第1章

PrefaceTHEhistoryoftheVictorianAgewillneverbewritten；weknowtoomuchaboutit。Forignoranceisthefirstrequisiteofthehistorian——ignorance，whichsimplifiesandclarifies，whichselectsandomits，withaplacidperfectionunattainablebythehighestart。ConcerningtheAgewhichhasjustpassed，ourfathersandourgrandfathershavepouredforthandaccumulatedsovastaquantityofinformationthattheindustryofaRankewouldbesubmergedbyit，andtheperspicacityofaGibbonwouldquailbeforeit。Itisnotbythedirectmethodofascrupulousnarrationthattheexplorerofthepastcanhopetodepictthatsingularepoch。Ifheiswise，hewilladoptasubtlerstrategy。

Hewillattackhissubjectinunexpectedplaces；hewillfallupontheflank，ortherear；hewillshootasudden，revealingsearchlightintoobscurerecesses，hithertoundivined。Hewillrowoutoverthatgreatoceanofmaterial，andlowerdownintoit，hereandthere，alittlebucket，whichwillbringuptothelightofdaysomecharacteristicspecimen，fromthosefardepths，tobeexaminedwithacarefulcuriosity。Guidedbytheseconsiderations，Ihavewrittentheensuingstudies。Ihaveattempted，throughthemediumofbiography，topresentsomeVictorianvisionstothemoderneye。Theyare，inonesense，haphazardvisions——thatistosay，mychoiceofsubjectshasbeendeterminedbynodesiretoconstructasystemortoproveatheory，butbysimplemotivesofconvenienceandofart。Ithasbeenmypurposetoillustrateratherthantoexplain。ItwouldhavebeenfutiletohopetotellevenaprecisofthetruthabouttheVictorianage，fortheshortestprecismustfillinnumerablevolumes。But，inthelivesofanecclesiastic，aneducationalauthority，awomanofaction，andamanofadventure，Ihavesoughttoexamineandelucidatecertainfragmentsofthetruthwhichtookmyfancyandlaytomyhand。

Ihope，however，thatthefollowingpagesmayprovetobeofinterestfromthestrictlybiographical，nolessthanfromthehistoricalpointofview。Humanbeingsaretooimportanttobetreatedasmeresymptomsofthepast。Theyhaveavaluewhichisindependentofanytemporalprocesses——whichiseternal，andmustbefeltforitsownsake。TheartofbiographyseemstohavefallenoneviltimesinEngland。Wehavehad，itistrue，afewmasterpieces，butwehaveneverhad，liketheFrench，agreatbiographicaltradition；wehavehadnoFontenellesandCondorcets，withtheirincomparableeloges，compressingintoafewshiningpagesthemanifoldexistencesofmen。Withus，themostdelicateandhumaneofallthebranchesoftheartofwritinghasbeenrelegatedtothejourneymenofletters；wedonotreflectthatitisperhapsasdifficulttowriteagoodlifeastoliveone。Thosetwofatvolumes，withwhichitisourcustomtocommemoratethedead——whodoesnotknowthem，withtheirill-digestedmassesofmaterial，theirslipshodstyle，theirtoneoftediouspanegyric，theirlamentablelackofselection，ofdetachment，ofdesign？Theyareasfamiliarasthecortegeoftheundertaker，andwearthesameairofslow，funerealbarbarism。Oneistemptedtosuppose，ofsomeofthem，thattheywerecomposedbythatfunctionaryasthefinalitemofhisjob。Thestudiesinthisbookareindebted，inmorewaysthanone，tosuchworks——workswhichcertainlydeservethenameofStandardBiographies。Fortheyhaveprovidedmenotonlywithmuchindispensableinformation，butwithsomethingevenmoreprecious——anexample。Howmanylessonsaretobelearnedfromthem！Butitishardlynecessarytoparticularise。Topreserve，forinstance，abecomingbrevity——abrevitywhichexcludeseverythingthatisredundantandnothingthatissignificant——

that，surely，isthefirstdutyofthebiographer。Thesecond，nolesssurely，istomaintainhisownfreedomofspirit。Itisnothisbusinesstobecomplimentary；itishisbusinesstolaybarethefactsofthecase，asheunderstandsthem。ThatiswhatI

haveaimedatinthisbook——tolaybarethefactsofsomecases，asIunderstandthem，dispassionately，impartially，andwithoutulteriorintentions。ToquotethewordsofaMaster——’Jen’imposerien；jeneproposerien：j’expose。’

AlistoftheprincipalsourcesfromwhichIhavedrawnisappendedtoeachBiography。Iwouldindicate，asanhonourableexceptiontothecurrentcommodity，SirEdwardCook’sexcellentLifeofFlorenceNightingale，withoutwhichmyownstudy，thoughcomposedonaverydifferentscaleandfromadecidedlydifferentangle，couldnothavebeenwritten。

CardinalManningHENRYEDWARDMANNINGwasbornin1807anddiedin1892。Hislifewasextraordinaryinmanyways，butitsinterestforthemoderninquirerdependsmainlyupontwoconsiderations——thelightwhichhiscareerthrowsuponthespiritofhisage，andthepsychologicalproblemssuggestedbyhisinnerhistory。Hebelongedtothatclassofeminentecclesiastics——anditisbynomeansasmallclass——whohavebeendistinguishedlessforsaintlinessandlearningthanforpracticalability。HadhelivedintheMiddleAgeshewouldcertainlyhavebeenneitheraFrancisnoranAquinas，buthemighthavebeenanInnocent。Asitwas，bornintheEnglandofthenineteenthcentury，growingupintheveryseed-timeofmodernprogress，comingtomaturitywiththefirstonrushofLiberalism，andlivinglongenoughtowitnessthevictoriesofScienceandDemocracy，heyet，byastrangeconcatenationofcircumstances，seemedalmosttoreviveinhisownpersonthatlonglineofdiplomaticandadministrativeclericswhich，onewouldhavethought，hadcometoanendforeverwithCardinalWolsey。

InManning，soitappeared，theMiddleAgeslivedagain。Thetallgauntfigure，withthefaceofsmilingasceticism，therobes，andthebiretta，asitpassedintriumphfromHighMassattheOratorytophilanthropicgatheringsatExeterHall，fromStrikeCommitteesattheDockstoMayfairdrawing-roomswherefashionableladiesknelttothePrinceoftheChurch，certainlyborewitnesstoasingularconditionofaffairs。Whathadhappened？Hadadominatingcharacterimposeditselfuponahostileenvironment？Orwasthenineteenthcentury，afterall，notsohostile？Wastheresomethinginit，scientificandprogressiveasitwas，whichwentouttowelcometherepresentativeofancienttraditionanduncompromisingfaith？Hadit，perhaps，aplaceinitsheartforsuchasManning——asoftplace，onemightalmostsay？Or，ontheotherhand，wasithewhohadbeensuppleandyielding？Hewhohadwonbyartwhathewouldneverhavewonbyforce，andwhohadmanaged，sotospeak，tobeoneoftheleadersoftheprocessionlessthroughmeritthanthroughasuperiorfacultyforglidingadroitlytothefrontrank？And，inanycase，bywhatoddchances，whatshiftsandstruggles，whatcombinationsofcircumstanceandcharacter，hadthisoldmancometobewherehewas？Suchquestionsareeasiertoaskthantoanswer；butitmaybeinstructive，andevenamusing，tolookalittlemorecloselyintothecomplexitiesofsocuriousastory。

I

UNDOUBTEDLY，whatismostobviouslystrikinginthehistoryofManning’scareeristhepersistentstrengthofhisinnatecharacteristics。Throughallthechangesofhisfortunesthepowerfulspiritofthemanworkedonundismayed。ItwasasiftheFateshadlaidawagerthattheywoulddaunthim；andintheendtheylosttheirbet。

HisfatherwasarichWestIndianmerchant，agovernoroftheBankofEngland，aMemberofParliament，whodroveintotowneverydayfromhiscountryscatinacoachandfour，andwascontentwithnothingshortofabishopforthechristeningofhischildren。LittleHenry，liketherest，hadhisbishop；buthewasobligedtowaitforhim——foraslongaseighteenmonths。Inthosedays，andevenagenerationlater，asKeblebearswitness，therewasgreatlaxityinregardtotheearlybaptismofchildren。ThedelayhasbeennotedbyManning’sbiographerasthefirststumbling-blockinthespirituallifeofthefutureCardinal；buthesurmounteditwithsuccess。

Hisfatherwasmorecarefulinotherways。’Hisrefinementanddelicacyofmindweresuch，’wroteManninglongafterwards，’thatIneverheardoutofhismouthawordwhichmightnothavebeenspokeninthepresenceofthemostpureandsensitive——except，’

headds，’ononeoccasion。Hewasthenforcedbyotherstorepeatanegrostorywhich，thoughfreefromallevildesexu，wasindelicate。Hediditwithgreatresistance。Hisexamplegavemeahatredofallsuchtalk。’

ThefamilylivedinanatmosphereofEvangelicalpiety。Onedaythelittleboycameinfromthefarmyard，andhismotheraskedhimwhetherhehadseenthepeacock。’Isaidyes，andthenursesaidno，andmymothermademekneeldownandbegGodtoforgivemefornotspeakingthetruth。’Attheageoffourthechildwastoldbyacousinoftheageofsixthat’GodhadabookinwhichHewrotedowneverythingwedidwrong。ThissoterrifiedmefordaysthatIrememberbeingfoundbymymothersittingunderakindofwriting-tableingreatfear。Ineverforgotthisatanytimeinmylife，’theCardinaltellsus，’andithasbeenagreatgracetome。’Whenhewasnineyearsoldhe’devouredtheApocalypse；andIneverallthroughmylifeforgotthe“lakethatburnethwithfireandbrimstone“。Thatversehaskeptmelikeanaudiblevoicethroughallmylife，andthroughworldsofdangerinmyyouth。’

AtHarrowtheworldsofdangerwerealreadyaroundhim；butyethelistenedtotheaudiblevoice。’AtschoolandcollegeIneverfailedtosaymyprayers，sofarasmemoryservesme，evenforaday。’Andheunderwentanotherreligiousexperience：hereadPaley’sEvidences。’Itookinthewholeargument，’wroteManning，whenhewasoverseventy，’andIthankGodthatnothinghasevershakenit。’Yetonthewholeheledtheunspirituallifeofanordinaryschoolboy。Wehaveglimpsesofhimasahandsomelad，playingcricket，orstruttingaboutintasselledHessiantop-

boots。Andononeoccasionatleasthegaveproofofacertaindexterityofconductwhichdeservedtoberemembered。Hewentoutofbounds，andamaster，ridingbyandseeinghimontheothersideofafield，tiedhishorsetoagate，andranafterhim。Theastuteyouthoutranthemaster，fetchedacircle，reachedthegate，jumpedontothehorse’sbackandrodeoff。Forthishewasveryproperlychastised；but，ofwhatusewaschastisement？Nowhipping，howeversevere，couldhaveeradicatedfromlittleHenry’smindaqualityatleastasfirmlyplantedinitashisfearofHellandhisbeliefintheargumentsofPaley。

Ithadbeenhisfather’swishthatManningshouldgointotheChurch；butthethoughtdisgustedhim；andwhenhereachedOxford，histastes，hisambitions，hissuccessesattheUnion，allseemedtomarkhimoutforapoliticalcareer。HewasayearjuniortoSamuelWilberforce，andayearseniortoGladstone。InthosedaystheUnionwastherecruiting-groundforyoungpoliticians；MinisterscamedownfromLondontolistentothedebates；andafewyearslatertheDukeofNewcastlegaveGladstoneapocketboroughonthestrengthofhisspeechattheUnionagainsttheReformBill。Tothosethreeyoungmen，indeed，thewholeworldlayopen。Weretheynotrich，well-connected，andendowedwithaninfinitecapacityformakingspeeches？Theeventjustifiedthehighestexpectationsoftheirfriends；fortheleastdistinguishedofthethreediedabishop。Theonlydangerlayinanotherdirection。’Watch，mydearSamuel，’wrotetheelderWilberforcetohisson，’watchwithjealousywhetheryoufindyourselfundulysolicitousaboutacquittingyourself；

whetheryouaretoomuchchagrinedwhenyoufail，orarepuffedupbyyoursuccess。UnduesolicitudeaboutpopularestimationisaweaknessagainstwhichallrealChristiansmustguardwiththeutmostjealouswatchfulness。Themoreyoucanretaintheimpressionofyourbeingsurroundedbyacloudofwitnessesoftheinvisibleworld，tousethescripturephrase，themoreyouwillbearmedagainstthisbesettingsin。’Butsuddenlyitseemedasifsuchawarningcould，afterall，haveverylittlerelevancetoManning；for，onhisleavingOxford，thebrimmingcupwasdashedfromhislips。HewasalreadybeginningtodreamofhimselfintheHouseofCommons，thesolitaryadvocateofsomegreatcausewhosetriumphwastobeeventuallybroughtaboutbyhisextraordinaryefforts，whenhisfatherwasdeclaredabankrupt，andallhishopesofapoliticalcareercametoanendforever。

ItwasatthistimethatManningbecameintimatewithapiouslady，thesisterofoneofhisCollegefriends，whomheusedtodescribeashisSpiritualMother。Hemadeherhisconfidante；andoneday，astheywalkedtogetherintheshrubbery，herevealedthebitternessofthedisappointmentintowhichhisfather’sfailurehadplungedhim。Shetriedtocheerhim，andthensheaddedthattherewerehigheraimsopentohimwhichhehadnotconsidered。’Whatdoyoumean？’heasked。’ThekingdomofHeaven，’sheanswered；’heavenlyambitionsarenotclosedagainstyou。’Theyoungmanlistened，wassilent，andsaidatlastthathedidnotknowbutshewasright。ShesuggestedreadingtheBibletogether；andtheyaccordinglydidsoduringthewholeofthatVacation，everymorningafterbreakfast。Yet，inspiteofthesedevotionalexercises，andinspiteofavoluminouscorrespondenceonreligioussubjectswithhisSpiritualMother，Manningstillcontinuedtoindulgeinsecularhopes。HeenteredtheColonialOfficeasasupernumeraryclerk，anditwasonlywhentheofferofaMertonFellowshipseemedtodependuponhistakingordersthathisheavenlyambitionsbegantoassumeadefiniteshape。JustthenhefellinlovewithMissDeffell，whosefatherwouldhavenothingtosaytoayoungmanwithoutprospects，andforbadehimthehouse。Itwasonlytootrue；whatWEREtheprospectsofasupernumeraryclerkintheColonialOffice？ManningwenttoOxfordandtookorders。HewaselectedtotheMertonFellowship，andobtainedthroughtheinfluenceoftheWilberforcesacuracyinSussex。Atthelastmomenthealmostdrewback。’Ithinkthewholestephasbeentooprecipitate，’hewrotetohisbrother-in-law。’Ihaveratherallowedtheinstanceofmyfriends，andtheallurementsofanagreeablecuracyinmanyrespects，togetthebetterofmysoberjudgment。’Hisvastambitions，hisdreamsofpublicservice，ofhonours，andofpower，wasallthistoendinalittlecountrycuracy’agreeableinmanyrespects’？Buttherewasnothingforit；thedeedwasdone；andtheFateshadapparentlysucceededveryeffectivelyingettingridofManning。Allhecoulddowastomakethebestofabadbusiness。

Accordingly，inthefirstplace，hedecidedthathehadreceivedacallfromGod’adveritatemetadseipsum’；and，inthesecond，forgettingMissDeffell，hemarriedhisrector’sdaughter。Withinafewmonthstherectordied，andManningsteppedintohisshoes；

andatleastitcouldbesaidthattheshoeswerenotuncomfortable。Forthenextsevenyearshefulfilledthefunctionsofacountryclergyman。Hewasenergeticanddevout；hewaspoliteandhandsome；hisfamegrewinthediocese。AtlasthebegantobespokenofastheprobablesuccessortotheoldArchdeaconofChichester。WhenMrs。Manningprematurelydied，hewasatfirstinconsolable，buthefoundreliefinthedistractionofredoubledwork。Howcouldhehaveguessedthatonedayhewouldcometonumberthatlossamong’God’sspecialmercies？Yetsoitwastobe。Inafteryears，thememoryofhiswifeseemedtobeblottedfromhismind；heneverspokeofher；everyletter，everyrecord，ofhismarriedlifehedestroyed；andwhenwordwassenttohimthathergravewasfallingintoruin：’Itisbestso，’theCardinalanswered，’letitbe。Timeeffacesallthings。’

But，whenthegravewasyetfresh，theyoungRectorwouldsitbesideit，dayafterday，writinghissermons。

II

INthemeantime，aseriesofeventswastakingplaceinanotherpartofEngland，whichwastohaveanolessprofoundeffectuponManning’shistorythanthemercifulremovalofhiswife。InthesameyearinwhichhetookuphisSussexcuracy，theTractsfortheTimeshadbeguntoappearatOxford。The’OxfordMovement’，infact，hadstartedonitscourse。Thephraseisstillfamiliar；

butitsmeaninghasbecomesomewhatobscuredbothbythelapseoftimeandtheintrinsicambiguityofthesubjectsconnectedwithit。LetusborrowforamomentthewingsofHistoricImagination，and，hoveringlightlyovertheOxfordofthethirties，takearapidbird’s-eyeview。

FormanygenerationstheChurchofEnglandhadsleptthesleepofthe……comfortable。Thesullenmurmuringsofdissent，theloudbattle-cryofRevolution，hadhardlydisturbedherslumbers。

PortlydivinessubscribedwithasighorasmiletotheThirty-

nineArticles，sankquietlyintoeasyliving，rodegailytohoundsofamorningasgentlemenshould，and，asgentlemenshould，carriedtheirtwobottlesofanevening。TobeintheChurchwasinfactsimplytopursueoneofthoseprofessionswhichNatureandSocietyhaddecidedwerepropertogentlemenandgentlemenalone。Thefervoursofpiety，thezealofApostoliccharity，theenthusiasmofself-renunciation——thesethingswereallverywellintheirwayandintheirplace；buttheirplacewascertainlynottheChurchofEngland。Gentlemenwereneitherfervidnorzealous，andabovealltheywerenotenthusiastic。

Therewere，itwastrue，occasionallytobefoundwithintheChurchsomestrait-lacedparsonsofthehighToryschoolwholookedbackwithregrettothedaysofLaudortalkedoftheApostolicalSuccession；andthereweregroupsofsquare-toedEvangelicalswhowereearnestovertheAtonement，confessedtoapersonalloveofJesusChrist，andseemedtohavearrangedthewholeoftheirlives，downtotheminutestdetailsofactandspeech，withreferencetoEternity。Butsuchextremesweretherareexceptions。Thegreatbulkoftheclergywalkedcalmlyalongthesmoothroadofordinaryduty。Theykeptaneyeonthepooroftheparish，andtheyconductedtheSundayServicesinabecomingmanner；fortherest，theydifferedneitheroutwardlynorinwardlyfromthegreatbulkofthelaity，towhomtheChurchwasausefulorganisationforthemaintenanceofReligion，asbylawestablished。

Theawakeningcameatlast，however，anditwasarudeone。TheliberalprinciplesoftheFrenchRevolution，checkedatfirstintheterrorsofreaction，begantomaketheirwayintoEngland。

Rationalistslifteduptheirheads；BenthamandtheMillspropoundedUtilitarianism；theReformBillwaspassed；andtherewererumoursabroadofdisestablishment。EvenChurchmenseemedtohavecaughttheinfection。Dr。Whatelywassoboldastoassertthat，intheinterpretationofScripture，differentopinionsmightbepermitteduponmattersofdoubt；and，Dr。ArnolddrewupadisquietingschemeforallowingDissentersintotheChurch，thoughitistruethathedidnotgoquitesofarastocontemplatetheadmissionofUnitarians。

Atthistime，therewaslivinginacountryparish，ayoungclergymanofthenameofJohnKeble。HehadgonetoOxfordattheageoffifteen，where，afterasuccessfulacademiccareer，hehadbeenmadeaFellowofOriel。Hehadthenreturnedtohisfather’sparishandtakenupthedutiesofacurate。HehadathoroughknowledgeofthecontentsofthePrayer-book，thewaysofaCommonRoom，theconjugationsoftheGreekIrregularVerbs，andthesmalljestsofacountryparsonage；andthedefectsofhisexperienceinotherdirectionswerereplacedbyazealandapietywhichweresoontoprovethemselvesequal，andmorethanequal，towhatevercallsmightbemadeuponthem。Thesuperabundanceofhispietyoverflowedintoverse；andtheholysimplicityoftheChristianYearcarriedhisnameintotheremotestlodging-housesofEngland。

Asforhiszeal，however，itneededanotheroutlet。Lookingforthuponthedoingsofhisfellow-menthroughhisrectorywindowsinGloucestershire，Keblefelthiswholesoulshakenwithloathing，anger，anddread。Infidelitywasstalkingthroughtheland；

authoritywaslaughedat；thehideousdoctrinesofDemocracywerebeingopenlypreached。Worsestill，ifpossible，theChurchherselfwasignorantandlukewarm；shehadforgottenthemysteriesofthesacraments，shehadlostfaithintheApostolicalSuccession；shewasnolongerinterestedintheEarlyFathers；andshesubmittedherselftothecontrolofasecularlegislature，themembersofwhichwerenotevenboundtoprofessbeliefintheAtonement。InthefaceofsuchenormitieswhatcouldKebledo？Hewasreadytodoanything，buthewasasimpleandanunambitiousman，andhiswrathwouldinallprobabilityhaveconsumeditselfunappeasedwithinhimhadhenotchancedtocomeintocontact，atthecriticalmoment，withaspiritmoreexcitableanddaringthanhisown。

HurrellFroude，oneofKeble’spupils，wasacleveryoungmantowhomhadfallenaratherlargershareofself-assuranceandintolerancethanevencleveryoungmenusuallypossess。Whatwassingularabouthim，however，wasnotsomuchhistemperashistastes。ThesortofardourwhichimpelsmorenormalyouthstohauntMusicHallsandfallinlovewithactressestooktheform，inFroude’scase，ofaromanticdevotiontotheDeityandanintenseinterestinthestateofhisownsoul。Hewasobsessedbytheidealsofsaintliness，andconvincedofthesupremeimportanceofnoteatingtoomuch。Hekeptadiaryinwhichherecordedhisdelinquencies，andtheyweremany。’Icannotsaymuchformyselftoday，’hewritesonSeptember29th，1826(hewastwenty-threeyearsold)。’IdidnotreadthePsalmsandSecondLessonafterbreakfast，whichIhadneglectedtodobefore，thoughIhadplentyoftimeonmyhands。WouldhavelikedtobethoughtadventurousforascrambleIhadattheDevil’sBridge。

Lookedwithgreedinesstoseeiftherewasagooseonthetablefordinner；andthoughwhatIatewasoftheplainestsort，andI

tooknovariety，yeteventhiswaspartlytheeffectofaccident，andIcertainlyratherexceededinquantity，asIwasfuzzyandsleepyafterdinner。’’Iallowedmyselftobedisgusted，with——

’spomposity，’hewritesalittlelater，’alsosmiledatanallusionintheLessonstoabstemiousnessineating。Ihopenotfromprideorvanity，butmistrust；itcertainlywasunintentional。’Andagain，’Astomymeals，IcansaythatIwasalwayscarefultoseethatnooneelsewouldtakeathingbeforeIservedmyself；andIbelieveastothekindofmyfood，abitofcoldendingsofadabatbreakfast，andascrapofmackerelatdinner，aretheonlythingsthatdivergedfromthestrictruleofsimplicity。’’Iamobligedtoconfess，’henotes，’thatinmyintercoursewiththeSupremeBeing，Iambecomemoreandmoresluggish。’Andthenheexclaims：’Thineeyetriethmyinwardparts，andknowethmythoughts……OhthatmywaysweremadesodirectthatImightkeepThystatutes。IwillwalkinThyCommandmentswhenThouhastsetmyheartatliberty。’

Suchwerethepreoccupationsofthisyoungman。Perhapstheywouldhavebeendifferent，ifhehadhadalittlelessofwhatNewmandescribesashis’highsevereideaoftheintrinsicexcellenceofVirginity’；butitisuselesstospeculate。

NaturallyenoughthefierceandburningzealofKeblehadaprofoundeffectuponhismind。Thetwobecameintimatefriends，andFroude，eagerlyseizinguponthedoctrinesoftheelderman，sawtoitthattheyhadasfullameasureofcontroversialnotorietyasanOxfordcommonroomcouldafford。HeplungedthemetaphysicalmysteriesoftheHolyCatholicChurchintotheatmosphereofpartypolitics。SurprisedDoctorsofDivinityfoundthemselvessuddenlyfacedwithstrangequestionswhichhadneverenteredtheirheadsbefore。WastheChurchofEngland，orwasitnot，apartoftheChurchCatholic？Ifitwas，werenottheReformersofthesixteenthcenturyrenegades？WasnottheparticipationoftheBodyandBloodofChristessentialtothemaintenanceofChristianlifeandhopeineachindividual？WereTimothyandTitusBishops？Orweretheynot？Iftheywere，diditnotfollowthatthepowerofadministeringtheHolyEucharistwastheattributeofasacredorderfoundedbyChristHimself？DidnottheFathersrefertothetraditionoftheChurchastosomethingindependentofthewrittenword，andsufficienttorefuteheresy，evenalone？Wasitnot，therefore，God’sunwrittenword？AnddiditnotdemandthesamereverencefromusastheScriptures，andforexactlythesamereason——BECAUSEITWASHIS

WORD？TheDoctorsofDivinitywereaghastatsuchquestions，whichseemedtoleadtheyhardlyknewwhither；andtheyfounditdifficulttothinkofveryappositeanswers。ButHurrellFroudesuppliedtheanswershimselfreadilyenough。AllOxford，allEngland，shouldknowthetruth。Thetimewasoutofjoint，andhewasonlytoodelightedtohavebeenborntosetitright。

But，afterall，somethingmorewasneededthaneventheexcitementofFroudecombinedwiththeconvictionofKebletoruffleseriouslythevastcalmwatersofChristianthought；anditsohappenedthatthatthingwasnotwanting：itwasthegeniusofJohnHenryNewman。IfNewmanhadneverlived，orifhisfather，whenthegigcameroundonthefatalmorning，stillundecidedbetweenthetwoUniversities，hadchancedtoturnthehorse’sheadinthedirectionofCambridge，whocandoubtthattheOxfordMovementwouldhaveflickeredoutitslittleflameunobservedintheCommonRoomofOriel？Andhowdifferent，too，wouldhavebeenthefateofNewmanhimself！HewasachildoftheRomanticRevival，acreatureofemotionandofmemory，adreamerwhosesecretspiritdweltapartindelectablemountains，anartistwhosesubtlesensescaught，likeashowerinthesunshine，theimpalpablerainbowoftheimmaterialworld。Inothertimes，underotherskies，hisdayswouldhavebeenmorefortunate。HemighthavehelpedtoweavethegarlandofMeleager，ortomixthelapislazuliofFraAngelico，ortochasethedelicatetruthintheshadeofanAthenianpalaestra，orhishandsmighthavefashionedthoseetherealfacesthatsmileinthenichesofChartres。Eveninhisownagehemight，atCambridge，whosecloistershaveeverbeenconsecratedtopoetryandcommonsense，havefollowedquietlyinGray’sfootstepsandbroughtintoflowerthoseseedsofinspirationwhichnowlieembeddedamidthefadeddevotionoftheLyraApostolica。

AtOxford，hewasdoomed。HecouldnotwithstandthelastenchantmentoftheMiddleAge。ItwasinvainthatheplungedintothepagesofGibbonorcommunedforlonghourswithBeethovenoverhisbelovedviolin。Theairwasthickwithclericalsanctity，heavywiththeodoursoftraditionandthesoftwarmthofspiritualauthority；hisfriendshipwithHurrellFroudedidtherest。Allthatwasweakestinhimhurriedhimonward，andallthatwasstrongestinhimtoo。Hiscuriousandvaultingimaginationbegantoconstructvastphilosophicalfabricsoutofthewritingsofancientmonks，andtodallywithvisionsofangelicvisitationsandtheefficacyoftheoilofStWalburga；hisemotionalnaturebecameabsorbedinthepartisanpassionsofaUniversityclique；andhissubtleintellectconcerneditselfmoreandmoreexclusivelywiththedialecticalsplittingofdogmaticalhairs。Hisfuturecoursewasmarkedoutforhimalltooclearly；andyetbyasingularchancethetruenatureofthemanwastoemergetriumphantintheend。IfNewmanhaddiedattheageofsixty，todayhewouldhavebeenalreadyforgotten，savebyafewecclesiasticalhistorians；buthelivedtowritehisApologia，andtoreachimmortality，neitherasathinkernorasatheologian，butasanartistwhohasembalmedthepoignanthistoryofanintenselyhumanspiritinthemagicalspicesofwords。

WhenFroudesucceededinimpregnatingNewmanwiththeideasofKeble，theOxfordMovementbegan。TheoriginalandremarkablecharacteristicofthesethreemenwasthattheytooktheChristianReligionaupieddelalettre。ThishadnotbeendoneinEnglandforcenturies。WhentheydeclaredeverySundaythattheybelievedintheHolyCatholicChurch，theymeantit。WhentheyrepeatedtheAthanasianCreed，theymeantit。Even，whentheysubscribedtotheThirty-nineArticles，theymeantit-oratleasttheythoughttheydid。Nowsuchastateofmindwasdangerous——moredangerousindeed——thantheyatfirstrealised。

TheyhadstartedwiththeinnocentassumptionthattheChristianReligionwascontainedinthedoctrinesoftheChurchofEngland；

but，themoretheyexaminedthismatter，themoredifficultanddubiousitbecame。TheChurchofEnglandboreeverywhereuponitthesignsofhumanimperfection；itwastheoutcomeofrevolutionandofcompromise，oftheexigenciesofpoliticiansandthecapricesofprinces，oftheprejudicesoftheologiansandthenecessitiesoftheState。HowhadithappenedthatthispieceofpatchworkhadbecomethereceptaclefortheaugustandinfinitemysteriesoftheChristianFaith？ThiswastheproblemwithwhichNewmanandhisfriendsfoundthemselvesconfronted。Othermenmight，andapparentlydid，seenothingverystrangeinsuchasituation；butothermensawinChristianityitselfscarcelymorethanaconvenientandrespectableappendagetoexistence，bywhichasoundsystemofmoralswasinculcated，andthroughwhichonemighthopetoattaintoeverlastingbliss。

ToNewmanandKebleitwasotherwise。TheysawatranscendentmanifestationofDivinepowerflowingdownelaborateandimmensethroughtheages；aconsecratedpriesthood，stretchingback，throughthemysticsymbolofthelayingonofhands，totheveryGodhead；awholeuniverseofspiritualbeingsbroughtintocommunionwiththeEternalbymeansofwafers；agreatmassofmetaphysicaldoctrines，atonceincomprehensibleandofincalculableimport，laiddownwithinfinitecertitude；theysawthesupernaturaleverywhereandatalltimes，alivingforce，floatinginvisibleinangels，inspiringsaints，andinvestingwithmiraculouspropertiesthecommonestmaterialthings。NowonderthattheyfoundsuchaspectaclehardtobringintolinewiththeinstitutionwhichhadbeenevolvedfromthedivorceofHenryVIII，theintriguesofElizabethanparliaments，andtheRevolutionof1688。Theydid，nodoubt，soonsatisfythemselvesthattheyhadsucceededinthisapparentlyhopelesstask；but，theconclusionswhichtheycametoinordertodosoweredecidedlystartling。

TheChurchofEngland，theydeclared，wasindeedtheonetrueChurch，butshehadbeenunderaneclipsesincetheReformation；

infact，sinceshehadbeguntoexist。Shehad，itistrue，escapedthecorruptionsofRome；butshehadbecomeenslavedbythesecularpower，anddegradedbythefalsedoctrinesofProtestantism。TheChristianReligionwasstillpreservedintactbytheEnglishpriesthood，butitwaspreserved，asitwere，unconsciously——apricelessdeposit，handeddownblindlyfromgenerationtogeneration，andsubsistinglessbythewillofmanthanthroughtheordinanceofGodasexpressedinthemysteriousvirtueoftheSacraments。Christianity，inshort，hadbecomeentangledinaseriesofunfortunatecircumstancesfromwhichitwastheplaindutyofNewmanandhisfriendstorescueitforthwith。Whatwascuriouswasthatthistaskhadbeenreserved，insomarkedamanner，forthem。Someofthedivinesoftheseventeenthcenturyhad，perhaps，beenvouchsafedglimpsesofthetruth；buttheywereglimpsesandnothingmore。No，thewatersofthetrueFaithhaddivedundergroundattheReformation，andtheywerewaitingforthewandofNewmantostriketherockbeforetheyshouldburstforthoncemoreintothelightofday。Thewholematter，nodoubt，wasProvidential——whatotherexplanationcouldtherebe？

Thefirststep，itwasclear，wastopurgetheChurchofhershamesandhererrors。TheReformersmustbeexposed；theyokeofthesecularpowermustbethrownoff；dogmamustbereinstatedinitsoldpre-eminence；andChristiansmustberemindedofwhattheyhadapparentlyforgotten——thepresenceofthesupernaturalindailylife。’Itwouldbeagaintothiscountry，’Kebleobserved，’wereitvastlymoresuperstitious，morebigoted，moregloomy，morefierceinitsreligion，thanatpresentitshowsitselftobe。’’TheonlygoodIknowofCranmer，’saidHurrellFroude，’wasthatheburnedwell。’Newmanpreached，andsoonthenewviewsbegantospread。AmongtheearliestoftheconvertswasDrPusey，amanofwealthandlearning，aprofessor，acanonofChristChurch，whohad，itwasrumoured，beentoGermany。ThentheTractsfortheTimeswerestartedunderNewman’seditorship，andtheMovementwaslaunchedupontheworld。

TheTractswerewritten’withthehopeofrousingmembersofourChurchtocomprehendheralarmingposition……asamanmightgivenoticeofafireorinundation，tostartleallwhoheardhim’。Theymaybesaidtohavesucceededintheirobjective，forthesensationwhichtheycausedamongclergymenthroughoutthecountrywasextreme。Theydealtwithagreatvarietyofquestions，buttheunderlyingintentionofallofthemwastoattacktheaccepteddoctrinesandpracticesoftheChurchofEngland。Dr。PuseywrotelearnedlyonBaptismalRegeneration；healsowroteonFasting。Histreatmentofthelattersubjectmetwithconsiderabledisapproval，whichsurprisedtheDoctor。’Iwasnotprepared，’hesaid，’forpeoplequestioning，evenintheabstract，thedutyoffasting；Ithoughtserious-mindedpersonsatleastsupposedtheypractisedfastinginsomewayorother。I

assumedthedutytobeacknowledgedandthoughtitonlyundervalued。’Weliveandlearn，eventhoughwehavebeentoGermany。

OthertractsdiscussedtheHolyCatholicChurch，theClergy，andtheLiturgy。Onetreatedofthequestion’whetheraclergymanoftheChurchofEnglandbenowboundtohavemorningandeveningprayersdailyinhisparishchurch？’Anotherpointedoutthe’IndicationsofasuperintendingProvidenceinthepreservationofthePrayer-bookandinthechangeswhichithasundergone’。

Anotherconsistedofacollectionof’AdventSermonsonAntichrist’。Keblewrotealongandelaboratetract’OntheMysticismattributedtotheEarlyFathersoftheChurch’，inwhichheexpressedhisopinionsuponalargenumberofcuriousmatters。’Accordingtomen’susualwayoftalking，’hewrote，’itwouldbecalledanaccidentalcircumstancethattherewerefiveloaves，notmorenorless，inthestoreofOurLordandHisdiscipleswherewithtoprovidethemiraculousfeast。Buttheancientinterpreterstreatitasdesignedandprovidential，inthissurelynoterring：andtheirconjectureisthatitrepresentsthesacrificeofthewholeworldofsense，andespeciallyoftheOldDispensation，which，beingoutwardandvisible，mightbecalledthedispensationofthesenses，totheFATHERofourLORDJESUSCHRIST，tobeapledgeandmeansofcommunionwithHimaccordingtothetermsoftheneworevangelicallaw。

Theyarrivedatthisideabyconsideringthenumberfive，thenumberofthesenses，asthemysticalopponentofthevisibleandsensibleuniverse——taaisphita，asdistinguishedfromtanoita。

Origenlaysdowntheruleinexpressterms。’“Thenumberfive。”’

hesays，’“frequently，nayalmostalways，istakenforthefivesenses。”’Inanotherpassage，Kebledealswithanevenmorereconditequestion。HequotestheteachingofSt。Barnabasthat’Abraham，whofirstgavemencircumcision，didtherebyperformaspiritualandtypicalaction，lookingforwardtotheSon’。St。

Barnabas’sargumentisasfollows：AbrahamcircumcisedofhishousementothenumberOf318。Why318？Observefirstthe18，thenthe300。Ofthetwoletterswhichstandfor18，10isrepresentedby1，8byH。’Thouhasthere，’saysSt。Barnabas，’thewordofJesus。’Asforthe300，’theCrossisrepresentedbyTau，andtheletterTaurepresentsthatnumber’。

Unfortunately，however，St。Barnabas’spremisewasofdoubtfulvalidity，astheRev。Mr。Maitlandpointedout，inapamphletimpugningtheconclusionsoftheTract。’Thesimplefactis，’hewrote，’thatwhenAbrahampursuedChedorlaomer“hearmedhistrainedservants，BORNINHISOWNHOUSE，threehundredandeighteen“。When，morethanthirteen(accordingtothecommonchronology，fifteen)yearsafter，hecircumcised“allthemenofhishouse，BORNINTHEHOUSE，ANDBOUGHTWITHMONEYOFTHE

STRANGER“，and，infact，everymalewhowasasmuchaseightdaysold，wearenottoldwhatthenumberamountedto。Shallwesuppose(justforthesakeoftheinterpretation)thatAbraham’sfamilyhadsodwindledintheintervalasthatnowallthemalesofhishousehold，trainedmen，slaves，andchildren，equalledonlyandexactlythenumberofhiswarriorsfifteenyearsbefore？’Thequestionseemsdifficulttoanswer，butKeblehad，asamatteroffact，forestalledtheargumentinthefollowingpassage，whichhadapparentlyescapedthenoticeoftheRev。Mr。

Maitland：’Nowwhetherthefactswerereallysoornot(ifitwere，itwassurelybyspecialprovidence)，thatAbraham’shouseholdatthetimeofthecircumcisionwasexactlythesamenumberasbefore；stilltheargumentofSt。Barnabaswillstand。

Asthus：circumcisionhadfromthebeginning，areferencetoourSAVIOUR，asinotherrespects，sointhis；thatthemysticalnumber，whichisthecipherofJesuscrucified，wasthenumberofthefirstcircumcisedhouseholdinthestrengthofwhichAbrahamprevailedagainstthepowersoftheworld。SoSt。ClementofAlexandria，ascitedbyFell。’AndKeblesupportshiscontentionthroughtenpagesofcloseprint，withreferencestoAristeas，St。Augustine，St。Jerome，andDr。Whitby。

Writingsofthiskindcouldnotfailintheireffect。PiousyouthsinOxfordwerecarriedawaybythem，andbegantoflockaroundthestandardofNewman。Newmanhimselfbecameapartychief——encouraging，organising，persuading。Hislongblackfigure，swiftlypassingthroughthestreets，waspointedatwithawe；crowdsflockedtohissermons；hiswordswererepeatedfrommouthtomouth；’CredoinNewmannum’becameacommoncatchword。

JokesweremadeabouttheChurchofEngland，andpractices，unknownforcenturies，begantoberevived。Youngmenfastedanddidpenance，recitedthehoursoftheRomanBreviary，andconfessedtheirsinstoDr。Pusey。NorwasthemovementconfinedtoOxford；itspreadinwideningcirclesthroughtheparishesofEngland；thedormantdevotionofthecountrywassuddenlyaroused。ThenewstrangenotionoftakingChristianityliterallywasdelightfultoearnestminds；butitwasalsoalarming。Reallytomeaneverywordyousaid，whenyourepeatedtheAthanasianCreed！Howwonderful！Andwhatenticingandmysteriousvistasburstupontheview！Butthen，thosevistas，whereweretheyleading？Supposing——ohheavens！——supposingafteralltheyweretoleadto——！

III

INduecourse，theTractsmadetheirappearanceattheremoterectoryinSussex。ManningwassomeyearsyoungerthanNewman，andthetwomenhadonlymetoccasionallyattheUniversity；butnow，throughcommonfriends，acloserrelationshipbegantogrowupbetweenthem。ItwasonlytobeexpectedthatNewmanshouldbeanxioustoenrolltherisingyoungRectoramonghisfollowers；

and，onManning’sside，thereweremanycauseswhichimpelledhimtoaccepttheoverturesfromOxford。

Hewasamanofaseriousandvigoroustemperament，towhomitwasinevitablethattheboldhighprinciplesoftheMovementshouldstronglyappeal。TherewasalsoanelementinhismindthatelementwhichhadterrifiedhiminhischildhoodwithApocalypticvisions，andurgedhiminhisyouthtoBiblereadingsafterbreakfast——whichnowbroughthimunderthespelloftheOxfordtheoriesofsacramentalmysticism。Andbesides，theMovementofferedanotherattraction：itimputedanextraordinary，transcendentmerittotheprofessionwhichManninghimselfpursued。Theclericwasnotashislaybrethren；hewasacreatureapart，chosenbyDivinewillandsanctifiedbyDivinemysteries。Itwasarelieftofind，whenonehadsupposedthatonewasnothingbutaclergyman，thatonemight，afterall，besomethingelse——onemightbeapriest。

Accordingly，ManningshookoffhisearlyEvangelicalconvictions，startedanactivecorrespondencewithNewman，andwassoonworkingforthenewcause。Hecollectedquotations，andbegantotranslatetheworksofOptatusforDr。Pusey。HewroteanarticleonJustinfortheBritishCritic，“Newman’sMagazine“。HepublishedasermononFaith，withnotesandappendices，whichwascondemnedbyanevangelicalbishop，andfiercelyattackedbynolessapersonthanthecelebratedMr。Bowdler。’Thesermon，’saidMrBowdler，inabookwhichhedevotedtothesubject，’wasbadenough，buttheappendixwasabominable。’AtthesametimehewasbusyassertingtheindependenceoftheChurchofEngland，opposingseculareducation，andbringingoutpamphletsagainsttheEcclesiasticalCommission，whichhadbeenappointedbyParliamenttoreportonChurchProperty。Thenwefindhimintheroleofaspiritualdirectorofsouls。Ladiesmethimbystealthinhischurch，andmadetheirconfessions。Overonecase——thatofalady，whofoundherselfdriftingtowardsRome——heconsultedNewman。Newmanadvisedhimto’enlargeuponthedoctrineofI

Cor。vii’；’also，IthinkyoumustpressonhertheprospectofbenefitingthepoorChurch，throughwhichshehasherbaptism，bystoppinginit。Doesshenotcareforthesoulsofallaroundher，steepedandstifledinProtestantism？HowwillshebestcareforthembyindulgingherownfeelingsinthecommunionofRome，orindenyingherself，andstayinginsackclothandashestodothemgood？’Whethertheseargumentsweresuccessfuldoesnotappear。

Forseveralyearsafterhiswife’sdeath，Manningwasoccupiedwiththesenewactivities，whilehisrelationswithNewmandevelopedintowhatwasapparentlyawarmfriendship。’Andnowvivevaleque，mydearManning’，wefindNewmanwritinginaletterdated’infestoS。Car。1838’，’aswishesandpraysyoursaffectionately，JohnH。Newman’。But，astimewenton，thesituationbecamemorecomplicated。Tractarianismbegantoarousethehostility，notonlyoftheevangelical，butofthemoderatechurchmen，whocouldnothelpperceivingintheever-deepening，’catholicism’oftheOxfordparty，thedreadapproachesofRome。

The“Record“newspaperaninfluentialEvangelicaljournal——tookupthematterandsniffedPoperyineverydirection；itspokeofcertainclergymenas’tainted’；andafterthat，prefermentseemedtopassthoseclergymenby。ThefactthatManningfounditwisetoconducthisconfessionalministrationsinsecretwasinitselfhighlysignificant。Itwasnecessarytobecareful，andManningwasverycarefulindeed。TheneighbouringArchdeacon，Mr。Hare，wasalowchurchman；Manningmadefriendswithhim，aswarmly，itseemed，ashehadmadefriendswithNewman。Hecorrespondedwithhim，askedhisadviceaboutthebooksheshouldread，anddiscussedquestionsofTheology——’AstoGal。vi15，wecannotdiffer……WithamanwhoreadsandreasonsIcanhavenocontroversy；andyoudoboth。’ArchdeaconHarewaspleased，butsoonarumourreachedhim，whichwas，tosaytheleastofit，upsetting。ManninghadbeenremovingthehighpewsfromachurchinBrighton，andputtinginopenbenchesintheirplace。Everyoneknewwhatthatmeant；everyoneknewthatahighpewwasoneofthebulwarksofProtestantism，andthatanopenbenchhaduponitthetaintofRome。ButManninghastenedtoexplain：’Mydearfriend，’hewrote，’Ididnotexchangepewsforopenbenches，butgotthepews(thesameinnumber)movedfromthenaveofthechurchtothewallsofthesideaisles，sothatthewholechurchhasaregulararrangementofopenbenches，which(irregularly)

existedbefore……Iamnottodayquitewell，sofarewell，withmuchregard——Yoursever，H。E。M。’ArchdeaconHarewasreassured。

Itwasimportantthatheshouldbe，fortheArchdeaconofChichesterwasgrowingveryold，andHare’sinfluencemightbeexceedinglyusefulwhenavacancyoccurred。So，indeed，itfellout。Anewbishop，Dr。Shuttleworth，wasappointedtotheSee，andtheoldArchdeacontooktheopportunityofretiring。Manningwasobviouslymarkedoutashissuccessor，butthenewbishophappenedtobealowchurchman，anaggressivelowchurchman，whowentsofarastoparodytheTractarianfashionofusingSaints’

daysforthedatingoflettersbywriting’ThePalace，washing-

day’，atthebeginningofhis。And——whatwasequallyserious——hisviewsweresharedbyMrs。Shuttleworth，whohadalreadydecidedthatthepushingyoungRectorwas’tainted’。ButatthecriticalmomentArchdeaconHarecametotherescue；hepersuadedtheBishopthatManningwassafe；andtheappointmentwasaccordinglymade——behindMrs。Shuttleworth’sback。Shewasfurious，butitwastoolate；ManningwasanArchdeacon。Alltheladycoulddo，toindicateherdisapprobation，wastoputacopyofMr。

Bowdler’sbookinaconspicuouspositiononthedrawing-roomtable，whenhecametopayhisrespectsatthePalace。

AmongthelettersofcongratulationwhichManningreceived，wasonefromMrGladstone，withwhomhehadremainedontermsofclosefriendshipsincetheirdaystogetheratOxford。’I

rejoice，’MrGladstonewrote，’onyouraccountpersonally；butmoreforthesakeoftheChurch。Allmybrothers-in-lawarehereandscarcelylessdelightedthanIam。WithgreatgleeamIabouttowriteyournewaddress；but，theoccasionreallycallsforhighersentiments；andsureamIthatyouareoneofthementowhomitisspeciallygiventodevelopthesolutionofthatgreatproblem——howallourminordistractionsaretobeeitherabandoned，absorbed，orharmonisedthroughthemightofthegreatprincipleofcommunioninthebodyofChrist。’

ManningwasanArchdeacon；buthewasnotyetoutofthewoods。

HisrelationswiththeTractarianshadleakedout，andtheRecordwasbeginningtobesuspicious。IfMrs。Shuttleworth’sopinionofhimweretobecomegeneral，itwouldcertainlybeagravematter。

NobodycouldwishtoliveanddieamereArchdeacon。Andthen，atthatverymoment，aneventoccurredwhichmadeitimperativetotakeadefinitestep，onewayortheother。ThateventwasthepublicationofTractNo。90。

ForsometimeithadbeenobvioustoeveryimpartialonlookerthatNewmanwasslippingdownaninclinedplaneatthebottomofwhichlayonething，andonethingonly——theRomanCatholicChurch。Whatwassurprisingwasthelengthoftimewhichhewastakingtoreachtheinevitabledestination。YearspassedbeforehecametorealisethathisgrandioseedificeofaChurchUniversalwouldcrumbletopiecesifoneofitsfoundationstoneswastobeanamatoryintrigueofHenryVIII。But，atlasthebegantoseethatterriblemonarchgloweringathimwhereverheturnedhiseyes。FirsthetriedtoexorcisethespectrewiththerollingperiodsoftheCarolinedivines；butitonlystruttedthemoretruculently。ThenindespairheplungedintothewritingsoftheearlyFathers，andsoughttodiscoversomewayoutofhisdifficultiesinthecomplicatedlabyrinthofecclesiasticalhistory。AftermonthsspentinthestudyoftheMonophysiteheresy，thealarmingconclusionbegantoforceitselfuponhimthattheChurchofEnglandwasperhapsinschism。EventuallyhereadanarticlebyaRomanCatholiconSt。AugustineandtheDonatists，whichseemedtoputthematterbeyonddoubt。St。

Augustine，inthefifthcentury，hadpointedoutthattheDonatistswerehereticsbecausetheBishopofRomehadsaidso。

Theargumentwascrushing；itranginNewman’searsfordaysandnights；and，thoughhecontinuedtolingeroninagonyforsixyearsmore，henevercoulddiscoveranyreplytoit。AllhecouldhopetodowastopersuadehimselfandanyoneelsewholikedtolistentohimthattheholdingofAnglicanorderswasnotinconsistentwithabeliefinthewholecycleofRomandoctrineaslaiddownattheCouncilofTrent。InthiswayhesupposedthathecouldatonceavoidthedeadlysinofheresyandconscientiouslyremainaclergymanintheChurchofEngland；andwiththisendinview，hecomposedTractNo。90。

TheobjectoftheTractwastoprovethattherewasnothingintheThirty-nineArticlesincompatiblewiththecreedoftheRomanChurch。Newmanpointedout，forinstance，thatitwasgenerallysupposedthattheArticlescondemnedthedoctrineofPurgatory；

buttheydidnot；theymerelycondemnedtheRomishdoctrineofPurgatory——andRomish，clearly，wasnotthesamethingasRoman。

HenceitfollowedthatbelieversintheRomandoctrineofPurgatorymightsubscribetheArticleswithagoodconscience。

Similarly，theArticlescondemned’thesacrificesofmasses’，buttheydidnotcondemn’thesacrificeoftheMass’。Thus，theMassmightbelawfullycelebratedinEnglishChurches。NewmantookthetroubletoexaminetheArticlesindetailfromthispointofview，andtheconclusionhecametoineverycasesupportedhiscontentioninasingularmanner。

TheTractproducedanimmensesensation，foritseemedtobeadeadlyandtreacherousblowaimedattheveryheartoftheChurchofEngland。Deadlyitcertainlywas，butitwasnotsotreacherousasitappearedatfirstsight。ThemembersoftheEnglishChurchhadingenuouslyimagineduptothatmomentthatitwaspossibletocontain，inaframeofwords，thesubtleessenceoftheircomplicateddoctrinalsystem，involvingthemysteriesoftheEternalandtheInfiniteontheonehand，andtheelaborateadjustmentsoftemporalgovernmentontheother。Theydidnotunderstandthatverbaldefinitionsinsuchacasewillonlyperformtheirfunctionssolongasthereisnodisputeaboutthematterswhichtheyareintendedtodefine：thatistosay，solongasthereisnoneedforthem。ForgenerationsthishadbeenthecasewiththeThirty-nineArticles。Theirdriftwasclearenough；andnobodybotheredovertheirexactmeaning。Butdirectlysomeonefounditimportanttogivethemanewanduntraditionalinterpretation，itappearedthattheywereamassofambiguity，andmightbetwistedintomeaningverynearlyanythingthatanybodyliked。Steady-goingchurchmenwereappalledandoutragedwhentheysawNewman，inTractNo。90，performingthisoperation。But，afterall，hewasonlytakingtheChurchofEnglandatitsword。Andindeed，sinceNewmanshowedtheway，theoperationhasbecomesoexceedinglycommonthatthemoststeady-

goingchurchmanhardlyraisesaneyebrowatitnow。

Atthetime，however，Newman’streatmentoftheArticlesseemedtodisplaynotonlyapervertedsupersubtletyofintellect，butatemperofmindthatwasfundamentallydishonest。ItwasthenthathefirstbegantobeassailedbythosechargesofuntruthfulnesswhichreachedtheirculminationmorethantwentyyearslaterinthecelebratedcontroversywithCharlesKingsley，whichledtothewritingoftheApologia。Thecontroversywasnotaveryfruitfulone，chieflybecauseKingsleycouldnomoreunderstandthenatureofNewman’sintelligencethanasubalterninalineregimentcanunderstandaBrahminofBenares。KingsleywasastoutProtestant，whosehatredofPoperywas，atbottom，simplyethical——anhonest，instinctivehorrorofthepracticesofpriestcraftandthehabitsofsuperstition；anditwasonlynaturalthatheshouldseeinthoseinnumerabledelicatedistinctionswhichNewmanwasperpetuallydrawing，andwhichhehimselfhadnotonlyneverthoughtof，butcouldnotevengrasp，simplyanothermanifestationoftheinherentfalsehoodofRome。

But，inreality，noone，inonesenseoftheword，wasmoretruthfulthanNewman。Theideaofdeceitwouldhavebeenabhorrenttohim；andindeeditwasowingtohisverydesiretoexplainwhathehadinhismindexactlyandcompletely，withalltherefinementsofwhichhissubtlebrainwascapable，thatpersonssuchasKingsleywerepuzzledintothinkinghimdishonest。Unfortunately，however，thepossibilitiesoftruthandfalsehooddependuponotherthingsbesidessincerity。Amanmaybeofascrupulousandimpeccablehonesty，andyethisrespectforthetruth——itcannotbedenied——maybeinsufficient。Hemaybe，likethelunatic，thelover，andthepoet，’ofimaginationallcompact’；hemaybeblessed，orcursed，withoneofthose’seethingbrains’，oneofthose’shapingfanatasies’that’apprehendmorethancoolreasonevercomprehends’；hemaybebynatureincapableofsiftingevidence，orbypredilectionsimplyindisposedtodoso。’Whenwewerethere，’wroteNewmaninalettertoafriendafterhisconversion，describingavisittoNaples，andthemiraculouscircumstancesconnectedwiththeliquefactionofSt。Januarius’sblood，’thefeastofSt。Gennarowascomingon，andtheJesuitswereeagerforustostop——theyhavetheutmostconfidenceinthemiracle——andwerethemoreeagerbecausemanyCatholics，tilltheyhaveseenit，doubtit。

OurfatherdirectorheretellsusthatbeforehewenttoNapleshedidnotbelieveit。Thatis，theyhavevagueideasofnaturalmeans，exaggeration，etc。，notofcourseimputingfraud。Theysayconversionsoftentakeplaceinconsequence。ItisexposedfortheOctave，andthemiraclecontinues——itisnotsimpleliquefaction，butsometimesitswells，sometimesboils，sometimesmelts——noonecantellwhatisgoingtotakeplace。Theysayitisquiteovercoming-andpeoplecannothelpcryingtoseeit。I

understandthatSirH。Davyattendedeveryday，anditwasthisextremevarietyofthephenomenonwhichconvincedhimthatnothingphysicalwouldaccountforit。YetthereisthisremarkablefactthatliquefactionsofbloodarecommonatNaples——

and，unlessitisirreverenttotheGreatAuthorofMiraclestobeobstinateintheinquiry，thequestioncertainlyriseswhetherthereissomethingintheair。(Mind，Idon’tbelievethereis——

and，speakinghumbly，andwithouthavingseenit，thinkitatruemiracle——butIamarguing。)WesawthebloodofStPatrizia，halfliquid；i。e。liquefying，onherfeastday。StJohnBaptist’sbloodsometimesliquefiesonthe29thofAugust，anddidwhenwewereatNaples，butwehadnottimetogotothechurch。WesawtheliquidbloodofanOratorianFather；agoodman，butnotasaint，whodiedtwocenturiesago，Ithink；andwesawtheliquidbloodofDaPonte，thegreatandholyJesuit，who，Isuppose，wasalmostasaint。Buttheseinstancesdonotaccountforliquefactiononcertaindays，ifthisisthecase。ButthemoststrangephenomenoniswhathappensatRavello，avillageortownaboveAmalfi。ThereisthebloodofSt。Pantaleon。ItisinavesselamidthestoneworkoftheAltar-itisnottouchedbutonhisfeastinJuneitliquefies。Andmore，thereisanexcommunicationagainstthosewhobringportionsoftheTrueCrossintotheChurch。Why？Becausethebloodliquefies，wheneveritisbrought。ApersonIknow，notknowingtheprohibition，broughtinaportion，andthePriestsuddenlysaid，whoshowedtheblood，“WhohasgottheHolyCrossabouthim？“Itellyouwhatwastoldmebyagraveandreligiousman。ItisacuriouscoincidencethatintellingthistoourFatherDirectorhere，hesaid，“Why，wehaveaportionofSt。Pantaleon’sbloodattheChiesaNuova，anditisalwaysliquid。”’

AfterleavingNaples，NewmanvisitedLoreto，andinspectedthehouseoftheHolyFamily，which，asisknowntothefaithful，wastransportedthither，inthreehops，fromPalestine。’IwenttoLoreto，’hewrote，’withasimplefaith，believingwhatIstillmorebelievedwhenIsawit。Ihavenodoubtnow。IfyouaskmewhyIbelieveit，itisbecauseeveryonebelievesitatRome；

cautiousastheyareandscepticalaboutsomeotherthings。I

havenoantecedentdifficultyinthematter。HewhofloatedtheArkonthesurgesofaworld-widesea，andenclosedinitalllivingthings，whohashiddentheterrestrialparadise，whosaidthatfaithmightmovemountains，whosustainedthousandsforfortyyearsinasterilewilderness，whotransportedEliasandkeepshimhiddentilltheend，coulddothiswonderalso。’

Here，whateverelsetheremaybe，thereiscertainlynotraceofadesiretodeceive。Couldastateofmind，infact，berevealedwithmoreabsolutetransparency？

WhenNewmanwasachildhe’wishedthathecouldbelievetheArabianNightsweretrue’。Whenhecametobeaman，hiswishseemstohavebeengranted。

TractNo。90wasofficiallycondemnedbytheauthoritiesatOxford，andinthehubbubthatfollowed，thecontendingpartiesclosedtheirranks；henceforward，anycompromisebetweenthefriendsandtheenemiesoftheMovementwasimpossible。

ArchdeaconManningwasintooconspicuousapositiontobeabletoremainsilent；hewasobligedtodeclarehimself，andhedidnothesitate。Inanarchidiaconalcharge，deliveredwithinafewmonthsofhisappointment，hefirmlyrepudiatedtheTractarians。

Buttherepudiationwasnotdeemedsufficient，andayearlaterherepeateditwithgreateremphasis。Still，however，thehorridrumourswereafloat。The“Record“begantoinvestigatematters，anditsvigilancewassoonrewardedbyanalarmingdiscovery：thesacramenthadbeenadministeredinChichesterCathedralonaweekday，and’ArchdeaconManning，oneofthemostnotedanddeterminedoftheTractarians，hadactedaconspicuouspartontheoccasion’。Itwasclearthattheonlywayofsilencingthesemalevolentwhisperswasbysomepublicdemonstrationwhoseimportnobodycoulddoubt。TheannualsermonpreachedonGuyFawkesDaybeforetheUniversityofOxfordseemedtooffertheveryopportunitythatManningrequired。Heseizedit；gothimselfappointedpreacher；anddeliveredfromthepulpitofSt。Mary’savirulentlyProtestantharangue。Thistimetherecouldindeedbenodoubtaboutthematter：Manninghadshouted’NoPopery！’intheverycitadeloftheMovement，andeveryone，includingNewman，recognisedthathehadfinallycuthimselfofffromhisoldfriends。Everyone，thatistosay，excepttheArchdeaconhimself。Onthedayafterthesermon，ManningwalkedouttotheneighbouringvillageofLittlemore，whereNewmanwasnowlivinginretirementwithafewchosendisciples，inthehopeofbeingabletogiveasatisfactoryexplanationofwhathehaddone。Buthewasdisappointed；forwhen，afteranawkwardinterval，oneofthedisciplesappearedatthedoor，hewasinformedthatMr。

Newmanwasnotathome。

WithhisretirementtoLittlemore，NewmanhadentereduponthefinalperiodofhisAnglicancareer。Evenhecouldnolongerhelpperceivingthattheendwasnowonlyamatteroftime。Hisprogresswashastenedinanagitatingmannerbytheindiscreetactivityofoneofhisproselytes，W。G。Ward。ayoungmanwhocombinedanextraordinaryaptitudeforapriorireasoningwithapassionatedevotiontoOperaBouffe。Itwasdifficult，infact，todecidewhethertheinnernatureofWardwasmoretrulyexpressingitselfwhenhewasfiringoffsometrainofscholasticparadoxesontheEucharistorwhenhewastrillingtheairsofFigaroandplungingthroughthehilariousrouladesoftheLargoalFactotum。EvenDr。Puseycouldriotbequitesure，thoughhewasWard’sspiritualdirector。Ononeoccasionhisyoungpenitentcametohim，andconfessedthatavowwhichhehadtakentoabstainfrommusicduringLentwasbeginningtoaffecthishealth。CouldDr。Puseyseehiswaytoreleasinghimfromthevow？TheDoctordecidedthatalittlesacredmusicwouldnotbeamiss。Wardwasallgratitude，andthatnightapartywasarrangedinafriend’srooms。TheconcertbeganwiththesolemnharmoniesofHandel，whichwerefollowedbytheholystrainsofthe’0hSalutaris’ofCherubini。Thencametheelevationandthepompof’PossentiNumi’fromtheMagicFlute。But，alas！thereliesmuchdangerinMozart。ThepagewasturnedandtherewasthedeliciousduetbetweenPapagenoandPapagena。Fleshandbloodcouldnotresistthat；thensongfollowedsong，themusicwaxedfasterandlighter，until，atlastWardburstintotheintoxicatingmerrimentoftheLargoalFactotum。Whenitwasover，afaintbutpersistentknockingmadeitselfhearduponthewall；anditwasonlythenthatthecompanyrememberedthattheroomsnextdoorwereDr。Pusey’s。

ThesameentrainwhichcarriedWardawaywhenhesatdowntoapianopossessedhimwheneverheembarkedonareligiousdiscussion。’Thethingthatwasutterlyabhorrenttohim，’saidoneofhisfriends，’wastostopshort。’Giventhepremises，hewouldfollowouttheirimplicationswiththemercilessnessofamedievalmonk，andwhenhehadreachedthelastlimitsofargument，bereadytomaintainwhateverpropositionshemightfindtherewithhisdyingbreath。Hehadtheextremeinnocenceofachildandamathematician。CaptivatedbytheglitteringeyeofNewman，heswallowedwholethesupernaturalconceptionoftheuniversewhichNewmanhadevolved，accepteditasafundamentalpremise，and’beganatoncetodeducefromitwhatsoevertheremightbetobededuced。’Hisveryfirstdeductionsincludedirrefutableproofsof(I)God’sparticularprovidenceforindividuals；(2)therealefficacyofintercessoryprayer；(3)

therealityofourcommunionwiththesaintsdeparted；(4)theconstantpresenceandassistanceoftheangelsofGod。LateronheexplainedmathematicallytheimportanceoftheEmberDays：

’Whocantell，’headded，’thedegreeofblessinglosttousinthislandbyneglecting，aswealoneofChristianChurchesdoneglect，theseholydays？’HethenproceededtoconvicttheReformers，notonlyofrebellion，but’——formyownpartIseenothowwecanavoidadding——ofperjury。’Everydayhisargumentsbecamemoreextreme，morerigorouslyexact，andmoredistressingtohismaster。Newmanwasinthepositionofacautiouscommander-in-chiefbeinghurriedintoanengagementagainsthiswillbyadashingcavalryofficer。Wardforcedhimforwardstepbysteptowards-no！hecouldnotbearit；heshudderedanddrewback。Butitwasofnoavail。InvaindidKebleandPuseywringtheirhandsandstretchforththeirpleadingarmstotheirnowvanishingbrother。Thefatalmomentwasfastapproaching。Wardatlastpublishedadevastatingbookinwhichheprovedconclusively，byaseriesofsyllogisms，thattheonlypropercoursefortheChurchofEnglandwastorepentinsackclothandashesherseparationfromtheCommunionofRome。TherecklessauthorwasdeprivedofhisdegreebyanoutragedUniversity，andafewweekslaterwasreceivedintotheCatholicChurch。

Newman，inakindofdespair，hadflunghimselfintothelaboursofhistoricalcompilation。Hisviewsofhistoryhadchangedsincethedayswhen，asanundergraduate，hehadfeastedontheworldlypagesofGibbon。’Revealedreligion，’henowthought，’furnishesfactstoothersciences，whichthosesciences，lefttothemselves，wouldneverreach。Thus，inthescienceofhistory，thepreservationofourraceinNoah’sArkisanhistoricalfact，whichhistoryneverwouldarriveatwithoutrevelation。’Withtheseprinciplestoguidehim，heplungedwithhisdisciplesintoaprolongedstudyoftheEnglishSaints。BiographiessoonappearedofSt。Bega，St。Adamnan，St。Gundleus，St。Guthlake，BrotherDrithelm，St。Amphibalus，St。WuIstan，St。Ebba，St。

Neot，St。Ninian，andCuniberttheHermit。Theirausterities，theirvirginity，andtheirmiraculouspowersweredescribedindetail。ThepubliclearnedwithastonishmentthatStNinianhadturnedastaffintoatree；thatSt。Germanhadstoppedacockfromcrowing，andthatachildhadbeenraisedfromthedeadtoconvertSt。Helier。TheserieshassubsequentlybeencontinuedbyamoremodernwriterwhoserelationofthehistoryoftheblessedSt。Maelcontains，perhaps，evenmorematterforedificationthanNewman’sbiographies。

Atthetime，indeed，thoseworkscausedconsiderablescandal。

Clergymendenouncedtheminpamphlets。St。Cuthbertwasdescribedbyhisbiographerashaving’carriedthejealousyofwomen，characteristicofallthesaints，toanextraordinarypitch’。Anexamplewasgiven，wheneverheheldaspiritualconversationwithStEbba，hewascarefultospendtheensuingoursofdarkness’inprayer，uptohisneckinwater’。’Personswhoinventsuchtales，’wroteoneindignantcommentator，’castverygraveandjustsuspicionsonthepurityoftheirownminds。Andyoungpersons，whotalkandthinkinthisway，areinextremedangeroffallingintosinfulhabits。Astothevolumesbeforeus，theauthorshave，intheirfanaticalpanegyricsofvirginity，madeuseoflanguagedownrightprofane。’

OneofthedisciplesatLittlemorewasJamesAnthonyFroude，theyoungerbrotherofHurrell，anditfelltohislottoberesponsibleforthebiographyofSt。Neot。Whilehewascomposingit，hebegantofeelsomequalms。Saintswholightedfireswithicicles，changedbanditsintowolves，andfloatedacrosstheIrishChannelonaltar-stones，producedadisturbingeffectonhishistoricalconscience。ButhehadpromisedhisservicestoNewman，andhedeterminedtocarrythroughtheworkinthespiritinwhichhehadbegunit。Hedidso；buthethoughtitpropertoaddthefollowingsentencebywayofconclusion：’Thisisall，andindeedrathermorethanall，thatisknowntomenoftheblessedSt。Neot；butnotmorethanisknowntotheangelsinheaven。’

Meanwhile，theEnglishRomanCatholicsweregrowingimpatient；

wasthegreatconversionnevercoming，forwhichtheyhadprayedsoferventlyandsolong？Dr。Wiseman，attheheadofthem，waswatchingandwaitingwithspecialeagerness。Hishandwasheldoutundertheripeningfruit；thedeliciousmorselseemedtobetremblingonitsstalk；andyetitdidnotfall。Atlast，unabletobearthesuspenseanylonger，hedispatchedtoLittlemoreFatherSmith，anoldpupilofNewman’s，whohadlatelyjoinedtheRomancommunion，withinstructionsthatheshoulddohisbest，undercoverofasimplevisitoffriendship，todiscoverhowthelandlay。FatherSmithwasreceivedsomewhatcoldly，andtheconversationranentirelyontopicswhichhadnothingtodowithreligion。Whenthecompanyseparatedbeforedinner，hewasbeginningtothinkthathiserrandhadbeenuseless；but，ontheirreassembling，hesuddenlynoticedthatNewmanhadchangedhistrousers，andthatthecolourofthepairwhichhewasnowwearingwasgrey。Attheearliestmoment，theemissaryrushedbackpost-hastetoDr。Wiseman。’Alliswell，’heexclaimed；

’NewmannolongerconsidersthatheisinAnglicanorders。”

PraisebetoGod！’answeredDrWiseman。’Buthowdoyouknow？’

FatherSmithdescribedwhathehadseen。’Oh，isthatall？Mydearfather，howcanyoubesofoolish？’ButFatherSmithwasnottobeshaken。’Iknowtheman，’hesaid，andIknowwhatitmeans。Newmanwillcome，andhewillcomesoon。’

AndFatherSmithwasright。Afewweekslater，Newmansuddenlyslippedofftoapriest，andallwasover。Perhapshewouldhavehesitatedlongerstill，ifhecouldhaveforeseenhowhewastopassthenextthirtyyearsofhisunfortunateexistence；butthefuturewashidden，andallthatwascertainwasthatthepasthadgoneforever，andthathiseyeswouldrestnomoreuponthesnapdragonsofTrinity。

TheOxfordMovementwasnowended。TheUniversitybreathedsuchasighofreliefasusuallyfollowsthedifficultexpulsionofahardpieceofmatterfromalivingorganism，andactuallybegantoattendtoeducation。AsfortheChurchofEngland，shehadtastedblood，anditwasclearthatshewouldneveragainbecontentwithavegetablediet。Herclergy，however，maintainedtheirreputationforjudiciouscompromise，fortheyfollowedNewmanuptotheverypointbeyondwhichhisconclusionswerelogical，and，whiletheyintoned，confessed，swungincense，andburnedcandleswiththeexhilarationofconverts，theyyetmanagedtodosowithasubtlenuancewhichshowedthattheyhadnothingtodowithRome。Variousindividualsunderwentmoreviolentchanges。SeveralhadprecededNewmanintotheRomanfold；

amongothersanunhappyMr。Sibthorpe，whosubsequentlychangedhismind，andreturnedtotheChurchofhisfathers，andthen——

perhapsitwasonlynatural——changedhismindagain。ManymorefollowedNewman，andDr。WisemanwasparticularlypleasedbytheconversionofaMr。Morris，who，ashesaid，was’theauthoroftheessay，whichwontheprizeonthebestmethodofprovingChristianitytotheHindus’。HurrellFroudehaddiedbeforeNewmanhadreadthefatalarticleonSt。Augustine；buthisbrother，JamesAnthony，togetherwithArthurClough，thepoet，wentthroughanexperiencewhichwasmoredistressinginthosedaysthanithassincebecome；theylosttheirfaith。Withthisdifference，however，thatwhileinFroude’scasethelossofhisfaithturnedouttoberatherlikethelossofaheavyportmanteau，whichoneafterwardsdiscoverstohavebeenfullofoldragsandbrickbats，Cloughwasmadesouneasybythelossofhisthathewentonlookingforiteverywhereaslongashelived；butsomehowhenevercouldfindit。Ontheotherhand，KebleandPuseycontinuedfortherestoftheirlivestodanceinanexemplarymanneruponthetight-ropeofHighAnglicanism；insuchanexemplarymanner，indeed，thatthetightropehasitsdancersstill。

IV

MANNINGwasnowthirty-eight，anditwasclearthathewastherisingmanintheChurchofEngland。Hehadmanypowerfulconnections：hewasthebrother-in-lawofSamuelWilberforce，whohadbeenlatelymadeabishop；hewasaclosefriendofMr。

Gladstone，whowasaCabinetMinister；andhewasbecomingwellknownintheinfluentialcirclesofsocietyinLondon。HistalentforaffairswasrecognisednotonlyintheChurch，butintheworldatlarge，andhebusiedhimselfwithmattersofsuchvariedscopeasNationalEducation，theadministrationofthePoorLaw，andtheEmploymentofWomen。Mr。Gladstonekeptupanintimatecorrespondencewithhimontheseandonothersubjects，minglinginhislettersthedetailsofpracticalstatesmanshipwiththespeculationsofareligiousthinker。’SirJamesGraham，’hewrote，inadiscussionofthebastardyclausesofthePoorLaw，’ismuchpleasedwiththetoneofyourtwocommunications。Heisdisposed，withoutputtinganendtotheapplicationoftheworkhousetestagainstthemother，tomaketheremedyagainsttheputativefather“realandeffective“forexpensesincurredintheworkhouse。Iamnotenoughacquaintedtoknowwhetheritwouldbeadvisabletogofurther。Youhavenotproposedit；andIamdisposedtobelievethatonlywitharevivedandimproveddisciplineintheChurchcanwehopeforanygenerallyeffectivecheckuponlawlesslust。’’IagreewithyouEMINENTLY，’hewrites，inalaterletter，’inyourdoctrineofFILTRATION。Butitsometimesoccurstome，thoughthequestionmayseemastrangeone，howfarwastheReformation，butespeciallytheContinentalReformation，designedbyGod，intheregionoffinalcauses，forthatpurificationoftheRomanChurchwhichithasactuallyrealised？’

Inhisarchdeaconry，Manninglivedtothefulltheactivelifeofacountryclergyman。Hisslim，athleticfigurewasseeneverywhereinthestreetsofChichester，oronthelawnsoftheneighbouringrectories，orgallopingoverthedownsinbreechesandgaiters，orcuttingbrilliantfiguresontheice。Hewasanexcellentjudgeofhorse-flesh，andthepairofgreyswhichdrewhishoodedphaetonsoswiftlythroughthelanesweretheadmirationofthecounty。Hisfeatureswerealreadybeginningtoassumetheirasceticcast，butthespiritofyouthhadnotyetfledfromthem，sothatheseemedtocombinetheattractionsofdignityandgrace。Hewasagoodtalker，asympatheticlistener，amanwhounderstoodthedifficultartofpreservingallthevigourofamanlycharacterandyetnevergivingoffence。Nowonderthathissermonsdrewcrowds，nowonderthathisspiritualadvicewassoughtforeagerlybyanever-growinggroupofpenitents；nowonderthatmenwouldsay，whenhisnamewasmentioned，’Oh，Manning！NopoweronearthcankeepHIMfromabishopric！’

SuchwasthefairoutwardseemingoftheArchdeacon’slife；but，theinwardrealitywasdifferent。Themoreactive，themorefortunate，themorefullofhappypromisehisexistencebecame，themorepersistentlywashissecretimaginationhauntedbyadreadfulvision——thelakethatburnethforeverwithbrimstoneandfire。ThetemptationsoftheEvilOnearemany，Manningknew；andheknewalsothat，forhimatleast，themostsubtleandterribleofalltemptationswasthetemptationofworldlysuccess。Hetriedtoreassurehimself，butitwasinvain。Hecommittedhisthoughtstoadiary，weighingscrupulouslyhiseverymotive，examiningwithrelentlesssearchingsintothedepthsofhisheart。Perhaps，afterall，hislongingsforprefermentweremerelylegitimatehopesfor’anelevationintoasphereofhigherusefulness’。Butno。therewassomethingmorethanthat。’Idofeelpleasure，’henoted，’inhonour，precedence，elevation，thesocietyofgreatpeople，andallthisisveryshamefulandmean。’

AfterNewman’sconversion，healmostconvincedhimselfthathis’visionsofanecclesiasticalfuture’werejustifiedbytherolethathewouldplayasa’healerofthebreachintheChurchofEngland’。Mr。Gladstoneagreedwithhim；buttherewasOnehigherthanMr。Gladstone，anddidHeagree？’Iampiercedbyanxiousthoughts。Godknowswhatmydesireshavebeenandare，andwhytheyarecrossed……Iamflatteringmyselfwithafancyaboutdepthandreality……Thegreatquestionis：IsGodenoughforyounow？Andifyouareasnoweventotheendoflife，willitsufficeyou？……CertainlyIwouldratherchoosetobestayedonGod，thantobeinthethronesoftheworldandtheChurch。

NothingelsewillgointoEternity。’

Inamomentofambition，hehadappliedfortheReadershipofLincoln’sInn，but，owingchieflytothehostileinfluenceoftheRecord，theappointmenthadgoneelsewhere。Alittlelater，amoreimportantpositionwasofferedtohim——theofficeofsub-

almonertotheQueen，whichhadjustbeenvacatedbytheArchbishopofYork，andwasalmostcertaintoleadtoamitre。

TheofferthrewManningintoanagonyofself-examination。Hedrewupelaboratetables，afterthemannerofRobinsonCrusoe，withthereasonsforandagainsthisacceptanceofthepost：

FORAGAINST1。Thatitcomesunsought。1。Notthereforetobeaccepted。Suchthingsaretrialsaswellasleadings。2。Thatitishonourable。2。BeingwhatIam，oughtI

notthereforetodeclineit-(1)

ashumiliation；(2)asrevengeonmyselfforLincoln’sInn；

(3)asatestimony？

Andsoon。Hefoundintheendten’negativereasons’，withnoaffirmativeonestobalancethem，and，afteraweek’sdeliberation，herejectedtheoffer。

Butpeaceofmindwasasfarofffromhimasever。Firstthebitterthoughtcametohimthat’inallthisSatantellsmeIamdoingittobethoughtmortifiedandholy’；andthenhewasobsessedbythestillbittererfeelingsofineradicabledisappointmentandregret。Hehadlostagreatopportunity，anditbroughthimsmallcomforttoconsiderthat’intheregionofcounsels，self-chastisement，humiliation，self-discipline，penance，andoftheCross’，hehadperhapsdoneright。