第5章

Herwitsbegantoturn，andtherewasnoholdingher。Sheworkedlikeaslaveinamine。Shebegantobelieve，asshehadbeguntobelieveatScutari，thatnoneofherfellow-workershadtheirheartsinthebusiness；iftheyhad，whydidtheynotworkasshedid？Shecouldonlyseeslacknessandstupidityaroundher。Dr。

Sutherland，ofcourse，wasgrotesquelymuddle-headed；andArthurCloughincurablylazy。EvenSidneyHerbert……ohyes，hehadsimplicityandcandourandquicknessofperception，nodoubt；buthewasaneclectic；andwhatcouldonehopeforfromamanwhowentawaytofishinIrelandjustwhentheBisonmostneededbullying？AsfortheBisonhimself，hehadfledtoScotlandwhereheremainedburiedformanymonths。ThefateofthevitalrecommendationintheCommission’sReport——theappointmentoffourSub-Commissionschargedwiththedutyofdetermininguponthedetailsoftheproposedreformsandofputtingthemintoexecution——stillhunginthebalance。TheBisonconsentedtoeverything；andthen，onaflyingvisittoLondon，withdrewhisconsentandhastilyreturnedtoScotland。Thenformanyweeksallbusinesswassuspended；hehadgout——goutinthehands——sothathecouldnotwrite。’Hisgoutwasalwayshandy，’remarkedMissNightingale。ButeventuallyitwascleareventotheBisonthatthegamewasup，andtheinevitablesurrendercame。

Therewas，however，onepointinwhichhetriumphedoverMissNightingale：thebuildingofNetleyHospitalhadbeenbegununderhisorders，beforeherreturntoEngland。Soonafterherarrivalsheexaminedtheplans，andfoundthattheyreproducedalltheworstfaultsofanout-of-dateandmischievoussystemofhospitalconstruction。Shethereforeurgedthatthemattershouldbereconsidered，andinthemeantimethebuildingstopped。ButtheBisonwasobdurate；itwouldbeveryexpensive，andinanycaseitwastoolate。Unabletomakeanyimpressiononhim，andconvincedoftheextremeimportanceofthequestion，shedeterminedtoappealtoahigherauthority。LordPalmerstonwasPrimeMinister；shehadknownhimfromherchildhood；hewasanearneighbourofherfather’sintheNewForest。ShewentdowntotheNewForest，armedwiththeplanoftheproposedhospitalandalltherelevantinformation，stayedthenightatLordPalmerston’shouse，andconvincedhimofthenecessityofrebuildingNetley。’Itseemstome，’LordPalmerstonwrotetoLordPanmure，’thatatNetleyallconsiderationofwhatwouldbesttendtothecomfortandrecoveryofthepatientshasbeensacrificedtothevanityofthearchitect，whosesoleobjecthasbeentomakeabuildingwhichshouldcutadashwhenlookedatfromtheSouthamptonriver……Pray，therefore，stopallfurtherprogressintheworkuntilthemattercanbedulyconsidered。’

ButtheBisonwasnottobemovedbyoneperemptoryletter，evenifitwasfromthePrimeMinister。Heputforthallhispowersofprocrastination，LordPalmerstonlostinterestinthesubject，andsothechiefmilitaryhospitalinEnglandwastriumphantlycompletedoninsanitaryprinciples，withunventilatedrooms，andwithallthepatients’windowsfacingnortheast。

ButnowthetimehadcomewhentheBisonwastotroubleandtobetroublednomore。AvoteintheHouseofCommonsbroughtaboutthefallofLordPalmerston’sGovernment，and，LordPanmurefoundhimselfatlibertytodevotetherestofhislifetotheFreeChurchofScotland。Afterabriefinterval，SidneyHerbertbecameSecretaryofStateforWar。GreatwasthejubilationintheNightingaleCabinet：thedayofachievementhaddawnedatlast。

Thenexttwoandahalfyears(1859-61)sawtheintroductionofthewholesystemofreformsforwhichMissNightingalehadbeenstrugglingsofiercely——reformswhichmakeSidneyHerbert’stenureofpowerattheWarOfficeanimportantepochinthehistoryoftheBritishArmy。ThefourSub-Commissions，firmlyestablishedundertheimmediatecontroloftheMinister，andurgedforwardbytherelentlessperseveranceofMissNightingale，settoworkwithawill。Thebarracksandthehospitalswereremodelled；theywereproperlyventilatedandwarmedandlightedforthefirsttime；theyweregivenawatersupplywhichactuallysuppliedwater，andkitchenswhere，strangetosay，itwaspossibletocook。ThenthegreatquestionofthePurveyor——thatportentousfunctionarywhosepowersandwhoselackofpowershadweighedlikeanightmareuponScutari——wastakeninhand，andnewregulationswerelaiddown，accuratelydefininghisresponsibilitiesandhisduties。OneSub-CommissionreorganisedthemedicalstatisticsoftheArmy；anotherestablishedinspiteofthelastconvulsiveeffortsoftheDepartmentanArmyMedicalSchool。Finally，theArmyMedicalDepartmentitselfwascompletelyreorganised；anadministrativecodewasdrawnup；andthegreatandnovelprinciplewasestablishedthatitwasasmuchapartofthedutyoftheauthoritiestolookafterthesoldier’shealthastolookafterhissickness。Besidesthis，itwasatlastofficiallyadmittedthathehadamoralandintellectualside。Coffee-roomsandreading-rooms，gymnasiumsandworkshopswereinstituted。Aneweradidintruthappeartohavebegun。

Alreadyby1861themortalityintheArmyhaddecreasedbyone-

halfsincethedaysoftheCrimea。ItwasnowonderthatevenvasterpossibilitiesbegannowtoopenoutbeforeMissNightingale。Onethingwasstillneededtocompleteandtoassurehertriumphs。TheArmyMedicalDepartmentwasindeedreorganised；

butthegreatcentralmachinewasstilluntouched。TheWarOfficeitself——！Ifshecouldremouldthatnearertoherheart’sdesire——

thereindeedwouldbeavictory！Anduntilthatfinalactwasaccomplished，howcouldshebecertainthatalltherestofherachievementsmightnot，bysomecapriciousturnofFortune’swheel——achangeofMinistry，perhaps，replacingSidneyHerbertbysomepuppetofthepermanentofficialgang——beswepttolimboinamoment？

Meanwhile，stillravenousforyetmoreandmorework，heractivitieshadbranchedoutintonewdirections。TheArmyinIndiaclaimedherattention。ASanitaryCommission，appointedathersuggestion，andworkingunderherauspices，didforourtroopstherewhatthefourSub-Commissionsweredoingforthoseathome。Atthesametime，theseveryyearswhichsawherlayingthefoundationsofthewholemodernsystemofmedicalworkintheArmy，sawheralsobeginningtobringherknowledge，herinfluence，andheractivityintotheserviceofthecountryatlarge。Her“NotesonHospitals“(1859)revolutionisedthetheoryofhospitalconstructionandhospitalmanagement。Shewasimmediatelyrecognisedastheleadingexpertuponallthequestionsinvolved；heradviceflowedunceasinglyandinalldirections，sothatthereisnogreathospitaltodaywhichdoesnotbearuponittheimpressofhermind。Norwasthisall。WiththeopeningoftheNightingaleTrainingSchoolforNursesatSt。

Thomas’sHospital(1860)，shebecamethefounderofmodernnursing。

Butaterriblecrisiswasnowfastapproaching。SidneyHerberthadconsentedtoundertaketherootandbranchreformoftheWarOffice。Hehadsalliedforthintothattropicaljungleoffestoonedobstructiveness，ofintertwistedirresponsibilities，ofcrouchingprejudices，ofabusesgrownstiffandrigidwithantiquity，whichforsomanyyearstocomewasdestinedtolurereformingMinisterstotheirdoom。’TheWarOffice，’saidMissNightingale，’isaveryslowoffice，anenormouslyexpensiveoffice，andoneinwhichtheMinister’sintentionscanbeentirelynegatedbyallhissub-departments，andthoseofeachofthesub-departmentsbyeveryother。’Itwastrue；andofcourse，atthe，firstrumourofachange，theoldphalanxofreactionwasbristlingwithitsaccustomedspears。AtitsheadstoodnolongerDr。AndrewSmith，who，sometimesince，hadfollowedtheBisonintoouterdarkness，butayetmoreformidablefigure，thePermanentUnder-Secretaryhimself，SirBenjaminHawes——BenHawestheNightingaleCabinetirreverentlydubbedhim“amanremarkableevenamongcivilservantsforadroitnessinbafflinginconvenientinquiries，resourceinraisingfalseissues，and，in，short，aconsummatecommandofalltheartsofofficiallystickinginthemud’。

’OurschemewillprobablyresultinBenHawes’sresignation，’

MissNightingalesaid；’andthatisanotherofitsadvantages。’

BenHaweshimself，however，didnotquiteseeitinthatlight。

HesethimselftoresistthewishesoftheMinisterbyeverymeansinhispower。Thestrugglewaslong，anddesperate；and，asitproceeded，itgraduallybecameevidenttoMissNightingalethatsomethingwasthematterwithSidneyHerbert。Whatwasit？

Hishealth，neververystrong，was，hesaid，indangerofcollapsingunderthestrainofhiswork。But，afterall，whatisillness，whenthereisaWarOfficetobereorganised？Thenhebegantotalkofretiringaltogetherfrompubliclife。Thedoctorswereconsulted，anddeclaredthat，aboveallthings，whatwasnecessarywasrest。Rest！Shegrewseriouslyalarmed。Wasitpossiblethat，atthelastmoment，thecrowningwreathofvictorywastobesnatchedfromhergrasp？Shewasnottobeputasidebydoctors；theyweretalkingnonsense；thenecessarythingwasnotrest，butthereformoftheWarOffice；and，besides，sheknewverywellfromherowncasewhatonecoulddoevenwhenonewasonthepointofdeath。

Sheexpostulatedvehemently，passionately；thegoalwassonear，soverynear；hecouldnotturnbacknow！Atanyrate，hecouldnotresistMissNightingale。Acompromisewasarranged。Veryreluctantly，heexchangedtheturmoiloftheHouseofCommonsforthedignityoftheHouseofLords，andheremainedattheWarOffice。Shewasdelighted。’Onefightmore，thebestandthelast，’shesaid。

Forseveralmoremonthsthefightdidindeedgoon。Butthestrainuponhimwasgreatereventhansheperhapscouldrealise。

Besidestheintestinewarinhisoffice，hehadtofaceaconstantbattleintheCabinetwithMr。Gladstone——amoreredoubtableantagonisteventhanBenHawes——overtheestimates。

Hishealthgrewworseandworse。Hewasattackedbyfaintingfits；

andthereweresomedayswhenhecouldonlyjustkeephimselfgoingbygulpsofbrandy。MissNightingalespurredhimforwardwithherencouragementsandheradmonitions，herzealandherexample。Butatlasthisspiritbegantosinkaswellashisbody。Hecouldnolongerhope；hecouldnolongerdesire；itwasuseless，alluseless；itwasutterlyimpossible。Hehadfailed。

Thedreadfulmomentcamewhenthetruthwasforceduponhim：hewouldneverbeabletoreformtheWarOffice。Butayetmoredreadfulmomentlaybehind；hemustgotoMissNightingaleandtellherthathewasafailure，abeatenman。

’Blessedarethemerciful！’WhatstrangeironicpresciencehadledPrinceAlbert，inthesimplicityofhisheart，tochoosethatmottofortheCrimeanbrooch？Thewordsholdadoublelesson；

and，alas！whenshebroughtherselftorealiseatlengthwhatwasindeedthefactandwhattherewasnohelping，itwasnotinmercythatsheturneduponheroldfriend。

’Beaten！’sheexclaimed。’Can’tyouseethatyou’vesimplythrownawaythegame？Andwithallthewinningcardsinyourhands！Andsonobleagame！SidneyHerbertbeaten！AndbeatenbyBenHawes！

Itisaworsedisgrace……’herfullrageburstoutatlast，’……aworsedisgracethanthehospitalsatScutari。’

Hedraggedhimselfawayfromher，draggedhimselftoSpa，hopingvainlyforareturntohealth，andthen，despairing，backagaintoEngland，toWilton，tothemajestichousestandingthereresplendentinthesummersunshine，amongthegreatcedarswhichhadlenttheirshadetoSirPhilipSidney，andallthosefamiliar，darlinghauntsofbeautywhichheloved，eachoneofthem，’asiftheywerepersons’；andat，Wiltonhedied。AfterhavingreceivedtheEucharist，hehadbecomeperfectlycalm；

then，almostunconscious，hislipswereseentobemoving。Thoseabouthimbentdown。’PoorFlorence！PoorFlorence！’theyjustcaught。’……Ourjointwork……unfinished……triedtodo……’

andtheycouldhearnomore。

Whentheonwardrushofapowerfulspiritsweepsaweakeronetoitsdestruction，thecommonplacesofthemoraljudgmentarebetterleftunmade。IfMissNightingalehadbeenlessruthless，SidneyHerbertwouldnothaveperished；butthen，shewouldnothavebeenMissNightingale。Theforcethatcreatedwastheforcethatdestroyed。ItwasherDemonthatwasresponsible。Whenthefatalnewsreachedher，shewasovercomebyagony。Intherevulsionofherfeelings，shemadeaworshipofthedeadman’smemory；andthefacileinstrumentwhichhadbrokeninherhandshespokeofforeverafterasher’Master’。Then，almostatthesamemoment，anotherblowfellonher。ArthurClough，wornoutbylaboursverydifferentfromthoseofSidneyHerbert，diedtoo：

nevermorewouldhetieupherparcels。Andyetathirddisasterfollowed。ThefaithfulAuntMaididnot，tobesure，die；no，shedidsomethingalmostworse：sheleftMissNightingale。Shewasgrowingold，andshefeltthatshehadcloserandmoreimperativedutieswithherownfamily。Herniececouldhardlyforgiveher。

Shepouredout，inoneofherenormousletters，apassionatediatribeuponthefaithlessness，thelackofsympathy，thestupidity，theineptitudeofwomen。Herdoctrineshadtakennoholdamongthem；shehadneverknownonewhohadapprisaapprendre；shecouldnotevengetawomansecretary；’theydon’tknowthenamesoftheCabinetMinisters——theydon’tknowwhichoftheChurcheshasBishopsandwhichnot’。Asforthespiritofself-sacrifice，well——SidneyHerbertandArthurCloughweremen，andtheyindeedhadshowntheirdevotion；butwomen——！Shewouldmountthreewidow’scaps’forasign’。ThefirsttwowouldbeforCloughandforherMaster；butthethird——’thebiggestwidow’scapofall’——wouldbeforAuntMai。Shedidwelltobeangry；shewasdesertedinherhourofneed；andafterall，couldshebesurethateventhemalesexwassoimpeccable？TherewasDr。

Sutherland，bunglingasusual。Perhapsevenheintendedtogooffoneofthesedays，too？Shegavehimalook，andheshiveredinhisshoes。No！——shegrinnedsardonically；shewouldalwayshaveDr。Sutherland。Andthenshereflectedthattherewasonethingmorethatshewouldalwayshave——herwork。

IV

SIDNEYHERBERT’SdeathfinallyputanendtoMissNightingale’sdreamofareformedWarOffice。Foramoment，indeed，inthefirstagonyofherdisappointment，shehadwildlyclutchedatastraw；shehadwrittentoM。GladstonetobeghimtotakeuptheburdenofSidneyHerbert’swork。AndMr。Gladstonehadrepliedwithasympatheticaccountofthefuneral。

SucceedingSecretariesofStatemanagedbetweenthemtoundoagooddealofwhathadbeenaccomplished，buttheycouldnotundoitall；andfortenyearsmore(1862-72)MissNightingaleremainedapotentinfluenceattheWarOffice。Afterthat，herdirectconnectionwiththeArmycametoanend，andherenergiesbegantoturnmoreandmorecompletelytowardsmoregeneralobjects。Herworkuponhospitalreformassumedenormousproportions；shewasabletoimprovetheconditionsininfirmariesandworkhouses；andoneofhermostremarkablepapersforestallstherecommendationsofthePoorLawCommissionof1909。Hertraining，schoolfornurses，withallthatitinvolvedininitiative，control，responsibillity，andcombat，wouldhavebeenenoughinitselftohaveabsorbedthewholeeffortsofatleasttwolivesofordinaryvigour。AndatthesametimeherworkinconnectionwithIndia，whichhadbegunwiththeSanitaryCommissionontheIndianArmy，spreadandramifiedinamultitudeofdirections。HertentaclesreachedtheIndiaOfficeandsucceededinestablishingaholdevenuponthoseslipperyhighplaces。FormanyyearsitwasderigueurforthenewlyappointedViceroy，beforeheleftEngland，topayavisittoMissNightingale。

Aftermuchhesitation，shehadsettleddowninasmallhouseinSouthStreet，wheresheremainedfortherestofherlife。Thatlifewasaverylongone；thedyingwomanreachedherninety-

firstyear。Herillhealthgraduallydiminished；thecrisesofextremedangerbecamelessfrequent，andatlastaltogetherceased；sheremainedaninvalid，butaninvalidofacuriouscharacter——aninvalidwhowastooweaktowalkdownstairsandwhoworkedfarharderthanmostCabinetMinisters。Herillness，whateveritmayhavebeen，wascertainlynotinconvenient。Itinvolvedseclusion；andanextraordinary，anunparalleledseclusionwas，itmightalmosthavebeensaid，themainspringofMissNightingale’slife。LyingonhersofainthelittleupperroominSouthStreet，shecombinedtheintensevitalityofadominatingwomanoftheworldwiththemysteriousandromanticqualityofamyth。Shewasalegendinherlifetime，andsheknewit。Shetastedthejoysofpower，likethoseEasternEmperorswhoseautocraticrulewasbaseduponinvisibility，withthemingledsatisfactionsofobscurityandfame。

Andshefoundthemachineryofillnesshardlylesseffectiveasabarrieragainsttheeyesofmenthantheceremonialofapalace。

Greatstatesmenandrenownedgeneralswereobligedtobegforaudiences；admiringprincessesfromforeigncountriesfoundthattheymustseeheratherowntime，ornotatall；andtheordinarymortalhadnohopeofevergettingbeyondthedownstairssitting-roomandDr。Sutherland。Forthatindefatigablediscipledid，indeed，neverdeserther。Hemightbeimpatient，hemightberestless，butheremained。His’incurableloosenessofthought’，forsoshetermedit，continuedatherservicetotheend。Once，itistrue，hehadactuallyventuredtotakeaholiday；buthewasrecalled，andhedidnotrepeattheexperiment。Hewaswanteddownstairs。Therehesat，transactingbusinessansweringcorrespondence，interviewingcallers，andexchanginginnumerablenoteswiththeunseenpowerabove。SometimeswordcamedownthatMissNightingalewasjustwellenoughtoseeoneofhervisitors。

Thefortunatemanwasledup，wasushered，trembling，intotheshadedchamber，and，ofcourse，couldneverafterwardsforgettheinterview。Veryrarely，indeed，onceortwiceayear，perhaps，butnobodycouldbequitecertain，indeadlysecrecy，MissNightingalewentoutforadriveinthePark。Unrecognised，thelivinglegendflittedforamomentbeforethecommongaze。Andtheprecautionwasnecessary；forthereweretimeswhen，atsomepublicfunction，therumourofherpresencewasspreadabroad；

andladies，mistakenbythecrowdforMissNightingale，werefollowed，pressedupon，vehementlysupplicated’Letmetouchyourshawl’；’Letmestrokeyourarm’；suchwasthestrangeadorationintheheartsofthepeople。Thatvastreserveofforcelaytherebehindher；shecoulduseit，ifshecould。Butshepreferrednevertouseit。Onoccasions，shemighthintorthreaten，shemightbalancetheswordofDamoclesovertheheadoftheBison；

shemight，byaword，byaglance，remindsomerefractoryMinister，someunpersuadableViceroy，sittinginaudiencewithherinthelittleupperroom，thatshewassomethingmorethanameresickwoman，thatshehadonly，sotospeak，togotothewindowandwaveherhandkerchief，for……dreadfulthingstofollow。Butthatwasenough；theyunderstood；themythwasthere——

obvious，portentous，impalpable；andsoitremainedtothelast。

Withstatesmenandgovernorsatherbeckandcall，withherhandsonahundredstrings，withmightyprovincesatherfeet，withforeigngovernmentsagogforhercounsel，buildinghospitals，trainingnurses——shestillfeltthatshehadnotenoughtodo。

Shesighedformoreworldstoconquer——more，andyetmore。

Shelookedabouther——whatwasleft？Ofcourse！Philosophy！Aftertheworldofaction，theworldofthought。HavingsetrightthehealthoftheBritishArmy，shewouldnowdothesamegoodserviceforthereligiousconvictionsofmankind。Shehadlongnoticed——withregret——thegrowingtendencytowardsfree-thinkingamongartisans。Withregret，butnotaltogetherwithsurprise，thecurrentteachingofChristianitywassadlytoseek；nay，Christianityitselfwasnotwithoutitsdefects。Shewouldrectifytheseerrors。ShewouldcorrectthemistakesoftheChurches；shewouldpointoutjustwhereChristianitywaswrong；

andshewouldexplaintotheartisanswhatthefactsofthecasereallywere。BeforeherdeparturefortheCrimea，shehadbegunthiswork；andnow，intheintervalsofherotherlabours，shecompletedit。Her’SuggestionsforThoughttotheSearchersAfterTruthAmongtheArtisansofEngland’(1860)，unravels，inthecourseofthreeportlyvolumes，thedifficultieshitherto，curiouslyenough，unsolved——connectedwithsuchmattersasBeliefinGod，thePlanofCreation，theOriginofEvil，theFutureLife，NecessityandFreeWill，Law，andtheNatureofMorality。

TheOriginofEvil，inparticular，heldnoperplexitiesforMissNightingale。’Wecannotconceive，’sheremarks，’thatOmnipotentRighteousnesswouldfindsatisfactioninsolitaryexistence。’

Thisbeing，so，theonlyquestionremainingtobeaskedis：’WhatbeingsshouldwethenconceivethatGodwouldcreate？’Now，Hecannotcreateperfectbeings，’since，essentially，perfectionisone’；ifHedidso，HewouldonlybeaddingtoHimself。Thustheconclusionisobvious：Hemustcreateimperfectones。OmnipotentRighteousness，facedbytheintolerableimpasseofasolitaryexistence，findsitselfboundbytheverynatureofthecause，tocreatethehospitalsatScutari。Whetherthisargumentwouldhavesatisfiedtheartisanswasneverdiscovered，foronlyaveryfewcopiesofthebookwereprintedforprivatecirculation。OnecopywassenttoMr。Mill，whoacknowledgeditinanextremelypoliteletter。Hefelthimselfobliged，however，toconfessthathehadnotbeenaltogetherconvincedbyMissNightingale’sproofoftheexistenceofGod。MissNightingalewassurprisedandmortified；

shehadthoughtbetterofMr。Mill；forsurelyherproofoftheexistenceofGodcouldhardlybeimprovedupon。’Alaw，’shehadpointedout，’impliesalawgiver。’NowtheUniverseisfulloflaws——thelawofgravitation，thelawoftheexcludedmiddle，andmanyothers；henceitfollowsthattheUniversehasalaw-giver——

andwhatwouldMr。Millbesatisfiedwith，ifhewasnotsatisfiedwiththat？

PerhapsMr。Millmighthaveaskedwhytheargumenthadnotbeenpushedtoitslogicalconclusion。Clearly，ifwearetotrusttheanalogyofhumaninstitutions，wemustrememberthatlawsare，asamatteroffact，notdispensedbylawgivers，butpassedbyActofParliament。MissNightingale，however，withallherexperienceofpubliclife，neverstoppedtoconsiderthequestionwhetherGodmightnotbeaLimitedMonarchy。YetherconceptionofGodwascertainlynotorthodox。ShefelttowardsHimasshemighthavefelttowardsaglorifiedsanitaryengineer；andinsomeofherspeculationssheseemshardlytodistinguishbetweentheDeityandtheDrains。Asoneturnsoverthesesingularpages，onehastheimpressionthatMissNightingalehasgottheAlmightytoointoherclutches，andthat，ifHeisnotcareful，shewillkillHimwithoverwork。

Then，suddenly，intheverymidstoftheramifyinggeneralitiesofhermetaphysicaldisquisitions，thereisanunexpectedturnandthereaderisplungedallatonceintosomethingparticular，somethingpersonal，somethingimpregnatedwithintenseexperience——avirulentinvectiveuponthepositionofwomenintheupperranksofsociety。Forgetfulalikeofherhighargumentandoftheartisans，thebittercreaturerailsthroughahundredpagesofcloseprintatthefalsitiesoffamilylife，theineptitudesofmarriage，theemptinessesofconvention，inthespiritofanIbsenoraSamuelButler。Herfiercepen，shakingwithintimateanger，depictsinbitingsentencesthefearfulfateofanunmarriedgirlinawealthyhousehold。Itisacriducoeur；andthen，assuddenly，shereturnsoncemoretoinstructtheartisansuponthenatureofOmnipotentRighteousness。

Hermindwas，indeed，betterqualifiedtodissecttheconcreteanddistastefulfruitsofactuallifethantoconstructacoherentsystemofabstractphilosophy。InspiteofherrespectforLaw，shewasneverathomewithageneralisation。Thus，thoughthegreatachievementofherlifelayintheimmenseimpetuswhichshegavetothescientifictreatmentofsickness，atruecomprehensionofthescientificmethoditselfwasalientoherspirit。Likemostgreatmenofaction——perhapslikeall——shewassimplyanempiricist。Shebelievedinwhatshesaw，andsheactedaccordingly；beyondthatshewouldnotgo。ShehadfoundinScutarithatfreshairandlightplayedaneffectivepartinthepreventionofthemaladieswithwhichshehadtodeal；andthatwasenoughforher；shewouldnotinquirefurther；whatwerethegeneralprinciplesunderlyingthatfact——orevenwhethertherewereany——sherefusedtoconsider。YearsafterthediscoveriesofPasteurandLister，shelaughedatwhatshecalledthe’germ-

fetish’。Therewasnosuchthingas’infection’；shehadneverseenit，thereforeitdidnotexist。Butshehadseenthegoodeffectsoffreshair；therefore，therecouldbenodoubtaboutthem；andtherefore，itwasessentialthatthebedroomsofpatientsshouldbewellventilated。Suchwasherdoctrine；andinthosedaysofhermeticallyscaledwindowsitwasaveryvaluableone。Butitwasapurelyempiricaldoctrine，andthusitledtosomeunfortunateresults。When，forinstance，herinfluenceinIndiawasatitsheight，sheissuedordersthatallhospitalwindowsshouldbeinvariablykeptopen。Theauthorities，whoknewwhatanopenwindowinthehotweathermeant，protested，butinvain；MissNightingalewasincredulous。Sheknewnothingofthehotweather，butshedidknowthevalueoffreshair——frompersonalexperience；theauthoritiesweretalkingnonsense；andthewindowsmustbekeptopenalltheyearround。TherewasagreatoutcryfromallthedoctorsinIndia，butshewasfirm；andforamomentitseemedpossiblethatherterriblecommandswouldhavetobeputintoexecution。LordLawrence，however，wasViceroy，andhewasabletointimatetoMissNightingale，withsufficientauthority，thathimselfhaddecideduponthequestion，andthathisdecisionmuststand，evenagainstherown。Uponthatshegaveway，butreluctantlyandquiteunconvinced；shewasonlypuzzledbytheunexpectedweaknessofLordLawrence。Nodoubt，ifshehadlivedtoday，andifherexperiencehadlain，notamongcholeracasesatScutari，butamongyellow-fevercasesinPanama，shewouldhavedeclaredfreshairafetish，andwouldhavemaintainedtoherdyingdaythattheonlyreallyeffectivewayofdealingwithdiseasewasbythedestructionofmosquitoes。

Yethermind，sopositive，sorealistic，soultra-practical，haditssingularrevulsions，itsmysteriousmoodsofmysticismandofdoubt。Attimes，lyingsleeplessintheearlyhours，shefellintolong，strange，agonisedmeditations，andthen，seizingapencil，shewouldcommittopapertheconfessionsofhersoul。

Themorbidlongingsofherpre-Crimeandayscameoverheroncemore；shefilledpageafterpagewithself-examination，self-

criticism，self-surrender。’OhFather，’shewrote，’Isubmit，I

resignmyself，Iacceptwithallmyheart，thisstretchingoutofThyhandtosaveme……0hhowvainitis，thevanityofvanities，toliveinmen’sthoughtsinsteadofGod’s！’

Shewaslonely，shewasmiserable。’Thouknowestthatthroughallthesehorribletwentyyears，IhavebeensupportedbythebeliefthatIwasworkingwithTheewhowouldbringeveryone，evenourpoornurses，toperfection’——andyet，afterall，whatwastheresult？Hadnotevenshebeenanunprofitableservant？Onenight，wakingsuddenly，shesaw，inthedimlightofthenight-lamp，tenebrousshapesuponthewall。Thepastrushedbackuponher。

’AmIshewhooncestoodonthatCrimeanheight？’shewildlyasked——“TheLadywithalampshallstand……Thelampshowsmeonlymyuttershipwreck。’

ShesoughtconsolationinthewritingsoftheMysticsandinacorrespondencewithMr。Jowett。FormanyyearstheMasterofBalliolactedasherspiritualadviser。Hediscussedwithherinaseriesofenormousletterstheproblemsofreligionandphilosophy；hecriticisedherwritingsonthosesubjectswiththetactfulsympathyofaclericwhowasalsoamanoftheworld；andheevenventuredtoattemptattimestoinstilintoherrebelliousnaturesomeofhisownpeculiarsuavity。’Isometimesthink，’hetoldher，’thatyououghtseriouslytoconsiderhowyourworkmaybecarriedon，notwithlessenergy，butinacalmerspirit。Iamnotblamingthepast……ButIwantthepeaceofGodtosettleonthefuture。’Herecommendedhertospendhertimenolongerin’conflictswithGovernmentoffices’，andtotakeupsomeliterarywork。Heurgedherto’workouthernotionofDivinePerfection’，inaseriesofessaysforFrazer’sMagazine。Shedidso；andtheresultwassubmittedtoMr。Froude，whopronouncedthesecondessaytobe’evenmorepregnantthanthefirst。Icannottell，’hesaid，’howsanitary，withdisorderedintellects，theeffectsofsuchpaperswillbe。’

Mr。Carlyle，indeed，useddifferentlanguage，andsomeremarksofhisaboutalostlambbleatingonthemountains，havingbeenunfortunatelyrepeatedtoMissNightingale，requiredallMr。

Jowett’ssuavitytokeepthepeace。Inaletteroffourteensheets，heturnedherattentionfromthispainfultopictowardsadiscussionofQuietism。’Idon’tseewhy，’saidtheMasterofBalliol，’activelifemightnotbecomeasortofpassivelifetoo。’Andthen，headded，’Isometimesfancytherearepossibilitiesofhumancharactermuchgreaterthanhavebeenrealised。’Shefoundsuchsentimentshelpful，underliningtheminbluepencil；and，inreturn，sheassistedherfriendwithalongseriesofelaboratecommentsupontheDialoguesofPlato，mostofwhichheembodiedinthesecondeditionofhistranslation。

Graduallyherinterestbecamemorepersonal；shetoldhimnevertoworkagainaftermidnight，andheobeyedher。ThenshehelpedhimtodrawupaspecialformofdailyservicefortheCollegeChapel，withselectionsfromthePsalmsundertheheadsof’GodtheLord，Godthejudge，GodtheFather，andGodtheFriend’——

though，indeed，thisprojectwasneverrealised；fortheBishopofOxforddisallowedthealterations，exercisinghislegalpowers，ontheadviceofSirTraversTwiss。

Theirrelationsbecameintimate。’ThespiritoftheTwenty-thirdPsalmandthespiritoftheNineteenthPsalmshouldbeunitedinourlives，’Mr。Jowettsaid。Eventually，sheaskedhimtodoherasingularfavour。Wouldhe，knowingwhathedidofherreligiousviews，cometoLondonandadministertohertheHolySacrament？

Hedidnothesitate，andafterwardsdeclaredthathewouldalwaysregardtheoccasionasasolemneventinhislife。Hewasdevotedtoher——thoughtheprecisenatureofhisfeelingstowardsherneverquitetranspired。Herfeelingstowardshimweremoremixed。

Atfirst，hewas’thatgreatandgoodman’——’thattruesaint，Mr。

Jowett’；but，astimewenton，somegallwasmingledwiththebalm；theacrimonyofhernatureasserteditself。Shefeltthatshegavemoresympathythanshereceived；shewasexhausted，andshewasannoyedbyhisconversation。Hertongue，oneday，couldnotrefrainfromshootingoutathim：’Hecomestome，andhetalkstome，’shesaid，’asifIweresomeoneelse。’

V

ATonetimeshehadalmostdecidedtoendherlifeinretirementasapatientatSt。Thomas’sHospital。ButpartlyowingtothepersuasionsofMr。Jowett，shechangedhermind；forforty-fiveyearssheremainedinSouthStreet；andinSouthStreetshedied。

Asoldageapproached，thoughherinfluencewiththeofficialworldgraduallydiminished，heractivitiesseemedtoremainasintenseandwidespreadasbefore。Whenhospitalsweretobebuilt，whenschemesofsanitaryreformwereinagitation，whenwarsbrokeout，shewasstilltheadviserofallEurope。Still，withacharacteristicself-assurance，shewatchedfromherMayfairbedroomoverthewelfareofIndia。Still，withanindefatigableenthusiasm，shepushedforwardthework，which，perhaps，wasnearertoherheart，morecompletelyherown，thanalltherest——thetrainingofnurses。Inhermomentsofdeepestdepression，whenhergreatestachievementsseemedtolosetheirlustre，shethoughtofhernurses，andwascomforted。ThewaysofGod，shefound，werestrangeindeed。’HowinefficientIwasintheCrimea，’shenoted。’YetHehasraisedupfromittrainednursing。’

Atothertimes，shewasbettersatisfied。Lookingback，shewasamazedbytheenormouschangewhich，sinceherearlydays，hadcomeoverthewholetreatmentofillness，thewholeconceptionofpublicanddomestichealth——achangeinwhich，sheknew，shehadplayedherpart。OneofherIndianadmirers，theAgaKhan，cametovisither。Sheexpatiatedonthemarvellousadvancesshehadlivedtoseeinthemanagementofhospitals——indrainage，inventilation，insanitaryworkofeverykind。Therewasapause；

andthen，’Doyouthinkyouareimproving？’askedtheAgaKhan。

Shewasalittletakenaback，andsaid，’Whatdoyoumeanby“improving“？’Hereplied，’BelievingmoreinGod。’ShesawthathehadaviewofGodwhichwasdifferentfromhers。’Amostinterestingman，’shenotedaftertheinterview；’butyoucouldneverteachhimsanitation。’

Whenoldageactuallycame，somethingcurioushappened。Destiny，havingwaitedverypatiently，playedaqueertrickonMissNightingale。Thebenevolenceandpublicspiritofthatlonglifehadonlybeenequalledbyitsacerbity。Hervirtuehaddweltinhardness，andshehadpouredforthherunstintedusefulnesswithabittersmileuponherlips。Andnowthesarcasticyearsbroughttheproudwomanherpunishment。Shewasnottodieasshehadlived。Thestingwastobetakenoutofher；shewastobemadesoft；shewastobereducedtocomplianceandcomplacency。Thechangecamegradually，butatlastitwasunmistakable。TheterriblecommanderwhohaddrivenSidneyHerberttohisdeath，towhomMr。JowetthadappliedthewordsofHomer，amotonmemaniia——

raginginsatiably——nowacceptedsmallcomplimentswithgratitude，andindulgedinsentimentalfriendshipswithyounggirls。Theauthorof“NotesonNursing“——thatclassicalcompendiumofthebesettingsinsofthesisterhood，drawnupwiththedetailedacrimony，thevindictiverelish，ofaSwift——nowspentlonghoursincomposingsympatheticAddressestoProbationers，whomshepettedandweptoverinturn。And，atthesametime，thereappearedacorrespondingalterationinherphysicalmood。Thethin，angularwoman，withherhaughtyeyeandheracridmouth，hadvanished；andinherplacewastherounded，bulkyformofafatoldlady，smilingalldaylong。Thensomethingelsebecamevisible。ThebrainwhichhadbeensteeledatScutariwasindeed，literally，growingsoft。Senility——anevermoreandmoreamiablesenility——descended。Towardstheend，consciousnessitselfgrewlostinaroseatehaze，andmeltedintonothingness。

Itwasjustthen，threeyearsbeforeherdeath，whenshewaseighty-sevenyearsold(1907)，thatthoseinauthoritybethoughtthemthattheopportunemomenthadcomeforbestowingapublichonouronFlorenceNightingale。ShewasofferedtheOrderofMerit。ThatOrder，whoserollcontains，amongotherdistinguishednames，thoseofSirLawrenceAlmaTademaandSirEdwardElgar，isremarkablechieflyforthefactthat，asitstitleindicates，itisbestowedbecauseitsrecipientdeservesit，andfornootherreason。MissNightingale’srepresentativesacceptedthehonour，andhername，afteralapseofmanyyears，oncemoreappearedinthePress。Congratulationsfromallsidescamepouringin。Therewasauniversalburstofenthusiasm——afinalrevivificationoftheancientmyth。Amongherotheradmirers，theGermanEmperortookthisopportunityofexpressinghisfeelingstowardsher。

’HisMajesty，’wrotetheGermanAmbassador，’havingjustbroughttoacloseamostenjoyablestayinthebeautifulneighbourhoodofyouroldhomenearRomsey，hascommandedmetopresentyouwithsomeflowersasatokenofhisesteem。’Then，byRoyalcommand，theOrderofMeritwasbroughttoSouthStreet，andtherewasalittleceremonyofpresentation。SirDouglasDawson，afterashortspeech，steppedforward，andhandedtheinsigniaoftheOrdertoMissNightingale。Proppedupbypillows，shedimlyrecognisedthatsomecomplimentwasbeingpaidher。’Tookind——

tookind，’shemurmured；andshewasnotironical。

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SirE。Cook。LifeofFlorenceNightingale。

A。W。Kinglake。TheInvasionoftheCrimea。

LordSidneyGodolphinOsborne。ScutarianditsHospitals。

S。M。Mitra。LifeofSirJohnHall。

LordStanmore。SidneyHerbert。

SirG。Douglas。ThePanmurePapers。

SirH。Maxwell。LifeandLettersoftheFourthEarlofClarendon。

E。AbbottandL。Campbell。LifeandLettersofBenjaminJowett。

A。H。Clough。PoemsandMemoir。

Dr。ArnoldIN1827theheadmastershipofRugbySchoolfellvacant，anditbecamenecessaryforthetwelvetrustees，noblemenandgentlemenofWarwickshire，toappointasuccessortothepost。Reformwasintheair——political，social，religious；therewasevenafeelingabroadthatourgreatpublicschoolswerenotquiteallthattheyshouldbe，andthatsomechangeorother——noonepreciselyknewwhat——butsomechangeinthesystemoftheirmanagement，washighlydesirable。Thusitwasnaturalthatwhenthetwelvenoblemenandgentlemen，whohaddeterminedtobeguidedentirelybythemeritsofthecandidates，foundamongthetestimonialspouringinuponthemaletterfromDr。Hawkins，theProvostofOriel，predictingthatiftheyelectedMr。ThomasArnoldhewould’changethefaceofeducationallthroughthepublicschoolsofEngland’，theyhesitatednolonger；obviously，Mr。ThomasArnoldwastheirman。Hewaselectedtherefore；

received，aswasfitting，priest’sorders；became，aswasnolessfitting，aDoctorofDivinity；andinAugust，1828，tookupthedutiesofhisoffice。

AllthatwasknownofthepreviouslifeofDr。ArnoldseemedtojustifythepredictionoftheProvostofOriel，andthechoiceoftheTrustees。ThesonofarespectableCollectorofCustoms，hehadbeeneducatedatWinchesterandatOxford，wherehisindustryandpietyhadgivenhimaconspicuousplaceamonghisfellowstudents。Itistruethat，asaschoolboy，acertainpompousnessinthestyleofhislettershomesuggestedtothemoreclear-

sightedamonghisrelativesthepossibilitythatyoungThomasmightgrowupintoaprig；but，afterall，whatelsecouldbeexpectedfromachildwho，attheageofthree，hadbeenpresentedbyhisfather，asarewardforproficiencyinhisstudies，withthetwenty-fourvolumesofSmollett’sHistoryofEngland？

HiscareeratOxfordhadbeenadistinguishedone，windingupwithanOrielfellowship。Itwasataboutthistimethatthesmoothandsatisfactoryprogressofhislifewasforamomentinterrupted：hebegantobetroubledbyreligiousdoubts。Thesedoubts，aswelearnfromoneofhiscontemporaries，whoafterwardsbecameMr。JusticeColeridge，’werenotlownorrationalisticintheirtendency，accordingtothebadsenseofthatterm；therewasnoindispositioninhimtobelievemerelybecausethearticletranscendedhisreason，hedoubtedtheproofandtheinterpretationofthetextualauthority’。Inhisperturbation，ArnoldconsultedKeble，whowasatthattimeoneofhisclosestfriends，andaFellowofthesameCollege。’Thesubjectofthesedistressingthoughts，’KeblewrotetoColeridge，’isthatmostawfulone，onwhichallveryinquisitivereasoningmindsare，Ibelieve，mostliabletosuchtemptations——Imean，thedoctrineoftheblessedTrinity。Donotstart，mydearColeridge；IdonotbelievethatArnoldhasanyseriousscruplesoftheUNDERSTANDINGaboutit，butitisadefectofhismindthathecannotgetridofacertainfeelingofobjections。’Whatwastobedone？Keble’sadvicewasperemptory。Arnoldwas’bidtopauseinhisinquiries，toprayearnestlyforhelpandlightfromabove，andturnhimselfmorestronglythanevertothepracticaldutiesofaholylife’。Hedidso，andtheresultwasallthatcouldbewished。Hesoonfoundhimselfblessedwithperfectpeaceofmind，andasettledconviction。

Oneotherdifficulty，andoneonly，wehearofatthispointinhislife。Hisdislikeofearlyrisingamounted，wearetold，’almosttoaconstitutionalinfirmity’。Thisweaknesstooheovercame，yetnotquitesosuccessfullyashisdoubtsuponthedoctrineoftheTrinity。Forinafterlife，theDoctorwouldoftendeclare’thatearlyrisingcontinuedtobeadailyefforttohimandthatinthisinstanceheneverfoundthetruthoftheusualrulethatallthingsaremadeeasybycustom。

HemarriedyoungandsettleddowninthecountryasaprivatetutorforyouthspreparingfortheUniversities。Thereheremainedfortenyears——happy，busy，andsufficientlyprosperous。

Occupiedchieflywithhispupils，heneverthelessdevotedmuchofhisenergytowiderinterests。Hedeliveredaseriesofsermonsintheparishchurch；andhebegantowriteaHistoryofRome，inthehope，ashesaid，thatitstonemightbesuch’thatthestrictestofwhatiscalledtheEvangelicalpartywouldnotobjecttoputtingitintothehandsoftheirchildren’。Hisviewsonthereligiousandpoliticalconditionofthecountrybegantocrystallise。Hewasalarmedbythe’wantofChristianprincipleintheliteratureoftheday’，lookingforwardanxiouslyto’theapproachofagreaterstrugglebetweengoodandevilthantheworldhasyetseen’；and，afteraseriousconversationwithDr。

Whately，begantoconceivethenecessityofconsiderablealterationsintheChurchEstablishment。

Allwhoknewhimduringtheseyearswereprofoundlyimpressedbytheearnestnessofhisreligiousconvictionsandfeelings，which，asoneobserversaid，’wereeverburstingforth’。Itwasimpossibletodisregardhis’deepconsciousnessoftheinvisibleworld’and’thepeculiarfeelingofloveandadorationwhichheentertainedtowardsourLordJesusChrist’。’HismannerofawfulreverencewhenspeakingofGodoroftheScriptures’wasparticularlystriking。’Noonecouldknowhimevenalittle，’

saidanotherfriend，’andnotbestruckbyhisabsolutewrestlingwithevil，sothatlikeSt。Paul，heseemedtobebattlingwiththewickedone，andyetwithafeelingofGod’shelponhisside。’

Suchwasthemanwho，attheageofthirty-three，becameheadmasterofRugby。Hisoutwardappearancewastheindexofhisinwardcharacter；everythingabouthimdenotedenergy，earnestness，andthebestintentions。Hislegs，perhaps，wereshorterthantheyshouldhavebeen；butthesturdyathleticframe，especiallywhenitwasswathed(asitusuallywas)intheflowingrobesofaDoctorofDivinity，wasfullofanimposingvigour；andhishead，setdecisivelyuponthecollar，stock，andbandsofecclesiasticaltradition，clearlybelongedtoapersonofeminence。Thethick，darkclustersofhishair，hisbushyeyebrowsandcurlingwhiskers，hisstraightnoseandbulkychin，hisfirmandupward-curvinglowerlip——alltheserevealedatemperamentofardouranddetermination。Hiseyeswerebrightandlarge；theywerealsoobviouslyhonest。Andyet——whywasit？Wasitinthelinesofthemouthorthefrownontheforehead？——itwashardtosay，butitwasunmistakable——therewasaslightlypuzzledlookuponthefaceofDr。Arnold。

Andcertainly，ifhewastofulfiltheprophecyoftheProvostofOriel，thetaskbeforehimwassufficientlyperplexing。Thepublicschoolsofthosedayswerestillvirginforests，untouchedbythehandofreform。KeatewasstillreigningatEton；andwepossess，intherecordsofhispupils，apictureofthepublicschooleducationoftheearlynineteenthcentury，initsmostcharacteristicstate。Itwasasystemofanarchytemperedbydespotism。Hundredsofboys，herdedtogetherinmiscellaneousboarding-houses，orinthatgrim’LongChamber’atwhosenameinafteryearsagedstatesmenandwarriorswouldturnpale，lived，badgeredandoverawedbythefuriousincursionsofanirasciblelittleoldmancarryingabundleofbirch-twigs，alifeinwhichlicensedbarbarismwasmingledwiththedailyandhourlystudyofthenicetiesofOvidianverse。Itwasalifeoffreedomandterror，ofprosodyandrebellion，ofinterminablefloggingsandappallingpracticaljokes。Keateruled，unaided——fortheundermasterswerefewandofnoaccount——bysheerforceofcharacter。Butthereweretimeswheneventhatindomitablewillwasoverwhelmedbythefloodoflawlessness。EverySundayafternoonheattemptedtoreadsermonstothewholeschoolassembled；andeverySundayafternoonthewholeschoolassembledshoutedhimdown。ThescenesinChapelwerefarfromedifying；

whilesomeantiqueFellowdodderedinthepulpit，ratswouldbeletloosetoscurryamongthelegsoftheexplodingboys。Butnextmorningthehandofdisciplinewouldreassertitself；andthesavageritualofthewhipping-blockwouldremindabatchofwhimperingchildrenthat，thoughsinsagainstmanandGodmightbeforgiventhem，afalsequantitycouldonlybeexpiatedintearsandblood。

Fromtwosidesthissystemofeducationwasbeginningtobeassailedbytheawakeningpublicopinionoftheuppermiddleclasses。Ontheonehand，therewasadesireforamoreliberalcurriculum；ontheother，therewasademandforahighermoraltone。Thegrowingutilitarianismoftheageviewedwithimpatienceacourseofinstructionwhichexcludedeverybranchofknowledgeexceptclassicalphilology；whileitsgrowingrespectabilitywasshockedbysuchaspectacleofdisorderandbrutalityaswasaffordedbytheEtonofKeate。’Thepublicschools，’saidtheRev。Mr。Bowdler，’aretheveryseatsandnurseriesofvice。’

Dr。Arnoldagreed。Hewasconvincedofthenecessityforreform。

Butitwasonlynaturalthattooneofhistemperamentandeducationitshouldhavebeenthemoralratherthantheintellectualsideofthequestionwhichimpresseditselfuponhismind。Doubtlessitwasimportanttoteachboyssomethingmorethanthebleakrigiditiesoftheancienttongues；buthowmuchmoreimportanttoinstilintothemtheelementsofcharacterandtheprinciplesofconduct！Hisgreatobject，throughouthiscareeratRugby，was，asherepeatedlysaid，to’maketheschoolaplaceofreallyChristianeducation’。Tointroduce’areligiousprincipleintoeducation’，washis’mostearnestwish’，hewrotetoafriendwhenhefirstbecameheadmaster；’buttodothiswouldbetosucceedbeyondallmyhopes；itwouldbeahappinesssogreat，that，Ithink，theworldwouldyieldmenothingcomparabletoit’。Andhewasconstantlyimpressingthesesentimentsuponhispupils。’WhatIhaveoftensaidbefore，’hetoldthem，’Irepeatnow：whatwemustlookforhereis，first，religiousandmoralprinciple；secondly，gentlemanlyconduct；

andthirdly，intellectualability。’

TherecanbenodoubtthatDr。Arnold’spointofviewwassharedbythegreatmassofEnglishparents。Theycaredverylittleforclassicalscholarship；nodoubttheywouldbepleasedtofindthattheirsonswerebeinginstructedinhistoryorinFrench；

buttheirrealhopes，theirrealwishes，wereofaverydifferentkind。’ShallItellhimtomindhiswork，andsayhe’ssenttoschooltomakehimselfagoodscholar？’meditatedoldSquireBrownwhenhewassendingoffTomforthefirsttimetoRugby。

’Well，butheisn’tsenttoschoolforthat——atanyrate，notforthatmainly。Idon’tcareastrawforGreekparticles，orthedigamma；nomoredoeshismother。Whatishesenttoschoolfor？……Ifhe’llonlyturnoutabrave，helpful，truth-tellingEnglishman，andaChristian，that’sallIwant。’

Thatwasall；anditwasthatthatDr。Arnoldsethimselftoaccomplish。Buthowwashetoachievehisend？Washetoimprovethecharacterofhispupilsbygraduallyspreadingaroundthemanatmosphereofcultivationandintelligence？Bybringingthemintocloseandfriendlycontactwithcivilisedmen，andeven，perhaps，withcivilisedwomen？Byintroducingintothelifeofhisschoolallthathecouldofthehumane，enlightened，andprogressiveelementsinthelifeofthecommunity？Onthewhole，hethoughtnot。Suchconsiderationslefthimcold，andhepreferredtobeguidedbythegenerallawsofProvidence。Itonlyremainedtodiscoverwhatthosegenerallawswere。HeconsultedtheOldTestament，andcoulddoubtnolonger。Hewouldapplytohisscholars，ashehimselfexplainedtotheminoneofhissermons，’theprinciplewhichseemedtohimtohavebeenadoptedinthetrainingofthechildhoodofthehumanraceitself’。HewouldtreattheboysatRugbyasJehovahhadtreatedtheChosenPeople：

hewouldfoundatheocracy；andthereshouldbejudgesinIsrael。

Forthispurpose，thesystem，prevalentinmostofthepublicschoolsoftheday，bywhichtheelderboysweredeputedtokeeporderintheclass-rooms，layreadytoDr。Arnold’shand。HefoundthePraepostorameredisciplinaryconvenience，andheconvertedhimintoanorganofgovernment。EveryboyintheSixthFormbecameipsofactoaPraepostor，withpowersextendingovereverydepartmentofschoollife；andtheSixthFormasabodywaserectedintoanauthorityresponsibletotheheadmaster，andtotheheadmasteralone，fortheinternalmanagementoftheschool。

ThiswasthemeansbywhichDr。ArnoldhopedtoturnRugbyinto’aplaceofreallyChristianeducation’。Theboysweretoworkouttheirownsalvation，likethehumanrace。Hehimself，involvedinawfulgrandeur，ruledremotely，throughhischoseninstruments，fromaninaccessibleheaven。Remotely——andyetwithanomnipresentforce。AstheIsraeliteofoldknewthathisalmightyLawgivermightatanymomentthundertohimfromthewhirlwind，orappearbeforehisveryeyes，thevisibleembodimentofpowerorwrath，sotheRugbyschoolboywalkedinaholydreadofsomesuddenmanifestationofthesweepinggown，themajestictone，thepiercingglance，ofDr。Arnold。Amongthelowerformsoftheschoolhisappearanceswererareandtransitory，andupontheseyoungchildren’thechiefimpression’，wearetold，’wasofextremefear’。Theolderboyssawmoreofhim，buttheydidnotseemuch。OutsidetheSixthForm，nopartoftheschoolcameintocloseintercoursewithhim；anditwouldoftenhappenthataboywouldleaveRugbywithouthavinghadanypersonalcommunicationwithhimatall。

Yettheeffectwhichheproduceduponthegreatmassofhispupilswasremarkable。Theprestigeofhispresenceandtheelevationofhissentimentswerethingswhichitwasimpossibletoforget。Inclass，everylineofhiscountenance，everyshadeofhismannerimprintedthemselvesindeliblyonthemindsoftheboyswhosatunderhim。Oneofthese，writinglongafterwards，hasdescribed，inphrasesstillimpregnatedwithawestruckreverence，thefamiliardetailsofthescene：’theglancewithwhichhelookedroundinthefewmomentsofsilencebeforethelessonbegan，andwhichseemedtospeakhissenseofhisownposition’——’theattitudeinwhichhestood，turningoverthepagesofFacciolati’sLexicon，orPole’ssynopsis，withhiseyefixedupontheboywhowaspausingtogiveananswer’——’thepleasedlookandthecheerful“thankyou“，whichfolloweduponasuccessfultranslation’——’thefallofhiscountenancewithitsdeepeningseverity，thesternelevationoftheeyebrows，thesudden“sitdown“whichfolloweduponthereverse’——and’thestartlingearnestnesswithwhichhewouldcheekinamomenttheslightestapproachtolevity’。

Toberebuked，howevermildly，byDr。ArnoldwasaPotableexperience。Oneboycouldneverforgethowhedrewadistinctionbetween’mereamusement’and’suchasencroachedonthenextday’sduties’，northetoneofvoicewithwhichtheDoctoradded’andthenitimmediatelybecomeswhatSt。PaulcallsREVELLING’。

Anotherrememberedtohisdyingdayhisreproofofsomeboyswhohadbehavedbadlyduringprayers。’Nowhere，’saidDr。Arnold，’nowhereisSatan’sworkmoreevidentlymanifestthaninturningholythingstoridicule。’Onsuchoccasions，asanotherofhispupilsdescribedit，itwasimpossibletoavoid’aconsciousnessalmostamountingtosolemnity’that，’whenhiseyewasuponyou，helookedintoyourinmostheart’。

WiththeboysintheSixthForm，andwiththemalone，thesevereformalityofhisdemeanourwastosomedegreerelaxed。Itwashiswish，inhisrelationswiththePraepostors，toallowtheMastertobeoccasionallymergedintheFriend。Fromtimetotime，hechattedwiththeminafamiliarmanner；onceatermheaskedthemtodinner；andduringthesummerholidaysheinvitedthem，inrotation，tostaywithhiminWestmorland。

ItwasobviousthattheprimitivemethodsofdisciplinewhichhadreachedtheirapogeeunderthedominionofKeatewerealtogetherincompatiblewithDr。Arnold’sviewofthefunctionsofaheadmasterandthepropergovernanceofapublicschool。Clearly，itwasnotforsuchashetodemeanhimselfbybellowingandcuffing，bylosinghistemperonceanhour，andbywreakinghisvengeancewithindiscriminateflagellations。Ordermustbekeptinotherways。Theworstboyswerepubliclyexpelled；manyweresilentlyremoved；and，whenDr。Arnoldconsideredthatafloggingwasnecessary，headministereditwithgravity。Forhehadnotheoreticalobjectiontocorporalpunishment。Onthecontrary，hesupportedit，aswashiswont，byanappealtogeneralprinciples。’Thereis，’hesaid，’anessentialinferiorityinaboyascomparedwithaman’；andhence’wherethereisnoequalitytheexerciseofsuperiorityimpliedinpersonalchastisement’inevitablyfollowed。

Hewasparticularlydisgustedbytheviewthat’personalcorrection’，ashephrasedit，wasaninsultoradegradationtotheboyuponwhomitwasinflicted；andtoaccustomyoungboystothinksoappearedtohimtobe’positivelymischievous’。’Atanage，’hewrote，’whenitisalmostimpossibletofindatrue，manlysenseofthedegradationofguiltorfaults，whereisthewisdomofencouragingafantasticsenseofthedegradationofpersonalcorrection？Whatcanbemorefalse，ormoreadversetothesimplicity，sobriety，andhumblenessofmindwhicharethebestornamentsofyouth，andofferthebestpromiseofanoblemanhood？’Onehadnottolookfar，headded，for’thefruitsofsuchasystem’。InParis，duringtheRevolutionof1830，anofficerobservedaboyoftwelveinsultingthesoldiers，and’thoughtheactionwasthenraging，merelystruckhimwiththeflatpartofhissword，asthefitchastisementforboyishimpertinence。Buttheboyhadbeentaughttoconsiderhispersonsacred，andthatablowwasadeadlyinsult；hethereforefollowedtheofficer，andhavingwatchedhisopportunity，tookdeliberateaimathimwithapistolandmurderedhim。’Suchwerethealarmingresultsofinsufficientwhipping。

Dr。ArnolddidnotapplythisdoctrinetothePraepostors，buttheboysinthelowerpartsoftheschoolfeltitsbenefits，withadoubleforce。TheSixthFormwasnotonlyexcusedfromchastisement；itwasgiventherighttochastise。Theyoungerchildren，scourgedbothbyDrArnoldandbytheelderchildren，weregiveneveryopportunityofacquiringthesimplicity，sobriety，andhumblenessofmind，whicharethebestornamentsofyouth。

Intheactualsphereofteaching，Dr。Arnold’sreformsweretentativeandfew。Heintroducedmodernhistory，modernlanguages，andmathematicsintotheschoolcurriculum；buttheresultswerenotencouraging。Hedevotedtotheteachingofhistoryonehouraweek；yet，thoughhetookcaretoinculcateintheselessonsawholesomehatredofmoralevil，andtopointoutfromtimetotimetheindicationsoftheprovidentialgovernmentoftheworld，hispupilsneverseemedtomakemuchprogressinthesubject。Couldithavebeenthatthetimeallottedtoitwasinsufficient？Dr。Arnoldhadsomesuspicionsthatthismightbethecase。Withmodernlanguagestherewasthesamedifficulty。

Herehishopeswerecertainlynotexcessive。’Iassumeit，’hewrote，’asthefoundationofallmyviewofthecase，thatboysatapublicschoolneverwilllearntospeakorpronounceFrenchwell，underanycircumstances。’Itwouldbeenoughiftheycould’learnitgrammaticallyasadeadlanguage。Buteventhistheyveryseldommanagedtodo。Iknowtoowell，’hewasobligedtoconfess，’thatmostoftheboyswouldpassaverypoorexaminationeveninFrenchgrammar。Butsoitiswiththeirmathematics；andsoitwillbewithanybranchofknowledgethatistaughtbutseldom，andisfelttobequitesubordinatetotheboys’mainstudy’。

Theboys’mainstudyremainedthedeadlanguagesofGreeceandRome。ThattheclassicsshouldformthebasisofallteachingwasanaxiomwithDr。Arnold。’Thestudyoflanguage，’hesaid，’seemstomeasifitwasgivenfortheverypurposeofformingthehumanmindinyouth；andtheGreekandLatinlanguagesseemtheveryinstrumentsbywhichthisistobeeffected。’Certainly，therewassomethingprovidentialaboutit——fromthepointofviewoftheteacheraswellasofthetaught。IfGreekandLatinhadnotbeen’given’inthatconvenientmanner，Dr。Arnold，whohadspenthislifeinacquiringthoselanguages，mighthavediscoveredthathehadacquiredtheminvain。Asitwas，hecouldsetthenosesofhispupilstothegrindstoneofsyntaxandprosodywithaclearconscience。LatinversesandGreekprepositionsdividedbetweenthemthelaboursoftheweek。

Astimewentonhebecame，hedeclared，’increasinglyconvincedthatitisnotknowledge，butthemeansofgainingknowledgewhichIhavetoteach’。Thereadingoftheschoolwasdevotedalmostentirelytoselectedpassagesfromtheprosewritersofantiquity。’Boys，’heremarked，’donotlikepoetry。’Perhapshisownpoeticaltastewasalittledubious；atanyrate，itiscertainthatheconsideredtheGreekTragediansgreatlyoverrated，andthatherankedPropertiusas’anindifferentpoet’。AsforAristophanes，owingtohisstrongmoraldisapprobation，hecouldnotbringhimselftoreadhimuntilhewasforty，when，itistrue，hewasmuchstruckbythe’Clouds’。

ButJuvenal，theDoctorcouldneverbringhimselftoreadatall。

PhysicalsciencewasnottaughtatRugby。Since，inDr。Arnold’sopinion，itwastoogreatasubjecttobestudiedenparergo，obviouslyonlytwoalternativeswerepossible：itmusteithertakethechiefplaceintheschoolcurriculum，oritmustbeleftoutaltogether。Beforesuchachoice，Dr。Arnolddidnothesitateforamoment。’Ratherthanhavephysicalsciencetheprincipalthinginmyson’smind，’heexclaimedinalettertoafriend，I

wouldgladlyhavehimthinkthatthesunwentaroundtheearth，andthatthestarsweresomanyspanglessetinthebrightbluefirmament。SurelytheonethingneedfulforaChristianandanEnglishmantostudyisChristian，moral，andpoliticalphilosophy。’

AChristianandanEnglishman！Afterall，itwasnotintheclassroom，norintheboarding-house，thattheessentialelementsofinstructioncouldbeimpartedwhichshouldqualifytheyouthfulneophytetodeservethosenames。Thefinal，thefundamentallessoncouldonlybetaughtintheschoolchapel；intheschoolchapelthecentreofDr。Arnold’ssystemofeducationwasinevitablyfixed。There，too，theDoctorhimselfappearedintheplenitudeofhisdignityandhisenthusiasm。There，withthemorningsunshiningonthefreshlyscrubbedfacesofhis300

pupils，or，intheduskofevening，throughaglimmerofcandles，hisstatelyform，raptindevotionorvibrantwithexhortation，woulddominatethescene。EveryphaseoftheChurchserviceseemedtoreceiveitssupremeexpressioninhisvoice，hisattitude，hislook。DuringtheTeDeum，hiswholecountenancewouldlightup；andhereadthePsalmswithsuchconvictionthatboyswouldoftendeclare，afterhearinghim，thattheyunderstoodthemnowforthefirsttime。

Itwashisopinionthatthecreedsinpublicworshipoughttobeusedastriumphanthymnsofthanksgiving，and，inaccordancewiththisview，althoughunfortunatelyhepossessednonaturalgiftformusic，heregularlyjoinedinthechantingoftheNiceneCreedwithavisibleanimationandapeculiarfervour，whichitwasimpossibletoforget。TheCommunionserviceheregardedasadirectandspecialcounterpoisetothatfalsecommunionandfalsecompanionship，which，asheoftenobserved，wasagreatsourceofmischiefintheschool；andhebenthimselfdownwithglisteningeyes，andtremblingvoice，andlooksofpaternalsolicitude，intheadministrationoftheelements。Norwasitonlythedifferentsectionsoftheliturgy，buttheverydivisionsoftheecclesiasticalyearthatreflectedthemselvesinhisdemeanour；

themostcarelessobserver，wearetold，’couldnotfailtobestruckbythetriumphantexultationofhiswholemanneronEasterSunday’；thoughitneededamorefamiliareyetodiscernthesubtletiesinhisbearingwhichwereproducedbytheapproachorAdvent，andthesolemnthoughtswhichitawakenedoftheadvanceofhumanlife，theprogressofthehumanrace，andtheconditionoftheChurchofEngland。

Attheendoftheeveningservice，theculminatingmomentoftheweekhadcome：theDoctordeliveredhissermon。Itwasnotuntilthen，asallwhohadknownhimagreed，itwasnotuntilonehadheardandseenhiminthepulpit，thatonecouldfullyrealisewhatitwastobefacetofacewithDr。Arnold。Thewholecharacteroftheman——soweareassured——stoodatlastrevealed。

Hiscongregationsatinfixedattention(withtheexceptionoftheyoungerboys，whosethoughtsoccasionallywandered)，whilehepropoundedthegeneralprinciplesbothofhisownconductandthatoftheAlmighty，orindicatedthebearingoftheincidentsofJewishhistoryinthesixthcenturyB。C。upontheconductofEnglishschoolboysin1830。Then，morethanever，hisdeepconsciousnessoftheinvisibleworldbecameevident；then，morethanever，heseemedtobebattlingwiththewickedone。Forhissermonsranontheeternalthemesofthedarknessofevil，thecraftofthetempter，thepunishmentofobliquity，andhejustifiedthepersistencewithwhichhedweltuponthesepainfulsubjectsbyanappealtoageneralprinciple：’ThespiritofElijah，’hesaid，’musteverprecedethespiritofChrist。’

Theimpressionproducedupontheboyswasremarkable。Itwasnoticedthateventhemostcarelesswouldsometimes，duringthecourseoftheweek，referalmostinvoluntarilytothesermonofthepastSunday，asacondemnationofwhattheyweredoing。

OtherswereheardtowonderhowitwasthattheDoctor’spreaching，towhichtheyhadattendedatthetimesoassiduously，seemed，afterall，tohavesuchasmalleffectuponwhattheydid。Anoldgentleman，recallingthosevanishedhours，triedtorecaptureinwordshisstateofmindashesatinthedarkenedchapel，whileDr。Arnold’ssermons，withtheirhigh-tonedexhortations，theirgraveandsombremessagesofincalculableimport，clothed，likeDr。Arnold’sbodyinitsgownandbands，inthetraditionalstiffnessofaformalphraseology，reverberatedthroughhisadolescentears。’Iused，’hesaid，’tolistentothosesermonsfromfirsttolastwithakindofawe。’

Hissuccesswasnotlimitedtohispupilsandimmediateauditors。

Thesermonswerecollectedintofivelargevolumes；theywerethefirstoftheirkind；andtheywerereceivedwithadmirationbyawidecircleofpiousreaders。QueenVictoriaherselfpossessedacopyinwhichseveralpassagesweremarkedinpencil，bytheRoyalhand。

Dr。Arnold’senergieswerebynomeansexhaustedbyhisdutiesatRugby。Hebecameknownnotmerelyasaheadmaster，butasapublicman。Hehelddecidedopinionsuponalargenumberoftopics；andheenunciatedthem——basedastheywerealmostinvariablyupongeneralprinciples——inpamphlets，inprefaces，andinmagazinearticles，withanimpressiveself-confidence。Hewas，asheconstantlydeclared，aLiberal。Inhisopinion，bytheveryconstitutionofhumannature，theprinciplesofprogressandreformhadbeenthoseofwisdomandjusticeineveryageoftheworld——exceptone：thatwhichhadprecededthefallofmanfromParadise。Hadhelivedthen，Dr。ArnoldwouldhavebeenaConservative。Asitwas，hisLiberalismwastemperedbyan’abhorrenceofthespiritof1789，oftheAmericanWar，oftheFrenchEconomistes，andoftheEnglishWhigsofthelatterpartoftheseventeenthcentury’；andhealwaysentertainedaprofoundrespectforthehereditarypeerage。Itmightalmostbesaid，infact，thathewasanorthodoxLiberal。Hebelievedintolerationtoo，withinlimits；thatistosay，inthetolerationofthosewithwhomheagreed。’IwouldgiveJamesMillasmuchopportunityforadvocatinghisopinion，’hesaid，’asisconsistentwithavoyagetoBotanyBay。’

HehadbecomeconvincedofthedutyofsympathisingwiththelowerorderseversincehehadmadeaseriousstudyoftheEpistleofSt。James；butheperceivedclearlythatthelowerordersfellintotwoclasses，andthatitwasnecessarytodistinguishbetweenthem。Therewerethe’goodpoor’——andthereweretheothers。’Iamgladthatyouhavemadeacquaintancewithsomeofthegoodpoor，’hewrotetoaCambridgeundergraduate。’I

quiteagreewithyouthatitismostinstructivetovisitthem。’

Dr。Arnoldhimselfoccasionallyvisitedthem，inRugby；andthecondescensionwithwhichheshookhandswitholdmenandwomenoftheworkingclasseswaslongrememberedintheneighbourhood。Asfortheothers，heregardedthemwithhorrorandalarm。’Thedisordersinoursocialstate，’hewrotetotheChevalierBunsenin1834，’appeartometocontinueunabated。Youhaveheard，I

doubtnot，oftheTradesUnions；afearfulengineofmischief，readytoriotortoassassinate；andIseenocounteractingpower。’

Onthewhole，hisviewoftheconditionofEnglandwasagloomyone。Herecommendedacorrespondenttoread’Isaiahiii，v，xxii；

Jeremiahv，xxii，xxx；Amosiv；andHabakkukii’，adding，’youwillbestruck，Ithink，withthecloseresemblanceofourownstatewiththatoftheJewsbeforetheseconddestructionofJerusalem’。WhenhewastoldthatthegiftoftongueshaddescendedontheIrvingitesatGlasgow，hewasnotsurprised。’I

shouldtakeit，’hesaid，’merelyasasignofthecomingofthedayoftheLord。’AndhewasconvincedthatthedayoftheLordwascoming——’theterminationofoneofthegreataionesofthehumanrace’。Ofthathehadnodoubtwhatever；whereverhelookedhesaw’calamities，wars，tumults，pestilences，earthquakes，etc。，allmarkingthetimeofoneofGod’speculiarseasonsofvisitation’。Hisonlyuncertaintywaswhetherthisterminationofanaionwouldturnouttobetheabsolutelyfinalone；butthathebelieved’nocreatedbeingknowsorcanknow’。Inanycase，hehad’nottheslightestexpectationofwhatiscommonlymeantbytheMillennium’。AndhisonlyconsolationwasthathepreferredthepresentMinistry，inefficientasitwas，totheTories。

HehadplannedagreatworkonChurchandState，inwhichheintendedtolaybarethecausesandtopointouttheremediesoftheevilswhichafflictedsociety。Itsthemewastobe，nottheallianceorunion，buttheabsoluteidentityoftheChurchandtheState；andhefeltsurethatifonlythisfundamentaltruthwerefullyrealisedbythepublic，ageneralreformationwouldfollow。Unfortunately，however，astimewenton，thepublicseemedtorealiseitlessandless。Inspiteofhisprotests，notonlywereJewsadmittedtoParliament，butaJewwasactuallyappointedagovernorofChrist’sHospital；andScripturewasnotmadeanobligatorysubjectattheLondonUniversity。

TherewasonepointinhistheorywhichwasnotquiteplaintoDr。Arnold。IfChurchandStatewereabsolutelyidentical，itbecameimportanttodecidepreciselywhichclassesofpersonsweretobeexcluded，owingtotheirbeliefs，fromthecommunity。

Jews，forinstance，weredecidedlyoutsidethepale；whileDissenters——soDr。Arnoldargued——wereasdecidedlywithinit。

ButwhatwasthepositionoftheUnitarians？Werethey，orweretheynot，membersoftheChurchofChrist？ThiswasoneofthosepuzzlingquestionswhichdeepenedthefrownupontheDoctor’sforeheadandintensifiedthepursingofhislips。Hethoughtlongandearnestlyuponthesubject；hewroteelaboratelettersonittovariouscorrespondents；buthisconclusionsremainedindefinite。’MygreatobjectiontoUnitarianism，’hewrote，’initspresentforminEngland，isthatitmakesChristvirtuallydead。’Yetheexpressed’aferventhopethatifwecouldgetridoftheAthanasianCreedmanygoodUnitarianswouldjointheirfellowChristiansinbowingthekneetoHimwhoisLordbothofthedeadandtheliving’。Amidtheseperplexities，itwasdisquietingtolearnthat’UnitarianismisbecomingveryprevalentinBoston’。Heinquiredanxiouslyastoits’complexion’there；butreceivednoveryilluminatinganswer。Thewholemattercontinuedtobewrappedinapainfulobscurity，Therewere，hebelieved，UnitariansandUnitarians；andhecouldsaynomore。

Inthemeantime，pendingthecompletionofhisgreatwork，heoccupiedhimselfwithputtingforwardvarioussuggestionsofapracticalkind。HeadvocatedtherestorationoftheOrderofDeacons，which，heobserved，hadlongbeen’quoadthereality，dead；forhebelievedthat’someplanofthissortmightbethesmallendofthewedge，bywhichAntichristmighthereafterbeburstasunderliketheDragonofBel’stemple’。ButtheOrderofDeaconswasneverrestored，andDr。Arnoldturnedhisattentionelsewhere，urginginaweightypamphletthedesirabitityofauthorisingmilitaryofficers，incongregationswhereitwasimpossibletoprocurethepresenceofclergy，toadministertheEucharist，aswellasBaptism。Itwaswiththeobjectoflayingsuchviewsasthesebeforethepublic——’totellthemplainly’，ashesaid，’theevilsthatexist，andleadthem，ifIcan，totheircausesandremedies’——thathestarted，in1831，aweeklynewspaper，“TheEnglishman’sRegister“。Thepaperwasnotasuccess，inspiteofthefactthatitsetouttoimproveitsreadersmorallyand，thatitpreserved，ineveryarticle，anavowedlyChristiantone。Afterafewweeks，andafterhehadspentuponitmorethan￡200，itcametoanend。

Altogether，theprospectwasdecidedlydiscouraging。Afterallhisefforts，theabsoluteidentityofChurchandStateremainedasunrecognisedasever。’Sodeep’，hewasatlastobligedtoconfess，’isthedistinctionbetweentheChurchandtheStateseatedinourlaws，ourlanguage，andourverynotions，thatnothinglessthanamiraculousinterpositionofGod’sProvidenceseemscapableoferadicatingit。’Dr。Arnoldwaitedinvain。

But，hedidnotwaitinidleness。Heattackedthesamequestionfromanotherside：heexploredthewritingsoftheChristianFathers，andbegantocomposeacommentaryontheNewTestament。