战壕中的四个星期

第一章

我IntryingtorecallmyimpressionsduringmyshortwardutyasanofficerintheAustrianArmy,Ifindthatmyrecollectionsofthisperiodareveryunevenandconfused.Someoftheexperiencesstandoutwithabsoluteclearness;others,however,areblurred.Twoorthreeeventswhichtookplaceindifferentlocalitiesseemmergedintoone,whileinotherinstancesrecollectionofthechronologicalorderofthingsismissing.ThiscuriousindifferenceofthememorytovaluesoftimeandspacemaybeduetotheextraordinaryphysicalandmentalstressunderwhichtheimpressionsIamtryingtochroniclewerereceived.ThesamestateofmindIfindisrathercharacteristicofmostpeopleIhavemetwhowereinthewar.Itshouldnotbeforgotten,too,thatthegiganticupheavalwhichchangedthefundamentalconditionoflifeovernightandthreatenedtheveryexistenceofnationsnaturallydwarfedtheindividualintonothingness,andtheexistinginterestinthecommonwelfareleftpracticallynoroomforpersonalconsiderations.Thenagain,atthefront,theextremeuncertaintyofthemorrowtendedtolessentheinterestinthedetailsofto–day;consequentlyImayhavemissedagreatmanyinterestinghappeningsalongsideofmewhichIwouldhavewantedtonoteunderothercircumstances.Onegetsintoastrangepsychological,almosthypnotic,stateofmindwhileonthefiringlinewhichprobablypreventsthemind'seyefromobservingandnoticingthingsinanormalway.Thisaccounts,perhaps,forsomeblankspacesinmymemory.Besides,Iwentoutcompletelyresignedtomyfate,withoutmuchthoughtforthefuture.ItneveroccurredtomethatImighteverwanttowritemyexperiences,andconsequentlyIfailedtotakenotesortoestablishcertainmnemo–technicallandmarksbytheaidofwhichImightnowbeabletoreconstructalldetails.Iam,therefore,reducedtopresentanincoherentandratherpiecemealnarrativeofsuchepisodesasforciblyimpressedthemselvesuponmymindandleftanineradicablemarkuponmymemory.在试图回忆我在奥地利军队中作为军官的短暂战争期间的印象时,我发现这一时期的回忆非常不均衡且混乱。一些经历清晰明确;然而,其他一些却模糊不清。在不同地点发生的两三个事件似乎融合成一个,而在其他情况下,对事情时间顺序的回忆也缺失了。这种记忆对时间和空间价值的漠不关心可能是因为我试图记录的这些印象是在极端的身体和精神压力下接受的。我发现同样的心态在大多数与我相遇的曾经历过战争的人中相当具有代表性。同样不应忘记的是,一夜之间改变了生活基本条件的巨大动荡,并威胁到国家的存在,自然使个人变得微不足道,而对共同福利的关注几乎不留个人考虑的空间。此外,在前线,对明天的极端不确定性往往减少了对今天细节的兴趣;因此,我可能错过了许多在我身边发生的有趣事件,如果在其他情况下,我会希望记录下来。在火线上的时候,人会进入一种奇怪的心理状态,几乎像催眠一样,这可能阻止了心灵之眼以正常方式观察和注意事物。这或许解释了我记忆中的一些空白。此外,我完全接受了命运,没有太多考虑未来。我从未想过我可能会想写下我的经历,因此我没有做笔记,也没有借助某些记忆技巧的标记来帮助我现在重建所有细节。因此,我只能提供一种不连贯且相当零散的叙述,讲述那些强烈地印在我的脑海里并在我记忆中留下不可磨灭印记的事件。TheoutbreakofthewarfoundmywifeandmeinSwitzerland,whereweweretakingacure.Onthe31stofJuly,onopeningthepaper,IreadthattheThirdArmyCorps,towhichmyregiment(whichisstationedinGraz)belonged,hadreceivedanorderformobilization.战争的爆发使我和妻子正在瑞士,我们那时正在接受治疗。7月31日,打开报纸后,我看到第三军军团(我的团驻扎在格拉茨)收到了动员命令。AlthoughIhadresignedmycommissionasanofficertwoyearsbefore,IimmediatelyleftSwitzerland,accompaniedbymywife,inordertoreportforduty.Asithappened,awirereachedmeadaylatercallingmetothecolors.虽然我在两年前已经辞去了军官职务,但我立刻和妻子一起离开瑞士,去报到服役。巧合的是,一天后我收到了一份电报,命令我重新入伍。WewentbywayofMunich.ItwasthefirstdayofthedeclarationofthestateofwarinGermany.Intenseexcitementprevailed.InMunichalltrafficwasstopped;notrainswererunningexceptformilitarypurposes.ItwasonlyduetothefactthatIrevealedmyintentionofrejoiningmyregimentinAustriathatIwasabletopassthroughatall,butbyboththecivilandmilitaryauthoritiesinBavariaIwasshownthegreatestpossibleconsiderationandpassedthroughassoonaspossible.我们经由慕尼黑前往。那是德国宣布战争状态的第一天。气氛非常激动。在慕尼黑所有交通都停止了;除了军事用途外,没有火车运行。只是因为我透露了我打算回到奥地利的团里,我才得以通过,但巴伐利亚的民政和军事当局对我给予了最大的关照,并尽快让我通过了。WereachedViennaonAugustfirst.AstartlingchangehadcomeoverthecitysinceIhadleftitonlyafewweeksbefore.Feverishactivityeverywhereprevailed.Reservistsstreamedinbythousandsfromallpartsofthecountrytoreportatheadquarters.Autosfilledwithofficerswhizzedpast.Densecrowdssurgedupanddownthestreets.Bulletinsandextraeditionsofnewspaperspassedfromhandtohand.Immediatelyitwasevidentwhatagreatlevelerwaris.Differencesinrankandsocialdistinctionshadpracticallyceased.Allbarriersseemedtohavefallen;everybodyaddressedeverybodyelse.我们于8月1日到达维也纳。自从几周前离开这座城市以来,它发生了惊人的变化。到处都是一片狂热的活动。全国各地的预备役人员成千上万地涌入总部报到。满载军官的汽车呼啸而过。密集的人群在街道上来回涌动。新闻简报和报纸的增刊在人们手中传递。立刻就能看出战争是多么强大的一种平等者。军衔和社会地位的差异几乎消失了。所有的界限似乎都消失了;每个人都在和别人交谈。Isawthecrowdsstopofficersofhighrankandwell–knownmembersofthearistocracyandclergy,alsostateofficialsandcourtfunctionariesofhighrank,inquestofinformation,whichwasimpartedcheerfullyandpatiently.TheimperialprincescouldfrequentlybeseenontheRingStrassesurroundedbycheeringcrowdsorminglingwiththepublicunceremoniouslyatthecafes,talkingtoeverybody.Ofcourse,thearmywasidolized.Whereverthetroopsmarchedthepublicbrokeintocheersandeveryuniformwasthecenterofanovation.我看到人群停下来,向高级军官和著名的贵族及教士成员、国家官员和宫廷高级职员询问信息,他们愉快而耐心地提供了信息。帝国王子们经常被看到在环形大道上被欢呼的人群包围,或者在咖啡馆里不拘礼节地与公众混在一起,和每个人交谈。当然,军队备受崇拜。无论部队走到哪里,民众都会欢呼,每一种制服都会成为一阵喝彩的中心。WhilecomingfromthestationIsawtwoyoungreservists,toallappearancesbrothers,astheyhurriedtothebarracks,carryingtheirsmallbelongingsinavalise.Alongwiththemwalkedalittleoldladycrying,presumablytheirmother.Theypassedageneralinfulluniform.Upwenttheirhandstotheircapsinmilitarysalute,whereupontheoldgeneralthrewhisarmswideopenandembracedthemboth,saying:"Goon,myboys,doyourdutybravelyandstandfirmforyouremperorandyourcountry.Godwilling,youwillcomebacktoyouroldmother."Theoldladysmiledthroughhertears.Ashoutwentup,andthecrowdssurroundingthegeneralcheeredhim.LongafterIhadleftIcouldhearthemshouting.从车站走来的时候,我看到两个年轻预备役士兵,看起来像是兄弟,他们匆忙地走向兵营,手里提着一个装着自己小物件的皮箱。他们身边走着一位年迈的老妇人,哭着,大概就是他们的母亲。他们经过一位穿着全套军装的将军。他们举起手向帽子行军礼,接着那位年长的将军张开双臂拥抱了他们,说:“去吧,我的孩子们,勇敢地履行你们的职责,为皇帝和祖国坚定地战斗。如果上帝允许,你们会回到你们的老母亲身边。”老妇人含着泪微笑了。人群中响起一声喊叫,包围着将军的人群欢呼起来。我离开很久之后,还能听到他们喊叫的声音。再往前走几条街,我看到一家露天咖啡馆里有一对年轻情侣,一个穿着野战制服的预备役士兵和一个年轻女孩,可能是他的新娘或恋人。他们坐在那里,手牵手,完全对外界和整个世界都毫无察觉。当人群中有人发现了他们,顿时发出一阵大声欢呼,人们纷纷跑到桌边,围住他们,接着爆发出掌声,挥舞着帽子和手帕。起初,这对年轻情侣似乎完全惊呆了,只是慢慢地他们才意识到这热烈的掌声是献给他们的。他们显得有些困惑,年轻女孩脸红了,把脸藏在手里,年轻人站起来,行军礼并鞠躬。更多的欢呼和掌声。他张开嘴,似乎想说什么。突然间鸦雀无声。他努力地想表达,但随后他的脸上露出光彩,仿佛受到了启发。他挺直身体,手按在帽檐上,以军人敬礼的姿态,唱起了奥地利国歌。一秒钟内,人群中的每个人都将帽子摘下。所有的交通突然停止,每个人,无论是乘客还是司机,都加入了合唱。邻近的窗户很快站满了人,不久便形成了数千人的合唱。歌声的力度和情感的强度似乎将鼓舞人心的国歌提升到了至高无上的崇高庄严之中。那时我们正前往车站,后来很久还能听到那歌声,如同人类的管风琴一样回荡。WhatimpressedmeparticularlyinViennawasthestrictordereverywhere.Nomobdisturbancesofanykind,inspiteofthegreatlyincreasedlibertyandrelaxationofpoliceregulations.Norwasthereanyrunawaychauvinismnoticeable,asidefromtheoccasionalsingingofpatrioticsongsanddemonstrationsliketheoneIjustdescribed.Thekeynoteofpopularfeelingwasquietdignity,joinedtodetermination,withanundercurrentofsolemngravityandresponsibility.在维也纳给我印象特别深刻的是到处都有严格的秩序。尽管自由度大大增加,警察规定也有所放松,但没有任何骚乱事件。除了偶尔唱爱国歌曲和我刚才描述的那种示威活动外,也没有任何明显的极端民族主义表现。民众情绪的主调是安静的尊严,伴随着决心,同时潜藏着严肃的庄重感和责任感。IhadstoppedinViennaonlylongenoughtobidgood–byetomyfather,andleftfortheheadquartersofmyregimentinGraz.IreportedtherefordutyandthenwenttojointheFourthBattalion,whichwasstationedatLeoben,onehourawayfromGraz,myordersbeingtotakecommandofthefirstplatooninthesixteenthcompany.Myplatoonconsistedoffifty–fivemen,twobuglers,andanambulancepatroloffour.我在维也纳只停留了足够的时间向父亲告别,然后前往格拉茨的团部。我向那里报到后,就去加入驻扎在莱本的第四营,从格拉茨出发一小时的路程,我的命令是接管第十六连的第一排。我的排由五十五名士兵、两名号兵和一个四人的救护巡逻队组成。InLeobenmywifeandIremainedaweek,whichwasspentinorganizing,equipping,requisitioning,recruiting,andpreliminarydrilling.Thesewerehappydays,asweofficersmetforthefirsttime,friendshipsandbondsbeingsealedwhichsubsequentlyweretestedincommondangerandamidstprivationandstress.Manyoftheofficershadbroughttheirwivesandsoondelightfulintercourse,utterlyfreefromformality,developed,withoutanyregardorreferencetorank,wealth,orstationinprivatelife.Amongthereserveofficersofmybattalionwereafamoussculptor,awell–knownphilologist,twouniversityprofessors(oneofmathematics,theotherofnaturalscience),aprince,andacivilengineerattheheadofoneofthelargestAustriansteelcorporations.Thesurgeonofourbattalionwastheheadofagreatmedicalinstitutionandamanofinternationalfame.Amongmymenintheplatoonwereapainter,twocollegeprofessors,asingerofrepute,abanker,andapostofficialofhighrank.ButnobodycaredandinfactImyselfdidnotknowuntilmuchlaterwhatdistinguishedmenwereinmyplatoon.Agreatcloakofbrotherhoodseemedtohaveenvelopedeverybodyandeverything,evendifferencesinmilitaryranknotbeingsoobviousatthistime,fortheofficersmadefriendsoftheirmen,andinturnwereworshippedbythem.在利奥本,我和妻子待了一周,这段时间用来组织、装备、征用物资、招募人员以及初步的训练。这些日子很愉快,因为我们军官第一次见面,友谊和纽带得以建立,后来在共同的危险和贫困与压力中得到了考验。许多军官都带着他们的妻子,很快便形成了愉快的交往,完全不受礼仪的约束,也不考虑职位、财富或私人生活中的地位。我连队的预备军官中有著名的雕塑家、一位著名的语言学家、两位大学教授(一位是数学教授,另一位是自然科学教授)、一位王子以及一位奥地利最大钢铁公司首席的土木工程师。我们连队的军医是一位著名医疗机构的负责人,也是国际知名的名人。在我排的士兵中有一位画家、两位大学教授、一位有声誉的歌手、一位银行家和一位高级邮政官员。但没有人介意,事实上直到后来我才意识到我的排里有如此杰出的人。一种兄弟般的厚罩似乎笼罩了每个人和每件事,甚至此时军衔的差异也不那么明显,因为军官们与士兵交朋友,而士兵们也崇拜他们。MywifevolunteeredherservicesasRedCrossnurse,insistinguponbeingsenttothefront,inordertobeasnearmeascouldbe,butitdevelopedlaterthatnonursewasallowedtogofartherthanthelargetroophospitalsfarintherearoftheactualoperations.UponmyurgentappealshedesistedandremainedinViennaafterIhadleft,nursinginthebarracks,whicharenowusedforhospitalwork.Infact,almosteverythirdorfourthhouse,bothprivateandpublic,aswellasschools,weregiventotheuseofthegovernmentandconvertedintoRedCrossstations.我的妻子自愿作为红十字会护士提供服务,坚持要被派往前线,以便尽可能靠近我,但后来发现没有护士可以被派到比实际作战区域后方的大型军队医院更远的地方。在我急切的请求下,她停止了继续前往前线,并在我离开后留在维也纳,负责在兵营中护理病人,这些兵营现在被用作医院工作。事实上,几乎每第三或第四栋房子,无论是私人还是公共的,以及学校,都被政府征用并改造成红十字站。ThehappydaysinLeobencametoanabruptend,myregimentreceivingorderstostartimmediatelyforthefront.莱奥本的快乐日子突然结束了,我们团接到命令,立即开赴前线。我们前往格拉茨,与另外三个营会合,并被装上火车前往一个未知的目的地。我们经由布达佩斯前往加利西亚,在斯特里亚下车,这是利姆贝格以南的一个非常重要的铁路中心。必须明白的是,当时从战线上传来的唯一消息是俄国人已经被赶出了我们的边境,而奥地利军队实际上已经站在敌人的土地上。斯特里亚距离俄罗斯边境有数百英里远,因此我们不得不推测,我们将在那里驻扎一段时间,以便进行训练和演习。这一想法因我们团属于兰德施特劳姆(Landsturm),即第二线后备军,最初是为了国内服务而设立的事实而得到加强。然而,就在那个夜晚,我们被惊醒并离开斯特里亚,与整个第三集团军一起行进了大约二十英里。在短暂停下来吃饭并喂马之后,我们又行进了二十二英里。由于我们相对软弱且缺乏训练,第一天的行军是对耐力的严峻考验,尤其是除了沉重的步枪、刺刀、弹药和铲子之外,每个士兵还背着一个装有罐头肉、咖啡提取物、糖、盐、米饭和饼干等应急物资的背包,以及各种锡制炊具和餐具;此外还有第二双鞋子、额外的衬衣、内衣等。在这些沉重的包裹之上,还绑着一件冬大衣和帐篷的一部分,所有装备的总重量大约在五十磅左右。一天过去了。疲劳的迹象很快变得越来越明显,人们慢慢地一个个掉队,完全是因为筋疲力尽。然而,却没有听到任何抱怨的声音。大多数掉队的人在休息几分钟后,又摇摇晃晃地继续前进。少数留在后面的人后来在营地建立后加入了部队。当时我们对这种强制行军的必要性感到困惑,无法看到其原因,除非是为了让我们接受训练。Nighthadfallenwhenwereachedasmallmonasteryinthemidstofaforest,wherethepeacefulsurroundingsandthemonasticlife,entirelyuntouchedbythewarfever,seemedstrangeindeed.Campwasestablished,tentserected,fireswerelighted,andcoffeemade.Soonalifeofbustlingactivitysprangupinthewilderness,inthemidstoftheforestwhichonlyafewhoursbeforehadbeendeserted.当我们到达森林中的一座小修道院时,夜幕已经降临。那里的宁静环境和与战争狂热毫无关联的修道生活显得格外奇怪。我们建立了营地,搭起了帐篷,点起了火堆,还煮了咖啡。很快,在这片几个小时前还空无一人的森林中,一片繁忙的活动景象出现了。Itmadeaweirdandimpressivepictureinthewonderfulstarlightnight,thesesoldierssittingaroundthecampfiressoftlysinginginchorus;thefantasticoutlinesofthemonasteryhalfhiddeninthewoods;thedarkfiguresofthemonksmovingsilentlybackandforthamongsttheshadowsofthetreesastheybroughtrefreshmentstothetroops;theredglowofthecampfiresilluminatingtheeagerandenthusiasticfacesoftheyoungofficersgroupedaroundthecolonel;thesnortingandstampingofthehorsesnearby;anoccasionalmelodicoutcryofasentineloutinthenight;allthesethingsmergingintoanunforgettablesceneofgreatromanticismandbeauty.ThatnightIlayforalongwhilestretchednearthesmolderingashesofthecampfire,withmycapeasablanket,inastateoflassitudeandsomnolence,mysoulfilledwithexaltationandhappinessoverthebeautyaroundme.在美丽的星光之夜,这些士兵围坐在营火旁轻声合唱,形成了一幅奇特而令人印象深刻的画面;修道院的奇妙轮廓半隐在树林中;修道士们身着黑衣,在树影间悄然来往,给部队送来补给;营火的红光映照着围绕在上校周围的年轻军官们充满热情和渴望的面孔;附近的马匹发出嘶鸣和踢踏声;哨兵在夜色中偶尔发出一串悦耳的叫声;所有这一切融合成了一幅充满浪漫主义和美丽难忘的景象。那天晚上,我躺在营火余烬附近很久,披着斗篷当毯子,处于一种懒散和昏昏欲睡的状态,我的灵魂因周围美景而充满兴奋和幸福。Therest,however,wasofveryshortduration,foratsixo'clockinthemorningwewerearoused,campwasbrokenupandsoonafterwardswestartedonaforcedmarchoftwenty–twomileswithoutahalt,duringwhichwetwicehadtowadeknee–deepthroughrivers.Bymiddaymostofthemenweresoexhaustedthattheycouldhardlycrawlalong.Itwasremarkablethatthecomparativelyweakerandmorerefinedcity–bredpeoplewhohaddonelittlephysicalworkintheirlives,mostofthembeingprofessionalmen,withstoodhardshipsbetterthanthesturdyand,toallappearances,strongerpeasants;theonlyexplanationforitbeingperhapsthatthe.city–bredpeople,inconsequenceoftheirbettersurroundingsandbyreasonoftheireducation,hadmorewillpowerandnervousstrengththanthepeasants.然而,其余部分持续时间却非常短,因为早上六点我们就被叫醒了,营地被解散,不久之后我们开始了一场二十二英里的强行军,中途没有停留,期间我们两次必须深及膝盖地涉水过河。到中午时分,大多数人都累得几乎无法爬行了。值得注意的是,那些体弱且受过良好教育的城市出生的人,他们一生中很少从事体力劳动,其中大多数人是职业人士,在忍受艰难困苦方面比强壮且看起来似乎更健壮的农民表现得更好;也许唯一的解释是,由于城市出生的人生活环境较好,并且由于受过教育,他们的意志力和神经力量比农民更强。Athalf–pasttwowereachedaclearinginthemidstofawoodthroughwhichariverflowed.Herecampwasagainestablishedandahalfhourlaterallthehardshipsofthemarchwereoncemoreforgotteninthebustleofcamplife.Thistimewehadafullrestuntilthenextmorningatfouro'clock,whensuddenlyordersformarchingweregiven.Afterwehadbeenunderwayforaboutthreehoursweheardfar–away,repeatedrumblingwhichsoundedlikedistantthunder.Notforamomentdidweassociateitwithcannonading,being,aswesupposed,hundredsofmilesawayfromthenearestplacewhereRussianscouldpossiblybe.Suddenlyamountedordnanceofficercamerushingwithamessagetoourcolonel.Wecametoahaltandallofficersweresummonedtothecolonelwho,addressingusinhisusualquiet,almostbusinesslikeway,said:"Gentlemen,acceptmycongratulations,Ihavegoodnewsforyou,wemaymeettheenemyto–dayandIsincerelyhopetoleadyoutothefightbeforeevening."WewerethunderstruckatthesuddenrealizationthattheRussianshadpenetratedsodeeplyintoGalicia.Thedespondencywhichfollowedthisstartlingrevelation,however,wasquicklyreplacedbytheintenseexcitementofmeetingtheenemysosoon.Wehurriedbacktoourcompanies,impartingthenewstothemen,whobrokeforthintoshoutsofenthusiasm.Allthefatiguesoplainlynoticeableonlyafewminutesbefore,suddenlyvanishedasifbymagic,andeveryoneseemedalert,springy,andfullofspirit.Weenergeticallyresumedthemarchinthedirectionofthedistantrumbling,whichindicatedthattheartilleryofouradvanceguardhadengagedtheenemy.Myregimentthenwaspartofthemainbodyofadivision.Aseconddivisionadvancedontheroadparalleltoours,aboutamileandaquartertoourleft.BothcolumnsbelongedtotheThirdArmyCorpsandkeptupconstantcommunicationwitheachotherthroughmounteddispatchbearersandmotorcycles.下午两点过半,我们到达了一片位于树林中的空地,一条河流从其中流过。在这里,我们再次建立了营地,一小时后,所有行军的艰辛都被营地生活的喧嚣所遗忘。这一次,我们一直休息到第二天早上四点,突然之间,传来了出发的命令。我们出发大约三小时后,听到远处传来连续不断的轰鸣声,听起来像远处的雷声。我们一刻也没有把它和炮击联系起来,因为我们以为离最近可能有俄国人的地方还有数百英里远。突然,一名骑马的炮兵军官匆忙地带着消息来到我们的上校那里。我们停下来,所有的军官都被召集到上校那里,他用他一贯平静、几乎像是在处理公务的方式对我们说:“先生们,接受我的祝贺,我有好消息告诉你们,我们今天可能会遇到敌人,我真诚地希望能在傍晚前带领你们参加战斗。”我们对俄军竟然深入加利西亚这么深而感到震惊。然而,随后出现的沮丧情绪很快被很快遇到敌人的兴奋所取代。我们急忙回到各自的连队,把消息告诉士兵们,他们爆发出热情的欢呼声。刚才还明显可见的疲劳,突然间仿佛魔法般消失了,每个人都显得警觉、精神饱满、充满活力。我们精力充沛地继续向远处的轰鸣声方向前进,这表明我们的先头部队的火炮已经与敌人交火了。我的团当时是师主力的一部分。第二师沿着与我们平行的道路前进,大约在我们左边一英里又四分之一英里的地方。两列纵队都属于第三军团,并通过骑马传递命令的人和摩托车保持持续的联络。Thecannonadinghadmeanwhilecomeperceptiblynearer,andinthemidstofthedenseforestweagaincametoashorthalt.Ordersweregiventoloadrifles,anduponemergingfromthewoodswefellintoopenformation,themenmarchingabreast,thecompaniesatadistanceofthreehundredyards,withthebattalionsatadistanceofaboutathousandyards.WewereslowlyenteringtherangeoftheRussianartillery.Aboutamileaheadwecouldseenumbersofharmlesslookingroundclouds,lookinglikeringletsofsmokefromahugecigar,indicatingtheplaceswhereshrapnelhadexplodedinmid–air.Ourmen,notbeingfamiliarwiththespectacle,tooknonoticeofit,butweofficersknewitssignificance,andIdaresaymanyaheartbeataswildlyasminedid.炮声此时明显地更近了,在浓密的森林中我们再次短暂停下来。命令下达后,我们装上了步枪子弹,当我们从树林里出来时,便进入了开阔地队形,士兵们并排前进,各连之间相距三百码,各营之间大约相距一千码。我们正缓慢地进入俄国炮兵的射程范围。在大约一英里前方,我们可以看到许多看起来无害的圆形云团,像是从一支巨大的雪茄上飘出的烟圈,表明这些地方炮弹在半空中爆炸了。我们的士兵对这种景象不熟悉,没有注意,但我们将官知道它的意义,我敢说许多人心跳得和我一样剧烈。Wemarchedonuntilthecommandwasgivenforustodeploy,andsoonafterwardsthefirstshrapnelwhizzedoverourheads.Itdidnoharm,nordidthesecondandthird,butthefourthhitthreemeninthebattalionintherearofus.Ourforwardmovement,however,wasnotinterrupted,andwedidnotseeorhearanythingbeyondtwoorthreestartledcries.Thenextshellburstrightaheadofus,sendingashowerofbulletsandsteelfragmentsaround.Amanabouttwentyyardstotherightofmycompany,butnotofmyplatoon,leapedintotheairwithanagonizingcryandfellinaheap,mortallywounded.Aswewereadvancingveryswiftly,Ionlysawitasinadream,whilerunningby.Thencameinrapidsuccessionfourorfiveterrificexplosionsrightoverourheads,andIfeltasuddengustofcoldwindstrikemycheekasabigshellfragmentcamehowlingthroughtheair,ploughingthegroundviciouslyasitstruckandsendingasprayofsandaround.我们继续前进,直到命令我们展开行动,不久之后第一颗炮弹擦着我们的头顶飞过。它没有造成伤害,第二颗和第三颗也没有,但第四颗击中了我们后方连队的三名士兵。然而,我们的前进并未中断,我们只听到两三个惊恐的叫声,没有看到或听到其他任何东西。下一发炮弹在我们正前方爆炸,射出一阵子弹和钢片。在我连队右边大约二十码的地方,但不属于我的排的一名士兵,发出痛苦的叫声跳了起来,倒在地上,受了致命伤。当我们迅速前进时,我只是在奔跑中恍惚地看到了这一幕。接着,四到五次可怕的爆炸接连在我们头顶响起,我感到一股突然的冷风掠过脸颊,一块大炮弹碎片呼啸着穿过空中,猛烈地撞击地面,溅起一片沙子。Weranonperhapsaquarterofamile,whenfromtherearcamethesharpcommand,"Down,"andthenextsecondwelayontheground,pantingandexhausted,myheartalmostburstingwiththeexertion.Simultaneouslythewhizzingofamotoraboveourheadscouldbeheardandweknewwhytheenemy'sshrapnelhadsosuddenlyfoundus.ItwasaRussianaeroplanewhichpresumablyhadsignaledourapproach,togetherwiththerange,totheRussiangunners,andnowwasprobablydirectingtheirfireandcloselywatchingitseffect,forachainofhillswashidingusfromtheviewoftheenemy,whoconsequentlyhadtofireindirectly.Theaircrafthoveredaboveourheads,butwewereforbiddentofireatit,theextremelydifficult,almostverticalaimpromisinglittlesuccess,asidefromthedangerofourbulletsfallingbackamongus.Ourreservesintherearhadapparentlysightedtheaircrafttoo,forsoonweheardavolleyofriflefirefromthatdirectionandsimultaneouslytheaeroplanearoseanddisappearedintheclouds.我们跑了大约四分之一英里,这时从后面传来一声尖锐的命令:“趴下”,下一秒我们就躺在地上,气喘吁吁,筋疲力尽,我的心几乎因努力而要爆开。同时,我们听到头顶上飞机呼啸的声音,我们知道为什么敌人的炮弹会突然击中我们了。那是一架俄罗斯飞机,可能是向俄罗斯炮兵发出了我们的接近以及距离的信号,现在可能正在引导他们的火力并密切观察效果,因为一连串的山丘遮住了我们的身影,敌人因此只能间接射击。飞机在我们头顶盘旋,但我们被禁止向它开火,因为极其困难、几乎是垂直的瞄准几乎没有成功的希望,除了我们的子弹可能会掉落在我们自己人中间的危险。我们后方的预备队显然也看到了这架飞机,不久我们便从那个方向听到了一阵步枪射击声,同时飞机升空消失在云层中。Justthenourownartillerycamethunderingup,occupiedalittlehillintherearandopenedfireontheenemy.Themoraleffectofthethunderingofone'sownartilleryismostextraordinary,andmanyofusthoughtthatwehadneverheardanymorewelcomesoundthanthedeeproaringandcrashingthatstartedinatourrear.Itquicklyhelpedtodispersethenervousnesscausedbythefirstenteringintobattleandtorestoreselfcontrolandconfidence.Besides,bygettingintoaction,ourartillerywasnowfocusingtheattentionanddrawingthefireoftheRussianguns,formostofthelatter'sshellswhinedharmlesslyaboveus,beingaimedatthebatteriesinourrear.Considerablyrelievedbythisdiversion,weresumedourforwardmovementafteraboutfifteenminutesoffurtherrest,ourgoalbeingthelittlechainofhillswhichouradvanceguardhadpreviouslyoccupiedpendingourarrival.Herewewereorderedtotakeuppositionsanddigtrenches,anyfurtheradvancebeingoutofthequestion,astheRussianartilleryoverlookedandcommandedtheentireplainstretchinginfrontofus.就在这时,我们自己的炮兵部队隆隆地开上来,占据了一个小山丘,并向敌人开火。自己炮兵的轰鸣所产生的士气影响是非常惊人的,我们中的许多人认为,他们从未听过比这从后方传来的深沉轰鸣和撞击声更受欢迎的声音了。这很快帮助驱散了初次投入战斗所引起的紧张情绪,恢复了自信和自我控制。此外,由于我们的炮兵开始投入战斗,现在它们吸引了俄国炮兵的注意力并引来了他们的火力,因为大部分俄国炮弹只是在我们头顶上呼啸而过,它们的目标是我们在后方的炮兵阵地。由于这种转移,我们得到了相当大的缓解,在休息了大约十五分钟后,我们重新开始向前推进,我们的目标是先前先头部队已占领的小山丘群,等待我们的到来。在这里,我们被命令占据位置并挖掘战壕,因为俄国炮兵可以俯视并控制我们面前的整个平原,所以进一步前进是不可能的。Westartedatoncetodigourtrenches,halfofmyplatoonsteppingforwardabreast,themenbeingplacedanarm'slengthapart.Afterlayingtheirriflesdown,barrelspointingtotheenemy,alinewasdrawnbehindtherowofriflesandparalleltoit.Theneachmanwoulddiguptheground,startingfromhispartofthelinebackwards,throwingforwardtheearthremoved,untilitformedasortofbreastwork.Thesecondhalfoftheplatoonwasmeanwhilerestingintherear,rifleinhandandreadyforaction.Afterahalfhourtheytooktheplaceofthefirstdivisionatwork,andviceversa.Withinanhourworkonthetrencheswassofaradvancedthattheycouldbedeepenedwhilestandinginthem.Suchanopentrenchaffordssufficientshelteragainstriflebulletsstrikingfromthefrontandcanbemadeinameasureshellproofbybeingcoveredwithboards,ifathand,andwithsod.我们立刻开始挖掘战壕,我排的一半人并排向前,士兵们之间相隔一臂的距离。放好步枪后,枪口朝向敌人,然后在步枪后面画一条与之平行的线。接着每个人从这条线向后挖掘地面,把挖出的土向前抛,直到形成一种胸墙。排的另一半人在后面休息,手持步枪,随时准备行动。半小时后,他们接替了正在工作的第一部分人员,反之亦然。在一小时内,战壕的挖掘工作进展到可以站立在其中继续加深的程度。这种敞开的战壕足以提供掩护,防止正面射来的步枪子弹,并且如果有的话,可以用木板和草皮覆盖,使其在一定程度上防弹。Inthewesternareaofthetheaterofwar,inFranceandFlanders,wherewholearmiesweredeadlocked,facingeachotherforweekswithoutshiftingtheirpositionaninch,suchtrenchesbecomeanelaborateaffair,withextensiveundergroundworkingandwingconnectionsoflineswhichalmostconstitutelittlefortressesandaffordacertainmeasureofcomfort.ButwherewewereinGaliciaatthebeginningofthewar,withconditionsutterlyunsteadyandpositionsshiftingdailyandhourly,onlythemostsuperficialtrencheswereused.Infact,wethoughtourselvesfortunateifwecouldrequisitionenoughstrawtocoverthebottom.Thatafternoonwehadabouthalffinishedourworkwhenourfriendtheaeroplaneappearedonthehorizonagain.Thistimeweimmediatelyopenedfire.Itdisappeared,butapparentlyhadseenenough,forverysoonourpositionwasshelled.Bythistime,however,shrapnelhadalmostceasedtobeasourceofconcerntousandwescarcelypaidanyattentiontoit.HumannervesquicklygetaccustomedtothemostunusualconditionsandcircumstancesandInoticedthatquiteanumberofmenactuallyfellasleepfromsheerexhaustioninthetrenches,inspiteoftheroaringofthecannonaboutusandthewhizzingofshrapneloverourheads.在战争的西线地区,即法国和佛兰德斯地区,整个军队陷入僵局,彼此对峙数周而寸步不移,这种战壕变得相当复杂,有广泛的地下工程和线路的侧翼连接,几乎构成了小型堡垒,并提供一定程度的舒适。但在战争初期我们在加利西亚时,情况完全不稳定,阵地每天甚至每小时都在变化,只使用了最浅层的战壕。事实上,如果我们能征用到足够的稻草来覆盖底部,我们就觉得自己很幸运了。那天下午,我们大约完成了一半的工作,我们的朋友——飞机又出现在地平线上。这次我们立即开火。它消失了,但显然已经看到了足够多的东西,因为很快我们的位置就被炮击了。然而到那时,爆炸弹片几乎不再成为我们担心的问题,我们几乎不再注意它。人的神经很快就会习惯最不同寻常的条件和环境,我注意到相当多的士兵实际上由于极度疲劳而在战壕里睡着了,尽管我们周围大炮轰鸣,爆炸弹片在头顶呼啸而过。I,too,soongotaccustomedtothedeadlymissiles,—infact,Ihadalreadystartedtomakeobservationsoftheirpeculiarities.Myear,accustomedtodifferentiatesoundsofallkinds,hadsometimeago,whilewestilladvanced,notedaremarkablediscrepancyinthepeculiarwhineproducedbythedifferentshellsintheirrapidflightthroughtheairastheypassedoverourheads,somesoundingshrill,witharisingtendency,andtheothersratherdull,withafallingcadence.Ashortobservationrevealedthefactthatthepassingofadull–soundingshellwasinvariablyprecededbyaflashfromoneofourowncannonintherearonthehill,whichconclusivelyprovedittobeanAustrianshell.ItmustbeunderstoodthataswewereadvancingbetweenthepositionsoftheAustrianandRussianartillery,bothkindsofshellswerepassingoverourheads.Asweadvancedthedifferencebetweenshrillanddullshellgrewlessandlessperceptible,untilIcouldhardlytellthemapart.Uponnearingthehillthedifferenceincreasedagainmoreandmoreuntilonthehillitselfitwasverymarked.AfterourtrenchwasfinishedIcrawledtothetopofthehilluntilIcouldmakeouttheflashoftheRussiangunsontheoppositeheightsandbytimingflashandactualpassingoftheshell,foundtomyastonishmentthatnowtheRussianmissileshadbecomedull,whileontheotherhand,theshrillshellwasinvariablyheraldedbyaflashfromoneofourguns,nowfarintherear.Whathadhappenedwasthis:Everyshelldescribesinitscourseaparabolicline,withthefirsthalfofthecurveascendingandthesecondonedescending.Apparentlyinthefirsthalfofitscurve,thatis,itscoursewhileascending,theshellproducedadullwhineaccompaniedbyafallingcadence,whichchangestoarisingshrillassoonastheacmehasbeenreachedandthecurvepointsdownwardagain.TheacmeforbothkindsofshellsnaturallywasexactlythehalfdistancebetweentheRussianandAustrianartilleryandthiswasthepointwhereIhadnoticedthatthedifferencewastheleastmarked.Afewdayslater,intalkingovermyobservationwithanartilleryofficer,Iwastoldthefactwasknownthattheshellssoundeddifferentgoingupthanwhencomingdown,butthisknowledgewasnotusedforpracticalpurposes.WhenItoldhimthatIcouldactuallydeterminebythesoundtheexactplacewhereashellcomingfromtheopposingbatterieswasreachingitsacme,hethoughtthatthiswouldbeofgreatvalueinacasewherethepositionoftheopposingbatterywashiddenandthuscouldbelocated.Heapparentlyspoketohiscommanderaboutme,forafewdayslaterIwassentonareconnoiteringtour,withtheobjectofmarkingonthemaptheexactspotwhereIthoughtthehostileshellswerereachingtheiracme,anditwaslateronreportedtomethatIhadsucceededingivingtoourbatteriesthealmostexactrangeoftheRussianguns.Ihavegoneintothismatteratsomelength,becauseitistheonlyinstancewheremymusicalearwasofvalueduringmyservice.我也很快习惯了这些致命的炮弹——事实上,我早就开始观察它们的特性。我的耳朵习惯于辨别各种声音,在我们继续前进的时候,早就注意到不同炮弹在空中快速飞过时发出的独特尖啸声有显著的不同。有些声音尖锐,带有上升的趋势,而另一些则比较沉闷,带有下降的节奏。经过短暂的观察后,我发现沉闷声音的炮弹总是被我们后方山丘上的己方火炮闪光所预示,这毫无疑问证明那是奥地利的炮弹。必须说明的是,由于我们是在奥地利和俄国火炮阵地之间前进,两种炮弹都从我们头顶飞过。随着我们向前推进,尖锐和沉闷炮弹之间的差异变得越来越难以察觉,直到我几乎无法分辨它们。当我们接近山丘时,这种差异又逐渐增大,到了山丘本身时,差异非常明显。在我挖好战壕之后,我爬到山丘顶部,以便看清对面山丘上俄国火炮的闪光,并通过记录闪光和炮弹实际飞过的时机,我惊讶地发现现在俄国的炮弹声音变得沉闷了,而另一方面,尖锐的声音炮弹总是由我们后方某门火炮的闪光所预示。发生的情况是这样的:每颗炮弹在飞行过程中描绘出一条抛物线,曲线的前半部分向上,后半部分向下。显然,在曲线的前半部分,即炮弹上升时,炮弹发出沉闷的尖啸声,伴有下降的节奏,一旦达到顶点,曲线开始向下时,声音就转变为上升的尖锐声。对于这两种炮弹来说,顶点自然正好位于俄奥火炮之间的中点,这也是我注意到差异最小的地方。几天后,当我与一位炮兵军官谈论我的观察时,他告诉我这个事实是众所周知的,炮弹在上升时的声音和下落时的声音不同,但这种知识并未用于实际目的。当我告诉他,我可以根据声音准确判断来自敌方炮火的炮弹到达顶点的位置时,他认为这对于敌方火炮位置被掩藏的情况下,能够定位敌方火炮具有极大的价值。他显然向他的上级提到了我,因为几天后我被派去进行侦察,目的是在地图上标出我认为敌方炮弹到达顶点的确切位置,后来有人告诉我,我成功地为我们的火炮提供了俄国火炮几乎精确的射程。我详细讲述了这件事,是因为这是我在服役期间唯一一次我的音乐耳朵发挥了作用。回到我的叙述,那天我们连队所遭受的损失与俄国炮兵射击的精确度和他们发射的导弹数量相比似乎非常小。我在大约两个小时里数到了74枚爆炸的炮弹,在我们周围半英里的范围内,但我们只有大约18人伤亡。最困难的是在我们周围死亡不断发生时,保持静止不动。正是在那时,我第一次亲眼看到死亡离我如此之近。我排里的一名士兵在挖掘战壕时突然向后仰倒,开始像老人一样咳嗽,嘴唇上渗出一点血,然后他蜷缩成一团,静静地躺下了。我无法相信这是结束,因为他的眼睛睁得大大的,脸上带着完全平静的表情。显然他根本没有受苦。这名士兵因为性格开朗而深受大家喜爱,现在他躺在那里死了,这让人难以置信。后来我看到了许多士兵死去,有些人遭受了极大的痛苦,但我不记得有任何一次死亡像我排里这个第一个受害者那样让我如此震撼。

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