第6章

Themanwhoreallyknowsimmigrantsandundertakestonaturalizethem，makesnopretenseofthelackofconnectionbetweentheirdesiretoearntheirdailybreadandtheircitizenship。Thepettyandoftencorruptpoliticianwhoisfirstkindtoimmigrants，realizesperfectlywellthattheforcepushingthemtothiscountryhasbeenindustrialneedandthat(72)recognitionofthisneedislegitimate。Hefollowsthenaturalcourseofeventswhenhepromisestogettheimmigrant“ajob，“

forthatisundoubtedlywhattheimmigrantmostneedsinalltheworld。

Ifthepoliticiannearesttohimwerereallyinterestedintheimmigrantandweretoworkoutaschemeofnaturalizationfittedtothesituation，theimmigrantwouldproceedfromthestreet-cleaningandsewer-digginginwhichhefirstengages，toanunderstandingoftherelationofthesesimpleofficestocitygovernment。Throughthemhewouldunderstandtheobligationofhisaldermantosecurecleanlinessforthestreetsinwhichhischildrenplayandforthetenementinwhichhelives。Thenotionofrepresentativegovernmentcouldbemadequiteclearandconcretetohim。

Hecoulddemandhisrightsandusehisvoteinordertosecurethem。Hisverynaivedemandsmighteasilybecomearestraint，apurifyingcheckuponthealderman，insteadofasourceofconstantcorruptionandexploitation。

Butwhenthepoliticianattemptstonaturalizethebewilderedimmigrant，hemustperforceacceptthedoctrinairestandardimposedbymenwhoheldatheorytotallyunattachedtoexperience，andhemust，therefore，beginwiththeremoteConstitutionoftheUnitedStates。AttheCookCountyCourt-Houseonlyashorttimeagoacan-

(73)-didatefornaturalization，whowasaskedtheusualquestionastowhattheConstitutionoftheUnitedStateswas，replied:

“TheIllinoisCentral。“Hismindnaturallyturnedtohiswork，totheonebitofcontributionhehadgenuinelymadetothenewcountry，andhisreplymightwellofferavaluablesuggestiontothestudentofeducationalmethod。

Someofourmostadvancedschoolsareevennowmakingindustrialconstructionandevolutionanaturalbasisforallfutureacquisitionofknowledge，andtheyclaimthatanythinglessvitalandcreativeisinadequate。

Itissurprisinghowasimpleexperience，ifitbebutgenuine，givesanopeningintocitizenshipaltogetherlackingtothemoregrandioseattempts。

AGreek-American，slaughteringsheepinatenement-houseyard，reminiscentoftheHomerictradition，canbemadetoseetheeffectoftheimprovisedshamblesonhisneighbor\'shealthandtherightofthecitytoprohibittheslaughtering，onlyasheperceivesthedevelopmentofcitygovernmentuponitsmostmodernbasis。

Theenforcementofadequatechildlaborlawsoffersunendingopportunitytobettercitizenshipfounded，notupontheorybutonaction，asdoesthecompulsoryeducationlaw，whichmakesclearthateducationisamatterofvitalimportancetotheAmericancityandtotheStatewhichhas(74)enacteddefinite，well-consideredlegislationinryardtoit。Someofthemostenthusiasticsup-portersofchild-laborlegislationandofcompul-veryeducationlawsarethoseparentswhosacri-

ficeold-worldtradition，aswellasthemuchneededearningsoftheiryoungchildren，becauseofloyaltytothelawsoftheiradoptedcountryCertainlygenuinesacrificeforthenation\'slawiagoodfoundationforpatriotism，andasthisagainisnotadoctrinairequestion，womenarenotdebarred，andmotherswhowashandscrubforthemeagresupportoftheirchildrensay:sturdily，sometimes:“Itwillbeayearbeforehecangotoworkwithoutbreakingthelaw，butwecametothiscountrytogivetheyoungonesachance，andwearenotgoingtobeginbyhavingthemdowhat\'snotright。“

UponsomesuchbasisasthistheHebrewAllianceandtheCharityOrganizationofNewYork，whichareputtingforthdesperateenergyintheenormoustaskofministeringtothesufferingwhichimmigrationentails，aredevelopingunderstandingandrespectforthealienthroughtheirmutualeffortstosecuremoreadequatetenement-houseregulationandtocontrolthespreadoftuberculosis；boththeseundertakingsbeingperfectlyhopelesswithouttheintelligentco-operationoftheimmigrantsthem-

(75)-selves。Throughsuchhumbledoors，perchance，theimmigrantwillatlastenterintohisheritageinanewnation。Democraticgovernmenthaseverbeentheresultofspiritualtravailandmoraleffort。

Apparently，evenhere，theimmigrantmustpaytheoldcost，andheseemstorepresentthegroupandtypewhichismakingthemostgenuinecontributiontothepresentgrowthingovernmentalfunctions，withitsconstantdemandforincreasingadaptations。

Intheinductionoftheadultimmigrantintopracticalcitizenship，weconstantlyignorehisdailyexperience。Wealsoassumeinourformalattemptstoteachpatriotismtohimandtohischildren，thatexperienceandtraditionshavenovalue，andthatanewsentimentmustbeputintoaliensbysomeexternalprocess。Someyearsago，apublic-spiritedorganizationengagedanumberofspeakerstogotothevariouscityschoolsinordertoinstructthechildreninthesignificanceofDecorationDayandtofosterpatriotismamongtheforeignborn，bydescriptionsoftheCivilWar。Inoneoftheschools，filledwithItalianchildren，anoldsoldier，aveteraninyearsandexperience，gaveadescriptionofabattleinTennessee，andofhispersonaladventuresinusingapileofbrushasanambuscadeandafortification。Comingfromthe(76)schoolhouse，aneageryoungItalianbrokeout，withcharacteristicvividness，intoadescriptionofhisfather\'scampaigningundertheleadershipofGaribaldi，possiblyfromsomeobscurenotionthatthat，too，wasacivilwarfoughtfromprinciple，butmorelikelybecausethedescriptionofonebattlehadrousedinhismindthememoryofanothersuchdescription。Thelecturer，whosesympathieshappenedtobeontheothersideoftheGaribaldianconflict，somewhatsharplytoldhimthathemustforgetallthat；thathewasnolongeranItalian，butanAmerican。

Thenaturalgrowthofpatriotismbaseduponrespectfortheachievementsofone\'sfathers，thebringingtogetherofthepastwiththepresent，thesignificanceofthealmostworld-wideeffortatahigherstandardofpoliticalfreedomwhichsweptoverallEuropeandAmericabetween1848and1872could，ofcourse，havenoplaceintheboy\'smindbecauseithadnoneinthemindoftheinstructorwhosepatriotismapparentlytriedtopurifyitselfbytheAmericanprocessofelimination。

Howfaracertaincosmopolitanhumanitarianismignoringnationaldifferences，iseitherpossibleordesirable，itisdifficulttostate；butcertainitisthattheoldtypeofpatriotism，foundeduponacommonnationalhistoryandlandoccupation，becomestomanyoftheimmigrantswho(77)bringitwiththemaveritablestumbling-blockandimpediment。ManyGreekswhomIknowarefairlybesottedwithaconsciousnessoftheirnationalimportance，andtheachievementsoftheirgloriouspast。

AmongthemtheusualefforttofoundanewpatriotismuponAmericanhistoryisoftenanabsurdundertaking；forinstance，onthenightofoneThanksgivingDay，IspentsometimeandzealinadescriptionofthePilgrimFathers，andthemotiveswhichhaddriventhemacrossthesea，whiletheexperiencesofthePlymouthcolonywereillustratedbystereopticonslidesandlittledramaticscenes。TheaudienceofGreekslistenedrespectfully，althoughIwasuneasilyconsciousofthesomewhatfeebleattempttoboastofAnglo-Saxonachievementinhardihoodandprivation，tomenwhosepowersofadmirationwereabsorbedintheirGreekbackgroundofphilosophyandbeauty。Atanyrate，afterthelecturewasover，oneoftheGreekssaidtome，quitesimply，“IwishIcoulddescribemyancestorstoyou；theywereverydifferentfromyours。“HisfurtherremarksweretranslatedbyalittleIrishboyofeleven，whospeaksmodernGreekwithfacilityandturnsmanyanhonestpennybytranslating，intothesomewhatpertstatement:“Hesaysifthatiswhatyourancestorsarelike，thathiscouldbeatthemout。“

(78)Itisagoodillustrationofourfacultyforignoringthepast，andofourfailuretounderstandtheimmigrant\'sestimationofourselves。Thislackofamorecosmopolitanstandard，ofaconsciousnessofkindfoundeduponcreativeimaginationandhistoricknowledgeisapparentinmanydirections，andcruellywidensthegulfbetweenimmigrantfathersandtheirchildrenwhoare“Americansinprocess。“

AhideousstorycomesfromNewYorkofayoungRussianJewesswhowasemployedasastenographerinadown-townoffice，whereshebecameengagedtobemarriedtoayoungmanofJewish-Americanparentage。Shefeltkeenlythedifferencebetweenhimandhernewlyimmigratedparents，andonthenightwhenhewastobepresentedtothemshewenthomeearlytomakeeverypossiblepreparationforhiscoming。Hereffortstomakethemenagepresentableweresodiscouraging，thewholesituationfilledherwithsuchchagrin，thatanhourbeforehisexpectedarrival，sheendedherlife。

AlthoughthefatherwasaTalmudscholarofstandinginhisnativeRussiantown，andtheloverwasaclerkofverysuperficialattainments，shepossessednostandardbywhichtojudgethetwomen。Thislackofstandardmustbechargedtotheentirecommunity；forwhyshouldweexpectan(79)untrainedgirltobeabletodoforherselfwhatthecommunitysopitifullyfailstoaccomplish？

Allthemembersofthecommunityareequallystupidinthrowingawaytheimmigrantrevelationofsocialcustomsandinheritedenergy。Wecontinuallyallowthisvaluablehumanexperiencetogotowastealthoughwehavereachedthestageofhumanitarianismwhennoinfantmaybewantonlyallowedtodie，nomanbepermittedtofreezeorstarve，iftheStatecanpreventit。Wemaytruthfullyboastthattheprimitive，wastefulstruggleofphysicalexistenceispracticallyover，butnosuchstatementcanbemadeinregardtospirituallife。Studentsofsocialconditionsrecognizethefactthatmoderncharityconstantlygrowsmoredemocraticandconstructive，anddailymoreconcernedforpreventivemeasures，buttoadmitfranklysimilaraimsasmattersformunicipalgovernmentasyetseemsimpossible。

Inthiscountryitseemstobeonlythepoliticianatthebottom，themannearestthepeople，whounderstandsthatthereisagrowingdisinterestednesstakingholdofmen\'shopesandimaginationsineverydirection。Heoftenplaysuponitandbetraysit；butheatleastknowsitisthere。

Thetwopointsatwhichgovernmentisdevelopingmostrapidlyatthepresentmomentarenaturallythetwowhereitofnecessityexercises(80)functionsofnurtureandprotection:first，inrelationtotheyoungcriminal，second，inrelationtothepooranddependent。

OneofthelatestdevelopmentsistheJuvenileCourtswhichthelargecitiesareinaugurating。OnlyfifteenyearsagowhenIfirstwenttoliveinanindustrialdistrictofChicago，ifaboywasarrestedonsometriflingcharge——anddozensofthemwerethusarrestedeachmonth——theonlypossiblewaytosecureanotherchanceforhimbyrestoringhimtohishomewithanopportunitytobecomealaw-abidingcitizen，wasthroughthealdermanoftheward。Upontherequestofadistractedrelativeortheprecinctcaptain，thealdermanwould“speaktothejudge“andsecurethereleaseoftheboy。Thekindnessofthealdermanwasgenuine，aswasthegratitudeofallconcerned；buttheinevitableimpressionremainedthatgovernmentwasharsh，andnaturallydealtoutpolicemenandprisons，andthatthepoliticalfriendalonestoodforkindness。Thatthiskindnesswasinameasureillicitandmysteriousinitsworkingsmadeitallthemoreimpressive。

Butsomuchadvancehasbeenmadeinsoshortatimeasfifteenyears，towardincorporatingkindlyconcernfortheyoungandadesiretokeeptheminthepathofrectitudewithintheprocessofgovernmentitself，thatinChicagoalone(81)twenty-fourprobationofficers，astheyarecalled，arepaidfromthepublicfunds。Thewaywardboyiscommittedtooneoftheseforanotherchanceasapartoftheprocedureofthecourt。Heisnotmerelyreleasedbyanactofclemencysomagnificentandirrelevantastodazzlehimwithasenseofthealdermanicpower，butheisputundertheactualcareofaprobationofficerthathemaydobetter。Heisassistedtokeeppermanentlyawayfromthepolicecourtsandtheiralliedpenalinstitutions。

Inoneofthemostsuccessfulofthesecourts，thatofDenver，theJudgewhocanpointtoaremarkablerecordwiththebadboysofthecity，playsaveritablegamewiththemagainstthepoliceforce，heandtheboysundertakingtobegoodwithoutthehelpofrepression，andinspiteofthemachinationsofthepolice。Forinstance，iftheboyswhohavebeensentencedtotheStateReformSchoolatGolden，deliverthemselveswithouttheaidoftheSheriffwhosedutyitistotakethemthere，theynotonlyvindicatetheirmanlinessandreadiness“totaketheirmedicine，“buttheybeatthesheriffwhobelongstothepenalmachineryoutofhisfive-dollarfee。Overthisfacttheyopenlytriumph——asimpleexample，perhaps，butsignificantoftheattitude(82)ofthewell-intentionedtowardrepressivegovernment。

TheJuvenileCourtsarebeginningtotakeareallyparentalattitudetowardsalldependentchildren，althoughforyearsonlythoseorphanswhohadinheritedatleastameagrepropertywerehandedovertoapublicguardian。

Thosewhoseparentshadleftthemabsolutelynothingwereallowedtocareforthemselves——asifthewholebodyofdoctrinecontainedinthephrase，“thereisnowealthbutlife，“hadneverenteredintothemindofman。

BecausethesecourtsaredealingwiththechildrenintheirsocialandeverydayrelationstheyhavemadetheastoundingdiscoverythatevenapennilesschildneedsthecareanddefenseoftheState。

TheschoolsforReformarethosewhichareinauguratingthemostadvancededucationinagricultureandmanualarts。AbewilderedforeignparentcomesfromtimetotimetoHullHouse，askingthathisboybesenttoaschooltolearnfarming，basinghisrequestuponthefactthathisneighbor\'sboyhasbeensentto“anicegreen，country-place。“Itiscarefullyexplainedthattheneighbor\'sboywasbad，andwasarrestedandsentawaybecauseofhisbadness。Aftermuchconversation，thedisappointedparentsometimesunderstands，butheoftengoesaway(83)shakinghishead，andsomesuchwordsastheseissue:“Ihavebeeninthiscountryforfiveyears，andhavenevergottenanythingyet。“Atothertimesitissuccessfullyexplainedtothemanthatthecityassumesthatheislookingoutforhimselfandtakingcareofhisownboy，butitoughttobepossibletomakehimtoseethatifhefeelsthathissonneedstheeducationofafarmschool，thatitlieswithhimtoagitatethesubjectandtovoteforthemanwhowillsecuresuchschools。Hemightwelllookamazed，werethisadvicetenderedhim，forthesequestionshaveneverbeenpresentedtohimtovoteupon。Becausehedoesnoteagerlydiscussthetarifforotherremotesubjectswhichthepoliticalpartiespresenttohimfromtimetotimeweassumethatheisnottobetrustedtovoteontheeducationofhischild，althoughthereisnodoubtthattheonethinghisancestorsdecidedupon，fromthedaysofbowsandarrows，wasthesortoftrainingeachoneshouldgivehisson。

ThefineeducationthatisgiventoajuvenileoffendermayindicateacertaincompunctiononthepartoftheState。Quiteasmenformerlygloriedinwarfareandnowapologizeforit，astheyformerlywentouttospoiltheirenemiesandnowgotocivilizethem，socivilgovernments，whilecontinuingtomaintainprisons，havebecome(84)moreorlessashamedofthem，andarealreadyexperimentinginbetterwaystoelevateandreformcriminalsthanbythewayofviolenceandimprisonment。WehavealreadysaidinAmericathatneitheragallowsnoranunmitigatedprisonshalleverexistforachild。

Inthematterofpubliccharities，also，wearenottimidastoextendingthefunctionofthegovernment。Webuildenormouscityhospitalsandalmhouses；

wecarewithtendernessforthedefectiveandthedependent；butforthatgreatmassofpeoplejustbeyondtheline，fromwhomtheyareconstantlyrecruited，wedopracticallynothing。IthasbeensaidthatifaworkingmaninNewYorkfallsavictimtopneumonia，heistakentoahospitalandgivenskilledtreatment；ifitleaveshimtubercularthecitywillhaveacareoverhim，andvaliantlywillstandby，puttinghimintoapublicsanatorium，providinghimwithnutritiousfoodandfreshairuntilhisrecovery。Butifheisturnedawayfromthehospitalwithouttuberculosis，merelytoodepleted；andwretchedtogobacktohisregularemployment，thenthecitycandonothingforhimunlesshebereadytocallhimselfanout-and-outpauper。Weareafraidofthenotionofgovernmentalfunctionwhichwouldministertotheprimitiveneedsofthemassofthepeople，althoughweare(85)quitereadytocareforhimwhommisfortuneordiseasehasmadetheexception。Itisreallytherankandfile，theaveragecitizen，whoisignoredbythegovernment，whileheworksouthisrealproblemsthroughotheragencies，althoughheisscoldedforstayingathomeonelectionday，andforrefusingtobeinterestedinissueswhichreallydonotconcernhim。

Itiscomparativelyeasytounderstandthepunitivepointofviewwhichseekstosuppress，orthephilanthropicwhichseekstopalliate；butitismuchmoredifficulttoformulatethatcitygovernmentwhichisadaptedtoourpresentnormalliving。Asoveragainstthesurvivalsofthefirsttwo，excellentandnecessaryastheyare，wehavebutthefewpublicparksandbaths，thefewbandconcertsandrecreationpiers——alwaysexcepting，ofcourse，thepublicschoolsandthesocialactivitiesslowlycenteringaroundthem；forpubliceducationhaslongbeenapassioninAmerica，andweseemtohavebeenwillingtomakethatanexceptiontoourgeneraltheoryofgovernment。

Whilegovernmentalfunctionshaveshownthisremarkableadaptationandgrowthinrelationtotheyouth，whetherhebeinthepublicschools，intheJuvenileCourtorinthereformatory，wehesitatetoassumetowardtheadultthistemperof(86)theeducatorwhohumblyfollowsandatthesameconfidentlyleadsthelittlechild。WhiletheStatespendsmillionsofdollarsandemploysthousandsofservantstonurtureandhealthesickanddefective，itsteadfastlyrefusestoextenditskindlinesstothenormalworkingman。TheSocialistsaloneconstantlyappealforthisextension。

Theyrefuse，however，todealwiththepresentStateandconstantlytakerefugeintheformulaeofanewscholasticism。Theiroratorsarebusilyengagedinestablishingtwosubstitutesforhumannaturewhichtheycall“proletarian“and“capitalist。“Theyignorethefactthatvarying，imperfecthumannatureisincalculable，andthattoeliminateitsvariedandconstantlychangingelementsistofaceallthemistakesandmiscalculationswhichgatheredaroundthe“fallenman，“orthe“economicman，“oranyotherofthefixednormswhichhavefromtimetotimebeensubstitutedforexpandinganddevelopinghumanlife。Intime“theproletarian“and“thecapitalist“

willbecometheimpedimentawhichitwillbenecessarytoclearawayinordertomakeroomforthemassoflivingandbreathingcitizenswithwhomself-governmentmusteventuallydeal。

Thereisnodoubtthattheexistenceofthemass，，themeresizeofthemoderncity，increasesthedifficultyofthesituation。CharlesBooth\'smaps(87)portrayingthestandardoflivingforthepeopleofLondonaffordalmosttheonlyattemptatageneralsocialsurveyofamoderncity，atleastsofarasitmaybepredeterminedfromthestandardofincome。Fromhisaccompanyingtwelvevolumesmaybededucedtheoccupationsofthepeople，withtheirrealwages，theirfamilybudgetandtheirculturelevel，and，toacertainextent，theirrecreationsandspirituallife。

Ifonegivesone\'sselfovertoamomentofmusingonthismassofinformation，sohugeandsoaccurate，oneisalmostinstinctivelyawarethatanyradicalchanges，somuchneededintheblackestdistricts，mustlargelycomefromforcesoutsidethelifeofthepeople。Anenlargedmentallifemustcomefromtheeducationalist，increasedwagesfromthebusinessinterests，alleviationofsufferingfromthephilanthropists。Whatvehicleofcorrectionisprovidedforthepeoplethemselves，whatdevicehasbeeninventedforloosingthatkindlinessandmutualaidwhichisthemarvelofallcharityvisitors？

Whatbroadbasishasbeenlaiddownforamodificationoftheirmostgenuineandpressingneedsthroughtheirowninitiative？ThetraditionalGovernmentexpressesitsactivityinkeepingthestreetscleanandthedistrictlightedandpoliced。ItisonlyduringthelastquarterofacenturythattheLondonCountyCouncil(88)erecteddecenthouses，publicbaths，andmanyotherdevicesforthepurersociallifeofthepeople。Americancitieshavegonenofurther，althoughtheypresumablystartedatrepresentationahundredyearsago，socompletelywerethefoundersmisledbythenameofgovernment，andthetemptationtosubstitutetheformofpoliticaldemocracyforrealselfgovernmentdealingwithadvancingsocialideals。EvennowLondonhastwenty-eightBoroughCouncils，inadditiontotheLondonCountyCouncilitself，fifteenhundreddirectrepresentativesofthepeople，asoveragainstseventyinChicagoalthoughthelattercityhasapopulationone-halfaslarge。ParishastwentyMayors，withcorrespondingmachineryforlocalgovernment，asoveragainsttheNewYorkconcentrationinonehugeCityHall，toooftencorrupt。

InGermany，perhapsmorethananywhereelse，thegovernmenthascometoconcernitselfwiththeprimitiveessentialneedsofitsworkingpeople。

Intheirbehalf，theGovernmenthasforcedindustry，inthepersonofthelargemanufacturers，tomakeanalliancewithit。Themanufacturersaretaxedforaccidentinsuranceofworkingmen，forold-agepensionsandsickbenefits；andaprojectisbeingformedinwhichtheyshallbearthelargeshareofinsuranceagainst(89)non-employmentwhenithasbeenmadeclearthatnon-employmentistheresultofaneconomiccrisisbroughtaboutthroughthemal-administrationoffinance。

Germanyproposestoregulatethemaximumamountofrentwhichlandlordsofcertaintypesofhousesmaybepermittedtorequire，quiteastheusurylawslimitthemaximumamountofinterestwhichmaybedemanded。Andyetin\'dustryinGermanyhasflourished，andthiscontrolonbehalfofthenormalworkingmanashefaceslifeinhisdailyvocationhasapparentlynotcheckeditssystematicgrowth，norlimiteditsplaceintheworld\'smarket。Asaresultofthisconstantsupervisionofindustry，theGermanpolicealthoughapartofamilitarygovernment，areconstantlyemployedintheregulationofsocialaffairs；andinthesebranchesofgovernmentitisremarkedthattheyaredroppingtheirmilitarytoneandassumingtowardthepeopletheattitudeofhelpersandprotectors。ThepoliceforceinGermanyisthelowestexecutiveorganoftheinteriorgovernmentandthereare，therefore，asmanykindsofpolicedepartmentsastherearedifferentdepartmentsinthisinteriorgovernment。TheyfollowtheGovernmentinspectorsoftheforest，therailways，thefieldsandroads，toseethattheirinstructionsareobeyed。IntheDe-

(90)-partmentofPublicHealthitisthepoliceofficerswhofinallyenforceinstructionsinregardtovaccination，meatinspection，saleoffood-stuffs，andthetransportationofanimals；inthedepartmentoffactoryinspectionthepolicenotonlyenforcetheprovisionsofthefactorylaws，buttheyareresponsibleforthebooksinwhichthewagespaidtominorsarerecorded；anditisfromthepolicestationsthatthecardsoftheGovernmentinsuranceforworking-peopleareissued。Anyspecialinvestigationorderedbythelegislatureis，asamatterofcourse，undertakenbythepolice。Thesevariedactivities，ofcourse，requiremenofeducationandability，andtheveryextensionoffunctionhasbrokendownthemilitaryidealinthecountrywherethatidealismostfirmlyintrenched。ButinaRepublicfoundeduponarevulsionfromoppressivegovernmentwestillkeepthepoliceclosetotheirnegativeroleofpreservingorderandarrestingthecriminal。ThevariedfunctionstheyperforminGermanywouldbeimpossibleinAmerica，becauseitwouldbehotlyresentedbytheAmericanbusinessmanwhowillnotbrookanygovernmentalinterferenceinindustrialaffairs。

Theinheritedinstinctthatgovernmentisnaturallyoppressive，andthatitsinroadsmustbechecked，hasmadeitamatterofprincipleandpatriotismtokeepthefunctionsofgovernment(91)morerestrictedandmoremilitarythanhasbecometrueinmilitarycountries。

AlmosteverySundayintheItalianquarterinwhichIlivevariousmutualbenefitsocietiesmarchwithfifeanddrumandwithabraveshowingofbanners，celebratingtheirachievementinhavingsurroundedthemselvesbyatleastathinwallofprotectionagainstdisaster，uponhavingsetuptheirmutualgoodwillagainstthedayofmisfortune。Theseparadeshavealltheemblemsofpatriotism；indeed，theassociationspresenttheprimitivecoreofpatriotism，brothersstandingbyeachotheragainsthostileforcesfromwithout。IassureyouthatnoFourthofJulycelebration，norejoicingoverthebirthofanheirtotheItalianthrone，equalsinheartinessandsinceritythesesimplecelebrations。Againonelongstopourintothegovernmentoftheiradoptedcountryallthisaffectionandzeal，thisrealpatriotism。AsystemofStateinsurancewouldbeaverysimpledeviceandsecurealargereturn。

AreweinAmericaretainingeighteenth-centurytraditions，whileGermanyisgraduallyevolvingintoaGovernmentlogicallyfittedtocopewiththeindustrialsituationofthetwentiethcentury？Dowesofailtoapprehendwhatdemocracyis，thatwearereallyafraidtoextendthefunctionsofmunicipaladministration？Havewelostthat(92)mostconservativeofallbeliefs——thebeliefintheaverageman，andtherebyforfeitedAristotle\'sidealofacity“wheremenliveacommonlifefornobleends“？

JaneAddams:NewerIdealsofPeace:Chapter4:MilitarismandIndustrialLegislationCHAPTERIV

MILITARISMANDINDUSTRIALLEGISLATIONAmericancitieshavebeenslowtoconsiderindustrialquestionsasgermanetogovernment，andtheFederalauthoritieshavepersistentlytreatedthemillionsofimmigrantswhoarriveeveryyearuponapoliticaltheoryandmethodadoptedacenturyago，becausebothofthemignorethefactthattheorganizationofindustryhascompletedarevolutionduringthatperiod。

Thegigantictaskofstandardizingthesuccessivenationsofimmigrantsthroughoutthecountryhasfallenuponworkmenbecausetheyalonecannotignoretheactualindustrialsituation。Tothousandsofworkmentheimmigrationproblemisaquestionofholdingajobagainstaconstantlyloweringstandardofliving，andtowithstandthisstreamof“rawlabor“meanstothemthemaintenanceofindustrialefficiencyandoflifeitself。Workingmenareengagedinadesperatestruggletomaintainastandardofwagesagainsttheconstantarrivalofunskilledimmigrantsattherateofthree-quartersofamillionayear，atthe(94)veryperiodwhentheelaborationofmachinerypermitsthelargestuseofunskilledmen。

Itmaybeowingtothefactthattheworkingmanisbroughtintodirectcontactwiththesituationasadesperateproblemofalivingwageagainststarvation；itmaybethatwisdomisatheroldtrickofresidingintheheartsofthesimple，orthatthisnewidealism，whichisthatofareasonablelifeandlabor，must，fromtheverynatureofthings，proceedfromthosewholabor；orpossiblyitmaybebecauseameliorationariseswhenceitissosorelyneeded；butcertainlyitistrue，that，whiletherestofthecountrytalksofassimilationasifitwereahugedigestiveapparatus，themanwithwhomtheimmigranthascomemostsharplyintocompetition，hasbeenforcedintofraternalrelationswithhim。

Curiouslyenough，however，assoonastheimmigrantsituationisfranklyregardedasanindustrialone，asthesemenmustregardit，thepoliticalaspectsoftheindustrialsituationisrevealedinthefactthattradeorganizationswhichopenlyconcernthemselveswiththeimmigrationproblemonitsindustrialside，quicklytakeontheparaphernaliaandmachinerywhichhavehithertoassociatedthemselvesonlywithgovernmentallifeandcontrol。Thetradesunionshaveworkedoutalloveragainlocalautonomy，withcentral(95)councilsandnationalrepresentativebodiesandtheuseofthereferendumvote；andtheyalsoexhibitmanyofthefeaturesofpoliticalcorruptionandmanipulation。

Thefirstreallessoninself-governmenttomanyimmigrantshascomethroughtheorganizationoflaborunions，anditcouldcomeinnootherway，fortheunionalonehasappealedtotheirnecessities。Oneseesthefirstindicationofanidealismarisingoutoftheseprimalnecessities，andatmomentsonedarestohopethatitmaybesturdyenoughandsufficientlyfoundeduponexperiencetomakesomeimpressionuponthetremendousimmigrationsituation。

Themovementsembodyinganewidealismhavetraditionallysoughtrefugewiththosewhoareneartostarvation。Althoughthespiritualstruggleisassociatedwiththesolitarygarretoftheimpassioneddreamer，itmaybethattheidealismfittedtoourindustrialdemocracywillbeevolvedincrowdedsewerditchesandinnoisyfactories。Itmaybecontendedthatthisremarkablecomingtogetheroftheworkingmanandtheimmigranthasbeentheresultofaneconomicpressure，andiswithoutmeritoridealism，andthatthetradesunionrecordonChineseexclusionandnegrodiscriminationhasbeendamaging。Bethatasitmay，thisassimilationbetweenthe(96)immigrantandtheworkingmanhasexhibitedamazingstrength，whichmaybeillustratedfromtwocarefulstudiesmadeintwodifferentpartsofthecountry。

ToquotefirstfromastudymadefromtheUniversityofWisconsinofthestockyardsstrikewhichtookplaceinChicagoin1904[1]“Perhapsthefactofthegreatestsocialsignificanceisthatthiswasnotmerelyastrikeofskilledlaborfortheunskilled，butwasastrikeofAmericanizedIrish，Germans，andBohemians，inbehalfofSlovaks，Poles，andLithuanians……

Thissubstitutionofracesinthestockyardshasbeenacontinuingprocessfortwentyyears。Theoldernationalitieshavealreadydisappearedfromtheunskilledoccupations，andthesubstitutionofraceshasevidentlyrunalongthelineoflowerstandardofliving。Thelatestarrivals，theLithuaniansandSlovaks，areprobablythemostoppressedofthepeasantsofEurope。“Thevisitorswhoattendedthecrowdedmeetingsofthestrikersduringthesummerof1904andheardthesameaddresssuccessivelytranslatedbyinterpretersintosixoreightlanguages，whosawtherespectshowntothemostuncouthofthespeakersbytheskilledAmericanmenrepresent-

(97)-ingadistinctlysuperiorstandardoflifeandthought，couldneverdoubtthepowerofthelabororganizationsforamalgamation，whateveropiniontheymightholdconcerningtheirothervalues。Thismaybesaidinspiteofthefactthatgreatindustrialdisturbanceshavearisenfromtheunder-cuttingofwagesbytheloweringofracialstandard。Certainlythemostnotableofthesehavetakenplaceinthoseindustriesandatthoseplacesinwhichtheimportationofimmigrantshasbeendeliberatelyfosteredasawage-loweringweapon；andeveninthosedisturbancesandundertheshockandstrainofalongstrike，disintegrationdidnotcomealongthelineofracecleavage。

Theotherstudywasmadeintheanthracitecoalfields，andwasundertakenfromtheUniversityofPennsylvania1:“TheUnitedMineWorkersofAmericaistakingmenofascoreofnationalities，English-speakingandSlav，menofwidelydifferentcreeds，languages，andcustoms，andofvaryingpowersofindustrialcompetition，andisweldingthemintoanindustrialbrotherhood，eachpartofwhichcanatleastunderstandoftheothersthattheyareworkingforonegreatandcommonend。Thisbondofunionismisstrongerthanonecanreadilyimaginewhohasnotseenitsmysteriousworkingsorwhohasnot(98)beenavictimofitsmembers\'newlyfoundenthusiasm。

Itisto-daythestrongesttiethatcanbindtogether147，000mineworkersandthethousandsdependentuponthem。Itismorethanreligion，morethanthesocialtieswhichholdtogethermembersofthesamecommunity。“

Itwasduringaremarkablestruggleonthepartofthisamalgamationofmenfromallcountries，thattheUnitedStatesgovernment，inspiteofitself，wasdriventotakeahandinanindustrialsituation，owingtothelongstrainandtheintolerablesufferingentaileduponthewholecountry。Eventhen，however，theGovernmentendeavoredtoconfineitsinvestigationtothemerecommercialquestionsoftonnageandfreightrateswiththeirpoliticalimplications，anditwasonlywhenanarousedandmoralizedpublicopinioninsisteduponitthatthenationalcommissionwasdriventoconsiderthehumanaspectsofthecase。Becauseofthispublicopinion，columnsofnewspapersanddaysofinvestigationweregiventothediscussionofthedeedsofviolence，discussignshavingnothingtodowiththeoriginaldenmendsofthestrikersandenteringonlyintothevaluesetuponhumanlifebyeachofthecontestingparties。Didtheunionencourageviolenceagainstnon-unionmen，ordiditreallydoeverythingtosuppressviolence？

Diditliveuptoitscreed(99)whichwastomaintainastandardoflivingthatfamiliesmightbeproperlyhousedandprotectedfromdebilitatingtoilanddisease，andthatchildrenmightbenurturedintoAmericancitizenship？Didtheoperatorsprotecttheirmenasfaraspossiblefromminedamp，fromlengthofhoursprovenbyexperiencetobeexhausting？Didtheypayawagetotheminelaborersufficienttoallowhimtosendhischildrentoschool？Questionssuchasthese，astudyofthehumanproblem，invadedthecommissiondayafterdayduringthesitting。Onefeltforthemomentthefirstwaveofarisingtideofhumanitarianism，untilthenormalidealsofthelaborertosecurefoodandshelterforhisfamily，asecurityforhisownoldage，andalargeropportunityforhischildrenbecametheidealsofdemocraticgovernment。

Letusimaginetheresultif，duringthelonganthracitestrike，thehumaneinstincthadsoovermasteredthemindsofthestrikers，andsoexaltedtheirpassionsthattheyhadliftedahandagainstnoman，eventhoughheseemedtobeendangeringtheircausebeforetheireyes。Sucharesultmighthavecomeabout，partlybecausethedestructionoflifehadbecomeabhorrentandimpossibletothemengagedastheywereintheendeavortoraiselifeinthecoalregionstoahigherlevel，andpartlybecausetheywouldhave(100)scornedtodestroyanenemyinordertoachieveamerenegativeresultwhenthepowerlaywithinthemselvestoconverthimintoanally，whentheymighthavemadehimasourceofhelpandpower，acomradeofthesameundertaking。Iftheelementofbattle，ofmereself-seeking，couldbeeliminatedfromstrikes，iftheycouldremainasheeruprisingoftheoppressedandunderpaidtoaself-consciousrecognitionoftheircondition，sounified，soirresistibleastosweepalltheneedywithinitsflood，weshouldhaveatiderising，nottodestruction，buttobeneficence。

Letusimaginethestateofpublicfeelingiftherehadbeenabsolutelynoactofviolencetraceable，directlyorindirectly，totheunionminers；

ifduringthelongmonthsofthestrikethegreatbodyofminerscouldhaveaddedthesanctionofsustainedconducttotheircreed。Publicsympathywouldhaveledtoanunderstandingoftheneedtheseminersweretryingtomeet，andtheAmericannationitselfmighthavebeenreadytoaskforlegislationconcerningtheminimumwageandforprotectiontolifeandlimb，equaltothelegislationofNewZealandorGermany。Butbecausetheelementofwarfareunhappilydidexist，governmentgotbacktoitsoldbusinessofrepression。

Topreservelawandorderisobviouslythe(101)functionofgovernmenteverywhere；andyetinourcomplicatedmodernsociety，especiallyasthousandsofvariedpeoplesarecrowdedintocities，itisnotalwayseasytoseejustwhererealsocialorderlies。Theofficialsthemselvesaresometimesperplexed，andatothertimesdeliberatelyusethedevicesofgovernmentfortheirownends。WemaytakeoncemoreinillustrationthegreatstrikeintheChicagostock-yards。

Theimmediateobjectofthestrikewastheprotectionofthewagesoftheunskilledmenfromacutofonecentperhour，although，ofcourse，theunionsofskilledmenfeltthatthisfirstinvasionofthewagesincreasedthroughtheeffortsoftheunion，wouldbebuttheenteringwedgeofanattempttocutwagesinallthetradesrepresentedinthestock-yards。

Owingtotherefusalonthepartoftheunionstoacceptarbitrationofferedbythepackersatanembarrassingmoment，andbecauseofthefailureoftheunionstocarryoutthetermsofacontract，thestrikeinitsearlystagescompletelylostthesympathyofthatlargepartofthepublicdominatedbyidealsofbusinesshonorandfairdealing。Itlost，too，thesympathyofthatgrowingbodyoforganizedlaborwhichissteadilyadvancinginaregardforthevalidityofthecontract，andisfaithfullycherishingthehopethatintimethetradesunions(102)mayuniversallyattainanaccreditedbusinessstanding。

Theleadersafterthefirsttendayswere，therefore，forcedtomakethemostofthepurelyhumanappealwhichlayinthesituationitself，that30，000men，includingthealliedtrades，werelosingweeksofwages，withapossiblechanceofthedestructionoftheirunionsonbehalfoftheunskilledwhowerethenewlyarrivedPolesandLithuanians，unableasyettolookoutforthemselves。Owingtotheirregularandlimitedhoursofwork——aconditionquitelikethatprevailingontheLondondocksbeforethegreatstrikeofthedockers——theweeklywageoftheseunskilledmenwasexceptionallylow，andthepleaofthestrikerswasbaseduponthedutyofthestrongtotheweak。AchivalriccallwasissuedthatthestandardoflifemightberaisedtothatdesignatedasAmerican，andthatthismassofunskilledmenmightsecureaneducationfortheirchildren。Ofcoursenoappealcouldhavebeensostrongasthispurelyhumanonewhichunitedforweeksthousandsofmenofascoreofnationalitiesintothatsolidaritywhichonlycomesthroughaself-sacrificingdevotiontoanabsorbingcause。

Thestrikeinvolvedmuchsufferingandmanyunforeseencomplications。

Attheendofeight(103)weekstheunionleadersmadethebesttermspossible。Throughthesetermstheskilledworkerswereguaranteedagainstareductioninwages，butnoprovisionwasmadefortheunskilledinwhosebehalfthestrikehadatfirstbeenundertaken。Althoughthehard-pressedleaderswerewillingtomakethisconcession，thepoliticiansinthemeanwhilehadseenthegreatvalueofthehumansentimentwhichbasesitsappealontheneedoftheunderdogandwhichhadsuccessfullyunitedthismassofworkingmenintoanewcomradeshipwiththeimmigrants。Theappealwasinfinitelymorevaluablethananymerelypoliticalcry，andthefactthatthefinaltermsofsettlementweresubmittedtoareferendumvoteatoncegavethelocalpoliticiansachancetoavailthemselvesofthisbig，looselydefinedsympathy。Theydidavailthemselvesofthisinsodramaticamannerthattheyalmostsucceeded，solelyuponthatappeal，intakingthestrikeoutofthehandsofthelegitimateofficersandplacingitintheirownhandsfortheirownpoliticalends。

Thesituationwasatypicalone，exemplifyingtherealaimofpopulargovernmentwithitsconcernforprimitiveneeds，forcedtoseekexpressionoutsideoftheorganizedchannelsofgovernment。Ifthemilitiacouldhavebeencalledin，governmentwouldhavebeenplacedevenmore(104)dramaticallyinthepositionoftheoppressorofpopularself-government。Thephenomenalgoodorder，thecomparativelackofviolenceonthepartofthestrikingworkmen，gavenochanceforthebringinginofthemilitia。Thecitypoliticianwasofcourseverymuchdisappointed，foritwouldhaveaffordedhimanopeningtoputtheodiumofthistraditionaloppositionofgovernment，anoppositionwhichhasalwaysbeenmostdramaticallyembodiedinthesoldier，uponthepoliticalpartydominatingtheStatebutnotthecity。Itwouldhavegiventhecitypoliticiananexcellentopportunitytoshowtheconcernofhimselfandhispartyfortherealpeople，asoveragainsttheattitudeofthepartydominatingtheState。Butbecausethemilitiawasnotcalled，hisschemefailed，andthelegitimatestrikeleaderswho，althoughtheypassedthroughmuchtribulationbecauseofthispoliticalinterference，didnoteventuallylosecontrol。

ThesituationintheChicagostock-yardsalsoaffordedanexcellentepitomeofthefactthatgovernmentsooftenfindsitself，notonlyinoppositiontotheexpressedwillofthepeoplemakingthedemandatthemoment，butapparentlyagainstthebestinstinctsofthemassofthecitizensasawhole。

Foryearsthecityadministrationhadsopro-

(105)-tectedthepropertyinterestsinvestedinthestockyards，thatnoneofthesanitaryordinanceshadeverbeenproperlyenforced。ThesickeningstenchandthescumonthebranchoftheriverknownasBubblyCreekattimesmadethatsectionofthecityunendurable。

Thesmokeordinanceswereopenlyignored，nordidthemeatinspectoreverseriouslyinterferewithbusiness，beingquitewillingtohavemeatsoldinChicagowhichhadnotpassedtheinspectionforforeignmarkets。Thewatersteals，too，forwhichthestock-yardswereatonetimenotorious，musthavebeenmoreorlessknowntocertainofficials。Butallthismerelycorruptedalimitednumberofinspectors，andalthoughtheircorruptionwascompleteandinvolvedentireadministrations，itdidnotactuallytouchlargenumbersofpersons。Duringthestrikeof1904，however，1，200policemen，actualmenpossessedofhumansensibilities，werecalledupontopatroltheyardsinsideandout。ThereisnodoubtthatthepoliceinspectorofthedistrictthoroughlyrepresentedtheallianceoftheCityHallwiththebusinessinterests，thathedidnotmeantodiscoveranythingwhichwasderogatorytothepackersnortoembarrasstheminanywayduringtheconductofthestrike。Hadthese1，200men，morethanaregimentinnumbers，beenaregimentintrainingandtradition，they，(106)too，wouldhaveseennothing，andwouldhavebeencontentatheart，astheywereobligedtobeinconduct，tohavearrestedthestrikersontheslightestprovocation，andtohaveprotectedthestrike-

breakers。

Buttheywere，inpointoffact，calledupontofaceaverypeculiarsituation，becauseofthetypeofmenandwomenwhoformedthebulkofthestrike-breakers，andbecause，duringthefirstweeksofthestrike，thesemenandwomenwerekeptconstantlyinsidetheyards，dayandnight。

Inordertoholdthematall，disciplineoutsideofworkinghourswasthoroughlyrelaxed，andthepolicemeninchargeoftheyards，whilethereostensiblytoenforcelawandorder，wereobligedeverynighttoconniveatprize-

fighting，atopengambling，andatprostitution。Theywerethere，nottoenforcelawandorderasitdefinesitselfinthemindsofthebulkofhealthy-mindedcitizens，butonlytokeepthestrikersfrommolestingthenon-unionworkers。Thiswascertainlycommendable，but，afterall，onlypartoftheirrealduty。

Becausetheywerenormalmenlivinginthemidstofnormallifeandnotinbarracks，theywereshockedbythelaw-breakingwhichtheywereorderedtoprotect，andmuchdrawninsympathytothestrikerswhomtheyweresup-

(107)posedtoregardaspublicenemies。Aninvestigatorwhointerviewedonehundredpolicemenfoundonlyonewhodidnotfranklyextolthevirtuesofthestrikersasoveragainsttheshockingvicesoftheimportedmen。This，ofcourse，wasanextremecasebroughtaboutbytheunusualandpeculiartypeoftheimportedstrike-breakers。Thereis，however，trustworthyevidenceincorporatedinaffidavitswhichwereatthetimesubmittedtotheMayorofChicago，concerningtheunlawfulconductofthemenwhowereundertheprotectionofthecitypolice。

Itwashardforapatriotnottofeeljealousoftheunionandoftheenthusiasmofthosenewlyemigratedcitizens。TheypouredouttheirgratitudeandaffectionuponthisfirstbigfriendlyforcewhichhadofferedthemhelpintheirdesperatestruggleintheNewWorld。Thisdevotion，thiscomradeship，andthisfineespritdecorpsshouldhavebeenwonbytheGovernmentitselffromthesenewlyarrived，scared，anduntrainedcitizens。Theunionwasthatwhichhadconcerneditselfwiththerealstruggleforlife，shelter，achancetowork，andbreadfortheirchildren。Ithadcometotheminalanguagetheycouldunderstand，throughmenwithinterestsakintotheirown，anditgavethemboththeirfirstchancetoexpressthemselvesthroughademocraticvote，(108)andanopportunitytoregisterbyaballottheirrealopinionuponaveryimportantmatter。

Theyusedthereferendumvotes，thelatestandperhapsthemostcleverdeviceofdemocraticgovernment，andyettheyusedittodecideaquestionwhichthegovernmentsupposedtobequiteoutsideitsrealm。Whentheylefttheoldcountry，thegovernmentofAmericaheldtheirdeepesthopes，andrepresentedthatwhichtheybelievedwouldobtainforthemthefullnessoflifedeniedtheminthelandsofoppressivegovernments。Itisacuriouscommentaryonthefactthatwehavenotyetattainedself-governmentwhentherealandlegitimateobjectsofmen\'sdesiresmuststillbeincorporatedinthosevoluntarygroupsforwhichthegovernment，whenitdoesitsbest，canonlyaffordprotectionfrominterference。Asthereligiousrevivalistlookswithlonginguponthefervorofasingle-taxmeeting，astheorthodoxJewseeshissonstayawayfromYomKippurserviceinordertopourallhisreligiousfervor，hispreciouszealforrighteousnesswhichhasbeengatheredthroughthecenturies，intotheSocialistLaborParty——soapatriotfindshimselfexclaimingtotheimmigrant，likeanotherAndreadelSartotohiswife，“Oh，butwhatdothey——whatdotheytopleaseyoumore？“

Thestock-yardsstrikeaffordedanexampleof(109)thenationalappealsubordinatedtoanappealmadeinthenameoflabor。DuringtheearlystagesofthestrikeitwasdiscoveredthatnewlyarrivedMacedoniansweretakingmanyoftheplacesvacatedbythestrikers。OneofthemosttouchingscenesduringthestrikewasthegroupsofMacedonianswhowouldsittogetherinthetwilightplayingonprimitivepipessingularlyliketheonewhichisassociatedwiththegreatgodPan。Theslendersongwouldcarryamazinglyinthesmoke-bedimmedair，affectingthespectatorwithacurioussenseofincongruity。

WhentheorganizedlaborofChicagodiscoveredthatthestrikers\'placesweretakenbyGreeks，theunionsthreatened，unlesstheGreekswere“calledoff，“toboycotttheGreekfruit-dealersalloverthecity，whowiththeirstreetstandsaresingularlydependentuponthepatronageofworkingmen。

Thefactthatthestrike-breakerswereMacedonians，asithappened，wasanadditionaladvantageatthemoment；fortheGreekshavebeenmuchconcernedtomakeitclearthatMacedoniabelongstoGreece，andhavehotlyresentedtheeffortsofBulgariatoestablishaprotectorateoverthecountry。Theythereforerespondedatoncetothisacknowledgmentoftheirclaim，and，partlytoshowthattheMacedoniansandGreekswerecountrymen，partlybecausetheyresented(110)theimplicationthataGreekcouldactacowardlypartinanysituation，andalso，doubtless，becausetheyweremerchantsthreatenedwithlossoftrade，theymadesuperhumaneffortstocleartheyardsofMacedonians。Thistheyaccomplishedinaremarkablyshorttime。

SorecklessweretheyinthemethodstheyusedthatitwascommongossipthroughouttheGreekcolonythatstrike-breakerswouldberefusedthecomfortsofreligionbytheGreekpriestsinthecity，althoughdoubtlessthisrumorwasunfounded。Thisutterrecklessnessofmethod，thisdeterminationtodeterstrikebreakingatanycost，is，ofcourse，arevelationofthewarelementwhichisanessentialpartofanystrike。Theappealto“loyalty“

isthenearestapproachtoamoralappealwhichcanbesafelymadeinthemidstofawarofanysort。Duringalongstrikeoneresultofthenon-moralappealistoconfusethesituationsothatitbecomesutterlyimpossibletotellhowmanymenrefusetobecomestrike-breakersbecausetheyareterrorizedandhowmanystayawayfromconviction。Thenon-moralappealnotonlysinsagainsttheprinciplesadvocatedbytradesunionists，butitcontradictsitselfandbringsgreatconfusionintothesituation，aswaridealsalwaysdowhenthrustintoapeacefulsociety。Itwas，forinstance，quiteimpossibletotellwhethertheloweringin(111)thetypeofmanwhowaswillingtotakeastriker\'splace，sothatatlastonlyveryignorantmenfromthesouthernplantationscouldbeinducedtowork，wasduetoaspeciesofclassconsciousness，aresponsetothedemandfeltsostronglybylabormen_“Thoushaltnottakethyneighbor\'sjob“_orwhetherworkingmenarebecomingsoafraidtotakestriker\'splacesthattheseplacesmustatlastbegiventomenwhohavecomefromsuchremotepartsofthecountrythat“theydonotknowenoughtobeafraid。“Theunionsthemselvescouldtakenoaccountingoftheirrealstrengthbecauseoftheterrorismwhichhadbecomethrustintothesituation。Andyetallthatthestock-yardsworkersweredemandingthroughthislonganddisastrousstrike，wastheminimumwagewhichhasbeenguaranteedbyconservativegovernmentselsewhere，andisrecognizedevenintheUnitedStatesinmuchgovernmentalworkunderthecontractsofcivilorFederalauthorities。SotimidareAmericancities，however，indealingwiththisperfectlyreasonablesubjectofwagesinitsrelationtomunicipalemployees，thatwhentheydoprescribeaminimumwageforcitycontractwork，theyallowittofallintothehandsofthepettypoliticianandtobecomepartofapoliticalgame，makingnoefforttogiveitadignifiedtreatmentinrelationtothecostofliv-

(112)-ingandtothemarginofleisure。InthistheEng-fishcitieshaveanticipatedus，bothastotimeandlegitimateprocedure。

HaveAmericansformedasortof“imperialismofvirtue，“holdingontopreconceivedidealsofgovernmentandinsistingthattheymustfitallthepeoplewhocometoourshores，eventhoughtheycrushthemostpromisingbitsofself-expressionintheprocess？IstheAmericanattitudetowardself-governmentlikethatoftheAnglo-Saxontowardscivilization，savethathegoesforthtoruleallthenationsoftheearthbyonepattern，whileweremainathomeandbidthemtorulethemselvesbyonepattern？

Wefirmlydeclinenotonlytoconsidermattersofindustryandcommerceasgermanetogovernment，butwealsodeclinetobringmentogetheruponthatmostnaturalandinevitableofallfoundations，theirindustrialneeds。

Thegovernmentwhichrefusestoconsidermattersofthissort，oratleastwaitsuntiltheirneglectbecomesascandalbeforeitconsentstodealwiththem，asaresultofthiscautionforcesthemostpatrioticcitizenstoignoretheGovernmentandtoembodytheirscruplesandhopesofprogressinvoluntaryorganizations。Tobeafraidtoextendthefunctionsofgovernmentmaybetolosewhatwehave。Agovernmenthasalwaysreceivedfeeblesupportfromitsconstituentsassoonasits(113)demandsappearedchildishorremote。Citizensinevitablyneglectorabandoncivicduty，whentheirgovernmentnolongerembodiestheirgenuinedesires。Itisuselesstohypnotizeourselvesbyunrealtalkofcolonialideas，andofourpatrioticdutytowardsimmigrantsasthoughthesituationwasonedemandingthepassageofasetofresolutionswhenwefailtorealizethatthenationcanbesavedonlybypatriotswhoarepossessedofacontemporaneousknowledge。

Asindustrialrelationsimplypeacefulrelations，underacertainroughreorganizationandreconstructionofgovernmentalfunctionswhichtheassociationoflaborpresents，itisinevitablethatinitsinternationalaspectstheassociationshouldformallyadvocateuniversalpeace。Workmenhavealwaysrealized，howeverfeeblyandvaguelytheymayhaveexpressedit，thatitistheywhoinallageshavebornetheheaviestburdenofprivationandsufferingimposedontheworldbythemilitaryspirit。

Thefirstinternationalorganizationfounded，nottopromoteacolorlesspeace，buttoadvanceanddevelopthecommonlifeofallnations，wasfoundedinLondonin1864byworkingmen，andwascalledsimply“TheInternationalAssociationofWorkingmen。“Theyrecognizedthatasupremeinterestraisedallworkingmenabovethe(114)prejudiceofrace，andunitedthembywideranddeeperprinciplesthanthosebywhichtheywereseparatedintonations。

Theyhopedthatasreligion，science，art，hadbecomeinternational，sonowatlastlabormighttakeitsplaceasaninternationalinterest。A

fewyearslater，atitsthirdcongressinBrusselstheyrecommendedthatincaseofwarauniversalstrikebedeclared。

Thereisagrowingconvictionamongworkingmenofallcountriesthat，whatevermaybeaccomplishedbyanationalwar，howevermoralthesupposedaimofsuchawar，thereisoneinevitableresult——anincreasedstandingarmy，thesoldiersofwhicharenon-producers，andmustbefedbytheworkers。

ThesurprisinggrowthofSocialism，atthemoment，isduelargelytothefactthatitistheonlypoliticalpartyuponaninternationalbasis，andalsothatitfranklyventuresitsfutureuponabetterindustrialorganization。

Thesetwoaspectshavehadmuchmoretodowithitsholdinindustrialneighborhoodsthanhaveitsphilosophictenetsortheimpassionedappealofitspropagandists。TheSocialistsaremakingalmostthesoleattempttopreachamoralitysufficientlyallembracingandinternationaltokeeppacewitheventhatmaterialinternationalismwhichhasstandarizedthethreadsofscrewsandthesizeof(115)bolts，sothatmachinesmaybecomeinterchangeablefromonecountrytoanother。ItisthesamesortofinternationalismwhichMazzinipreachedwhendistractedItalywasmakingherdesperatestruggleforaunifiedandnationallife。Heissuedhisremarkableaddresstoherworkingmenandsolemnlytoldthemthatthelifeofthenationcouldnotbemadesecureuntilherpatriotswerereadytodieforhumanissues。Hesaw，earlierthanmostmen，thatthedesiretobeatunitywithallhumanbeings，toclaimthesenseofauniversalaffectionisaforcenottobeignored。Hebelievedthatitmighteventhenbestrongenoughtodevourtheflimsystuffcallednationalhonor，glory，andprestige，whichincitetowarandinduceworkingmentotrampleovereachother\'sfieldsandtodestroytheresultsofeachother\'slabor。

Workingmendreamofanindustrialismwhichshallbethehandmaidofacommerceministeringtoanincreasedpowerofconsumptionamongtheproducersoftheworld，bindingthemtogetherinagenuineinternationalism。Existingcommercehaslongagoreacheditsinternationalstage，butithasbeentheresultofbusinessaggressionandconstantlyappealsformilitarydefenseandfortheforcingofnewmarkets。Insofarascommercehasresteduponthesuccessfulcaptureof(116)theresourcesoftheworkers，ithasbeenarelicofthemediaevalbaronissuingforthtoseizethemerchants\'boatsastheypassedhiscastleontheRhine。Ithaslogicallylentitselftowarfare，andis，indeed，themodernrepresentativeofconquest。Asitsprototyperesteduponslaveryandvas-salage，sothiscommerceisfoundeduponacontemptfortheworkerandbelievesthathecanliveonlowwages。

Itassumesthathislegitimatewantsaretheanimalonescomprisingmerelyfoodandshelterandthecostofreplacement。Theindustrialismofwhichthiscommerceisapart，exhibitsthissamecontemptuousattitude，butitismoreeasilyextendedtoimmigrantsthantoanyothersortofworkmenbecausetheyseemfurtherawayfromacommonstandardoflife。Thisattitudetowardtheimmigrantsimplyillustratesoncemorethatitisaroundthedeeplysignificantideaofthestandardoflifethatourindustrialproblemsofto-daycentre。Thedesireforahigherstandardoflivinginrealityformsthebaseofalltheforwardmovementsoftheworkingclass。“Thesignificanceofthestandardoflifeliesnotsomuchinthefactthatforeachofusitisdifferent，asthatforallofusitisprogressive，“

[3]constantlyinvadingnewrealms。Toimaginethatforimmigrantsitismerelyaques-

(117)-tionoftincupsandplatesstoredinabunkversusawhiteclothandacottagetable，andthatallgoeswellifsewing-machinesandcottage-organsreachthefirstgenerationofimmigrants，andfashionabledressmakersandpianosthesecond，isofcourseamostuntutoredinterpretation。Untilthestandardoflifeisapprehendedinitsrealsignificanceandmadethecruxoftheimmigrantsituation，asrecenteconomistsaremakingthepowerofconsumptionthetestofanation\'sprosperity，weshallcontinuetoignorethemostobviousandnaturalbasisforunderstandingandmutualcitizenship。

Becauseworkmenhavebeenforcedtoconsiderthisstandardoflivinginregardtoimmigrantsaswellasthemselves，theyhavemadegenuineeffortstowardamalgamation。Thisisperhapseasilyexplained，for，afterall，themaninthiscountrywhorealizeshumanequalityisnothewhorepeatstheformulaoftheeighteenthcentury，buthewhohaslearnedthatthe“ideaofequalityisanoutgrowthofman\'sprimaryrelationswithnature。

Birth，growth，nutrition，reproduction，death，arethegreatlevelersthatremindusoftheessentialequalityofhumanlife。Itiswiththeguaranteeofequalopportunitiestoplayourpartswellintheseprimaryprocessesthatgovernmentischieflyconcerned“[4]andnotmerelywiththere-

(118)-pressionofthevicious，norwithguardingtherightsofproperty。

Allthatdevotionofthetradesunionfortherealissuesandtrialsoflifecould，ofcourse，easilybeturnedintoapassionforself-governmentandforthedevelopmentofthenationallifeifwewerereallydemocraticfromthemodernevolutionarystandpoint，andheldourtown-meetingsuponthetopicsofvitalconcern。

Solong，however，astheGovernmentdeclinestoconcernitselfwiththesedeeperissuesinvolvedinthestandardoflifeandtheindustrialstatusofthousandsofitscitizens，wemustloseit。

Ifprogresswereinauguratedbythosemembersofthecommunitywhopossessthewidestknowledgeandsuperiormoralinsight，thensocialameliorationmightbebroughtaboutwithoutthebunglingandmistakeswhichsodistressusall。But，overandoveragain，salutarychangesareprojectedandcarriedthroughbymenofevenlessthantheaverageethicaldevelopment，becausetheirpositionsinlifehavebroughtthemincontactwiththeillsofexistingarrangements。ToquotefromJohnMorley:“Inmattersofsocialimprovement，themostcommonreasonwhyonehitsuponapointofprogressandnotanother，isthatonehappenstobemoredirectlytouchedthantheotherbytheunimprovedpractice。“[5]

(119)Perhapsthisisasufficientexplanationofthefactthatuntrainedworkmenareentrustedwiththedifficulttaskofindustrialameliorationandadjustment，whiletherestofthecommunityoftenseemsignorantofthetruththatinstitutionswhichdonotmarchwiththeextensionofhumanneedsandrelationshipsaredead，andmayeasilybecomeadeterrenttosocialprogress。Unlesswesubordinateclassinterestsandclassfeelingtoabroaderconceptionofsocialprogress，unlesswetakepainstocomeincontactwiththesurginganddiversepeopleswhomakeupthenation，wecannothopetoattainasanesocialdevelopment。

Weneedrigidenforcementoftheexistinglaws，whileatthesametime，wefranklyadmittheinadequacyoftheselaws，andworkwithoutstintforprogressiveregulationsbetterfittedtothenewerissuesamongwhichourlotiscast；for，unlessthegrowingconscienceissuccessfullyembodiedinlegalenactment，menlosethehabitofturningtothelawforguidanceandredress。

Irecall，inillustrationofthis，aninstancewhichtookplacefifteenyearsago。IhadnewlycometoChicago，freshfromthecountry，andhadlittleideaofthesocialandindustrialconditionsinwhichIfoundmyselfonHalstedStreet，whenadozengirlscamefromaneighboringfactorywithagrievanceinregardtotheirwages。The(120)affaircouldhardlyhavebeencalledalabordifficulty。Thegirlshadneverheardofatradesunion，andweretotallyunaccustomedtoactingtogether。Itwasmoreinthenatureofa“scrap“

betweenthemselvesandtheirforeman。Intheefforttowardadjustment，thereremainsvividlyinmymemoryaconversationIhadwithaleadingjudgewhoarbitratedthedifficulty。Heexpressedhisbeliefinthecapacityofthecommonlawtomeetalllegitimatelabordifficultiesastheyarise。

HetrusteditsremarkableadaptabiLtytochangingconditionsunderthedecisionsofwiseandprogressivejudges。Hecontended，however，that，inordertoadjustittoourindustrialaffairs，itmustbeinterpreted，notsomuchinrelationtoprecedentsestablishedunderajudicialorderwhichbelongstothepast，butinreferencetothatnewersenseofjusticewhichthisgenerationisseekingtoembodyinindustrialrelations。HeforesawsomethingofthestressandstormoftheindustrialconflictswhichhaveoccurredinChicagosincethen，andheexpressedthehopethattheBenchofCookCountymightseizetheopportunity，inthisnewanddifficultsituation，ofdealingwithlabordifficultiesinajudicialspirit。

WhatadifferenceitwouldhavemadeinthehistoryofChicagoduringthelastfifteenyearsifmoremenhadbeenpossessedofthistemperand(121)wisdom，andhadrefusedtocountenancetheuseofforce。Ifmoremenhadbeenabletoseethesituationthroughafreshermedium；toapprehendthattheoldlegalenactmentsweretooindividualisticandnarrow；thatadifferenceindegreemaymakeadifferenceinkind；

iftheyhadrealizedthattheywerethefirstgenerationofAmericanjuristswhohadtodealwithasituationmadenovelbythefactthatitwasbroughtaboutbythecomingtogetheroftwomillionsofpeoplelargelyonanindustrialbasis！

Ourconstitutionswereconstructedbytheadvancedmenoftheeighteenthcentury，whohadstudiedtheworksofthemostradicalthinkersofthatcentury。Radicalismthenmeantamoredemocraticpoliticalorganization，andinitsdefence，theyfearlesslyquotedtheGreekcityandtheRomanForum。Butwehavecometoadmitthatourpresentdifficultiesareconnectedwithourindustrialorganizationandwiththelackofconnectionbetweenthatorganizationandourinheriteddemocraticformofgovernment。Ifselfgovernmentweretobeinauguratedbytheadvancedmenofthepresentmoment，theywouldmakeamostcarefulresearchintothoseearlyorganizationsofvillagecommunities，folk-motes，andmire，thoseprimarycellsofbothindustrialandpoliticalorganizations，wherethepeople(122)knewnodifferencebetweenthetwo，but，quitesimply，mettoconsiderincommondiscussionallthatconcernedtheircommonlife。Theywouldinvestigatethecrafts，guilds，andartels，whichcombinegovernmentwithdailyoccupations，asdidtheself-governinguniversityandfreetown。Theywouldseekfortheconnectionbetweentheliberty-

lovingmediaevalcityanditsfreecreativearchitecture，thatartwhichcombinesthegreatestvarietyofartistsandartisans。Theywouldnotaltogetherignorethe“compulsionoforigins“andthefactthatourpresentcivilizationismostemphaticallyanindustrialone。InGermany，whentheSocialDemocraticpartyfirstvigorouslyassertedtheeconomicbasisofsocietyandlaidtheemphasisuponitsindustrialaspect，theGovernmentitself，inaseriesoflegislativemeasures，designated“theSocialismofBismarck，“founditselfdealingdirectlywithindustry，throughasheerefforttogiveitselfatouchofreality。TheGovernmentofRussia，inthefirstyearoftheJapaneseWar，madeanefforttorelievetheneedsofthepeople。ThebureaucracyitselforganizedtheworkmenintoaspeciesoftradesunionsthroughwhichtheRussianGovernmentpromisedtoprotecttheproletarianfromtheaggressionsofcapital。Theentireincidentwassuggestiveoftheprotection(123)affordedbythecentralStatetotheslowlyemanicipatedserfsofcentralEuropewhenthebarons，reluctanttogiveuptheirrightsandprivileges，sounjustlyoppressedthem。

ShallademocracybeslowerthantheseoldPowerstoprotectitshumblestcitizen，andshallitseethemslowlydeterioratingbecause，accordingtodemocratictheory，theydonotneedprotection？

EndnotesTradeUnionismandLaborProblems，byJohnR。Commons，page248。“TheSlavInvasion，“byF。J。Warne，pages118，119。TheStandardofLife，byMrs。BernardBosenquet，page4。TheAmericanCity。DelosF。Wilcox，page200。Compromise，JohnMorley，page213。

JaneAddams:NewerIdealsofPeace:Chapter5:GroupMoralityintheLaborMovementCHAPTERV

GROUPMORALITYINTHELABORMOVEMENTThisgenerationisconstantlyconfrontedbyradicalindustrialchanges，fromwhichthecommunityasawholeprofits，butwhichmustinevitablybringdifficultyofadjustmentanddisastertomenofcertaintrades。Inallfairness，thesedifficultiesshouldbedistributedandshouldnotbeallowedtofallcompletelyuponthegroupofworking-peoplewhoselaborisdisplacedasaresultofthechangesandwhoareobligedtolearnanewtheirmethodofworkandmodeoflife。

Ifthegreatindustrialchangescouldbeconsideredasbelongingtothecommunityasawholeandcouldbereasonablydealtwith，thesituationwouldthenbedifficultenough，butitisenormouslycomplicatedbythefactthatsocietyhasbecomedividedintocampsinrelationtotheindustrialsystemandthatmanytimesthefactionsbreakoutintoactivehostility。

Thesetwocampsinevitablydevelopgroupmorality——theemployerstendingtowardthelegalandcontractualdevelopmentofmorality，theworkingmentowardthe(125)sympatheticandhuman。Amongourcontemporaries，thesetwoaretypifiedbytheemployersassociationsandthetradesunions。

Itisalwaysdifficulttojudgeacontemporaneousmovementwithanydegreeoffairness，anditisperenniallyperplexingtodistinguishwhatismerelyadventitiousandtemporaryfromthatwhichrepresentsessentialandpermanenttendencies。Thisdiscriminationismademuchmoredifficultwhenamovementexhibitsvariousstagesofdevelopmentcontemporaneously，whenadozenhistoricphasesaregoingonatthesametime。Yeteveryhistoricmovementtowardsdemocracy，whichconstantlygatherstoitselflargebodiesofrawrecruitswhiletheoldergroupsaremovingon，presentsthispeculiardifficulty。Inthecaseoftradesunions，certaingroupsaremarkedbylawlessnessanddisorder，othersbymostdecorousbusinessmethods，andstillothersarefairlydecadentintheirdesireformonopolisticcontrol。

ItisalongcryfromtheChartistsof1839，burninghayricks，toJohnBurnsof1902，pleadingintheHouseofCommonswithwell-reasonedeloquenceforanextensionoftheworkingmen\'sfranchise。NeverthelesstheyarebothmanifestationsofthesamemovementtowardsuniversalsuffrageandshownogreaterdifferencethanthatbetweentheChica-

(126)-goteamsters，whowereblockingcommerceandalmostbarricadingthestreetsin1902whenatthesamemomentJohnMitchellmadehiswell-consideredstatementthathewouldratherlosethecoalstrike，withallthatthatlossimplied，thangainitatthecostofviolence。

StudentsofindustrialhistorywillpointoutthesequenceanddevelopmentofthepoliticalmovementfromtheChartisttotheIndependentLaborparty。

Theywilltellusthatthesamedesireburnedintheheartsoftheignorantfarmerswhichfiredthedistinguishedparliamentarian，buttheygivenohelptoourbewilderedmindswhenwewouldfaindiscoversomeorderandsequencebetweenthewidelyseparatedeventsofthecontemporaneouslabormovement。

Wemustfirstgetdowntothequestion，Inwhatdoes“theinevitablydestinedriseofthemenoflabor“consist？Whatarewetryingtosolveinthis“mosthazardousproblemoftheage“？Isprogressinthelabormovementtocome，aswearetoldprogresscomesinthenonmoralworld，bytheblind，brutestruggleofindividualinterests；orisittocome，asitsearlierleadersbelieved，throughtheoperationofthehumanwill？

Isitaquestionofmoralswhichmustdependuponeducatorsandapostles；

orisitmerelyaconflictofopposingrightswhichmay(127)legitimatelyusecoercion？Thequestion，fromtheverynatureofthecase，isconfusing；for，ofnecessity，thelabormovementhasperfectlylegitimateeconomicandbusinessaspects，whichloomlargeandeasilyovershadowtheethical。Wewouldallagreethatonlywhenmenhaveeducation，amarginofleisure，andadecenthomecantheyfindroomtodevelopthemorallife。Beforethat，therearetoomanychancesthatitwillbecrushedoutbyignorance，bygrindingweariness，andbyindecency。Butthedangerliesintheconvictionthattheseadvantagesaretobesecuredbyanymeans，moralornon-moral，andinholdingthemparamounttotheinnerlifewhichtheyaresupposedtonourish。Thelabormovementisconfrontedbythatinevitableproblemwhichconfrontseverymovementandeveryindividual。Howfarshallthecompromisebemadebetweentheinnerconceptandtheouteract？Howmayweconcedewhatitisnecessarytoconcede，withoutconcedingall？

Weconstantlyforgetthat，inthelastanalysis，thespiritualgrowthofonesocialgroupisconditionedbythereactionofothersocialgroupsuponit。Weignorethefactthattheworshipofsuccess，solongdominantinAmerica，hastaughtthemajorityofourcitizenstocountonlyaccomplishmentandtomakelittleinquiryconcerning(128)methods。Successhasbecomethesolestandardinregardtobusinessenterprisesandpoliticalparties，butitisevidentthatthepublicintendstocallahaltbeforeitiswillingtoapplythesamestandardtolabororganizations。

Itisclearthatthepresentmomentisoneofunusualcrisis——thatmanyofthetradesunionsofAmericahavereachedatransitionalperiod，whentheycannolongerbemerepropagandists，butarecalledupontodealwithconcreteanddifficultsituations。Whentheyweresmallandpersecuted，theyheldtothefaithanditsimplicationofidealism。Astheybecomelargerandmorepowerful，theymaketermswiththelifeaboutthem，andcompromiseasbesttheymaywithactualconditions。

Theolderunions，whichhavereachedthesecondstagethatmaybedescribedasthatofbusinessdealing，areconstantlyhamperedandharassedbytheactionsoftheyoungerunionswhicharestillintheenthusiasticstage。

Thisembarrassmentisespeciallynotablejustnow，for，duringthislastperiodofprosperity，tradesunionshaveincreasedenormouslyinnumbers；

theStateFederationofMinnesota，forinstance，reportedanincreaseofsixhundredpercent。inoneyear。Nearlyallthewell-establishedunions(129)havebeenfloodedbynewmemberswhoarenotyetassimilatedanddisciplined。

Duringthisperiodofextraordinarygrowth，thelabormovementhasnaturallyattractedtoitselfhundredsoforganizationswhichareyetintheirinfancyandexhibitalltheweaknessof“groupmorality。“Thisdoubtlesstendstoaconceptionofmorallifewhichisasprimitiveasthatwhichcontrolledthebeginningsofpatriotism，whenthemembersofthenewlyconsciousnationconsideredallthosewhowereoutsideaspossibleoppressorsandenemies，andwereloyalonlytowardsthosewhomtheirimaginationincludedasbelongingtothenationallife。Theygavemuch，anddemandedmuch，inthenameofbloodbrothers，butweremercilesstotherestoftheworld。Inadditiontoitsbelligerentyouthanditsprimitivemorality，thenewerunionispronetodeclareastrike，simplybecausethemembershavelongsufferedwhattheyconsidertobegrievances，andtheaccumulatedsenseofunredressedwrongmakesthemeagerforachanceto“fightfortheirrights。“Atthesametime，theemployeralwaysattemptshismostvigorousattackuponanewunion，bothbecausehedoesnotwishorganizedlabortoobtainafootholdinhisfactory，andbecausehischancesforsuccessaregreaterbeforehisemployeesarewelldisciplined(130)inunionism。Neverthelessinactualconflictayoungunionwilloftenmakeamorerecklessfightthananolderone，liketheroughriderincontrastwiththedisciplinedsoldier。Themembersof&；newlyorganizedgroupnaturallyrespondfirsttoasenseofloyaltytoeachotherasagainsttheiremployers，andthentothewiderconsciousnessoforganizedlaborasagainstcapital。Thisstageoftradesunionismisfullofwarphraseology，withits“pickets“and“battle-grounds，“andisresponsibleforthemostseriousmistakesofthemovement。

Thesenseofgrouployaltyholdstradesunionistslongerthanisnormaltoothergroups，doubtlessbecauseoftheconstantaccessionsofthosewhoarenewlyconsciousofitsclaims。

ThoseChicagostrikes，which，duringthelastfewyears，havebeenmostnotablycharacterizedbydisorderandthenecessityforpoliceinterference，havealmostuniversallybeeninauguratedbythenewlyorganizedunions。

Theyhavecalledtotheiraidtheolderorganizations，andthelatterhaveenteredintothestrugglemanytimesunderprotestandmostobviouslyagainsttheirbestinterests。

TheChicagoFederationofLaborhasoftengivenitsofficialindorsementtohot-headedstrikesonthepartof“babyunions“becausethe(131)delegatesfromthenewlyorganizedorfreshlyrecruitedunionshadthelargervote，andtheappealtoloyaltyandtofraternitycarriedthemeetingagainstthejudgmentofthedelegatesfromtheolderunions。

Themembersofnewlyorganizedunionsmorereadilyrespondtotheappealtostrike，inthatitstirsmemoryoftheir“organizationnight，“whentheywereadmittedaftersolemnceremoniesintotheAmericanFederationofLabor。Atthesametime，theorganizersthemselvesoftenholdouttoolargepromises，onthesordidside，ofwhatorganizationwillbeabletoaccomplish。Theytellthenewlyinitiatedwhatotherunionshavedone，withouttellingatthesametimehowlongtheyhavebeenorganizedandhowsteadilytheyhavepaiddues。Severalyearsago，whenthereseemedtobeaveritable“strikefever“inChicagoamongtheyoungertradesunions，itwassuggestedintheFederationofLaborthatnounionbeauthorizedtodeclareastrikeuntilithadbeenorganizedforatleasttwoyears。

Theregulationwasbackedbysomeofthestrongestandwisesttradesunionists，butitfailedtopassbecausetheorganizerswereconvincedthatitwouldcrippletheminformingnewunions。Theywouldbeobligedtopointtomanymonthsofpatientpaymentofduesandhumdrummeetingsbeforeany(132)realgaincouldbesecured。Theorganizers，infact，areinthepositionofarecruitingofficerwhoisobligedtotellhisrawmaterialofallthegloriesofwar，butatthesametimebidthemrememberthatwarfareisalwaysinexpedient。Hemustadvisethemtotakealongandtedioustrainingintheartsofdiplomacyandinthemostadvancedmethodsofavertingwarbeforeanyactioncanpossiblybeconsidered。

Inpointoffacttheorganizersdonotdothis，andmanymenjoinunionsexpectingthatastrikewillbespeedilydeclaredwhichwillsettleallthedifficultiesofmodernindustrialism。Itis，therefore，notsoremarkablethatstrikesshouldoccuroftenandshouldexhibitwarlikefeatures。Whatisremarkableistheattitudeofthepublicwhichhascertainlyeliminatedthetacticsofwarinothercivilrelations。