第2章

II——“L\'ILEDESPINGOUINS“

M。AnatoleFrance，historianandadventurer，hasgivenusmanyprofitablehistoriesofsaintsandsinners，ofRomanprocuratorsandofofficialsoftheThirdRepublic，ofGRANDESDAMESandofdamesnotsoverygrand，ofornateLatinistsandofinarticulatestreethawkers，ofpriestsandgenerals——infact，thehistoryofallhumanityasitappearstohispenetratingeye，servingamindmarvellouslyincisiveinitsscepticism，andaheartthat，ofallcontemporaryheartsgiftedwithavoice，containsthegreatesttreasureofcharitableirony。AstoM。AnatoleFrance\'sadventures，thesearewell-known。TheylieopentothisprodigalworldinthefourvolumesoftheVIELITTERAIRE，describingtheadventuresofachoicesoulamongstmasterpieces。ForsuchistheromanticviewM。AnatoleFrancetakesofthelifeofaliterarycritic。Historyandadventure，then，seemtobethechosenfieldsforthemagnificentevolutionsofM。AnatoleFrance\'sprose；butnomateriallimitscanstandinthewayofagenius。Thelatestbookfromhispen——whichmaybecalledgolden，asthelipsofaneloquentsaintonceuponatimewereacclaimedgoldenbythefaithful——thislatestbookis，uptoacertainpoint，abookoftravel。

IwouldnotmisleadapublicwhoseconfidenceIcourt。Thebookisnotarecordofglobe-trotting。Iregretit。ItwouldhavebeenajoytowatchM。AnatoleFrancepouringtheclearelixircompoundedofhisPyrrhonicphilosophy，hisBenedictineerudition，hisgentlewitandmosthumaneironyintosuchanunpromisingandopaquevessel。Hewouldhaveattempteditinaspiritofbenevolencetowardshisfellowmenandofcompassionforthatlifeoftheearthwhichisbutavainandtransitoryillusion。M。AnatoleFranceisagreatmagician，yetthereseemtobetaskswhichhedarenotface。Forheisalsoasage。

Itisabookofoceantravel——not，however，asunderstoodbyHerrBallinofHamburg，theMachiaveloftheAtlantic。Itisabookofexplorationanddiscovery——not，however，asconceivedbyanenterprisingjournalandashrewdlyphilanthropickingofthenineteenthcentury。Itisnothingsorecentasthat。Itdatesmuchfurtherback；long，longbeforethedarkagewhenKruppofEssenwroughtathissteelplatesandaGermanEmperorcondescendinglysuggestedthelastimprovementsinships\'dining-

tables。ThebestideaoftheinconceivableantiquityofthatenterpriseIcangiveyouisbystatingthenatureoftheexplorer\'sship。Itwasatroughofstone，avesselofhollowedgranite。

TheexplorerwasSt。Mael，asaintofArmorica。Ihadneverheardofhimbefore，butIbelievenowinhisarduousexistencewithafaithwhichisatributetoM。AnatoleFrance\'spiousearnestnessanddelicateirony。St。Maelexisted。Itisdistinctlystatedofhimthathislifewasaprogressinvirtue。Thusitseemsthattheremaybesaintsthatarenotprogressivelyvirtuous。St。Maelwasnotofthatkind。Hewasindustrious。Heevangelisedtheheathen。Heerectedtwohundredandeighteenchapelsandseventy-

fourabbeys。Indefatigablenavigatorofthefaith，hedriftedcasuallyinthemiraculoustroughofstonefromcoasttocoastandfromislandtoislandalongthenorthernseas。Attheageofeighty-fourhishighstaturewasbowedbyhislonglabours，buthissinewyarmspreservedtheirvigourandhisrudeeloquencehadlostnothingofitsforce。

Anauticaldeviltemptinghimbytheworldlysuggestionoffittingouthisdesultory，miraculoustroughwithmast，sail，andrudderforswifterprogression(theideaofhastehassprungfromtheprideofSatan)，thesimpleoldsaintlenthiseartothesubtleargumentsoftheprogressiveenemyofmankind。

ThevenerableSt。Maelfellawayfromgracebynotperceivingatoncethatagiftofheavencannotbeimprovedbythecontrivancesofhumaningenuity。Hispunishmentwasadequate。Aterrifictempestsnatchedtheriggedshipofstoneinitswhirlwinds，and，tobebrief，thedazedSt。MaelwasstrandedviolentlyontheIslandofPenguins。

Thesaintwanderedawayfromtheshore。Itwasaflat，roundislandwhenceroseinthecentreaconicalmountaincappedwithclouds。Therainwasfallingincessantly——agentle，softrainwhichcausedthesimplesainttoexclaimingreatdelight:“Thisistheislandoftears，theislandofcontrition！“

Meantimetheinhabitantshadflockedintheirtensofthousandstoanamphitheatreofrocks；theywerepenguins；buttheholyman，rendereddeafandpurblindbyhisyears，mistookexcusablythemultitudeofsilly，erect，andself-importantbirdsforahumancrowd。Atoncehebegantopreachtothemthedoctrineofsalvation。Havingfinishedhisdiscoursehelostnotimeinadministeringtohisinterestingcongregationthesacramentofbaptism。

Ifyouareatallatheologianyouwillseethatitwasnomeanadventuretohappentoawell-meaningandzealoussaint。Prayreflectonthemagnitudeoftheissues！ItiseasytobelievewhatM。AnatoleFrancesays，that，whenthebaptismofthePenguinsbecameknowninParadise，itcausedthereneitherjoynorsorrow，butaprofoundsensation。

M。AnatoleFranceisnomeantheologianhimself。HereportswithgreatcasuisticaleruditionthedebatesinthesaintlycouncilassembledinHeavenfortheconsiderationofaneventsodisturbingtotheeconomyofreligiousmysteries。UltimatelythebaptisedPenguinshadtobeturnedintohumanbeings；andtogetherwiththeprivilegeofsublimehopestheseinnocentbirdsreceivedthecurseoforiginalsin，withthelabours，themiseries，thepassions，andtheweaknessesattachedtothefallenconditionofhumanity。

AtthispointM。AnatoleFranceisagainanhistorian。FrombeingtheHakluytofasaintlyadventurerheturns(butmoreconcisely)

intotheGibbonofImperialPenguins。Tracingthedevelopmentoftheircivilisation，theabsurdityoftheirdesires，thepathosoftheirfollyandtheridiculouslittlenessoftheirquarrels，hisgoldenpenlightensbyrelevantbutunpuritanicalanecdotestheausterityofaworkdevotedtoasubjectsograveasthePolityofPenguins。Itisaveryadmirabletreatment，andIhastentocongratulateallmenofreceptivemindonthefeastofwisdomwhichistheirsforthemerepluckingofabookfromashelf。

TURGENEV{2}——1917

DearEdward，IamgladtohearthatyouareabouttopublishastudyofTurgenev，thatfortunateartistwhohasfoundsomuchinlifeforusandnodoubtforhimself，withtheexceptionofbarejustice。

Perhapsthatwillcometohim，too，intime。Yourstudymayhelptheconsummation。Forhisluckpersistsafterhisdeath。WhatgreaterluckanartistlikeTurgenevcouldwishforthantofindintheEnglish-speakingworldatranslatorwhohasmissednoneofthemostdelicate，mostsimplebeautiesofhiswork，andacriticwhohasknownhowtoanalyseandpointoutitshighqualitieswithperfectsympathyandinsight。

Aftertwentyoddyearsoffriendship(andmyfirstliteraryfriendshiptoo)Imaywellpermitmyselftomakethatstatement，whilethinkingofyourwonderfulPrefacesastheyappearedfromtimetotimeinthevolumesofTurgenev\'scompleteedition，thelastofwhichcameintothelightofpublicindifferenceintheninety-ninthyearofthenineteenthcentury。

Withthatyearonemaysay，withsomejustice，thattheageofTurgenevhadcometoanendtoo；yetworksosimpleandhuman，soindependentofthetransitoryformulasandtheoriesofart，belongsasyoupointoutinthePrefacetoSMOKE“toalltime。”

Turgenev\'screativeactivitycoversaboutthirtyyears。SinceitcametoanendthesocialandpoliticaleventsinRussiahavemovedatanacceleratedpace，butthedeeporiginsofthem，inthemoralandintellectualunrestofthesouls，arerecordedinthewholebodyofhisworkwiththeunerringlucidityofagreatnationalwriter。Thefirststirrings，thefirstgleamsofthegreatforcescanbeseenalmostineverypageofthenovels，oftheshortstoriesandofASPORTSMAN\'SSKETCHES——thosemarvellouslandscapespeopledbyunforgettablefigures。

Thosewillnevergrowold。Fashionsinmonstersdochange，butthetruthofhumanitygoesonforever，unchangeableandinexhaustibleinthevarietyofitsdisclosures。WhetherTurgenev\'sart，whichhascaptureditwithsuchmasteryandsuchgentleness，isfor“alltime“itishardtosay。Since，asyousayyourself，hebringsallhisproblemsandcharacterstothetestoflove，wemayhopethatitwillendureatleasttilltheinfiniteemotionsoflovearereplacedbytheexactsimplicityofperfectedEugenics。Butevenbythen，Ithink，womenwouldnothavechangedmuch；andthewomenofTurgenevwhounderstoodthemsotenderly，soreverentlyandsopassionately——they，atleast，arecertainlyforalltime。

Womenare，onemaysay，thefoundationofhisart。TheyareRussianofcourse。Neverwasawritersoprofoundly，sowhole-

souledlynational。Butfornon-Russianreaders，Turgenev\'sRussiaisbutacanvasonwhichtheincomparableartistofhumanitylayshiscoloursandhisformsinthegreatlightandthefreeairoftheworld。Hadheinventedthemallandalsoeverystickandstone，brookandhillandfieldinwhichtheymove，hispersonageswouldhavebeenjustastrueandaspoignantintheirperplexedlives。Theyarehisownandalsouniversal。AnyonecanacceptthemwithnomorequestionthanoneacceptstheItaliansofShakespeare。

Inthelarger，non-Russianview，whatshouldmakeTurgenevsympatheticandwelcometotheEnglish-speakingworld，ishisessentialhumanity。Allhiscreations，fortunateandunfortunate，oppressedandoppressors，arehumanbeings，notstrangebeastsinamenagerieordamnedsoulsknockingthemselvestopiecesinthestuffydarknessofmysticalcontradictions。Theyarehumanbeings，fittolive，fittosuffer，fittostruggle，fittowin，fittolose，intheendlessandinspiringgameofpursuingfromdaytodaytheever-recedingfuture。

Ibeganbycallinghimlucky，andhewas，inasense。Butoneendsbyhavingsomedoubts。Tobesogreatwithouttheslightestparadeandsofinewithoutanytricksof“cleverness“mustbefataltoanyman\'sinfluencewithhiscontemporaries。

Frankly，Idon\'twanttoappearasqualifiedtojudgeofthingsRussian。Itwouldn\'tbetrue。Iknownothingofthem。ButIamawareofafewgeneraltruths，suchas，forinstance，thatnoman，whatevermaybetheloftinessofhischaracter，thepurityofhismotivesandthepeaceofhisconscience——noman，Isay，likestobebeatenwithsticksduringthegreaterpartofhisexistence。FromwhatoneknowsofhishistoryitappearsclearlythatinRussiaalmostanystickwasgoodenoughtobeatTurgenevwithinhislatteryears。Whenhediedthecharacteristicallychicken-heartedAutocracyhastenedtostuffhismortalenvelopeintothetombitrefusedtohonour，whilethesensitiveRevolutionistswentonforatimeflingingafterhisshadethosejeersandcursesfromwhichthatimpartialloverofALLhiscountrymenhadsufferedsomuchinhislifetime。Forhe，too，wassensitive。Everypageofhiswritingbearsitstestimonytothefatalabsenceofcallousnessintheman。

Andnowhesuffersalittlefromotherthings。Intruthitisnottheconvulsedterror-hauntedDostoievskibutthesereneTurgenevwhoisunderacurse。Foronlythink！Everygifthasbeenheapedonhiscradle:absolutesanityandthedeepestsensibility，theclearestvisionandthequickestresponsiveness，penetratinginsightandunfailinggenerosityofjudgment，anexquisiteperceptionofthevisibleworldandanunerringinstinctforthesignificant，fortheessentialinthelifeofmenandwomen，theclearestmind，thewarmestheart，thelargestsympathy——andallthatinperfectmeasure。There\'senoughtheretoruintheprospectsofanywriter。Foryouknowverywell，mydearEdward，thatifyouhadAntinoushimselfinaboothoftheworld\'sfair，andkilledyourselfinprotestingthathissoulwasasperfectashisbody，youwouldn\'tgetonepercent。ofthecrowdstrugglingnextdoorforasightoftheDouble-headedNightingaleorofsomeweak-kneedgiantgrinningthroughahorsecollar。

J。C。

STEPHENCRANE——ANOTEWITHOUTDATES——1919

MyacquaintancewithStephenCranewasbroughtaboutbyMr。

Pawling，partnerinthepublishingfirmofMr。WilliamHeinemann。

OnedayMr。Pawlingsaidtome:“StephenCranehasarrivedinEngland。Iaskedhimiftherewasanybodyhewantedtomeetandhementionedtwonames。Oneofthemwasyours。”Ihadthenjustbeenreading，liketherestoftheworld，Crane\'sREDBADGEOFCOURAGE。

Thesubjectofthatstorywaswar，fromthepointofviewofanindividualsoldier\'semotions。Thatindividual(heremainsnamelessthroughout)wasinterestingenoughinhimself，butonturningoverthepagesofthatlittlebookwhichhadforthemomentsecuredsuchanoisyrecognitionIhadbeenevenmoreinterestedinthepersonalityofthewriter。Thepictureofasimpleanduntriedyouthbecomingthroughtheneedsofhiscountrypartofagreatfightingmachinewaspresentedwithanearnestnessofpurpose，asenseoftragicissues，andanimaginativeforceofexpressionwhichstruckmeasquiteuncommonandaltogetherworthyofadmiration。

ApparentlyStephenCranehadreceivedafavourableimpressionfromthereadingoftheNIGGEROFTHENARCISSUS，abookofminewhichhadalsobeenpublishedlately。Iwastrulypleasedtohearthis。

Onmynextvisittotownwemetatalunch。Isawayoungmanofmediumstatureandslenderbuild，withverysteady，penetratingblueeyes，theeyesofabeingwhonotonlyseesvisionsbutcanbroodoverthemtosomepurpose。

Hehadindeedawonderfulpowerofvision，whichheappliedtothethingsofthisearthandofourmortalhumanitywithapenetratingforcethatseemedtoreach，withinlife\'sappearancesandforms，theveryspiritoflife\'struth。Hisignoranceoftheworldatlarge——hehadseenverylittleofit——didnotstandinthewayofhisimaginativegraspoffacts，events，andpicturesquemen。

Hismannerwasveryquiet，hispersonalityatfirstsightinteresting，andhetalkedslowlywithanintonationwhichonsomepeople，mainlyAmericans，had，Ibelieve，ajarringeffect。Butnotonme。Whateverhesaidhadapersonalnote，andheexpressedhimselfwithagraphicsimplicitywhichwasextremelyengaging。Heknewlittleofliterature，eitherofhisowncountryorofanyother，buthewashimselfawonderfulartistinwordswheneverhetookapenintohishand。Thenhisgiftcameout——anditwasseenthentobemuchmorethanmerefelicityoflanguage。Hisimpressionismofphrasewentreallydeeperthanthesurface。Inhiswritinghewasverysureofhiseffects。Idon\'tthinkhewaseverindoubtaboutwhathecoulddo。Yetitoftenseemedtomethathewasbuthalfawareoftheexceptionalqualityofhisachievement。

Thisachievementwascurtailedbyhisearlydeath。Itwasagreatlosstohisfriends，butperhapsnotsomuchtoliterature。I

thinkthathehadgivenhismeasurefullyinthefewbookshehadthetimetowrite。Letmenotbemisunderstood:thelosswasgreat，butitwasthelossofthedelighthisartcouldgive，notthelossofanyfurtherpossiblerevelation。Astohimself，whocansayhowmuchhegainedorlostbyquittingsoearlythisworldoftheliving，whichheknewhowtosetbeforeusinthetermsofhisownartisticvision?Perhapshedidnotloseagreatdeal。

Therecognitionhewasaccordedwasratherlanguidandgivenhimgrudgingly。TheworthiestwelcomehesecuredforhistalesinthiscountrywasfromMr。W。HenleyintheNEWREVIEWandlater，towardstheendofhislife，fromthelateMr。WilliamBlackwoodinhismagazine。FortherestImustsaythatduringhissojourninEnglandhehadthemisfortunetobe，astheFrenchsay，MAL

ENTOURE。Hewasbesetbypeoplewhounderstoodnotthequalityofhisgeniusandwereantagonistictothedeeperfinenessofhisnature。Someofthemhavediedsince，butdeadoralivetheyarenotworthspeakingaboutnow。Idon\'tthinkhehadanyillusionsaboutthemhimself:yettherewasastrainofgood-natureandperhapsofweaknessinhischaracterwhichpreventedhimfromshakinghimselffreefromtheirworthlessandpatronisingattentions，whichinthosedayscausedmemuchsecretirritationwheneverIstayedwithhimineitherofhisEnglishhomes。MywifeandIlikebesttorememberhimridingtomeetusatthegateoftheParkatBrede。Bornmasterofhissincereimpressions，hewasalsoabornhorseman。Heneverappearedsohappyorsomuchtoadvantageasonthebackofahorse。Hehadformedtheprojectofteachingmyeldestboytoride，andmeantime，whenthechildwasabouttwoyearsold，presentedhimwithhisfirstdog。

IsawStephenCraneafewdaysafterhisarrivalinLondon。IsawhimforthelasttimeonhislastdayinEngland。ItwasinDover，inabighotel，inabedroomwithalargewindowlookingontothesea。HehadbeenveryillandMrs。CranewastakinghimtosomeplaceinGermany，butoneglanceatthatwastedfacewasenoughtotellmethatitwasthemostforlornofallhopes。Thelastwordshebreathedouttomewere:“Iamtired。Givemylovetoyourwifeandchild。”WhenIstoppedatthedoorforanotherlookIsawthathehadturnedhisheadonthepillowandwasstaringwistfullyoutofthewindowatthesailsofacutteryachtthatglidedslowlyacrosstheframe，likeadimshadowagainstthegreysky。

Thosewhohavereadhislittletale，“Horses，“andthestory，“TheOpenBoat，“inthevolumeofthatname，knowwithwhatfineunderstandinghelovedhorsesandthesea。Andhispassageonthisearthwaslikethatofahorsemanridingswiftlyinthedawnofadayfatedtobeshortandwithoutsunshine。

TALESOFTHESEA——1898

Itisbyhisirresistiblepowertoreachtheadventuroussideinthecharacter，notonlyofhisown，butofallnations，thatMarryatislargelyhuman。Heistheenslaverofyouth，notbytheliteraryartificesofpresentation，butbythenaturalglamourofhisowntemperament。Tohisyoungheroesthebeginningoflifeisasplendidandwarlikelark，endingatlastininheritanceandmarriage。Hisnovelsarenottheoutcomeofhisart，butofhischaracter，likethedeedsthatmakeuphisrecordofnavalservice。

Totheartisthisworkisinterestingasacompletelysuccessfulexpressionofanunartisticnature。Itisabsolutelyamazingtous，asthedisclosureofthespiritanimatingthestirringtimewhenthenineteenthcenturywasyoung。Thereisanairoffableaboutit。Itslosswouldbeirreparable，likethecurtailmentofnationalstoryorthelossofanhistoricaldocument。Itisthebeginningandtheembodimentofaninspiringtradition。

Tothiswriteroftheseatheseawasnotanelement。Itwasastage，wherewasdisplayedanexhibitionofvalour，andofsuchachievementastheworldhadneverseenbefore。Thegreatnessofthatachievementcannotbepronouncedimaginary，sinceitsrealityhasaffectedthedestiniesofnations；nevertheless，initsgrandeurithasalltheremotenessofanideal。Historypreservestheskeletonoffactsand，hereandthere，afigureoraname；butitisinMarryat\'snovelsthatwefindthemassofthenameless，thatweseethemintheflesh，thatweobtainaglimpseoftheeverydaylifeandaninsightintothespiritanimatingthecrowdofobscuremenwhoknewhowtobuildfortheircountrysuchashiningmonumentofmemories。

MarryatisreallyawriteroftheService。Whatsetshimapartishisfidelity。Hispenserveshiscountryaswellasdidhisprofessionalskillandhisrenownedcourage。Hisfiguresmoveaboutbetweenwaterandsky，andthewaterandtheskyarethereonlytoframethedeedsoftheService。Hisnovels，likeamphibiouscreatures，liveontheseaandfrequenttheshore，wheretheyflounderdeplorably。Thelovesandthehatesofhisboysareasprimitiveastheirvirtuesandtheirvices。Hiswomen，fromthebeautifulAgnestothewitch-likemotherofLieutenantVanslyperken，are，withtheexceptionofthesailors\'wives，liketheshadowsofwhathasneverbeen。HisSilvas，hisRibieras，hisShriftens，hisDelmarsremindusofpeoplewehaveheardofsomewhere，manytimes，withouteverbelievingintheirexistence。

Hismoralityishonourableandconventional。Thereiscrueltyinhisfunandhecaninventpunsinthemidstofcarnage。Hisnaivetiesareperpetratedinaluridlight。Thereisanendlessvarietyoftypes，allsurface，withhardedges，withmemorableeccentricitiesofoutline，withachildishandheroiceffectinthedrawing。Theydonotbelongtolife；theybelongexclusivelytotheService。Andyettheylive；thereisatruthinthem，thetruthoftheirtime；aheadlong，recklessaudacity，anintimacywithviolence，anunthinkingfearlessness，andanexuberanceofvitalitywhichonlyyearsofwarandvictoriescangive。Hisadventuresareenthralling；therapidityofhisactionfascinates；

hismethodiscrude，hissentimentality，obviouslyincidental，isoftenfactitious。Hisgreatnessisundeniable。

Itisundeniable。Toamultitudeofreadersthenavyofto-dayisMarryat\'snavystill。Hehascreatedapricelesslegend。Ifhebenotimmortal，yethewilllastlongenoughforthehighestambition，becausehehasdealtmanfullywithaninspiringphaseinthehistoryofthatServiceonwhichthelifeofhiscountrydepends。Thetraditionofthegreatpasthehasfixedinhispageswillbecherishedforeverastheguaranteeofthefuture。Helovedhiscountryfirst，theServicenext，theseaperhapsnotatall。Butthesealovedhimwithoutreserve。Itgavehimhisprofessionaldistinctionandhisauthor\'sfame——afamesuchasnotoftenfallstothelotofatrueartist。

Atthesametime，ontheothersideoftheAtlantic，anothermanwroteoftheseawithtrueartisticinstinct。Heisnotinvinciblyyoungandheroic；heismatureandhuman，thoughforhimalsothestressofadventureandendeavourmustendfatallyininheritanceandmarriage。ForJamesFenimoreCoopernaturewasnottheframe-

work，itwasanessentialpartofexistence。Hecouldhearitsvoice，hecouldunderstanditssilence，andhecouldinterpretbothforusinhisprosewithallthatfelicityandsurenessofeffectthatbelongtoapoeticalconceptionalone。Hisfame，aswidebutlessbrilliantthanthatofhiscontemporary，restsmostlyonanovelwhichisnotofthesea。Buthelovedtheseaandlookedatitwithconsummateunderstanding。Inhisseatalestheseainter-

penetrateswithlife；itisinasubtlewayafactorintheproblemofexistence，and，forallitsgreatness，itisalwaysintouchwiththemen，who，boundonerrandsofwarorgain，traverseitsimmensesolitudes。Hisdescriptionshavethemagistralamplenessofagestureindicatingthesweepofavasthorizon。Theyembracethecoloursofsunset，thepeaceofstarlight，theaspectsofcalmandstorm，thegreatlonelinessofthewaters，thestillnessofwatchfulcoasts，andthealertreadinesswhichmarksmenwholivefacetofacewiththepromiseandthemenaceofthesea。

Heknowsthemenandheknowsthesea。Hismethodmaybeoftenfaulty，buthisartisgenuine。Thetruthiswithinhim。Theroadtolegitimaterealismisthroughpoeticalfeeling，andhepossessesthat——onlyitisexpressedintheleisurelymannerofhistime。Hehastheknowledgeofsimplehearts。LongTomCoffinisamonumentalseamanwiththeindividualityoflifeandthesignificanceofatype。ItishardtobelievethatManualandBorroughcliffe，Mr。MarbleofMarble-Head，CaptainTuckofthepacket-shipMONTAUK，orDaggett，thetenaciouscommanderoftheSEA

LIONofMartha\'sVineyard，mustpassawaysomedayandbeutterlyforgotten。Hissympathyislarge，andhishumourisasgenuine——

andasperfectlyunaffected——asishisart。Incertainpassageshereaches，verysimply，theheightsofinspiredvision。

HewrotebeforethegreatAmericanlanguagewasborn，andhewroteaswellasanynovelistofhistime。Ifhepitchesuponepisodesredoundingtothegloryoftheyoungrepublic，surelyEnglandhasgloryenoughtoforgivehim，forthesakeofhisexcellence，thepatrioticbiasatherexpense。Theinterestofhistalesisconvincingandunflagging；andthererunsthroughhisworkasteadyveinoffriendlinessfortheoldcountrywhichthesucceedinggenerationsofhiscompatriotshavereplacedbyalessdefinitesentiment。

Perhapsnotwoauthorsoffictioninfluencedsomanylivesandgavetosomanytheinitialimpulsetowardsagloriousorausefulcareer。Throughthedistancesofspaceandtimethosetwomenofanotherracehaveshapedalsothelifeofthewriterofthisappreciation。Lifeislife，andartisart——andtruthishardtofindineither。Yetintestimonytotheachievementofboththeseauthorsitmaybesaidthat，inthecaseofthewriteratleast，theyouthfulglamour，theheadlongvitalityoftheoneandtheprofoundsympathy，theartisticinsightoftheother——towhichhehadsurrendered——havewithstoodthebrutalshockoffactsandthewearoflaboriousyears。Hehasneverregrettedhissurrender。

ANOBSERVERINMALAYA{3}——1898

Inhisnewvolume，Mr。HughClifford，atthebeginningofthesketchentitled“AttheHeelsoftheWhiteMan，“expresseshisanxietyastothestateofEngland\'saccountintheDay-BookoftheRecordingAngel“forthegoodandthebadwehavedone——bothwiththemostexcellentintentions。”Theintentionswill，nodoubt，countforsomething，though，ofcourse，everynation\'sconquestsarepavedwithgoodintentions；oritmaybethattheRecordingAngel，lookingcompassionatelyatthestrifeofhearts，maydisdaintoenterintotheEternalBookthefactsofastrugglewhichhastherewardofitsrighteousnessevenonthisearth——invictoryandlastinggreatness，orindefeatandhumiliation。

And，also，lovewillcountformuch。Iftheopinionofalooker-onfromafarisworthanything，Mr。HughClifford\'sanxietyabouthiscountry\'srecordisneedless。TotheMalayswhomhegoverns，instructs，andguidesheistheembodimentoftheintentions，oftheconscienceandmightofhisrace。Andofallthenationsconqueringdistantterritoriesinthenameofthemostexcellentintentions，Englandalonesendsoutmenwho，withsuchatransparentsincerityoffeeling，canspeak，asMr。HughClifforddoes，oftheplaceoftoilandexileas“thelandwhichisverydeartome，wherethebestyearsofmylifehavebeenspent“——andwhere(Iwouldstakemyrighthandonit)hisnameispronouncedwithrespectandaffectionbythosebrownmenaboutwhomhewrites。

Allthesestudiesareonahighlevelofinterest，thoughnotallonthesamelevel。Thedescriptivechapters，resultsofpersonalobservation，seemtomethemostinteresting。And，indeed，inabookofthiskinditistheauthor\'spersonalitywhichawakensthegreatestinterest；itshapesitselfbeforeoneintheringofsentences，itisseenbetweenthelines——liketheprogressofatravellerinthejunglethatmaybetracedbythesoundofthePARANGchoppingtheswayingcreepers，whilethemanhimselfisglimpsed，nowandthen，indistinctandpassingbetweenthetrees。

Thusinhisveryvaguenessofappearance，thewriterseenthroughtheleavesofhisbookbecomesafascinatingcompanioninalandoffascination。

ItiswhendealingwiththeaspectsofnaturethatMr。HughCliffordismostconvincing。Helooksuponthemlovingly，forthelandis“verydeartohim，“andherecordshischerishedimpressionssothattheforest，thegreatflood，thejungle，therapidriver，andthemenacingrockdwellinthememoryofthereaderlongafterthebookisclosed。Hedoesnotsayanything，insomanywords，ofhisaffectionforthosewholiveamidthesceneshedescribessowell，buthishumanityislargeenoughtopardonusifwesuspecthimofsucharareweakness。Inhisprefaceheexpressestheregretatnothavingthegifts(whatevertheymaybe)

ofthekailyardschool，or——lookinguptoaverydifferentplane——

thegeniusofMr。Barrie。Hehas，however，giftsofhisown，andhisgeniushasservedhiscountryandhisfortunesinanotherdirection。Yetitiswhenattemptingwhatheprofesseshimselfunabletodo，intellingusthesimplestoryofUmat，thepunkah-

puller，withunaffectedsimplicityandhalf-concealedtenderness，thathecomesnearesttoartisticachievement。

Eachstudyinthisvolumepresentssomeidea，illustratedbyafacttoldwithoutartifice，butwithanelectivesurenessofknowledge。

ThestoryofTukangBurok\'slove，relatedintheoldman\'sownwords，conveystheverybreathofMalaythoughtandspeech。In“HisLittleBill，“thecoolie，LimTengWah，facinghisdebtor，standsverydistinctbeforeus，aninsignificantandtragicvictimoffatewithwhomhehadquarrelledtothedeathoveramatterofsevendollarsandsixty-eightcents。Thestoryof“TheSchoonerwithaPast“maybeheard，fromtheStraitseastward，withmanyvariations。OutinthePacifictheschoonerbecomesacutter，andthepearl-diversarereplacedbytheBlack-birdsoftheLabourTrade。ButMr。HughClifford\'svariationisverygood。Thereisapassageinit——atrifle——justthediverasseencomingupfromthedepths，thatinitsdozenlinesorsoattainstodistinctartisticvalue。And，scatteredthroughthebook，therearemanyotherpassagesofalmostequaldescriptiveexcellence。

Nevertheless，toapplyartisticstandardstothisbookwouldbeafundamentalerrorinappreciation。Likefaith，enthusiasm，orheroism，artveilspartofthetruthoflifetomaketherestappearmoresplendid，inspiring，orsinister。Andthisbookisonlytruth，interestingandfutile，truthunadorned，simpleandstraightforward。TheResidentofPahanghasthedevotedfriendshipofjmat，thepunkah-puller，hehasanindividualfacultyofvision，alargesympathy，andthescrupulousconsciousnessofthegoodandevilinhishands。Hemayaswellrestcontentwithsuchgifts。

Onecannotexpecttobe，atthesametime，arulerofmenandanirreproachableplayerontheflute。

AHAPPYWANDERER——1910

Convertsareinterestingpeople。Mostofus，ifyouwillpardonmeforbetrayingtheuniversalsecret，have，atsometimeorother，discoveredinourselvesareadinesstostrayfar，eversofar，onthewrongroad。Andwhatdidwedoinourprideandourcowardice?

Castingfearfulglancesandwaitingforadarkmoment，weburiedourdiscoverydiscreetly，andkeptonintheolddirection，onthatold，beatentrackwehavenothadcourageenoughtoleave，andwhichweperceivenowmoreclearlythanbeforetobebutthearidwayofthegrave。

Theconvert，themancapableofgrace(Iamspeakinghereinasecularsense)，isnotdiscreet。Hisprideisofanotherkind；hejumpsgladlyoffthetrack——thetouchofgraceismostlysudden——

andfacingaboutinanewdirectionmayevenattaintheillusionofhavingturnedhisbackonDeathitself。

Someconvertshave，indeed，earnedimmortalitybytheirexquisiteindiscretion。Themostillustriousexampleofaconvert，thatFlowerofchivalry，DonQuixotedelaMancha，remainsforalltheworldtheonlygenuineimmortalhidalgo。ThedelectableKnightofSpainbecameconverted，asyouknow，fromthewaysofasmallcountrysquiretoanimperativefaithinatenderandsublimemission。ForthwithhewasbeatenwithsticksandinduecourseshutupinawoodencagebytheBarberandthePriest，thefitministersofajustlyshockedsocialorder。IdonotknowifithasoccurredtoanybodyyettoshutupMr。Luffmanninawoodencage。{4}IdonotraisethepointbecauseIwishhimanyharm。

Quitethecontrary。Iamahumaneperson。Lethimtakeitasthehighestpraise——butImustsaythatherichlydeservesthatsortofattention。

OntheotherhandIwouldnothavehimundulypuffedupwiththeprideoftheexaltedassociation。Thegravewisdom，theadmirableamenity，theserenegraceofthesecularpatron-saintofallmortalsconvertedtonoblevisionsarenothis。Mr。Luffmannhasnomission。HeisnoKnightsublimelyErrant。ButheisanexcellentVagabond。Heisfullofmerit。Thatperipateticguide，philosopherandfriendofallnations，Mr。Roosevelt，wouldpromptlyexcommunicatehimwithabigstick。Thetruthisthattheex-autocratofalltheStatesdoesnotlikerebelsagainstthesullenorderofouruniverse。Makethebestofitorperish——hecries。AsanelinealsuccessoroftheBarberandthePriest，andasagaciouspoliticalheiroftheincomparableSanchoPanza(anothergreatGovernor)，thatdistinguishedlitterateurhasnomercyfordreamers。Andourauthorhappenstobeamanof(youmaytracetheminhisbooks)someratherfinereveries。

Everyconvertbeginsbybeingarebel，andIdonotseemyselfhowanymercycanpossiblybeextendedtoMr。Luffmann。Heisaconvertfromthecreedofstrenuouslife。Forthisrenegadethebodyisoflittleaccount；tohimworkappearscriminalwhenitsuppressesthedemandsoftheinnerlife；whilehewasyounghedidgrindvirtuouslyatthesacredhandle，andnow，hesays，hehasfallenintodisgracewithsomepeoplebecausehebelievesnolongerintoilwithoutend。Certainrespectablefolkhatehim——sohesays——becausehedarestothinkthat“poetry，beauty，andthebroadfaceoftheworldarethebestthingstobeinlovewith。”HeconfessestolovingSpainonthegroundthatsheis“thelandofto-morrow，andholdsthegospelofnever-mind。”Theuniversalstrivingtopushaheadheconsidersmerevulgarfolly。Didn\'tI

tellyouhewasafitsubjectforthecage?

Itisarelief(weareallhumane，arewenot?)todiscoverthatthisdesperatecharacterisnotaltogetheranoutcast。Littlegirlsseemtolikehim。Oneofthem，afterlisteningtosomeofhistales，remarkedtohermother，“Wouldn\'titbelovelyifwhathesaysweretrue！“HereyouhaveWoman！Thecharmingcreatureswillneitherstrainatacamelnorswallowagnat。Notpublicly。

Theseoperations，withoutwhichtheworldtheyhavesuchalargeshareincouldnotgoonfortenminutes，arelefttous——men。Andthenwearechidedforbeingcoarse。Thisisarefinedobjectionbutdoesnotseemfair。Anotherlittlegirl——orperhapsthesamelittlegirl——wrotetohiminCordova，“IhopePoste-Restanteisaniceplace，andthatyouareverycomfortable。”Womanagain！I

haveinmytimetoldsomestorieswhichare(Ihatefalsemodesty)

bothtrueandlovely。Yetnolittlegirleverwrotetomeinkindlyterms。Andwhy?SimplybecauseIamnotenoughofaVagabond。Thedeardespotsofthefiresidehaveaweaknessforlawlesscharacters。Thisisamiable，butdoesnotseemrational。

BeingQuixotic，Mr。LuffmannisnoImpressionist。Heisfartooearnestinhisheart，andnothalfsufficientlypreciseinhisstyletobethat。Butheisanexcellentnarrator。MorethananyVagabondIhaveevermet，heknowswhatheisabout。Thereisnotoneofhisquietdayswhichisdull。Youwillfindinthemalove-

storynotmadeup，theCOUP-DE-FOUDRE，thelightning-strokeofSpanishlove；andyouwillmarvelhowaspellsosuddenandvehementcanbeatthesametimesotragicallydelicate。Youwillfindtherelandladiesdevouredwithjealousy，astutehousekeepers，delightfulboys，wisepeasants，touchyshopkeepers，alltheCOSAS

DEESPANA——and，inaddition，thepalegirlRosario。Irecommendthatpatheticandsilentvictimoffatetoyourbenevolentcompassion。Youwillfindinhispagesthehumoursofstarvingworkersofthesoil，thevisionamongthemountainsofanexultingmadspiritinamightybody，andmanyothervisionsworthyofattention。Andtheyareexactvisions，forthisidealistisnovisionary。Heisinsympathywithsufferingmankind，andhasagrasponrealhumanaffairs。Imeanthegreatandpitifulaffairsconcernedwithbread，love，andtheobscure，unexpressedneedswhichdrivegreatcrowdstoprayerintheholyplacesoftheearth。

ButIlikehisconceptionofwhata“quiet“lifeislike！Hisquietdaysrequirenofewerthanforty-twooftheforty-nineprovincesofSpaintotaketheireasein。Forhisunquietdays，I

presume，theseven——orisitnine?——crystalspheresofAlexandriancosmogonywouldafford，butawretchedlystraitenedspace。Amostunconventionalthingishisnotionofquietness。Onewouldtakeitasajoke；onlythat，perchance，totheauthorofQUIETDAYSIN

SPAINalldaysmayseemquiet，because，acourageousconvert，heisnowatpeacewithhimself。

HowbettercanwetakeleaveofthisinterestingVagabondthanwiththeroadsalutationofpassingwayfarers:“Andonyoubepeace！……Youhavechosenyourideal，anditisagoodchoice。There\'snothinglikegivingupone\'slifetoanunselfishpassion。Lettherichandthepowerfulofthisglobepreachtheirsoundgospelofpalpableprogress。Thepartoftheidealyouembraceisthebetterone，ifonlyinitsillusions。Nogreatpassioncanbebarren。

Mayaworldofgraciousandpoignantimagesattendtheloftysolitudeofyourrenunciation！“

THELIFEBEYOND——1910

Youhavenodoubtnoticedthatcertainbooksproduceasortofphysicaleffectonone——mostlyanaudibleeffect。IamnotalludingheretoBluebooksortobooksofstatistics。Theeffectoftheseissimplyexasperatingandnomore。No！thebooksIhaveinmindarejustthecommonbooksofcommerceyouandIreadwhenwehavefiveminutestospare，theusualhiredbookspublishedbyordinarypublishers，printedbyordinaryprinters，andcensored(whentheyhappentobenovels)bytheusualcirculatinglibraries，theguardiansofourfiresides，whosenamesarehouseholdwordswithinthefourseas。

Toseethefairandthebraveofthisfreecountrysurrenderingthemselveswithunboundedtrusttothedirectionofthecirculatinglibrariesisverytouching。Itiseven，inasense，abeautifulspectacle，because，asyouknow，humilityisarareandfragrantvirtue；andwhatcanbemorehumblethantosurrenderyourmoralsandyourintellecttothejudgmentofoneofyourtradesmen?I

supposethattherearesomeveryperfectpeoplewhoallowtheArmyandNavyStorestocensortheirdiet。Somuchmerit，however，I

imagine，isnotfrequentlymetwithherebelow。Theflesh，alas！

isweak，and——fromacertainpointofview——soimportant！

Asuperficialpersonmightberenderedmiserablebythesimplequestion:Whatwouldbecomeofusifthecirculatinglibrariesceasedtoexist?Itisahorridandalmostindelicatesupposition，butletusbebraveandfacethetruth。Onthisearthofoursnothinglasts。TOUTPASSE，TOUTCASSE，TOUTLASSE。Imaginetheutterwreckovertakingthemoralsofourbeautifulcountry-housesshouldthecirculatinglibrariessuddenlydie！Butpraydonotshudder。Thereisnooccasion。

Theirspiritshallsurvive。Ideclarethisfrominwardconviction，andalsofromscientificinformationreceivedlately。Forobserve:

thecirculatinglibrariesarehumaninstitutions。Ibegyoutofollowmeclosely。Theyarehumaninstitutions，andbeinghuman，theyarenotanimal，and，therefore，theyarespiritual。Thus，anymanwithenoughmoneytotakeashop，stockhisshelves，andpayforadvertisementsshallbeabletoevokethepureandcensoriousspectreofthecirculatinglibrarieswheneverhisowncommercialspiritmoveshim。

For，andthisistheinformationalludedtoabove，Science，havinginitsinfinitewanderingsrunupagainstvariouswondersandmysteries，isapparentlywillingnowtoallowaspiritualqualitytomanand，Iconclude，toallhisworksaswell。

Idonotknowexactlywhatthis“Science“maybe；andIdonotthinkthatanybodyelseknows；butthatistheinformationstatedshortly。Itiscontainedinabookreposingundermythoughtfuleyes。{5}Iknowitisnotacensoredbook，becauseIcanseeformyselfthatitisnotanovel。Theauthor，onhisside，warnsmethatitisnotphilosophy，thatitisnotmetaphysics，thatitisnotnaturalscience。Afterthiscomprehensivewarning，thedefinitionofthebookbecomes，youwilladmit，aprettyhardnuttocrack。

Butmeantimeletusreturnforamomenttomyopeningremarkaboutthephysicaleffectofsomecommon，hiredbooks。Afewofthem(notnecessarilybooksofverse)aremelodious；themusicsomeothersmakeforyouasyoureadhasthedisagreeableemphasisofabarrel-organ；thetinkling-cymbalsbook(itwasnotwrittenbyahumorist)Ionlymetonce。Butthereisinfinitevarietyinthenoisesbooksdomake。Ihavenowonmyshelvesabookapparentlyofthemostvaluablekindwhich，beforeIhavereadhalf-a-dozenlines，beginstomakeanoiselikeabuzz-saw。Iaminconsolable；

Ishallnever，Ifear，discoverwhatitisallabout，forthebuzzingcoversthewords，andateverytryIamabsolutelyforcedtogiveituperetheendofthepageisreached。

Thebook，however，whichIhavefoundsodifficulttodefine，isbynomeansnoisy。Asamerepieceofwritingitmaybedescribedasbeingbreathlessitselfandtakingthereader\'sbreathaway，notbythemagnitudeofitsmessagebutbyasortofanxiousvolubilityinthedelivery。Theconstantlyelusiveargumentandtheillustrativequotationsgoonwithoutasinglereflectivepause。Forthisreasonalonethereadingofthatworkisafatiguingprocess。

Theauthorhimself(Iusehisownwords)“suspects“thatwhathehaswritten“maybetheologyafterall。”Itmaybe。Itisnotmyplaceeithertoallayortoconfirmtheauthor\'ssuspicionofhisownwork。ButIwillstateitsmainthesis:“Thatscienceregardedinthegrossdictatesthespiritualityofmanandstronglyimpliesaspiritualdestinyforindividualhumanbeings。”Thismeans:ExistenceafterDeath——thatis，Immortality。

Tofindoutitsvalueyoumustgotothebook。ButIwillobserveherethatanImmortalityliableatanymomenttobetrayitselffatuouslybytheforcibleincantationsofMr。SteadorProfessorCrookesisscarcelyworthhaving。CanyouimagineanythingmoresqualidthananImmortalityatthebeckandcallofEusapiaPalladino?ThatwomanlivesonthetopfloorofaNeapolitanhouse，andgetsourpoor，pitiful，augustdead，fleshofourflesh，boneofourbone，spiritofourspirit，whohaveloved，sufferedanddied，aswemustlove，suffer，anddie——shegetsthemtobeattambourinesinacornerandprotrudeshadowylimbsthroughacurtain。Thisisparticularlyhorrible，because，ifonehadtoputone\'sfaithinthesethingsonecouldnotevendiesafelyfromdisgust，asonewouldlongtodo。

Andtobelievethatthesemanifestations，whichtheauthorevidentlytakesformodernmiracles，willstayourtotteringfaith；

tobelievethatthenewpsychologyhas，onlytheotherday，discoveredmantobea“spiritualmystery，“isreallycarryinghumilitytowardsthatuniversalprovider，Science，toofar。

Wemodernshavecomplicatedouroldperplexitiestothepointofabsurdity；ourperplexitiesolderthanreligionitself。Itisnotfornothingthatforsomanycenturiesthepriest，mountingthestepsofthealtar，murmurs，“Whyartthousad，mysoul，andwhydostthoutroubleme?“SincethedayofCreationtwoveiledfigures，DoubtandMelancholy，arepacingendlesslyinthesunshineoftheworld。Whathumanityneedsisnotthepromiseofscientificimmortality，butcompassionatepityinthislifeandinfinitemercyontheDayofJudgment。

And，fortherest，duringthistransienthourofourpilgrimage，wemaywellbecontenttorepeattheInvocationofSarPeladan。SarPeladanwasanoccultist，aseer，amodernmagician。Hebelievedinastrology，inthespiritsoftheair，inelves；hewasmarvellouslyanddeliciouslyabsurd。Incidentallyhewrotesomeincomprehensiblepoemsandafewpagesofharmoniousprose，for，youmustknow，“amagicianisnothingelsebutagreatharmonist。”

HerearesomeeightlinesofthemagnificentInvocation。Letme，however，warnyou，strictlybetweenourselves，thatmytranslationisexecrable。IamsorrytosayIamnomagician。

“ONature，indulgentMother，forgive！Openyourarmstotheson，prodigalandweary。

“Ihaveattemptedtotearasundertheveilyouhavehungtoconcealfromusthepainoflife，andIhavebeenwoundedbythemystery……OEdipus，halfwaytofindingthewordoftheenigma，youngFaust，regrettingalreadythesimplelife，thelifeoftheheart，I

comebacktoyourepentant，reconciled，Ogentledeceiver！“

THEASCENDINGEFFORT——1910

Muchgoodpaperhasbeenlamentablywastedtoprovethatsciencehasdestroyed，thatitisdestroying，or，someday，maydestroypoetry。Meantime，unblushing，unseen，andoftenunheard，theguilelesspoetshavegoneonsinginginasweetstrain。Howtheydaredotheimpossibleandvirtuallyforbiddenthingisacauseforwonderbutnotforlegislation。Notyet。Weareatpresenttoobusyreformingthesilentburglarandplanningconcertstosoothethesavagebreastoftheyellinghooligan。Assomebody——perhapsapublisher——saidlately:“Poetryisofnoaccountnow-a-days。”

Butitisnottotallyneglected。Thosepersonswithgold-rimmedspectacleswhoseusualoccupationistospyupontheobvioushaveremarkedaudibly(onseveraloccasions)thatpoetryhassofarnotgiventoscienceanyacknowledgmentworthyofitsdistinguishedpositioninthepopularmind。ExceptthatTennysonlookeddownthethroatofafoxglove，thatErasmusDarwinwroteTHELOVESOFTHE

PLANTSandascofferTHELOVESOFTHETRIANGLES，poetshavebeensupposedtobeindecorouslyblindtotheprogressofscience。Whattribute，forinstance，haspoetrypaidtoelectricity?AllIcanrememberonthespurofthemomentisMr。ArthurSymons\'lineaboutarclamps:“Hungwiththeglobesofsomeunnaturalfruit。”

CommerceandManufacturepraiseoneveryhandintheirnotmutebutinarticulatewaythegloriesofscience。Poetrydoesnotplayitspart。BeholdJohnKeats，skilfulwiththesurgeon\'sknife；butwhenhewritespoetryhisinspirationisnotfromtheoperatingtable。HereIamreminded，though，ofamoderninstancetothecontraryinprose。Mr。H。G。Wells，who，asfarasIknow，hasneverwrittenalineofverse，wasinspiredafewyearsagotowriteashortstory，UNDERTHEKNIFE。Outofaclock-dial，abrassrod，andawhiffofchloroform，hehasconjuredforusasensationofspaceandeternity，evokedthefaceoftheUnknowable，andanawesome，augustvoice，likethevoiceoftheJudgmentDay；agreatvoice，perhapsthevoiceofscienceitself，utteringthewords:

“Thereshallbenomorepain！“Iadviseyoutolookupthatstory，sohumanandsointimate，becauseMr。Wells，thewriterofprosewhoseamazinginventivenessweallknow，remainsapoeteveninhismostperversemomentsofscornforthingsastheyare。Hispoeticimaginationissometimesevengreaterthanhisinventiveness，Iamnotafraidtosay。But，indeed，imaginativefacultywouldmakeanymanapoet——werehebornwithouttongueforspeechandwithouthandstoseizehisfancyandfastenherdowntoawretchedpieceofpaper。

Thebook{6}whichinthecourseofthelastfewdaysIhaveopenedandshutseveraltimesisnotimaginative。But，ontheotherhand，itisnotadumbbook，assomeare。Ithasevenasortofsoberandseriouseloquence，remindingusthatnotpoetryaloneisatfaultinthismatter。Mr。BournebeginshisASCENDINGEFFORTwitharemarkbySirFrancisGaltonuponEugenicsthat“iftheprincipleshewasadvocatingweretobecomeeffectivetheymustbeintroducedintothenationalconscience，likeanewreligion。”

“Introduced“suggestscompulsoryvaccination。Mr。Bourne，whoisnotatheologian，wishestoleaguetogethernotscienceandreligion，butscienceandthearts。“Theintoxicatingpowerofart，“hethinks，istheverythingneededtogivethedesiredeffecttothedoctrinesofscience。Inuninspiredphrasehepointstotheartsplayingonceuponatimeapartin“popularisingtheChristiantenets。”Withpainstakingfervourasgreatasthefervourofprophets，butnotsopersuasive，heforeseestheartssomedaypopularisingscience。Untilthatdaydawns，sciencewillcontinuetobelameandpoetryblind。Hehimselfcannotsmoothorevenpointouttheway，thoughhethinksthat“areallyprudentpeoplewouldbegreedyofbeauty，“andtheirpublicauthorities“ascarefulofthesenseofcomfortasofsanitation。”

Asthewriterofthoseremarkablerusticnotebooks，THEBETTESWORTH

BOOKandMEMOIRSOFASURREYLABOURER，theauthorhasaclaimuponourattention。Buthisseriousness，hispatience，hisalmosttouchingsincerity，canonlycommandtherespectofhisreadersandnothingmore。Heisobsessedbyscience，hauntedandshadowedbyit，untilhehasbeenbewilderedintoawe。Heknows，indeed，thatartowesitstriumphsanditssubtleinfluencetothefactthatitissuesstraightfromourorganicvitality，andisamovementoflife-cellswiththeirmatchlessunintellectualknowledge。Butthefactthatpoetrydoesnotseemobviouslyinlovewithsciencehasnevermadehimdoubtwhetheritmaynotbeanargumentagainsthishastetoseethemarriageceremonyperformedamidpublicrejoicings。

Manyamanhasheardorreadandbelievesthattheearthgoesroundthesun；onesmallblobofmudamongseveralothers，spinningridiculouslywithawagglingmotionlikeatopabouttofall。ThisistheCopernicansystem，andthemanbelievesinthesystemwithoutoftenknowingasmuchaboutitasitsname。Butwhilewatchingasunsetheshedshisbelief；heseesthesunasasmallandusefulobject，theservantofhisneedsandthewitnessofhisascendingeffort，sinkingslowlybehindarangeofmountains，andthenheholdsthesystemofPtolemy。Heholdsitwithoutknowingit。Inthesamewayapoethears，reads，andbelievesathousandundeniabletruthswhichhavenotyetgotintohisblood，norwilldoafterreadingMr。Bourne\'sbook；hewrites，therefore，asifneithertruthsnorbookexisted。Lifeandtheartsfollowdarkcourses，andwillnotturnasidetothebrilliantarc-lightsofscience。Someday，withoutadoubt，——anditmaybeaconsolationtoMr。Bournetoknowit——fullyinformedcriticswillpointoutthatMr。Davies\'spoemonadarkwomancombingherhairmusthavebeenwrittenaftertheinvasionofappendicitis，andthatMr。

Yeats\'s“HadItheheaven\'sembroideredcloths“camebeforeradiumwasquiteunnecessarilydraggedoutofitsrespectableobscurityinpitchblendetoupsetthevenerable(andcomparativelynaive)

chemistryofouryoungdays。

Therearetimeswhenthetyrannyofscienceandthecantofsciencearealarming，butthereareothertimeswhentheyareentertaining——

andthisisoneofthem。“Manyamanprideshimself“saysMr。

Bourne，“onhispietyorhisviewsofart，whosewholerangeofideas，couldtheybeinvestigated，wouldbefoundordinary，ifnotbase，becausetheyhavebeenadoptedincompliancewithsomeexternalpersuasionortoservesometimidpurposeinsteadofproceedingauthoritativelyfromthelivingselectionofhishereditarytaste。”Thisextractisafairsampleofthebook\'sthoughtandofitsstyle。ButMr。Bourneseemstoforgetthat“persuasion“isavainthing。Theappreciationofgreatartcomesfromwithin。

ItisbutthemerestjusticetosaythatthetransparenthonestyofMr。Bourne\'spurposeisundeniable。Butthewholebookissimplyanearnestexpressionofapiouswish；and，likethegeneralityofpiouswishes，thisoneseemsoflittledynamicvalue——besidesbeingimpracticable。

Yes，indeed。ArthasservedReligion；artistshavefoundthemostexaltedinspirationinChristianity；butthelightofTransfigurationwhichhasilluminatedtheprofoundestmysteriesofoursinfulsoulsisnotthelightofthegeneratingstations，whichexposesthedepthsofourinfatuationwhereourmereclevernessispermittedforawhiletogropefortheunessentialamonginvincibleshadows。

THECENSOROFPLAYS——ANAPPRECIATION——1907

AcoupleofyearsagoIwasmovedtowriteaone-actplay——andI

livedlongenoughtoaccomplishthetask。Weliveandlearn。WhentheplaywasfinishedIwasinformedthatithadtobelicensedforperformance。ThusIlearnedoftheexistenceoftheCensorofPlays。ImaysaywithoutvanitythatIamintelligentenoughtohavebeenastonishedbythatpieceofinformation:forfactsmuststandinsomerelationtotimeandspace，andIwasawareofbeinginEngland——inthetwentieth-centuryEngland。Thefactdidnotfitthedateandtheplace。Thatwasmyfirstthought。Itwas，inshort，animproperfact。IbegyoutobelievethatIamwritinginallseriousnessandamweighingmywordsscrupulously。

ThereforeIdon\'tsayinappropriate。Isayimproper——thatis:

somethingtobeashamedof。Andatfirstthisimpressionwasconfirmedbytheobscurityinwhichthefigureembodyingthisafterallconsiderablefacthaditsbeing。TheCensorofPlays！Hisnamewasnotinthemouthsofallmen。Farfromit。Heseemedstealthyandremote。TherewasaboutthatfigurethescentofthefarEast，likethepeculiaratmosphereofaMandarin\'sbackyard，andthemustinessoftheMiddleAges，thatepochwhenmankindtriedtostandstillinamonstrousillusionoffinalcertitudeattainedinmorals，intellectandconscience。

Itwasadisagreeableimpression。ButIreflectedthatprobablythecensorshipofplayswasaninactivemonstrosity；notexactlyasurvival，sinceitseemedobviouslyatvariancewiththegeniusofthepeople，butanheirloomofpastages，abizarreandimportedcuriositypreservedbecauseofthatweaknessonehasforone\'soldpossessionsapartfromanyintrinsicvalue；onemoreobjectofexoticVIRTU，anOrientalPOTICHE，aMAGOTCHINOISconceivedbyachildishandextravagantimagination，butallowedtostandinstolidimpotenceinthetwilightoftheuppershelf。

ThusIquietedmyuneasymind。Itsuneasinesshadnothingtodowiththefateofmyone-actplay。Theplaywasdulyproduced，andanexceptionallyintelligentaudiencestareditcoldlyofftheboards。Itceasedtoexist。Itwasafairandopenexecution。

ButhavingsurvivedthefreezingatmosphereofthatauditoriumI

continuedtoexist，labouringundernosenseofwrong。Iwasnotpleased，butIwascontent。Iwascontenttoaccepttheverdictofafreeandindependentpublic，judgingafteritsconsciencetheworkofitsfree，independentandconscientiousservant——theartist。

Onlythuscanthedignityofartisticservitudebepreserved——nottospeakofthebareexistenceoftheartistandtheself-respectoftheman。Ishallsaynothingoftheself-respectofthepublic。

Totheself-respectofthepublicthepresentappealagainstthecensorshipisbeingmadeandIjoininitwithallmyheart。

ForIhavelivedlongenoughtolearnthatthemonstrousandoutlandishfigure，theMAGOTCHINOISwhomIbelievedtobebutamemorialofourforefathers\'mentalaberration，thatgrotesquePOTICHE，works！Theabsurdandhollowcreatureofclayseemstobealivewithasortof(surely)unconsciouslifeworthyofitstraditions。Itheavesitsstomach，itrollsitseyes，itbrandishesamonstrousarm:andwiththecensorship，likeaBravoofoldVenicewithamorecarnalweapon，stabsitsvictimfrombehindinthetwilightofitsuppershelf。LesspicturesquethantheVenetianincloakandmask，lessestimable，too，inthis，thattheassassinpliedhismoraltradeathisownriskderivingnocountenancefromthepowersoftheRepublic，itstandsmoremalevolent，inasmuchthattheBravostrikingintheduskkilledbutthebody，whereasthegrotesquethingnoddingitsmandarinheadmayinitsabsurdunconsciousnessstrikedownatanytimethespiritofanhonest，ofanartistic，perhapsofasublimecreation。

ThisChinesemonstrosity，disguisedinthetrousersoftheWesternBarbarianandprovidedbytheStatewiththeimmortalMr。

Stiggins\'splughatandumbrella，iswithus。Itisanoffice。Anofficeoftrust。Andfromtimetotimethereisfoundanofficialtofillit。Heisapublicman。Theleastprominentofpublicmen，themostunobtrusive，themostobscureifnotthemostmodest。

Buthoweverobscure，apublicmanmaybetoldthetruthifonlyonceinhislife。Hisofficeflourishesintheshade；notintherusticshadebelovedofthevioletbutinthemuddledtwilightofmind，wheretyrannyofeverysortflourishes。Itsholderneednothaveeitherbrainorheart，nosight，notaste，noimagination，notevenbowelsofcompassion。Heneedsnotthesethings。Hehaspower。Hecankillthought，andincidentallytruth，andincidentallybeauty，providingtheyseektoliveinadramaticform。Hecandoit，withoutseeing，withoutunderstanding，withoutfeelinganything；outofmerestupidsuspicion，asanirresponsibleRomanCaesarcouldkillasenator。Hecandothatandthereisnoonetosayhimnay。Hemaycallhiscook(Moliereusedtodothat)

frombelowandgiveherfiveactstojudgeeverymorningasamatterofconstantpracticeandstillremaintheunquestioneddestroyerofmen\'shonestwork。Hemayhaveaglasstoomuch。

Thisaccidenthashappenedtopersonsofunimpeachablemorality——togentlemen。HemaysufferfromspellsofimbecilitylikeClodius。

Hemay……whatmighthenotdo！ItellyouheistheCaesarofthedramaticworld。TherehasbeensincetheRomanPrincipatenothinginthewayofirresponsiblepowertocomparewiththeofficeoftheCensorofPlays。

Lookedatinthiswayithassomegrandeur，somethingcolossalintheodiousandtheabsurd。Thisfigureinwhosepoweritistosuppressanintellectualconception——tokillthought(adreamforamadbrain，mymasters！)——seemsdesignedinaspiritofbittercomedytobringoutthegreatnessofaPhilistine\'sconceitandhismoralcowardice。

ButthisisEnglandinthetwentiethcentury，andonewondersthattherecanbefoundamancourageousenoughtooccupythepost。Itisamatterformeditation。HavinggivenitafewminutesIcometotheconclusionintheserenityofmyheartandthepeaceofmyconsciencethathemustbeeitheranextrememegalomaniacoranutterlyunconsciousbeing。

Hemustbeunconscious。Itisoneofthequalificationsforhismagistracy。Otherqualificationsareequallyeasy。Hemusthavedonenothing，expressednothing，imaginednothing。Hemustbeobscure，insignificantandmediocre——inthought，act，speechandsympathy。Hemustknownothingofart，oflife——andofhimself。

Forifhedidhewouldnotdaretobewhatheis。Likethatmuchquestionedandmysteriousbird，thephoenix，hesitsamongstthecoldashesofhispredecessoruponthealtarofmorality，aloneofhiskindinthesightofwonderinggenerations。

AndIwillendwithaquotationreproducingnotperhapstheexactwordsbutthetruespiritofaloftyconscience。

“Oftenwhensittingdowntowritethenoticeofaplay，especiallywhenIfeltitantagonistictomycanonsofart，tomytastesormyconvictions，Ihesitatedinthefearlestmyconscientiousblamemightcheckthedevelopmentofagreattalent，mysincerejudgmentcondemnaworthymind。WiththepenpoisedinmyhandIhesitated，whisperingtomyself\'WhatifIwereperchancedoingmypartinkillingamasterpiece。\'“

SuchweretheloftyscruplesofM。JulesLemaitre——dramatistanddramaticcritic，agreatcitizenandahighmagistrateintheRepublicofLetters；aCensorofPlaysexercisinghisaugustofficeopenlyinthelightofday，withtheauthorityofaEuropeanreputation。ButthenM。JulesLemaitreisamanpossessedofwisdom，ofgreatfame，ofafineconscience——notanobscurehollowChinesemonstrosityornamentedwithMr。Stiggins\'splughatandcottonumbrellabyitsanxiousgrandmother——theState。

Frankly，isitnottimetoknocktheimproperobjectoffitsshelf?

Ithasstoodtoolongthere。HatchedinPekin(Ishouldsay)bysomeBoardofRespectableRites，thelittlecaravanmonsterhascometousbywayofMoscow——Isuppose。Itisoutlandish。Itisnotvenerable。Itdoesnotbelonghere。Isitnottimetoknockitoffitsdarkshelfwithsomeimplementappropriatetoitsworthandstatus?Withanoldbroomhandleforinstance。

PARTII——LIFE

AUTOCRACYANDWAR——1905

FromthefiringofthefirstshotonthebanksoftheSha-ho，thefateofthegreatbattleoftheRusso-Japanesewarhunginthebalanceformorethanafortnight。Thefamousthree-daybattles，forwhichhistoryhasreservedtherecognitionofspecialpages，sinkintoinsignificancebeforethestrugglesinManchuriaengaginghalfamillionmenonfrontsofsixtymiles，struggleslastingforweeks，flamingupfiercelyanddyingawayfromsheerexhaustion，toflameupagainindesperatepersistence，andend——aswehaveseenthemendmorethanonce——notfromthevictorobtainingacrushingadvantage，butthroughthemortalwearinessofthecombatants。

Wehaveseenthesethings，thoughwehaveseenthemonlyinthecold，silent，colourlessprintofbooksandnewspapers。Instigmatisingtheprintedwordascold，silentandcolourless，I

havenointentionofputtingaslightuponthefidelityandthetalentsofmenwhohaveprovideduswithwordstoreadaboutthebattlesinManchuria。Ionlywishedtosuggestthatinthenatureofthings，thewarintheFarEasthasbeenmadeknowntous，sofar，inagreyreflectionofitsterribleandmonotonousphasesofpain，death，sickness；areflectionseenintheperspectiveofthousandsofmiles，inthedimatmosphereofofficialreticence，throughtheveilofinadequatewords。Inadequate，Isay，becausewhathadtobereproducedisbeyondthecommonexperienceofwar，andourimagination，luckilyforourpeaceofmind，hasremainedaslumberingfaculty，notwithstandingthedinofhumanitariantalkandtherealprogressofhumanitarianideas。Directvisionofthefact，orthestimulusofagreatart，canalonemakeitturnandopenitseyesheavywithblessedsleep；andeventhere，asagainstthetestimonyofthesensesandthestirringupofemotion，thatsavingcallousnesswhichreconcilesustotheconditionsofourexistence，willassertitselfundertheguiseofassenttofatalnecessity，orintheenthusiasmofapurelyaestheticadmirationoftherendering。Inthisageofknowledgeoursympatheticimagination，towhichalonewecanlookfortheultimatetriumphofconcordandjustice，remainsstrangelyimpervioustoinformation，howevercorrectlyandevenpicturesquelyconveyed。Astothevauntedeloquenceofaserriedarrayoffigures，ithasallthefutilityofprecisionwithoutforce。Itistheexplodedsuperstitionofenthusiasticstatisticians。Anover-workedhorsefallinginfrontofourwindows，amanwrithingunderacart-wheelinthestreetsawakenmoregenuineemotion，morehorror，pity，andindignationthanthestreamofreports，appallingintheirmonotony，oftensofthousandsofdecayingbodiestaintingtheairoftheManchurianplains，ofothertensofthousandsofmaimedbodiesgroaninginditches，crawlingonthefrozenground，fillingthefieldhospitals；ofthehundredsofthousandsofsurvivorsnolesspatheticandevenmoretragicinbeingleftalivebyfatetothewretchedexhaustionoftheirpitifultoil。

AnearlyVictorian，orperhapsapre-Victorian，sentimentalist，lookingoutofanupstairswindow，Ibelieve，atastreet——perhapsFleetStreetitself——fullofpeople，isreported，byanadmiringfriend，tohaveweptforjoyatseeingsomuchlife。Thesearcadiantears，thisfacileemotionworthyofthegoldenage，comestousfromthepast，withsolemnapproval，afterthecloseoftheNapoleonicwarsandbeforetheseriesofsanguinarysurprisesheldinreservebythenineteenthcenturyforourhopefulgrandfathers。

Wemaywellenvythemtheiroptimismofwhichthisanecdoteofanamiablewitandsentimentalistpresentsanextremeinstance，butstill，atrueinstance，andworthyofregardinthespontaneoustestimonytothattrustinthelifeoftheearth，triumphantatlastinthefelicityofherchildren。Moreover，thepsychologyofindividuals，eveninthemostextremeinstances，reflectsthegeneraleffectofthefearsandhopesofitstime。Weptforjoy！

Ishouldthinkthatnow，aftereightyyears，theemotionwouldbeofasternersort。Onecouldnotimagineanybodysheddingtearsofjoyatthesightofmuchlifeinastreet，unless，perhaps，hewereanenthusiasticofficerofageneralstafforapopularpolitician，withacareeryettomake。Andhardlyeventhat。Inthecaseofthefirsttearswouldbeunprofessional，andasternrepressionofallsignsofjoyattheprovisionofsomuchfoodforpowdermoreinaccordwiththerulesofprudence；thejoyofthesecondwouldbecheckedbeforeitfoundissueinweepingbyanxiousdoubtsastothesoundnessoftheseelectors\'viewsuponthequestionofthehour，andthefearofmissingtheconsensusoftheirvotes。

No！Itseemsthatsuchatenderjoywouldbemisplacednowasmuchaseverduringthelasthundredyears，togonofurtherback。Theendoftheeighteenthcenturywas，too，atimeofoptimismandofdismalmediocrityinwhichtheFrenchRevolutionexplodedlikeabomb-shell。InitsluridblazetheinsufficiencyofEurope，theinferiorityofminds，ofmilitaryandadministrativesystems，stoodexposedwithpitilessvividness。AndthereisbutlittlecourageinsayingatthistimeofthedaythattheglorifiedFrenchRevolutionitself，exceptforitsdestructiveforce，wasinessentialsamediocrephenomenon。Theparentageofthatgreatsocialandpoliticalupheavalwasintellectual，theideawaselevated；butitisthebitterfateofanyideatoloseitsroyalformandpower，toloseits“virtue“themomentitdescendsfromitssolitarythronetoworkitswillamongthepeople。Itisakingwhosedestinyisnevertoknowtheobedienceofhissubjectsexceptatthecostofdegradation。ThedegradationoftheideasoffreedomandjusticeattherootoftheFrenchRevolutionismademanifestinthepersonofitsheir；apersonalitywithoutlaworfaith，whomithasbeenthefashiontorepresentasaneagle，butwhowas，intruth，morelikeasortofvulturepreyinguponthebodyofaEuropewhichdid，indeed，forsomedozenofyears，verymuchresembleacorpse。ThesubtleandmanifoldinfluenceforeviloftheNapoleonicepisodeasaschoolofviolence，asasowerofnationalhatreds，asthedirectprovocatorofobscurantismandreaction，ofpoliticaltyrannyandinjustice，cannotwellbeexaggerated。

Thenineteenthcenturybeganwithwarswhichweretheissueofacorruptedrevolution。Itmaybesaidthatthetwentiethbeginswithawarwhichisliketheexplosivefermentofamoralgrave，whencemayyetemergeanewpoliticalorganismtotaketheplaceofagiganticanddreadedphantom。ForahundredyearstheghostofRussianmight，overshadowingwithitsfantasticbulkthecouncilsofCentralandWesternEurope，satuponthegravestoneofautocracy，cuttingofffromair，fromlight，fromallknowledgeofthemselvesandoftheworld，theburiedmillionsofRussianpeople。

Notthemostdeterminedcockneysentimentalistcouldhavehadthehearttoweepforjoyatthethoughtofitsteemingnumbers！Andyettheywereliving，theyarealiveyet，since，throughthemistofprint，wehaveseentheirbloodfreezingcrimsonuponthesnowofthesquaresandstreetsofSt。Petersburg；sincetheirgenerationsborninthegraveareyetaliveenoughtofilltheditchesandcoverthefieldsofManchuriawiththeirtornlimbs；tosendupfromthefrozengroundofbattlefieldsachorusofgroanscallingforvengeancefromHeaven；tokillandretreat，orkillandadvance，withoutintermissionorrestfortwentyhours，forfiftyhours，forwholeweeksoffatigue，hunger，cold，andmurder——tilltheirghastlylabour，worthyofaplaceamongstthepunishmentsofDante\'sInferno，passingthroughthestagesofcourage，offury，ofhopelessness，sinksintothenightofcrazydespair。

Itseemsthatinbotharmiesmanymenaredrivenbeyondtheboundsofsanitybythestressofmoralandphysicalmisery。Greatnumbersofsoldiersandregimentalofficersgomadasifbywayofprotestagainstthepeculiarsanityofastateofwar:mostlyamongtheRussians，ofcourse。TheJapanesehaveintheirfavourthetoniceffectofsuccess；andtheinnategentlenessoftheircharacterstandsthemingoodstead。ButtheJapanesegrandarmyhasyetanotheradvantageinthisnerve-destroyingcontest，whichforendless，arduoustoilofkillingsurpassesallthewarsofhistory。Ithasabaseforitsoperations；abaseofanaturebeyondtheconcernofthemanybookswrittenupontheso-calledartofwar，which，consideredbyitself，purelyasanexerciseofhumaningenuity，isatbestonlyathingofwell-worn，simpleartifices。

TheJapanesearmyhasforitsbaseareasonedconviction；ithasbehindittheprofoundbeliefintherightofalogicalnecessitytobeappeasedatthecostofsomuchbloodandtreasure。Andinthatbelief，whetherwellorillfounded，thatarmystandsonthehighgroundofconsciousassent，shoulderingdeliberatelytheburdenofalong-triedfaithfulness。Theotherpeople(sinceeachpeopleisanarmynowadays)，tornoutfromamiserablequietuderesemblingdeathitself，hurledacrossspace，amazed，withoutstarting-pointofitsownorknowledgeoftheaim，canfeelnothingbutahorror-strickenconsciousnessofhavingmysteriouslybecometheplaythingofablackandmercilessfate。

Theprofound，theinstructivenatureofthiswarisresumedbythememorabledifferenceinthespiritualstateofthetwoarmies；theoneforlornanddazedonbeingdrivenoutfromanabyssofmentaldarknessintotheredlightofaconflagration，theotherwithafullknowledgeofitspastanditsfuture，“findingitself“asitwereateverystepofthetryingwarbeforetheeyesofanastonishedworld。Thegreatnessofthelessonhasbeendwarfedformostofusbyanoftenhalf-consciousprejudiceofrace-difference。

TheWesthavingmanagedtolodgeitshastyfootontheneckoftheEast，ispronetoforgetthatitisfromtheEastthatthewondersofpatienceandwisdomhavecometoaworldofmenwhosetthevalueoflifeinthepowertoactratherthaninthefacultyofmeditation。Ithasbeendwarfedbythis，andithasbeenobscuredbyacloudofconsiderationswithwhoseshapingwisdomandmeditationhadlittleornothingtodo；bythewearyplatitudesonthemilitarysituationwhich(apartfromgeographicalconditions)

isthesameeverlastingsituationthathasprevailedsincethetimesofHannibalandScipio，andfurtherbackyet，sincethebeginningofhistoricalrecord——sinceprehistorictimes，forthatmatter；bytheconventionalexpressionsofhorroratthetaleofmaimingandkilling；bytherumoursofpeacewithguessesmoreorlessplausibleastoitsconditions。Allthisismadelegitimatebytheconsecratedcustomofwritersinsuchtimeasthis——thetimeofagreatwar。MorelegitimateinviewofthesituationcreatedinEuropearethespeculationsastothecourseofeventsafterthewar。Morelegitimate，buthardlymorewisethantheirresponsibletalkofstrategythatneverchanges，andoftermsofpeacethatdonotmatter。

Andaboveitall——unaccountablypersistent——thedecrepit，old，hundredyearsold，spectreofRussia\'smightstillfacesEuropefromacrosstheteeminggravesofRussianpeople。Thisdreadedandstrangeapparition，bristlingwithbayonets，armedwithchains，hungoverwithholyimages；thatsomethingnotofthisworld，partakingofaravenousghoul，ofablindDjinngrownupfromacloud，andoftheOldManoftheSea，stillfacesuswithitsoldstupidity，withitsstrangemysticalarrogance，stampingitsshadowyfeetuponthegravestoneofautocracyalreadycrackedbeyondrepairbythetorpedoesofTogoandthegunsofOyama，alreadyheavingintheblood-soakedgroundwiththefirststirringsofaresurrection。