotdemandanyofthesethingsfromthegrowingboy。

Theyarealltraitsoftheadult。Aboyisnaturallyrestless，hisdeterminationeasilybreaksdown，andherunsaway。Atleastthisseemstobetrueofmanyofthemenwhocometothe(158)lodging-house。IrecallamanwhohadbeguntoworkinatextilemillquitebelowthepresentlegalageinNewEngland，andwhohadworkedhardforsixteenyears。Hetoldhistalewithallsimplicity；

and，ashemadeamotionwithhishand，hesaid，“Idonethatforsixteenyears。“Igivethewordsashegavethem。“AtlastIwassickinbedfortwoorthreeweekswithafever，andwhenIcrawledout，ImadeupmymindthatIwouldrathergotohellthantogobacktothatmill。“WhetherheconsideredChicagoasequivalenttothat，Idonotknow；buthecertainlytrampedtoChicago，andhasbeentrampingforfouryears。Hedoesnotsteal。

Heworksinalumbercampoccasionally，andwandersabouttherestofthetimegettingoddjobswhenhecan；butthesuggestionofafactorythrowshimintoapanic，andcauseshimquicklytodisappear-fromthelodging-house。

Thephysicianhasmadeadiagnosisofgeneraldebility。Themanisnotfitforsteadywork。Hehasbeenwhippedinthebattleoflife，andisspentprematurelybecausehebeganprematurely。

Yetthestatemakesnocarefulstudyastotheeffectuponchildrenofthesubdividedlaborwhichmanyofthemperforminfactories。Achildwhoremainsyearafteryearinaspinningroomgetsnoinstruction——merelyadulldistasteforwork。

(159)Oftenhecannotstanduptothegrindoffactorylife，andhebreaksdownunderit。

Whatdoesthismean？Thatwehavenorighttoincreasethelistofpaupers——ofthosewhomustbecaredforbymunicipalandStateagenciesbecausewhentheywerestillimmatureandundeveloped，theyweresubjectedtoatremendouspressure。Irecallonefamilyoffivechildrenwhich，uponthedeathoftheenergeticmotherwhohadprovidedforitbymeansofalittledress-makingestablishment，waslefttothecareofafeebleoldgrandmother。

Thefatherwasadrunkardwhohadneversupportedhisfamily，andatthistimehedefinitelydisappeared。Theoldestboywasalmosttwelveyearsold——afine，manlylittlefellow，whofeltkeenlyhisobligationtocareforthefamily。

Wefoundhimaplaceascash-boyinadepartmentstorefortwodollarsaweek。Hehelditforthreeyears，althoughhisenthusiasmfailedsomewhatasthemonthswentby，andhegraduallydiscoveredhowlittlehelphiswagesweretothefamilyexchequerafterhiscarfare，decentclothesandunendingpairsofshoeswerepaidfor。Beforetheendofthethirdyearhehadbecomelistlessandindifferenttohiswork，inspiteoftheincreaseoffiftycentsaweek。Inthehopethatachangewouldbegoodforhim，aplaceasele-

(160)-vator-boywassecured。Thishewasunabletokeep，andthenonesituationafteranotherslippedthroughhisgrasp，untilatyphoidfeverwhichhedevelopedattheageoffifteen，seemedtoexplainhisapathy。

Afteralongillnessandapoorrecovery，heworkedlesswell。Finally，attheageofsixteen，whenheshouldhavebeenablereallytohelpthelittlefamilyandperhapsbeitsmainsupport，hehadbecomeaprofessionaltramp，andeventuallydroppedcompletelyfromourknowledge。Itwasthroughsuchbitterlessonsasthesewelearnedthatgoodintentionsandthecharitableimpulsedonotalwaysworkforrighteousness；thattoforcethemoralnatureofachildandtoputtasksuponhimbeyondhisnormalgrowth，isquiteascruelanddisastrousastoexpecthisundevelopedmuscletolifthugeweights。

Adolescenceisfilledwithstrangepausesoflistlessnessanddreaminess。

Atthatperiodthehumanwillisperhapsfurtherawayfromthedesireofdefiniteachievementthaniteverisagain。Toworktenhoursadayforsixdaysinaweekinordertobuyhimselfapairofstoutboots，thathemaybeproperlyshodtogotoworksomemore，istheverylastthingwhichreallyappealstoaboyofthirteenorfourteen。Ifheisforcedtosuchacoursetoooften，hischeatednaturelaterre-

(161)assertsitselfinallsortsofdecadentandabnormalways。

Anenlightenedstatewouldalsoconcernitselfwiththeeffectofchildlaborupontheparents。WehaveinChicagoagreatmanyEuropeanimmigrants，peoplewhohavecomefromcountrylifeinBohemiaorthesouthofItaly，hopingthattheirchildrenwillhaveabetterchanceherethanathome。

Intheoldcountrytheseimmigrantsworkedonfarmswhichprovidedaverynormalactivityforayoungboyorgirl。WhentheycometoChicago，theyseenoreasonwhytheirchildrenshouldnotgotowork，becausetheyseenodifferencebetweenthenormalactivityoftheirownyouthandthegrindinglife，towhichtheysubjecttheirchildren。Itisdifficultforamanwhohasgrownupinoutdoorlifetoadapthimselftothefactory。ThesameexperienceisfoundintheSouthwiththemenwhocometothetextiletownsfromthelittlefarms。Theyresentmonotonouspettywork，andgetawayfromit；theywillinpreferencetakemorepoorlypaidwork，careofhorsesorjanitorservice_workwhichhassomesimilaritytothattowhichtheyhavebeenaccustomed。Sotheparentsdropout，andthechildren，makingtheadaptation，remain，andthecuriousresultensuesoftheheadofthehouseholdbecomingdependent(162)upontheearningsofthechild。Youwillhearachildsay，“Mymothercan\'tsaynothingtome。Ipaytherent；“or，“IcandowhatIplease，becauseIbringhomethebiggestwages。“Allthistendstobreakdownthenormalrelationbetweenparentsandchildren。TheItalianmenwhoworkontherailroadsinthesummerfinditagreattemptationtosettledowninthewinteruponthewagesoftheirchildren。AyoungmanfromthesouthofItalywasmourningthedeathofhislittlegirloftwelve；inhisgriefhesaid，quitesimply，“Shewasmyoldestkid。Intwoyearsshecouldhavesupportedme，andnowIshallhavetoworkfiveorsixyearslongeruntilthenextonecandoit。“Heexpectedtoretirepermanentlyatthirty-four。Thatbreakingdownofthenormalrelationofparentandchild，andthetendencytodemoralizetheparent，issomethingwehavenorighttosubjecthimto。Weoughttoholdtheparentuptotheobligationwhichhewouldhavefulfilledhadheremainedinhisearlyenvironment。

Amodernstatemightrightlyconcernitselfwiththeeffectofchildlaboruponindustryitself。Therehasbeenformanyyearsanincreasingcriticismofthemodernfactorysystem，notonlyfromthepointofviewoftheworker，butfromthepointofviewoftheproductitself。Ithas(163)beensaidmanytimesthatwecannotsecuregoodworkmanshipnorturnoutasatisfactoryproductunlessmenandwomenhavesomesortofinterestintheirwork，andsomewayofexpressingthatinterestinrelationtoit。Thesystemwhichmakesnodemanduponoriginality，uponinvention，uponself-direction，worksautomatically，asitwere，towardsanunintelligentproducerandtowardsanuninterestingproduct。ThiswassaidatfirstonlybysuchartistsandsocialreformersasMorrisandRuskin；

butitisbeinggraduallyadmittedbymenofaffairsandmayatlastincorporateitselfintoactualfactorymanagement，inwhichcasethefactoryitselfwillfavorchildlaborlegislationoranyothermeasurewhichincreasesthefreeandfulldevelopmentoftheindividual，becausehetherebybecomesamorevaluableproducer。Wemaygraduallydiscoverthatintheinterestsofthisindustrialsocietyofoursitbecomesadistinctlosstoputlargenumbersofproducersprematurelyatwork，notonlybecausethecommunityinevitablylosestheirmatureworkingpower，butalsobecausetheir“freelaborquality，“whichissovaluable，ispermanentlydestroyed。

Exerciseoftheinstinctofworkmanshipnotonlyaffordsgreatsatisfactiontotheproducer，butalsototheconsumer，ifhebepossessedofany(164)criticalfaculty，orhavedevelopedgenuinepowersofappreciation。Addedtotheconsciencewhichprotestsagainstthesocialwasteofchildlabor，wehavethetastethatrevoltsagainstaproducttotallywithoutthecharmwhichpleasureinworkcreates。Wemayatlastdiscoverthatweareimperilingourcivilizationatthemomentofitsmarkedmaterialism，bywantonlysacrificingtothatmaterialismtheeternalspiritofyouth，thepowerofvariation，whichaloneisabletopreventitfromdegeneratingintoameremechanism。

Itwouldbeeasytoproducemanyillustrationstodemonstratethatintheleadingindustrialcountriesabeliefisslowlydevelopingthattheworkmanhimselfisthechiefasset，andthattheintelligentinterestofskilledmen，thepowerofself-directionandco-operationwhichisonlypossibleamongthefree-bornandeducated，isexactlytheonlythingwhichwillholdoutinthemarketsoftheworld。Astheforemenoffactoriestestifyagainandagain，factorydisciplineisvaluableonlyuptoacertainpoint，afterwhichsomethingelsemustbedependedonifthebestresultsaretobeachieved。

Monopolyofboththerawmaterialandthenewly-openedmarketsiscertainlyavaluablefactorinanation\'sindustrialprosperity；butwhilewespendandtreasuretoprotectoneand(165)securetheother，wewantonlydestroythemostvaluablefactorofall，intelligentlabor。Nothingcanhelpusheresavetherisingtideofhumanitarianism，whichisnotonlyemotionalenoughtoregretthepitilessandstupidwasteofthispowerbutalsointelligentenoughtoperceivewhatmightbeaccomplishedbyitsutilization。

WearetoldthattheGermanproductsholdaforemostplaceinthemarketsoftheworldbecauseofGermany\'sfineeducationalsystem，whichincludestrainingintrade-schoolsforsomanyyoungmen。Weknow，too，thatthereisatthepresentmomentastrongpartyinGermanyopposingmilitarism，notfromthe“peacesociety“pointofview，butbecauseitwithdrawsalltheyoungmenfromtheindustriallifeforthebestpartofthreeyearsduringwhichtheiractivityismerelydisciplinary，withnorelationtotheindustriallifeofthenation。Thisanti-militarypartyinsiststhatthelossofthethreeyearsisaseriousmatter，andthatonenationcannotsuccessfullyholditsadvancepositionifitmustcompetewithothernationswhicharealsoestablishingtrade-schoolsbutwhichdonotthuswithdrawtheiryouthfromcontinuoustrainingattheperiodoftheirgreatestdocilityandaptitude。

Englandisdiscoveringthatthecheapmarketsaffordedbysemi-savagepeoples，whichshehas(166)thrownopentohermanufacturers，arenowreactinginthedebasementofherproductsandherfactoryworkers。Themanufacturerproducesthecheapandinferiorarticleswhichheimaginesthenewcommercewilldemand。Theresultupontheworkersinthefactoriesproducingtheseunworthygoods，isthattheyarerobbedoftheskillwhichwouldbedemandediftheywereministeringtoanincreasingdemandoftasteandiftheyweresupplyingthemarketofacivilizedpeople。ItwouldbeacuriousresultofmisappliedenergyifthoseverymarketswhichtheBritonhassoeagerlysought，wouldfinallysodebasetheEnglishproducersthatalltheincreasedwealththemarketshavebroughttothenationwouldbeconsumedineffortstoredeemthedebasedworkingpopulation。

WehavemadepubliceducationourgreatconcerninAmerica，andperhapsthepublic-schoolsystemisourmostdistinctiveachievement；butthereisacertainlackofconsistencyintherelationoftheStatetothechildafterheleavesthepublicschool。AtgreatexpensetheStatehasprovidedschoolbuildingsandequipment，andotherbuildingsinwhichtoprepareprofessionalteachers。Ithassparednopainstomakethesystemcomplete，andyetasrapidlyasthechildrenleavetheschoolroom，theStateseemstolose(167)allinterestandresponsibilityintheirwelfareandhas，untilquiterecently，turnedthemovertotheemployerwithnorestrictions。

Atnopointdoesthecommunitysaytotheemployer，Weareallowingyoutoprofitbythelaborofthesechildrenwhomwehaveeducatedatgreatcost，andwedemandthattheydonotworksomanyhoursthattheyshallbeexhausted。Norshalltheybeallowedtoundertakethesortoflaborwhichisbeyondtheirstrength，norshalltheyspendtheirtimeatworkthatisabsolutelydevoidofeducationalvalue。Thepreliminaryeducationwhichtheyhavereceivedinschoolisbutonestepintheprocessofmakingthemvaluableandnormalcitizens，andwecannotaffordtohavethatintentionthwarted，eventhoughthecommunityaswellasyourselfmayprofitbythebusinessactivitywhichyourfactoryaffords。

Suchapositionseemsperfectlyreasonable，yetthesamecitizenswhowillinglypaytaxestosupportanelaboratepublic-schoolsystem，strenuouslyopposethemostmoderateattemptstoguardthechildrenfromneedlessanduselessexploitationaftertheyhaveleftschoolandhaveenteredindustry。

Weareforcedtobelievethatchildlaborisanationalproblem，evenaspubliceducationisanationalduty。ThechildrenofAlabama，Rhode(168)Island，andPennsylvaniabelongtothenationquiteasmuchastheybelongtoeachState，andthenationhasaninterestinthechildrenatleastinrelationtotheirindustrialefficiency，quiteasithasaninterestinenactingprotectivetariffsforthepreservationofAmericanindustries。

Uniformcompulsoryeducationlawsinconnectionwithuniformchildlaborlegislationaretheimportantfactorsinsecuringeducatedproducersforthenation。Fortunately，aneweducationisarisingwhichendeavorstowidenandorganizethechild\'sexperiencewithreferencetotheworldinwhichhelives。[2]Thenewpedagogyholdsthatitisachild\'sinstinctandpleasuretoexerciseallhisfacultiesandtomakediscoveriesintheworldaroundhim。Itisthechiefbusinessoftheteachermerelytodirecthisactivityandtofeedhisinsatiablecuriosity。Inordertoaccomplishthis，heisforcedtorelatethechildtothesurroundingsinwhichhelives；andthemostadvancedschoolsare，perforce，usingmodernindustryforthispurpose。Theeducatorshaveceasedtomournindustrialconditionsofthepastgeneration，whenchildrenweretaughtagriculturalandindustrialartsbythenaturalcooperationwiththeirparents，andtheyareendeavoringtosupplythisinadequacybymanualartsintheschool，bycoursesinindustrialhistory，(169)andbyminiaturereproductionsofindustrialprocesses，thusconstantlycomingintobetterrelationswiththepresentfactorysystem。Theseeducatorsrecognizethesignificanceandpowerofcontemporaryindustrialism，andholditanobligationtoprotectchildrenfromprematureparticipationinourindustriallife，onlythatthechildrenmaysecurethetrainingandfibrewhichwilllatermakethisparticipationeffective，andthattheirmindsmayfinallytakepossessionofthemachineswhichtheywillguideandfeed。

Butthereisanothersidetothebenefitsofchildlaborlegislationrepresentedbythetimeelement，theleisurewhichissecuredtothechildforthepursuitofhisownaffairs，quiteasidefromtheopportunityaffordedhimtoattendschool。Helplessnessinchildhood，thescientiststellus，istheguaranteeofadultintellect，buttheyalsoassertthatplayinyouthistheguaranteeofadultculture。Itisthemostvaluableinstrumenttheracepossessestokeeplifefrombecomingmechanical。

Thechildwhocannotlivelifeispronetodramatizeit，andtheveryprocessisaconstantcompromisebetweenimitationandimagination，astheover-masteringimpulseitselfwhichdriveshimtoincessantplayisbothreminiscentandanticipatory。Inproportionasthechildinlaterlifeistobesubjectedtoamechanicalandone-sided(170)activity，andasahighlysubdividedlaboristobedemandedfromhim，itisthereforemostimportantthatheshouldhavehisfullperiodofchildhoodandyouthforthisplayexpressioninorderthathemaycultivatewithinhimselftherootofaculturewhichalonecangivehislateractivityameaning。[3]Thisistruewhetherornotweacceptthetheorythattheaestheticfeelingsoriginateintheplayimpulse，withitscorollarythattheconstantexperimentationfoundinthecommonestformsofplayaretobelookeduponas“theprincipalsourceofallkindsofart。“Atthismoment，whenindustrialforcesareconcentratedandunifiedasneverbefore，unusualcaremustbetakentosecuretothechildrentheirnormalplayperiod，thattheartinstinctmayhavesomechance，andthattheproducerhimselfmayhaveenoughindividualityofcharactertoavoidbecomingamerecoginthevastindustrialmachine。

Quiteasidealsofromtheproblemofindividualdevelopmentandfromthefactthatplay，inwhichthepowerofchoiceisconstantlypresentedandconstructiveimaginationrequired，isthebestcorrectiveofthefuturedisciplinarylifeofthefactory，thereisanotherreasonwhythechildrenwhoaretobecomeproducersunderthepresentsystemshouldbegiventheirfullchild-lifeperiod。

(171)

Theentirepopulationofthefactorytownandofthoseenormousdistrictsineverylargecityinwhichthechildrenlivewhomostneedtheprotectionofchild-laborlegislation，consistsofpeoplewhohavecometogetherinresponsetothedemandsofmodernindustry。Theyareheldtogetherbythepurelyimpersonaltieofworkinginonelargefactory，inwhichtheynotonlydonotknoweachother，butinwhichnoonepersonnorevengroupofpersonsknowseverybody。Theyareutterlywithoutthenaturalandminuteacquaintanceandinter-familyrelationshipsthatruralandvillagelifeafford，andarethereforemuchmoredependentuponthesocialsympathyandpowerofeffectiveassociationwhichisbecomingitsurbansubstitute。

Thissubstitutecanbemosteasilyelaboratedamonggroupsofchildren。

Somewheretheymustlearntocarryonanorderlydailylife——thatlifeofmutualtrust，forbearance，andhelpwhichistheonlyreallifeofcivilizedman。Playisthegreatsocialstimulus，anditistheprimemotivewhichuniteschildrenanddrawsthemintocomradeship。Atruedemocraticrelationandeaseofacquaintanceisfoundamongthechildreninatypicalfactorycommunitybecausetheymorereadilyovercomedifferencesoflanguage，tradition，andreligionthandotheadults。“Itisin(172)playthatnaturerevealsheranxiouscaretodiscovermentoeachother，“andthishappyandimportanttask，childrenunconsciouslycarryforwarddaybydaywithalltheexcitementandjoyofco-ordinateactivity。Theyaccomplishthatwhichtheirelderscouldnotpossiblydo，andtheyrenderamostimportantservicetothecommunity。

Wehavenotasyetutilizedthisjoyofassociationinrelationtothesystemoffactoryproductionwhichissopreeminentlyoneoflargebodiesofmenworkingtogetherforhoursatatime。Butthereisnodoubtthatitwouldbringanewpowerintomodernindustryifthefactorycouldavailiselfofthatespritdecorps，thattriumphantbuoyancywhichthechildexperienceswhenhefeelshiscompleteidentificationwithasocialgroup；thatsenseofsecuritywhichcomesuponhimsittinginatheatreor“ataparty，“whenheissuesforthfromhimselfandislostinafairylandwhichhasbeenevokednotonlybyhisownimagination，butbythatofhiscompanionsaswell。Thispowerofassociation，ofassimilation，whichchildren-possessinsuchahighdegree，iseasilycarriedoverintotheaffairsofyouthifitbutbegivenopportunityandfreedomforaction，asitisinthecollegelifeofmorefavoredyoungpeople。Theespritdecorpsofanathleticteam，thatastonishingforceofco-operation，is，how-

(173)-ever，neverconsciouslycarriedoverintoindustry，butispersistentlydisregarded。Itis，indeed，lostbeforeitisdiscovered——ifImaybepermittedanIrishbull——inthecaseofchildrenwhoareputtoworkbeforetheyhavehadtimetodevelopthepowerbeyonditsmostchildishandhaphazardmanifestations。

Factorylifedependsupongroupsofpeopleworkingtogether，andyetitiscontentwiththemorphologyofthethegroup，asitwere，payingnoattentiontoitspsychology，totheinteractionofitsmembers。Byregardingeachproducerasasolitaryunit，atremendouspoweristotallyunutilized。

Inthecaseofchildrenwhoareprematurelyputtoworkundersuchconditions，anunwarrantednervousstrainisaddedastheymaketheirefforttostanduptotheindividualdutiesoflifewhilestillinthestageofgroupandfamilydependence。

Wenaturallyassociateafactorywithorderlyproductiveaction；butsimilarityofaction，withoutidenticalthoughtandco-operativeintelligence，iscoercion，andnotorder。Thepresentfactorydisciplineneedstoberedeemedastheoldschooldisciplinehasbeenredeemed。Inthelatterthesystemofprizesandpunishmentshasbeenlargelygivenup，notonlybecausetheyweredifficultto(174)administer，butbecausetheyutterlyfailedtofreethepowersofthechild。

“Thefearofstarvation，“ofwhichtheoldeconomistsmadesomuch，is，afterall，butapoorincentivetowork；andtheappealtocupiditybywhichamanisinducedto“speedup“inallthevariousdevicesofpiece-workisverylittlebetter。Yetthefactorystilldependsupontheseasincentivestotheordinaryworkers。Certainlyonewouldwishtoprotectchildrenfromthemaslongaspossible。InasoapfactoryinChicagolittlegirlswr[ap]

barsofsoapintwocoversattheminimumrateof3，000barsaweek；theironlyambitionistowrapasfastaspossibleandwellenoughtopasstheforeman\'sinspection。Thegirlwhoseearningsarethelargestattheendoftheweekisfilledwithpride-praiseworthy，certainly，buttotallywithouteducationalvalue。

Letusrealizebeforeitistoolatethatinthisageofiron，ofmachine-tending，andofsub“dividedlabor，weneedasneverbeforetheuntrammeledandinspiredactivityofyouth。Tocutitofffromthousandsofworkingchildrenisamostperilousundertaking，andendangerstheveryindustrytowhichtheyhavebeensacrificed。

Onlyoflateyearshasaneffortbeenmadebythecityauthorities，bythemunicipalityitself，toconservetheplayinstinctandtoutilizeit，ifnot(175)forthecorrectionofindustry，atleastforthenurtureofcitizenship。Ithasbeendiscoveredthatthecitywhichistoocarelesstoprovideplaygrounds，gymnasiums，andathleticfieldswheretheboyslegitimatelybelongandwhichthepolicemanisboundtorespect，simplyputsapremiumonlawlessness。Withouttheseplacesoftheirown，groupsofboyscometolookuponthepolicemanasanenemy，andheregardsthemasthemostlawlessofallthecitizens。Thisispartlyduetothefactthatbecauseofourmilitarysurvivalstheofficerisnotbroughtincontactwiththeeducationalforcesofthecity，butonlywithitsvicesandcrime。Hemighthavequiteasgreatanopportunityforinfluencingthemoralsofyouthastheschoolteacherhas。AtleastoneAmericancityspendstwentypercent。moreinprovisionfortheconvictionofyouthsthanfortheireducation，forthecitywhichfailstoutilizethispromisingmaterialofyouthfuladventuredoesnottrulygetridofit，andfindsitmoreexpensivetocareforaswastematerialthanaseducativematerial。

Atacertainageaboyispossessedbyarestlessdeterminationtodosomethingdangerousandexciting——a“difficultstunt，“asitwere——bywhichhemayprovethatheismasterofhisfateandthusexpresshisgrowingself-assertion。Hepreferstodemon-

(176)-strateinfeatsrequiringbothcourageandadroitness，anditmaybesaidthattraditioniswithhiminhischoice。Thatthisimpulseismixedwithanabsurddesireonthepartoftheboyto“showoff，“toimpresshiscompanionswiththefactthatheisgreatandbraveandgenerallytobeadmired，doesnotintheleastaffectitsgenuineness。

Thecitywhichfailstoprovideanopportunityforthisinevitableandnormaldesireonthepartoftheyoungcitizensmakesagravemistakeandinvitesirregularexpressionofit。Thethwartedspiritofadventurefindsanoutletininfinitevarietiesofgambling；craps，cards，thetossingofdiscardedunionbuttons，thebettingonoddorevenautomobilenumbers，onthenumberofnewspapersunderaboy\'sarm。Anotherendwhichcanbeaccomplished，ifthecityrecognizesplayaslegitimateandprovidesplaygroundsandathleticfields，isthedevelopmentofthatselfgovernmentandself-disciplineamonggroupsofboys，whichformsthemostnaturalbasisfordemocraticpoliticallifelater。

Theboyinatenement-houseregionwhodoesnotbelongtothegangisnotonlyanexception，butaveryrareexception。Thisearliestformofsociallifeisalmosttribalinitsorganization，andtheleadertoooftenholdshisplacebecauseheisasuccessfulbully。Thegangmeetsfirstuponthe(177)street，butlateritmaypossessaclubroominastable，inabilliardroom，inanemptyhouse，undertheviaduct，inacandystore，inasaloonoreveninanemptylot。Thespiritofassociation，thefellowshipandloyaltywhichthegroupinspires，carrythemintomanydangers；butthereisnodoubtthatitisthroughtheseexperiencesthatthecityboylearnshispoliticallessons。Thetrainingforpoliticallifeisgiveninthesegangs，andalsoanopportunitytodevelopthatwonderfulpowerofadaptationwhichisthecity\'scontribution，eventothepoorestofherchildren。Aclevermanoncetoldmethathedoubtedwhetheranaldermancouldbeelectedinatenement-housedistrictunlesshehadhadgangexperience，andhadbecomeanadeptintheinterminablediscussionwhicheverydetailofthegang\'sactivityreceives。Thisaloneaffordsatrainingindemo-

craticgovernment，foritistheprerogativeofdemocracytoinvestpoliticaldiscussionwiththedignityofdeeds，andtoprovideadequatemotivesfordiscussion。Inthesesocialfolk-motes，sotospeak，theyoungcitizenlearnstoactuponhisowndetermination。Thegreatpityisthatitsooftenresultsinagroupmoralityuntouchedbyaconcernforthelargermoralityofthecommunity。Normalgroupsreactinguponeachotherwouldtendtoanequilibriumofacertainlibertytoall，(178)butthiscannotbeaccomplishedinthelifeofthestreetwheretheweakerboyortheweakergangiscontinuallygettingtheworstofit。Anditisonlyontheprotectedplaygroundthatthegangscanbemergedintobaseballninesandsimilarorganizations，governedbywell-recognizedrules。

Wehavealreadydemocratizededucationintheinterestsoftheentirecommunity；butrecreationandconstructiveplay，whichaffordthebestsoilforestablishinggenuineanddemocraticsocialrelations，wehaveleftuntouched，althoughtheyaresovaluableinemotionalanddynamicpower。Furtherthanthat，thecitythatrefrainsfromeducatingtheplaymotiveisobligedtosuppressit。InChicagogangsofboysbetweenfourteenandsixteenyearsofage，who，possessingworkcertificatesareoutsideofthejurisdictionofthetruantofficer，arecontinuallybeingarrestedbythepolice，sincetheyhavenoorderlyopportunityforrecreation。Anenlightenedcitygovernmentwouldregardthesegroupsofboysasthenaturalsoilinwhichtosowtheseedsofself-government。AseveryEuropeancityhasitsparade-ground，wherethemimicsofwararefaithfullyrehearsed，inorderthatthecountrymaybesavedintimesofdanger，so，ifmoderngovernmentwereasreallyconcernedindevelopingitscitizensasitisindefendingthem，wewouldlookuponevery(179)playing-fieldasthetraining-placeandparadegroundofmaturecitizenship。

FredericktheGreatdiscoveredandappliedtheuseoftherhythmicstepforthemarchingofsoldiers。Forgenerationsmenhadgoneforthtowar，usingmartialmusicastheyhadusedthebattle-cry，merelytoincitetheircourageandwarspirit；butthemusichadhadnothingtodowiththeiractualmarching。Theuseofitasapracticalmeasureenormouslyincreasedtheenduranceofthesoldiersandraisedtherecordsofforcedmarches。

Industryatthepresentmoment，asrepresentedbymassesofmeninthelargefactories，isquiteaschaoticastheearlyarmieswere。Wehavefailedtoapplyoureducationtothereallifeoftheaveragefactoryproducer。

Heworkswithoutanyinnercoherenceorsenseofcomradeship。OurpubliceducationhasdonelittleasyettoreleasehispowersortocheerhimwiththeknowledgeofhissignificancetotheState。

EndnotesForfurtheranalysisofthecensusfiguresrelatingtochildren，consult“SomeEthicalGainsThroughLegislation。“Mrs。FlorenceKelley。SchoolandSociety，byJohnDewey。ThePlayofMan，Groos，page394。

JaneAddams:NewerIdealsofPeace:Chapter7:UtilizationofWomeninCityGovernmentCHAPTERVII

UTILIZATIONOFWOMENINCITYGOVERNENTWearetoldmanytimesthattheindustrialcityisanewthinguponthefaceoftheearth，andthateverywhereitsgrowthhasbeenphenomenal，whetherwelookatMoscow，Berlin，Paris，NewYork，orChicago。Withorwithoutthemediaevalfoundation，moderncitiesaremerelyresultantsofthevastcrowdsofpeoplewhohavecollectedatcertainpointswhichhavebecomemanufacturinganddistributingcentres。

Forallpoliticalpurposes，however，theindustrialoriginofthecityisentirelyignored，andpoliticallifeisorganizedexclusivelyinrelationtoitsearlierfoundations。

Asthecityitselforiginatedforthecommonprotectionofthepeopleandwasbuiltaboutasuitablecentreofdefensewhichformedacitadel，suchastheAcropolisatAthensortheKremlinatMoscow，sowecantracethebeginningofthemunicipalfranchisetothetimewhentheprob-lemsofmunicipalgovernmentwerestilllargely(181)thoseofprotectingthecityagainstrebellionfromwithinandagainstinvasionfromwithout。Avoiceincitygovernment，asitwasextendedfromthenobles，whoaloneborearms，wasnaturallygivensolelytothosewhowerevaluabletothemilitarysystem。Therewasacertainlogicingivingthefranchiseonlytogrownmenwhentheexistenceandstabilityofthecitydependedupontheirdefence，andwhentheultimatevalueoftheelectorcouldbereducedtohisabilitytoperformmilitaryduty。Itwasfairthatonlythosewhowereliabletoasuddencalltoarmsshouldbeselectedtodecideastotherelationswhichthecityshouldbeartorivalcities，andthatthevoteforwarshouldbecastbythesamemenwhowouldbearthebruntofbattleandtheburdenofprotection。Wearetoldbyhistoriansthatthecitizenswerefirstcalledtogetherinthoseassemblageswhichwerethebeginningofpopulargovernment，onlyifawarwastobedeclaredoranexpeditiontobeundertaken。

Butrivalcitieshavelongsinceceasedtosettletheirclaimsbyforceofarms，andweshallhavetoadmit，Ithink，thatthisearlytestoftheelectorisnolongerfittedtothemoderncity，whatevermaybetrue，inthelastanalysis，ofthebasisfortheFederalGovernment。

Ithasbeenwellsaidthatthemoderncityisa(182)strongholdofindustrialism，quiteasthefeudalcitywasastrongholdofmilitarism，butthemoderncityfearsnoenemies，andrivalsfromwithoutanditsproblemsofgovernmentaresolelyinternal。

Affairsforthemostpartaregoingbadlyinthesegreatnewcentresinwhichthequicklycongregatedpopulationhasnotyetlearnedtoarrangeitsaffairssatisfactorily。Insanitaryhousing，poisonoussewage，contaminatedwater，infantmortality，thespreadofcon-tagion，adulteratedfood，impuremilk，smokeladenair，ill-ventilatedfactories，dangerousoccupations，juvenilecrime，unwholesomecrowding，prostitution，anddrunkennessaretheenemieswhichthemoderncitymustfaceandovercomewoulditsurvive。

Logically，itselectorateshouldbemadeupofthosewhocanbearavaliantpartinthisarduouscontest，ofthosewhointhepasthaveatleastattemptedtocareforchildren，tocleanhouses，topreparefoods，toisolatethefamilyfrommoraldangers，ofthosewhohavetraditionallytakencareofthatsideoflifewhich，assoonasthepopulationiscongested，inevitablybecomesthesubjectofmunicipalconsiderationandcontrol。

Totesttheelector\'sfitnesstodealwiththissituationbyhisabilitytobeararms，isabsurd。Acityisinmanyrespectsagreatbusinesscor-

(183)-poration，butinotherrespectsitisenlargedhousekeeping。IfAmericancitieshavefailedinthefirst，partlybecauseofficeholdershavecarriedwiththemthepredatoryinstinctlearnedincompetitivebusiness，andcannothelp“workingagoodthing“whentheyhaveanopportunity，maywenotsaythatcityhousekeepinghasfailedpartlybecausewomen，thetraditionalhousekeepers，havenotbeenconsultedastoitsmultiformactivities？Themenofthecityhavebeencarelesslyindifferenttomuchofthiscivichousekeeping，astheyhavealwaysbeenindifferenttothedetailsofthehousehold。Theynavetotallydisregardedacandidate\'scapacitytokeepthestreetsclean，preferringtoconsiderhiminrelationtothenationaltariffortothenecessityforincreasingthenationalnavy，inapurespiritofreversiontothetraditionaltypeofgovernmentwhichhadtodoonlywithenemiesandoutsiders。

Itisdifficulttoseewhatmilitaryprowesshastodowiththemultiformduties，which，inamoderncity，includethecareofparksandlibraries，superintendenceofmarkets，sewers，andbridges，theinspectionofprovisionsandboilers，and-theproperdisposalofgarbage。Militaryprowesshasnothingtodowiththebuildingdepartmentwhichthecitymaintainstoseetoitthatthebasementsbedry，thatthebedroomsbelarge(184)enoughtoaffordtherequiredcubicfeetofair，thattheplumbingbesanitary，thatthegas-pipesdonotleak，thatthetenement-housecourtbelargeenoughtoaffordlightandventilation，andthatthestairwaysbefireproof。Theabilitytocarryarmshasnothingtodowiththehealthdepartmentmaintainedbythecity，whichprovidesthatchildrenbevaccinated，thatcontagiousdiseasesbeisolatedandplacarded，thatthespreadoftuberculosisbecurbed，andthatthewaterbefreefromtyphoidinfection。Certainlythemilitaryconceptionofsocietyisremotefromthefunctionsoftheschoolboards，whoseconcernitisthatchildrenbeeducated，thattheybesuppliedwithkindergartensandbegivenadecentplaceinwhichtoplay。Theverymultifariousnessandcomplexityofacitygovernmentdemandsthehelpofmindsaccustomedtodetailandvarietyofwork，toasenseofobligationforthehealthandwelfareofyoungchildren，andtoaresponsibilityforthecleanlinessandcomfortofothers。