下载辰思小说免费APP
ThenextattemptwillbetoconvincetheGermangovernments，by
meansofthisreport，howadvantageoustothemitwouldbetolet
Englandspincottonandlinenyarnsforthem。Itcannotbedoubted
thathithertothepolicyadoptedbytheUnion，firstofallto
encourageandprotecttheprintingofclothsandthenweaving，and
toimportthemediumandfineryarns，hasbeentherightone。But
fromthatitinnowisefollowsthatitwouldcontinuetobethe
rightoneforalltime。Thetarifflegislationmustadvanceasthe
nationalindustryadvancesifitisrightlytofulfilitspurpose。
Wehavealreadyshownthatthespinningfactories，quiteapartfrom
theirimportanceinthemselves，yetarethesourceoffurther
incalculablebenefits，inasmuchastheyplaceusindirect
commercialcommunicationwiththecountriesofwarmclimate，and
hencethattheyexerciseanincalculableinfluenceonour
navigationandonourexportofmanufactures，andthattheybenefit
ourmanufactoriesofmachinerymorethananyotherbranchof
manufacture。InasmuchasitcannotbedoubtedthatGermanycannot
behinderedeitherbywantofwaterpowerandofcapableworkmen，
orbylackofmaterialcapitalorintelligence，fromcarryingon
forherselfthisgreatandfruitfulindustry，sowecannotseewhy
weshouldnotgraduallyprotectthespinningofyarnsfromone
numbertoanother，insuchawaythatinthecourseoffivetoten
yearswemaybeabletospinforourselvesthegreaterpartofwhat
werequire。Howeverhighlyonemayestimatetheadvantagesofthe
exportofgrainandtimber，theycannotnearlyequalthebenefits
whichmustaccruetousfromthespinningmanufacture。Indeed，we
havenohesitationinexpressingthebeliefthatitcouldbe
incontestablyproved，byacalculationoftheconsumptionof
agriculturalproductsandtimberwhichwouldbecreatedbythe
spinningindustry，thatfromthisbranchofmanufacturealonefar
greaterbenefitsmustaccruetotheGermanlandownersthanthe
foreignmarketwilleverorcaneverofferthem。
DrBowringdoubtsthatHanover，Brunswick，thetwo
Mecklenburgs，Oldenburg，andtheHanseTownswilljointheUnion，
unlessthelatteriswillingtomakearadicalreductioninits
importduties。Thelatterproposal，however，cannotbeseriously
considered，becauseitwouldbeimmeasurablyworsethantheevil
whichbyit，itisdesiredtoremedy。
OurconfidenceintheprosperityofthefutureofGermanyis，
however，bynomeanssoweakasthatoftheauthorofthereport。
JustastheRevolutionofJulyhasprovedbeneficialtotheGerman
CommercialUnion，somustthenextgreatgeneralconvulsionmakean
endofalltheminorhesitationsbywhichthesesmallstateshave
hithertobeenwithheldfromyieldingtothegreaterrequirementsof
theGermannationality。Ofwhatvaluethecommercialunityhasbeen
tothenationality，andofwhatvalueitistoGermangovernments，
quiteapartfrommerematerialinterests，hasbeenrecentlyforthe
firsttimeverystronglydemonstrated，whenthedesiretoacquire
theRhinefrontierhasbeenloudlyexpressedinFrance。
Fromdaytodayitisnecessarythatthegovernmentsand
peoplesofGermanyshouldbemoreconvincedthatnationalunityis
therockonwhichtheedificeoftheirwelfare，theirhonour，their
power，theirpresentsecurityandexistence，andtheirfuture
greatness，mustbefounded。Thusfromdaytodaytheapostasyof
thesesmallmaritimestateswillappearmoreandmore，notonlyto
thestatesintheUnion，buttothesesmallstatesthemselves，in
thelightofanationalscandalwhichmustbegotridofatany
price。Also，ifthematterisintelligentlyconsidered，the
materialadvantagesofjoiningtheUnionaremuchgreaterforthose
statesthemselvesthanthesacrificewhichitrequires。Themore
thatmanufacturingindustry，thattheinternalmeansoftransport，
thenavigation，andtheforeigntradeofGermany，develop
themselves，inthatdegreeinwhichunderawisecommercialpolicy
theycanandmustbedevelopedinaccordancewiththeresourcesof
thenation，somuchthemorewillthedesirebecomemorevigorous
onthepartofthosesmallstatesdirectlytoparticipateinthese
advantages，andsomuchthemorewilltheyleaveoffthebadhabit
oflookingtoforeigncountriesforblessingsandprosperity。
InreferencetotheHanseTownsespecially，thespiritof
imperialcitizenshipofthesovereignparishofHamburginnoway
detersusfromourhopes。Inthosecities，accordingtothe
testimonyoftheauthorofthereporthimself，dwellagreatnumber
ofmenwhocomprehendthatHamburg，Bremen，andLubeckareandmust
betotheGermannationthatwhichLondonandLiverpoolaretothe
English，thatwhichNewYork，Boston，andPhiladelphiaaretothe
Americans——menwhoclearlyseethattheCommercialUnioncan
offeradvantagestotheircommercewiththeworldwhichfarexceed
thedisadvantagesofsubjectiontotheregulationsoftheUnion，
andthataprosperitywithoutanyguaranteeforitscontinuanceis
fundamentallyadelusion。
Whatsensibleinhabitantofthoseseaportscouldheartily
congratulatehimselfonthecontinualincreaseoftheirtonnage，on
thecontinualextensionoftheircommercialrelations，ifhe
reflectedthattwofrigates，whichcomingfromHeligolandcouldbe
stationedatthemouthsoftheWeserandtheElbe，wouldbeina
positiontodestroyintwenty-fourhoursthisworkofaquarterof
acentury？ButtheUnionwillguaranteetotheseseaportstheir
prosperityandtheirprogressforallfuturetime，partlybythe
creationofafleetofitsownandpartlybyalliances。Itwill
fostertheirfisheries，securespecialadvantagestotheir
shipping，protectandpromotetheirforeigncommercialrelations，
byeffectiveconsularestablishmentsandbytreaties。Partlyby
theirmeansitwillfoundnewcolonies，andbytheirmeanscarryon
itsowncolonialtrade。ForaunionofStatescomprising
thirty-fivemillionsofinhabitants(fortheUnionwillcomprise
thatnumberatleastwhenitisfullycompleted)，whichowingtoan
annualincreaseofpopulationofoneandahalfpercentcaneasily
spareannuallytwoorthreehundredthousandpersons，whose
provincesaboundwithwell-informedandcultivatedinhabitantswho
haveapeculiarpropensitytoseektheirfortuneindistant
countries，peoplewhocantakerootanywhereandmakethemselvesat
homewhereverunoccupiedlandistobecultivated，arecalledupon
byNatureherselftoplacethemselvesinthefirstrankofnations
whocoloniseanddiffusecivilisation。
Thefeelingofthenecessityforsuchaperfectcompletionof
theCommercialUnionissouniversallyentertainedinGermany，that
hencetheauthorofthereportcouldnothelpremarking，\'More
coasts，moreharbours，morenavigation，aUnionflag，the
possessionofanavyandofamercantilemarine，arewishesvery
generallyentertainedbythesupportersoftheCommercialUnion，
butthereislittleprospectatpresentoftheUnionmakinghead
againsttheincreasingfleetofRussiaandthecommercialmarineof
HollandandtheHanseTowns。\'Againstthemcertainlynot，butso
muchthemorewiththemandbymeansofthem。Itliesinthevery
natureofeverypowertoseektodivideinordertorule。Afterthe
authorofthereporthasshownwhyitwouldbefoolishonthepart
ofthemaritimestatestojointheUnion，hedesiresalsoto
separatethegreatseaportsfromtheGermannationalbodyforall
time，inasmuchashespeakstousofthewarehousesofAltonawhich
mustbecomedangeroustothewarehousesofHamburg，asthoughsuch
agreatcommercialempirecouldnotfindthemeansofmakingthe
warehousesofAltonaserviceabletoitsobjects。Wewillnotfollow
theauthorthroughhisacuteinferencesfromthispoint；wewill
onlysay，thatiftheywereappliedtoEngland，theywouldprove
thatLondonandLiverpoolwouldincreasetheircommercial
prosperityinanextraordinarydegreeiftheywereseparatedfrom
thebodyoftheEnglishnation。Thespiritwhichunderliesthese
argumentsisunmistakablyexpressedinthereportoftheEnglish
consulatRotterdam。\'ForthecommercialinterestsofGreat
Britain，\'saysMrAlexanderFerrierattheendofhisreport，\'it
appearsofthegreatestpossibleimportancethatnomeansshouldbe
leftuntriedtopreventtheaforesaidstates，andalsoBelgium，
fromenteringtheZollverein，forreasonswhicharetooclearto
needanyexposition。\'WhocouldpossiblyblameMrFerrierfor
speakingthus，orDrBowringforspeakingthus，ortheEnglish
ministersforactingastheothersspeak？Thenationalinstinctof
Englandspeaksandactsthroughthem。Buttoexpectprosperityand
blessingtoGermanyfromproposalswhichproceedfromsuchasource
asthat，wouldappeartoexceedevenadecentdegreeofnational
goodnature。\'Whatevermayhappen，\'addsMrFerriertothewords
abovequoted，\'Hollandmustatalltimesbeconsideredasthemain
channelforthecommercialrelationsofSouthGermanywithother
countries。\'ClearlyMrFerrierunderstandsbytheterm\'other
countries\'merelyEngland；clearlyhemeanstosaythatifthe
Englishmanufacturingsupremacyshouldloseitsmeansofaccessto
GermanyortheNorthSeaandtheBaltic，Hollandwouldstillremain
toitasthegreatmeansofaccessbywhichitcouldpredominate
overthemarketsformanufacturedgoodsandcolonialproduceofthe
southofGermany。
Butwefromanationalpointofviewsayandmaintainthat
Hollandisinreferencetoitsgeographicalposition，aswellasin
respecttoitscommercialandindustrialcircumstances，andtothe
originandlanguageofitsinhabitants，aGermanprovince，which
hasbeenseparatedfromGermanyataperiodofGermannational
disunion，withoutwhosereincorporationintheGermanUnionGermany
maybecomparedtoahousethedoorofwhichbelongstoastranger：
HollandbelongsasmuchtoGermanyasBrittanyandNormandybelong
toFrance，andsolongasHollandisdeterminedtoconstitutean
independentkingdomofherown，Germanycanaslittleattain
independenceandpowerasFrancewouldhavebeenenabledtoattain
theseifthoseprovinceshadremainedinthehandsoftheEnglish。
ThatthecommercialpowerofHollandhasdeclined，isowingtothe
unimportanceofthecountry。Hollandwillandmustalso，
notwithstandingtheprosperityofhercolonies，continueto
decline，becausethenationistooweaktosupporttheenormous
expenseofaconsiderablemilitaryandnavalpower。Throughher
exertionstomaintainhernationalityHollandmustbecomemoreand
moredeeplyinvolvedindebt。Notwithstandinghergreatcolonial
prosperity，sheisandremainsallthesameacountrydependenton
England，andbyherseemingindependencesheonlystrengthensthe
Englishsupremacy。ThisisalsothesecretreasonwhyEnglandat
thecongressofViennatookunderherprotectiontherestorationof
theDutchseemingindependence。Thecaseisexactlythesameas
withtheHanseTowns。OnthesideofEngland，Hollandisa
satellitefortheEnglishfleet——uniteitwithGermany，sheis
theleaderoftheGermannavalpower。Inherpresentposition
Hollandcannotnearlysowellderiveprofitfromhercolonial
possessionsasiftheybecameaconstituentpartoftheGerman
Union，especiallybecausesheistooweakintheelementswhichare
necessaryforcolonisation——inpopulationandinmentalpowers。
Furtherthanthis，theprofitabledevelopmentofhercolonies，so
farasthathashithertobeeneffected，dependsforthemostpart
onGermangoodnature，orratheronthenonacquaintanceofthe
Germanswiththeirownnationalcommercialinterests；forwhileall
othernationsreservetheirmarketforcolonialproducefortheir
owncoloniesandforthecountriessubjecttothem，theGerman
marketistheonlyonewhichremainsopentotheDutchforthe
disposaloftheirsurpluscolonialproduce。AssoonastheGermans
clearlycomprehendthatthosefromwhomtheypurchasecolonial
producemustbemadetounderstandthattheyontheirpartmust
purchasemanufacturedgoodsfromGermanyunderdifferentially
favourabletreatment，thentheGermanswillalsoclearlyseethat
theyhaveitintheirpowertocompelHollandtojointhe
Zollverein。Thatunionwouldbeofthegreatestadvantagetoboth
countries。GermanywouldgiveHollandthemeansnotonlyof
derivingprofitfromhercoloniesfarbetterthanatpresent，but
alsotofoundandtoacquirenewcolonies。Germanywouldgrant
specialperferentialprivilegestotheDutchandHanseatic
shipping，andgrantspecialpreferentialprivilegestoDutch
colonialproduceintheGermanmarkets。HollandandtheHanse
Towns，inreturn，wouldpreferentiallyexportGermanmanufactures，
andpreferentiallyemploytheirsurpluscapitalinthe
manufactoriesandtheagricultureoftheinteriorofGermany。
Holland，asshehassunkfromhereminenceasacommercial
powerbecauseshe，themerefractionofanation，wantedtomake
herselfpassasanentirenation；becauseshesoughtheradvantage
intheoppressionandtheweakeningoftheproductivepowersof
Germany，insteadofbasinghergreatnessontheprosperityofthe
countrieswhichliebehindher，withwhicheverymaritimestate
muststandorfall；becauseshesoughttobecomegreatbyher
separationfromtheGermannationinsteadofbyherunionwithit；
Hollandcanonlyagainattaintoherancientstateofprosperityby
meansoftheGermanUnionandintheclosestconnectionwithit。
Onlybythisunionisitpossibletoconstituteanagricultural
manufacturingcommercialnationalityofthefirstmagnitude。
DrBowringgroupsinhistablestheimportsandexportsofthe
GermanCustomsUnionwiththeHanseTownsandHollandandBelgium
alltogether，andfromthisgroupingitclearlyappearshowgreatly
allthesecountriesaredependentontheEnglishmanufacturing
industry，andhowimmeasurablytheymightgainintheirentire
productivepowerbyunion。Heestimatestheimportsofthese
countriesfromEnglandat19，842，121l。sterlingofofficialvalue，
or8，550，347l。ofdeclaredvalue，buttheexportsofthose
countriestoEngland(ontheotherhand)atonly4，804，491l。
sterling；inwhich，bytheway，areincludedthegreatquantities
ofJavacoffee，cheese，butter，&c。whichEnglandimportsfrom
Holland。Thesetotalsspeakvolumes。WethanktheDoctorforhis
statisticalgroupingtogether——wouldthatitmightbetokena
speedypoliticalgrouping。
NOTES：
1。ReportontheGermanZollvereintoLordViscountPalmerston，by
JohnBowring，1840。
2。SeestatementofR。B。Porter，notetop。299。
Chapter35
ContinentalPolitics
Thehighestultimateaimofrationalpoliticsis(aswehave
showninourSecondBook)theunitingofallnationsunderacommon
lawofright，anobjectwhichisonlytobeattainedthroughthe
greatestpossibleequalisationofthemostimportantnationsofthe
earthincivilisation，prosperity，industry，andpower，bythe
conversionoftheantipathiesandconflictswhichnowexistbetween
themintosympathyandharmony。Butthesolutionofthisproblemis
aworkofimmenselylongduration。Atthepresenttimethenations
aredividedandrepelledfromoneanotherbymanifoldcauses；chief
amongtheseareconflictsaboutterritory。Asyet，the
apportionmentofterritorytotheEuropeannationsdoesnot
correspondtothenatureofthings。Indeed，evenintheory，people
arenotyetagreeduponthefundamentalconditionsofajustand
naturalapportionmentofterritory。Somedesirethattheirnational
territoryshouldbedeterminedaccordingtotherequirementsof
theirmetropoliswithoutregardtolanguage，commerce，race，andso
forth，insuchawaythatthemetropolisshouldbesituatedinthe
centreandbeprotectedasmuchaspossibleagainstforeign
attacks。Theydesiretohavegreatriversfortheirfrontiers。
Othersmaintain，andapparentlywithgreaterreason，that
sea-coasts，mountains，language，andrace，constitutebetter
frontiersthangreatrivers。Therestillarenationswhoarenotin
possessionofthosemouthsofriversandsea-coastswhichare
indispensabletothemforthedevelopmentoftheircommercewith
theworldandfortheirnavalpower。
Ifeverynationwasalreadyinpossessionoftheterritory
whichisnecessaryforitsinternaldevelopment，andforthe
maintenanceofitspolitical，industrial，andcommercial
independence，theneveryconquestofterritorywouldbecontraryto
soundpolicy，becausebytheunnaturalincreaseofterritorythe
jealousyofthenationwhichisthusencroacheduponwouldbe
excitedandkeptalive，andconsequentlythesacrificeswhichthe
conqueringnationwouldhavetomakeforretainingsuchprovinces
wouldbeimmeasurablygreaterthantheadvantagesaccruingfrom
theirpossession。Ajustandwiseapportionmentofterritoryis，
however，atthisdaynottobethoughtof，becausethisquestionis
complicatedbymanifoldinterestsofanothernature。Atthesame
timeitmustnotbeignoredthatrectificationofterritorymustbe
reckonedamongthemostimportantrequirementsofthenations，that
strivingtoattainitislegitimate，thatindeedinmanycasesit
isajustifiablereasonforwar。
Furthercausesofantipathybetweenthenationsare，atthe
presenttime，thediversityoftheirinterestsinrespectto
manufactures，commerce，navigation，navalpower，andcolonial
possessions，alsothedifferenceintheirdegreesofcivilisation，
ofreligion，andofpoliticalcondition。Alltheseinterestsare
complicatedinmanifoldwaysthroughtheinterestsofdynastiesand
powers。
Thecausesofantipathyare，ontheotherhand，causesof
sympathy。Thelesspowerfulnationssympathiseagainstthemost
powerful，thosewhoseindependenceisendangeredsympathiseagainst
theaggressors，territorialpowersagainstnavalsupremacy，those
whoseindustryandcommercearedefectivesympathiseagainstthose
whoarestrivingforanindustrialandcommercialmonopoly，the
half-civilisedagainstthecivilised，thosewhoaresubjectsofa
monarchyagainstthosewhosegovernmentisentirelyorpartially
democratic。
Nationsatthistimepursuetheirowninterestsandsympathies
bymeansofalliancesofthosewhoarelike-mindedandhavelike
interestsagainsttheinterestsandtendencieswhichconflictwith
theirs。As，however，theseinterestsandtendenciesconflictwith
oneanotherinvariousways，thesealliancesareliabletochange。
Thosenationswhoarefriendsto-daymaybeenemiesto-morrow，and
vicevers？assoonaseversomeoneofthegreatinterestsor
principlesisatstakebywhichtheyfeelthemselvesrepelledfrom
ordrawntowardsoneanother。
Politicianshavelongfeltthattheequalisationofthenations
mustbetheirultimateaim。Thatwhichpeoplecallthemaintenance
oftheEuropeanbalanceofpowerhasalwaysbeennothingelsethan
theendeavoursofthelesspowerfultoimposeacheckonthe
encroachmentsofthemorepowerful。Yetpoliticshavenotseldom
confoundedtheirproximateobjectwiththeirultimateone，andvice
vers？
Theproximatetaskofpoliticsalwaysconsistsinclearly
perceivinginwhatrespecttheallianceandequalisationofthe
differentinterestsisatthemomentmostpressing，andtostrive
thatuntilthisequalisationisattainedallotherquestionsmaybe
suspendedandkeptinthebackground。
Whenthedynastic，monarchic，andaristocraticinterestsof
Europealliedthemselvesagainsttherevolutionarytendenciesof
1789，disregardingallconsiderationsregardingpowerandcommerce，
theirpolicywasacorrectone。
ItwasjustascorrectwhentheFrenchEmpireintroducedthe
tendencyofconquestinplaceofthatofrevolution。
NapoleonsoughtbyhisContinentalsystemtoestablisha
Continentalcoalitionagainstthepredominantnavalandcommercial
powerofEngland；butinordertosucceed，itwasnecessaryfor
him，firstofall，totakeawayfromtheContinentalnationsthe
apprehensionofbeingconqueredbyFrance。Hefailed，becauseon
theirpartthefearofhissupremacyonlandgreatlyoutweighedthe
disadvantageswhichtheysufferedfromthenavalsupremacy。
WiththefalloftheFrenchEmpire，theobjectofthegreat
allianceceased。Fromthattimeforth，theContinentalpowerswere
menacedneitherbytherevolutionarytendenciesnorbythelustof
conquestofFrance。England\'spredominanceinmanufactures，
navigation，commerce，colonialpossessions，andnavalpower，had，
ontheotherhand，enormouslyincreasedduringtheconflicts
againsttheRevolutionandagainsttheFrenchconquest。Fromthat
timeforth，itbecametheinterestoftheContinentalpowersto
allythemselveswithFranceagainstthecommercialandnaval
predominance。Solelyfromfearoftheskinofthedeadlion，the
Continentalpowersdidnotheedsufficientlythelivingleopardwho
hadhithertofoughtintheirranks。TheHolyAlliancewasa
politicalerror。
Thiserroralsobroughtaboutitsownpunishmentthroughthe
revolutionofItaly。TheHolyAlliancehadunnecessarilycalled
intolifeacounterforcewhichnolongerexisted，orwhichat
leastwouldnotforalongtimehaverevivedagain。Fortunatelyfor
theContinentalpowers，thedynastyofJulycontrivedtoappease
therevolutionarytendencyinFrance。Franceconcludedthealliance
withEnglandintheinterestsofthedynastyofJulyandof
strengtheningtheconstitutionalmonarchy。Englandconcludeditin
theinterestofthemaintenanceofhercommercialsupremacy。
TheFranco-Englishallianceceasedassoonaseverthedynasty
ofJulyandtheconstitutionalmonarchyinFrancefeltthemselves
tobesufficientlyfirmlyestablished；but，ontheotherhand，the
interestsofFranceinrespectofnavalpower，navigation，
commerce，industry，andforeignpossessionscameagainmoretothe
front。ItisclearthatFrancehasagainanequalinterestwiththe
otherContinentalpowersinthesequestions，andtheestablishing
ofaContinentalallianceagainstthenavalpredominanceofEngland
appearstobebecomingaquestionoftheday，providedthedynasty
ofJulycansucceedincreatingperfectunityofwillbetweenthe
differentorgansofStateadministration，alsotothrustintothe
backgroundthoseterritorialquestionswhichareexcitedbythe
revolutionarytendencies，andentirelytoappeaseinthemindsof
themonarchicalContinentalpowersthefearofthetendenciesof
Francetowardsrevolutionandaggression。
Nothing，however，atthistimesogreatlyimpedesacloser
unionofthecontinentofEuropeasthefactthatthecentreofit
stillnevertakesthepositionforwhichitisnaturallyfitted。
Insteadofbeingamediatorbetweentheeastandthewestofthat
continent，onallquestionsofarrangementofterritory，ofthe
principleoftheirconstitutions，ofnationalindependenceand
power，forwhichitisqualifiedbyitsgeographicalposition，by
itsfederalconstitutionwhichexcludesallapprehensionof
aggressioninthemindsofneighbouringnations，byitsreligious
toleration，anditscosmopoliticaltendencies，andfinallybyits
civilisationandtheelementsofpowerwhichitpossesses，this
centralpartofEuropeconstitutesatpresenttheappleofdiscord
forwhichtheeastandthewestcontend，whileeachpartyhopesto
drawtoitsownsidethismiddlepower，whichisweakenedbywant
ofnationalunity，andisalwaysuncertainlywaveringhitherand
thither。
If，ontheotherhand，Germanycouldconstituteitselfwiththe
maritimeterritorieswhichappertaintoit，withHolland，Belgium，
andSwitzerland，asapowerfulcommercialandpoliticalwhole——if
thismightynationalbodycouldfuserepresentativeinstitutions
withtheexistingmonarchical，dynastic，andaristocratic
interests，sofarasthesearecompatiblewithoneanother——then
GermanycouldsecurepeacetothecontinentofEuropeforalong
time，andatthesametimeconstituteherselfthecentralpointof
adurableContinentalalliance。
ThatthenavalpowerofEnglandgreatlyexceedsthatofall
othernations，ifnotonthenumberofships，yetcertainlyin
fightingpower——thathencethenationswhicharelesspowerfulat
seacanonlymatchEnglandatseabyunitingtheirownnavalpower，
isclear。Fromhenceitfollows，thateverynationwhichisless
powerfulatseahasaninterestinthemaintenanceandprosperity
ofthenavalpowerofallothernationswhoaresimilarlyweakat
sea；andfurther，thatfractionsofothernationswhich，hitherto
divided，havepossessedeithernonavalpowerwhateveroronlyan
unimportantone，shouldconstitutethemselvesintooneunitednaval
power。InregardtoEngland，FranceandNorthAmericasustainloss
ifthenavalpowerofRussiadeclines，andvicevers？Theyall
gain，ifGermany，Holland，andBelgiumconstitutetogetheracommon
navalpower；forwhileseparatedtheselastaremeresatellitesto
thesupremacyofEngland，butifunitedtheystrengthenthe
oppositiontothatsupremacyofallnationsatsea。
Noneoftheselesspowerfulnationspossessesamercantile
marinewhichexceedstherequirementsofitsowninternational
trade——noneofthesenationspossessesamanufacturingpower
whichwouldmaintainimportantpreponderanceoverthatofthe
others。Noneofthem，therefore，hasanygroundtofearthe
competitionoftheothers。Ontheotherhand，allhaveacommon
interestinprotectingthemselvesagainstthedestructive
competitionofEngland。Henceitmustbetotheinterestsofall
thatthepredominatingmanufacturingpowerofEnglandshouldlose
thosemeansofaccess(Holland，Belgium，andtheHanseTowns)by
meansofwhichEnglandhashithertodominatedthemarketsofthe
Continent。
Inasmuchastheproductsoftropicalclimatesarechieflypaid
forbythemanufacturedproductsoftemperateclimates，andhence
theconsumptionoftheformerdependsonthesaleofthelatter，
thereforeeverymanufacturingnationshouldendeavourtoestablish
directintercoursewithtropicalcountries。Andthus，ifall
manufacturingnationsofthesecondrankunderstandtheirown
interestsandactaccordingly，nonationwillbepermittedto
maintainapredominantamountofcolonialpossessionsintropical
countries。If，forinstance，Englandcouldsucceedintheobject
forwhichsheisatpresentstriving，viz。toproduceinIndiathe
colonialproducewhichsherequires——inthatcaseEnglandcould
onlycarryontradewiththeWestIndiestotheextenttowhichshe
wasabletoselltoothercountriesthecolonialproducewhichshe
nowobtainsfromtheWestIndiesinexchangeforhermanufactured
goods。If，however，shecouldnotdisposeofthesetoother
countries，thenherWestIndianpossessionswouldbecomeuselessto
her。Shewouldthenhavenootheroptionthaneithertoletthemgo
free，ortosurrenderthetradewiththemtoothermanufacturing
countries。Henceitfollowsthatallmanufacturingnationsless
powerfulatseahaveacommoninterestinfollowingthispolicyand
inreciprocallysupportingoneanotherinit，anditfollows
furtherthatnooneofthesenationswouldlosebytheaccessionof
HollandtotheGermanCommercialUnion，andthroughthecloser
connectionofGermanywiththeDutchcolonies。
SincetheemancipationoftheSpanishandPortuguesecolonies
inSouthAmericaandtheWestIndies，itisnolongerindispensably
necessarythatamanufacturingnationshouldpossesscoloniesof
itsownintropicalclimatesinordertoputitselfinaposition
tocarryondirectlytheexchangeofmanufacturedgoodsagainst
colonialproduce。Asthemarketsoftheseemancipatedtropical
countriesarefree，everymanufacturingnationwhichisableto
competeinthesefreemarketscancarryondirecttradewiththem。
Butthesefreetropicalcountriescanonlyproducegreatquantities
ofcolonialproducts，andonlyconsumegreatquantitiesof
manufacturedgoods，ifprosperityandmorality，peaceandrepose，
lawfulorderandreligioustolerance，prevailwithinthem。All
nationsnotpowerfulatsea，especiallythosewhopossessno
colonies，oronlyunimportantones，havehenceacommoninterestin
bringingaboutsuchastateofthingsbytheirunitedpower。To
England，withhercommercialsupremacy，thecircumstancesofthese
countriescannotmattersomuchbecausesheissufficiently
supplied，oratleasthopestobecomesufficientlysupplied，with
colonialproducefromherownexclusiveandsubjectmarketsinthe
EastandWestIndies。Fromthispointofviewalsowemustpartly
judgerespectingtheextremelyimportantquestionofslavery。We
areveryfarfromignoringthatmuchphilanthropyandgoodmotive
liesattherootofthezealwithwhichtheobjectofthe
emancipationofthenegroesispursuedbyEngland，andthatthis
zealdoesgreathonourtothecharacteroftheEnglishnation。But
atthesametime，ifweconsidertheimmediateeffectsofthe
measuresadoptedbyEnglandinreferencetothismatter，wecannot
getridoftheideathatalsomuchpoliticalmotiveandcommercial
interestaremingledwithit。Theseeffectsare：(1)Thatbythe
suddenemancipationoftheblacks，throughtheirrapidtransition
fromaconditionofdisorderandcarelessnesslittleremovedfrom
thatofwildanimalstoahighdegreeofindividualindependence，
theyieldoftropicalproduceofSouthAmericaandtheWestIndies
willbeextremelydiminishedandultimatelyreducedtonothing，as
theexampleofSt。Domingoincontestablyshows，inasmuchasthere
sincetheexpulsionoftheFrenchandSpaniardstheproductionhas
greatlydecreasedfromyeartoyear，andcontinuestodoso。(2)
Thatthefreenegroescontinuallyseektoobtainanincreasein
theirwages，whilsttheylimittheirlabourtothesupplyoftheir
mostindispensablewants；thathencetheirfreedommerelyleadsto
idleness。(3)That，ontheotherhand，Englandpossessesinthe
EastIndiesamplemeansforsupplyingthewholeworldwithcolonial
products。ItiswellknownthattheHindoos，owingtogreat
industryandgreatmoderationintheirfoodandotherwants，
especiallyinconsequenceofthepreceptsoftheirreligion，which
forbidtheuseofanimalfood，areexcessivelyfrugal。Tothese
mustbeaddedthewantofcapitalamongthenatives，thegreat
fruitfulnessofthesoilinvegetableproducts，andtherestriction
ofcasteandthegreatcompetitionofthoseinwantofwork。
Theresultofallthisis，thatwagesinIndiaareincomparably
lowerthanintheWestIndiesandSouthAmerica，whetherthe
plantationstherearecultivatedbyfreeblacksorbyslaves；that
consequentlytheproductionofIndia，aftertradehasbeensetfree
inthatcountry，andwiserprinciplesofadministrationhave
prevailed，mustincreaseatanenormousrate，andthetimeisno
longerdistantwhenEnglandwillnotonlybeabletosupplyallher
ownrequirementsofcolonialproducefromIndia，butalsoexport
greatquantitiestoothercountries。HenceitfollowsthatEngland
cannotlosethroughthediminutionofproductionintheWestIndies
andSouthAmerica，towhichcountriesothernationsalsoexport
manufacturedgoods，butshewillgainifthecolonialproductionin
Indiabecomespreponderant，whichmarketEnglandexclusively
supplieswithmanufacturedgoods。(4)Finally，itmaybeasserted，
thatbytheemancipationoftheslavesEnglanddesirestohanga
swordovertheheadoftheNorthAmericanslavestates，whichisso
muchthemoremenacingtotheUnionthemorethisemancipation
extendsandthewishisexcitedamongthenegroesofNorthAmerica
topartakeofsimilarliberty。Thequestionifrightlyviewedmust
appearaphilanthropicalexperimentofdoubtfulbenefittowards
thoseonwhosebehalfitwasundertakenfrommotivesofgeneral
philanthropy，butmustinanycaseappeartothosenationswhorely
onthetradewithSouthAmericaandtheWestIndiesasnot
advantageoustothem；andtheymaynotunreasonablyinquire：
Whetherasuddentransitionfromslaverytofreedommaynotprove
moreinjurioustothenegroesthemselvesthanthemaintenanceof
theexistingstateofthings？——whetheritmaynotbethetaskof
severalgenerationstoeducatethenegroes(whoareaccustomedto
analmostanimalstateofsubjection)tohabitsofvoluntarylabour
andthrift？——whetheritmightnotbetterattaintheobjectifthe
transitionfromslaverytofreedomwasmadebytheintroductionof
amildformofserfdom，wherebyatfirstsomeinterestmightbe
securedtotheserfinthelandwhichhecultivates，andafair
shareofthefruitsofhislabour，allowingsufficientrightsto
thelandlordinordertobindtheserftohabitsofindustryand
order？——whethersuchaconditionwouldnotbemoredesirablethan
thatofamiserable，drunken，lazy，vicious，mendicanthordecalled
freenegroes，incomparisonwithwhichIrishmiseryinitsmost
degradedformmaybedeemedastateofprosperityandcivilisation？
If，however，wearerequiredtobelievethatthezealofthe
Englishtomakeeverythingwhichexistsuponearthpartakersofthe
samedegreeoffreedomwhichtheypossessthemselves，issogreat
andirrepressiblethattheymustbeexcusediftheyhaveforgotten
thatnaturemakesnoadvancesbyleapsandbounds，thenwemust
venturetoputthequestions：Whethertheconditionofthelowest
casteoftheHindoosisnotmuchmorewretchedandintolerablethan
thatoftheAmericannegroes？——andhowithappensthatthe
philanthropicspiritofEnglandhasneverbeenexcitedonbehalfof
thesemostmiserableofmankind？——howithappensthatEnglish
legislationhasneverintervenedfortheirbenefit？——howit
happensthatEnglandhasbeenactiveenoughinderivingmeansfor
herownenrichmentoutofthismiserablestateofthings，without
thinkingofanydirectmeansofamelioratingit？
TheEnglish-IndianpolicyleadsustotheEasternquestion。If
wecandismissfromthepoliticsofthedayallthatwhichatthis
momenthasreferencetoterritorialconflicts，tothedynastic，
monarchic，aristocratic，andreligiousinterests，andtothe
circumstancesofthevariouspowers，itcannotbeignoredthatthe
Continentalpowershaveagreatnationaleconomicinterestin
commonintheEasternquestion。Howeversuccessfulthepresent
endeavoursofthepowersmaybetokeepthisquestioninthe
backgroundforatime，itwillcontinuallyagaincometothefront
withrenewedforce。Itisaconclusionlongarrivedatbyall
thoughtfulmen，thatanationsothoroughlyunderminedinher
religious，moral，social，andpoliticalfoundationsasTurkeyis，
islikeacorpse，whichmayindeedbeheldupforatimebythe
supportoftheliving，butmustnonethelesspassintocorruption。
ThecaseisquitethesamewiththePersiansaswiththeTurks，
withtheChineseandHindoosandallotherAsiaticpeople。Wherever
themoulderingcivilisationofAsiacomesintocontactwiththe
freshatmosphereofEurope，itfallstoatoms；andEuropewill
soonerorlaterfindherselfunderthenecessityoftakingthe
wholeofAsiaunderhercareandtutelage，asalreadyIndiahas
beensotakeninchargebyEngland。Inthisutterchaosof
countriesandpeoplesthereexistsnosinglenationalitywhichis
eitherworthyorcapableofmaintenanceandregeneration。Hencethe
entiredissolutionoftheAsiaticnationalitiesappearstobe
inevitable，andaregenerationofAsiaonlypossiblebymeansofan
infusionofEuropeanvitalpower，bythegeneralintroductionof
theChristianreligionandofEuropeanmorallawsandorder，by
Europeanimmigration，andtheintroductionofEuropeansystemsof
government。
Ifwereflectonthecoursewhichsucharegenerationmight
possiblypursue，thefirstconsiderationthatstrikesoneisthat
thegreaterpartoftheEastisrichlyprovidedbynaturewith
resourcesforsupplyingthemanufacturingnationsofEuropewith
greatquantitiesofrawmaterialsandnecessaryarticlesofevery
kind，butespeciallyforproducingtropicalproducts，andin
exchangefortheseforopeningunlimitedmarketstoEuropean
manufacturers。Fromthiscircumstance，natureappearstohavegiven
anindicationthatthisregeneration，asgenerallyisthecasewith
thecivilisationofbarbarouspeoples，mustproceedbythepathof
freeexchangeofagriculturalproduceagainstmanufacturedgoods。
Forthatreasontheprinciplemustbefirmlymaintainedaboveall
bytheEuropeannations，thatnoexclusivecommercialprivileges
mustbereservedtoanyEuropeannationinanypartofAsia
whatever，andthatnonationmustbefavouredaboveotherstherein
anydegree。Itwouldbeespeciallyadvantageoustotheextensionof
thistrade，ifthechiefcommercialemporiumsoftheEastwere
constitutedfreecities，theEuropeanpopulationofwhichshould
havetherightofself-governmentinconsiderationofanannual
paymentoftaxtothenativerulers。ButEuropeanagentsshouldbe
appointedtoresidewiththeserulers，aftertheexampleofEnglish
policyinIndia，whoseadvicethenativerulersshouldbeboundto
followinrespectofthepromotionofpublicsecurityorder，and
civilisation。
AlltheContinentalpowershaveespeciallyacommoninterest
thatneitherofthetworoutesfromtheMediterraneantotheRed
SeaandtothePersianGulfshouldfallintotheexclusive
possessionofEngland，norremainimpassableowingtoAsiatic
barbarism。Tocommitthedutyofprotectingtheseimportantpoints
toAustria，wouldinsurethebestguaranteestoallEuropean
nations。
Further，theContinentalpowersingeneralhaveacommon
interestwiththeUnitedStatesinmaintainingtheprinciplethat
\'freeshipscoverfreegoods，\'andthatonlyaneffectualblockade
ofindividualports，butnotamereproclamationoftheblockadeof
entirecoasts，oughttoberespectedbyneutrals。Finally，the
principleoftheannexationofwildanduninhabitedterritories
appearstorequirerevisioninthecommoninterestofthe
Continentalpowers。Peopleridiculeinourdaysthefactthatthe
HolyFatherformerlyundertooktomakepresentsofislandsand
partsoftheglobe，nayeventodividetheworldintotwoparts
withastrokeofthepen，andtoapportionthisparttoonemanand
thattoanother。Canit，however，bedeemedmuchmoresensibleto
acknowledgethetitletoanentirequarteroftheglobetovestin
themanwhofirsterectedsomewhereontheearthapoleadorned
withapieceofsilk？Thatinthecaseofislandsofmoderatesize
therightofthediscoverershouldberespected，maybeadmitted
consistentlywithcommonsense；butwhenthequestionarisesasto
islandswhichareaslargeasagreatEuropeankingdom(likeNew
Zealand)orrespectingacontinentwhichislargerthanthewhole
ofEurope(likeAustralia)，insuchacasebynothinglessthanan
actualoccupationbycolonisation，andthenonlyfortheactually
colonisedterritory，canaclaimtoexclusivepossessionbe
admittedconsistentlywithcommonsense。Anditisnotclearwhy
theGermansandtheFrenchshouldnothavetherighttofound
coloniesinthosepartsoftheworldatpointswhicharedistant
fromtheEnglishstations。
Ifweonlyconsidertheenormousinterestswhichthenationsof
theContinenthaveincommon，asopposedtotheEnglishmaritime
supremacy，weshallbeledtotheconvictionthatnothingisso
necessarytothesenationsasunion，andnothingissoruinousto
themasContinentalwars。Thehistoryofthelastcenturyalso
teachesusthateverywarwhichthepowersoftheContinenthave
wagedagainstoneanotherhashadforitsinvariableresultto
increasetheindustry，thewealth，thenavigation，thecolonial
possessions，andthepoweroftheinsularsupremacy。
Hence，itcannotbedeniedthatacorrectviewofthewantsand
interestsoftheContinentunderlaidtheContinentalsystemof
Napoleon，althoughitmustnotbeignoredthatNapoleondesiredto
giveeffecttothisidea(rightinitself)inamannerwhichwas
contrarytotheindependenceandtotheinterestsoftheother
Continentalpowers。TheContinentalsystemofNapoleonsuffered
fromthreecapitaldefects。Inthefirstplace，itsoughtto
establish，intheplaceoftheEnglishmaritimesupremacy，aFrench
Continentalsupremacy；itsoughtthehumiliation，ordestruction
anddissolution，ofothernationalitiesontheContinentforthe
benefitofFrance，insteadofbasingitselfontheelevationand
equalisationoftheotherContinentalnations。Furthermore，France
followedherselfanexclusivecommercialpolicyagainsttheother
countriesoftheContinent，whilesheclaimedforherselffree
competitioninthosecountries。Finally，thesystemalmostentirely
destroyedthetradebetweenthemanufacturingcountriesofthe
Continentandtropicalcountries，andfounditselfcompelledto
findaremedyforthedestructionofthisinternationaltradeby
theuseofsubstitutedarticles。(1*)
ThattheideaofthisContinentalsystemwilleverrecur，that
thenecessityofrealisingitwillthemoreforciblyimpressitself
ontheContinentalnationsinproportionasthepreponderanceof
Englandinindustry，wealth，andpowerfurtherincreases，is
alreadyveryclear，andwillcontinuallybecomemoreevident。But
itisnotlesscertainthatanallianceoftheContinentalnations
canonlyhaveagoodresultifFranceiswiseenoughtoavoidthe
errorsofNapoleon。Hence，itisfoolishofFranceifsheraises
(contrarytoalljustice，andtotheactualnatureof
circumstances)claimsforextensionoffrontiersattheexpenseof
Germany，andtherebycompelsothernationsoftheContinenttoally
themselveswithEngland。
ItisfoolishofFranceifshespeaksoftheMediterraneanSea
asofaFrenchlake，andseekstoacquireexclusiveinfluencein
theLevantandinSouthAmerica。
AneffectiveContinentalsystemcanonlyoriginatefromthe
freeunionoftheContinentalpowers，andcansucceedonlyincase
ithasforitsobject(andalsoeffects)anequalparticipationin
theadvantageswhichresultfromit，forinthatwayonly，andin
noother，canthemaritimepowersofsecondrankcommandrespect
fromthepredominantpowerofEnglandinsuchawaythatthelatter
withoutanyrecoursetotheforceofarmswillconcedeallthejust
requirementsofthelesspowerfulstates。Onlybysuchanalliance
asthatwilltheContinentalmanufacturingpowersbeableto
maintaintheirrelationswithtropicalcountries，andassertand
securetheirinterestsintheEastandtheWest。
InanycasetheBritish，whoareevertooanxiousfor
supremacy，mustfeelithardwhentheyperceiveinthismannerhow
theContinentalnationswillreciprocallyraisetheirmanufacturing
powerbymutualcommercialconcessionsandbytreaties；howthey
willreciprocallystrengthentheirnavigationandtheirnaval
power；howtheywillasserttheirclaimtothatshareforwhich
theyarefittedbynatureincivilisingandcolonisingbarbarous
anduncultivatedcountries，andintradewithtropicalregions。
Nevertheless，aglanceintothefutureoughtsufficientlyto
consolethebritonsfortheseanticipateddisadvantages。
ForthesamecauseswhichhaveraisedGreatBritaintoher
presentexaltedposition，will(probablyinthecourseofthenext
century)raisetheUnitedStatesofAmericatoadegreeof
industry，wealth，andpower，whichwillsurpassthepositionin
whichEnglandstands，asfarasatpresentEnglandexcelslittle
Holland。InthenaturalcourseofthingstheUnitedStateswill
increasetheirpopulationwithinthatperiodtohundredsof
millionsofsouls；theywilldiffusetheirpopulation，their
institutions，theircivilisation，andtheirspiritoverthewhole
ofCentralandSouthAmerica，justastheyhaverecentlydiffused
themovertheneighbouringMexicanprovince。TheFederalUnionwill
comprisealltheseimmenseterritories，apopulationofseveral
hundredmillionsofpeoplewilldeveloptheresourcesofa
continentwhichinfinitelyexceedsthecontinentofEuropein
extentandinnaturalwealth。Thenavalpowerofthewesternworld
willsurpassthatofGreatBritain，asgreatlyasitscoastsand
riversexceedthoseofBritaininextentandmagnitude。
Thusinanotverydistantfuturethenaturalnecessitywhich
nowimposesontheFrenchandGermansthenecessityofestablishing
aContinentalallianceagainsttheBritishsupremacy，willimpose
ontheBritishthenecessityofestablishingaEuropeancoalition
againstthesupremacyofAmerica。ThenwillGreatBritainbe
compelledtoseekandtofindintheleadershipoftheunited
powersofEuropeprotection，security，andcompensationagainstthe
predominanceofAmerica，andanequivalentforherlostsupremacy。
ItisthereforegoodforEnglandthatsheshouldpractise
resignationbetimes，thatsheshouldbytimelyrenunciationsgain
thefriendshipofEuropeanContinentalpowers，thatsheshould
accustomherselfbetimestotheideaofbeingonlythefirstamong
equals。
NOTES：
1。ThisfactisconfirmedbyMad。Junot，inM閙oiresdelaDuchess
d\'Abrant鑣——[TRANSLATOR。]
Chapter36
TheCommercialPolicyoftheGermanZollverein
Ifanynationwhateverisqualifiedfortheestablishmentofa
nationalmanufacturingpower，itisGermany；bythehighrankwhich
shemaintainsinscienceandart，inliteratureandeducation，in
publicadministrationandininstitutionsofpublicutility；byher
moralityandreligiouscharacter，herindustryanddomestic
economy；byherperseveranceandsteadfastnessinbusiness
occupations；asalsobyherspiritofinvention，bythenumberand
vigourofherpopulation；bytheextentandnatureofher
territory，andespeciallybyherhighlyadvancedagriculture，and
herphysical，social，andmentalresources。
Ifanynationwhateverhasarighttoanticipaterichresults
fromaprotectivesystemadaptedtohercircumstances，forthe
progressofherhomemanufactures，fortheincreaseofherforeign
tradeandhernavigation，fortheperfectingofherinternalmeans
oftransport，fortheprosperityofheragriculture，asalsofor
themaintenanceofherindependenceandtheincreaseofherpower
abroad，itisGermany。
Yes，weventuretoassert，thatonthedevelopmentofthe
Germanprotectivesystemdependtheexistence，theindependenceand
thefutureoftheGermannationality。Onlyinthesoilofgeneral
prosperitydoesthenationalspiritstrikeitsroots，producefine
blossomsandrichfruits；onlyfromtheunityofmaterialinterests
doesmentalpowerarise，andonlyfrombothofthesenational
power。Butofwhatvalueareallourendeavours，whetherweare
rulersorsubjects，noblesorsimplecitizens，learnedmen，
soldiers，orcivilians，manufacturers，agriculturists，or
merchants，withoutnationalityandwithoutguaranteesforthe
continuanceofournationality？
Meanwhile，however，theGermanprotectivesystemonly
accomplishesitsobjectinaveryimperfectmanner，solongas
Germanydoesnotspinforherselfthecottonandlinenyarnwhich
sherequires；solongasshedoesnotdirectlyimportfromtropical
countriesthecolonialproducewhichsherequires，andpayforit
withgoodsofherownmanufacture；solongasshedoesnotcarryon
thistradewithherownships；solongasshehasnomeansof
protectingherownflag；solongasshepossessesnoperfectsystem
oftransportbyriver，canal，orrailway；solongastheGerman
ZollvereindoesnotincludeallGermanmaritimeterritoriesand
alsoHollandandbelgium。Wehavetreatedthesesubjects
circumstantiallyinvariousplacesinthisbook，anditisonly
necessaryforusheretorecapitulatewhatwehavealreadythus
treated。
IfweimportrawcottonfromEgypt，Brazil，andNorthAmerica，
weinthatcasepayforitinourownmanufacturedgoods；if，on
theotherhand，weimportcottonyarnfromEngland，wehavetopay
thevalueofitinrawmaterialsandarticlesoffoodwhichwe
couldmoreadvantageouslyworkuporconsumeourselves，orelsewe
mustpayforitinspeciewhichwehaveacquiredelsewhere，and
withwhichwecouldmoreadvantageouslypurchaseforeignraw
materialstoworkupforourselves，orcolonialproduceforourown
consumption。
Inthesamewaytheintroductionofspinninglinenyarnby
machineryoffersusthemeansnotonlyofincreasingourhome
consumptionoflinen，andofperfectingouragriculture，butalso
ofenormouslyincreasingourtradewithtropicalcountries。
Forthetwoabove-namedbranchesofindustry，aswellasfor
themanufactureofwoollens，weareasfavourablycircumstancedas
anyothernation，byanamountofwaterpowerhithertonot
utilised，bycheapnecessariesoflife，andbylowwages。Whatwe
lackissimplyandsolelyaguaranteeforourcapitalistsand
artisansbywhichtheymaybeprotectedagainstlossofcapitaland
wantofwork。Amoderateprotectivedutyofabouttwenty-fiveper
centduringthenextfiveyears，whichcouldbemaintainedfora
fewyearsatthatrateandthenbeloweredtofifteentotwentyper
cent，oughtcompletelytoaccomplishthisobject。Everyargument
whichisadducedbythesupportersofthetheoryofvaluesagainst
suchameasure，hasbeenrefutedbyus。Ontheotherhand，wemay
addafurtherargumentinfavourofthatmeasure，thatthesegreat
branchesofindustryespeciallyofferusthemeansforestablishing
extensivemachinemanufactoriesandforthedevelopmentofarace
ofcompetenttechnicalinstructorsandpracticalforemen。
InthetradeincolonialproduceGermany，asFranceandEngland
havedone，hastofollowtheprinciple——thatinrespecttothe
purchaseofthecolonialproducewhichwerequire，weshouldgive
apreferencetothosetropicalcountrieswhichpurchase
manufacturedgoodsfromus；or，inshort，thatweshouldbuyfrom
thosewhobuyfromus。Thatisthecaseinreferencetoourtrade
withtheWestIndiesandtoNorthandSouthAmerica。
Butitisnotyetthecaseinreferencetoourtradewith
Holland，whichcountrysuppliesuswithenormousquantitiesofher
colonialproduce，butonlytakesinreturndisproportionatelysmall
quantitiesofourmanufacturedgoods。
AtthesametimeHollandisnaturallydirectedtothemarketof
Germanyforthedisposalofthegreaterpartofhercolonial
produce，inasmuchasEnglandandFrancederivetheirsuppliesof
suchproduceforthemostpartfromtheirowncoloniesandfrom
subjectcountries(wheretheyexclusivelypossessthemarketfor
manufacturedgoods)，andhencetheyonlyimportsmallquantitiesof
Dutchcolonialproduce。
Hollandhasnoimportantmanufacturingindustryofherown，
but，ontheotherhand，hasagreatproductiveindustryinher
colonies，whichhasrecentlygreatlyincreasedandmayyetbe
immeasurablyfurtherincreased。ButHollanddesiresofGermanythat
whichisunfair，andactscontrarytoherowninterestsifrightly
understood，inasmuchasshedesirestodisposeofthegreaterpart
ofhercolonialproducetoGermany，whileshedesirestosupplyher
requirementsofmanufacturedgoodsfromanyquartershelikesbest。
Thisis，forHolland，anonlyapparentlybeneficialanda
short-sightedpolicy；forifHollandwouldgivepreferential
advantagestoGermanmanufacturedgoodsbothinthemothercountry
andinhercolonies，thedemandinGermanyforDutchcolonial
producewouldincreaseinthesameproportioninwhichthesaleof
GermanmanufacturedgoodstoHollandandhercoloniesincreased，
or，inotherwords，Germanywouldbeabletopurchasesomuchthe
morecolonialproduceinproportionasshesoldmoremanufactured
goodstoHolland；Hollandwouldbeabletodisposeofsomuchmore
colonialproducetoGermanyasshepurchasedfromGermany
manufacturedgoods。Thisreciprocalexchangeoperationis，at
present，renderedimpracticablebyHollandifshesellsher
colonialproducetoGermanywhileshepurchasesherrequirementsin
manufacturedgoodsfromEngland，becauseEngland(nomatterhow
muchofmanufacturedgoodsshesellstoHolland)willalwayssupply
thegreaterpartofherownrequirementsofcolonialproducefrom
herowncolonies，orfromthecountrieswhicharesubjecttoher。
HencetheinterestsofGermanyrequirethatsheshouldeither
demandfromHollandadifferentialdutyinfavourofGermany\'s
manufacturingproduction，bywhichthelattercansecuretoherself
theexclusivemarketformanufacturedgoodsinHollandandher
colonies，or，incaseofrefusal，thatGermanyshouldimposea
differentialdutyontheimportofcolonialproduceinfavourof
theproduceofCentralandSouthAmericaandofthefreemarketsof
theWestIndies。
Theabove-namedpolicywouldconstitutethemosteffective
meansofinducingHollandtojointheGermanZollverein。
Asmattersnowstand，Germanyhasnoreasonforsacrificingher
ownmanufactoriesofbeetrootsugartothetradewithHolland；for
onlyincaseGermanycanpayforherrequirementsofthisarticle
bymeansofherownmanufacturedgoods，isitmoretoheradvantage
tosupplythatrequirementbyanexchangetradewithtropical
countries，thanbyproducingitherselfathome。
HencetheattentionofGermanyshouldbeatoncechiefly
directedtotheextensionofhertradewithNorthern，Central，and
SouthAmerica，andwiththefreemarketsoftheWestIndies。In
connectionwiththat，thefollowingmeasures，inadditiontothat
aboveadvertedto，appeardesirable：theestablishmentofaregular
serviceofsteamshipsbetweentheGermanseaportsandtheprincipal
portsofthosecountries，thepromotionofemigrationthither，the
confirmationandextensionoffriendlyrelationsbetweenthemand
theZollverein，andespeciallythepromotionofthecivilisationof
thosecountries。
Recentexperiencehasabundantlytaughtushowenormously
commerceonalargescaleispromotedbyaregularserviceof
steamships。Franceandbelgiumarealreadytreadinginthe
footstepsofEnglandinthisrespect，astheywellperceivethat
everynationwhichisbehindhandinthismoreperfectmeansof
transportmustretrogradeinherforeigntrade。TheGermanseaports
alsohavealreadyrecognisedthis；alreadyonepubliccompanyhas
beencompletelyformedinBremenforbuildingtwoorthreesteam
vesselsforthetradewiththeUnitedStates。This，however，is
clearlyaninsufficientprovision。Thecommercialinterestsof
Germanyrequirenotonlyaregularserviceofsteamvesselswith
NorthAmerica，especiallywithNewYork，Boston，Charleston，and
NewOrleans，butalsowithCuba，SanDomingo，andCentralandSouth
America。Germanyoughttobebehindnoothernationinrespectto
theselatterlinesofsteamnavigation。Itmustcertainlynotbe
ignoredthatthemeanswhicharerequiredfortheseobjectswillbe
toogreatforthespiritofenterprise，andperhapsalsoforthe
poweroftheGermanseaports，anditseemstoustheycanonlybe
carriedintoeffectbymeansofliberalsubsidiesonthepartof
thestatesoftheZollverein。Theprospectofsuchsubsidiesas
wellasofdifferentialdutiesinfavourofGermanshipping，ought
atoncetoconstituteastrongmotivefortheseseaportstobecome
includedintheCommercialUnion。Whenoneconsidershowgreatly
theexportsofmanufacturedgoodsandtheimportsofcolonial
produce，andconsequentlyalsothecustomsrevenue，ofthestates
oftheZollvereinwouldbeincreasedbysuchameasure，onecannot
doubtthatevenaconsiderableexpenditureforthisobjectmust
appearasonlyareproductiveinvestmentofcapitalfromwhichrich
returnsaretobeexpected。
ThroughtheincreaseofthemeansofintercourseofGermany
withtheabove-namedcountries，theemigrationofGermanstothose
countriesandtheirsettlementthereascitizenswouldbenoless
promoted；andbythatmeansthefoundationwouldbelaidforfuture
increaseofcommercewiththem。Forthisobjectthestatesofthe
Zollvereinoughttoestablisheverywhereconsulatesanddiplomatic
agencies，bymeansofwhichthesettlementandundertakingsof
Germancitizenscouldbepromoted，andespeciallytoassistthose
statesineverypracticablewayingivingstabilitytotheir
governmentsandimprovingtheirdegreeofcivilisation。
Wedonotshareintheleasttheopinionofthosewhothink
thatthetropicalcountriesofAmericaofferlessadvantagesto
GermancolonisationthanthoseoftemperateclimateinNorth
America。Howevergreat，aswehaveopenlyconfessed，isour
attachmentforthelast-namedcountry，andhoweverlittleweare
ableordesiretodenythatanindividualGermanemigrantwho
possessesalittlecapitalhasgreaterhopeofpermanentlymaking
hisfortuneinWesternNorthAmerica，wemustneverthelesshere
expressouropinionthatemigrationtoCentralandSouthAmerica，
ifitwerewellledandundertakenonalargescale，offersina
nationalpointofviewmuchgreateradvantagesforGermanythan
emigrationtoNorthAmerica。Whatgoodisitiftheemigrantsto
NorthAmericabecomeeversoprosperous？Intheirpersonalrelation
theyarelostforevertotheGermannationality，andalsofrom
theirmaterialproductionGermanycanexpectonlyunimportant
fruits。ItisapuredelusionifpeoplethinkthattheGerman
languagecanbemaintainedbytheGermanswholiveintheinterior
oftheUnitedStates，orthatafteratimeitmaybepossibleto
establishentireGermanstatesthere。Weonceourselvesentertained
thisillusion，butaftertenyears\'observationinthecountry
itself，onthespot，wehaveentirelygivenitup。Itliesinthe
veryspiritofeverynationality，andaboveallinthatofthe
UnitedStates，toassimilateitselfinlanguage，literature，
administration，andlegislation；anditisgoodthatthatisso。
HowevermanyGermansmaynowbelivinginNorthAmerica，yet
certainlynotoneofthemislivingtherewhosegreat-grandchildren
willnotgreatlyprefertheEnglishlanguagetotheGerman，and
thatfortheverynaturalreasonthattheformeristhelanguageof
theeducatedpeople，oftheliterature，thelegislation，the
administration，thecourtsofjustice，andthetradeandcommerce
ofthecountry。ThesamethingcanandwillhappentotheGermans
inNorthAmericaashappenedtotheHuguenotsinGermanyandthe
FrenchinLouisiana。Theynaturallymustandwillbeamalgamated
withthepredominantpopulation：somealittlesooner，othersa
littlelater，accordingastheydwellmoreorlesstogetherwith
fellow-countrymen。
Stilllessdependencecanbeplacedonanactiveintercourse
betweenGermanyandtheGermanemigrantstothewestofNorth
America。Thefirstsettlerisalwayscompelledbynecessitytomake
forhimselfthegreaterpartofhisarticlesofclothingand
utensils；andthesecustoms，whichoriginatedfrommerenecessity，
continueforthemostparttothesecondandthirdgeneration。
HenceitisthatNorthAmericaitselfisacountrywhichmakes
powerfuleffortsinmanufacturingindustry，andwillcontinually
strivemoreandmoretogainpossessionofherhomemarketfor
manufacturedgoods，forherownindustry。
Ontheotherhand，wewouldonthataccountbynomeans
maintainthattheAmericanmarketformanufacturedgoodsisnota
veryimportantone，andwellworthyofregard，especiallyfor
GermanyOnthecontrary，weareofopinionthatformanyarticles
ofluxuryandformanufacturedarticleswhichareeasyof
transport，andinwhichthewagesoflabourconstituteachief
elementoftheprice，thatmarketisoneofthemostimportant，and
mustfromyeartoyear，asrespectsthearticlesabovenamed，
becomemoreimportantforGermany。Whatwecontendisonlythis，
thatthoseGermanswhoemigratetothewestofNorthAmericagive
noimportantassistanceinincreasingthedemandforGerman
manufacturedgoods，andthatinreferencetothatobjectemigration
toCentralandSouthAmericarequiresanddeservesverymuchmore
directencouragement。
Theabove-mentionedcountries，includingTexas，areforthe
mostpartadaptedforraisingcolonialproduce。Theycanandwill
nevermakegreatprogressinmanufacturingindustry。Herethereis
anentirelynewandrichmarketformanufacturedgoodstoacquire；
whoeverhashereestablishedfirmcommercialrelations，mayremain
inpossessionofthemforallfuturetime。Thesecountries，without
sufficientmoralpoweroftheirowntoraisethemselvestoahigher
gradeofcivilisation，tointroducewell-orderedsystemsof
government，andtoenduethemwithstability，willmoreandmore
cometotheconvictionthattheymustbeaidedfromoutside，
namely，byimmigration。InthesequarterstheEnglishandFrench
arehatedonaccountoftheirarrogance，andowingtojealousyfor
nationalindependence——theGermansfortheoppositereasonsare
liked。HencethestatesoftheZollvereinoughttodevotethe
closestattentiontothesecountries。
AvigorousGermanconsularanddiplomaticsystemoughttobe
establishedinthesequarters，thebranchesofwhichshouldenter
intocorrespondencewithoneanother。Youngexplorersshouldbe
encouragedtotravelthroughthesecountriesandmakeimpartial
reportsuponthem。Youngmerchantsshouldbeencouragedtoinspect
them——youngmedicalmentogoandpractisethere。Companies
shouldbefoundedandsupportedbyactualsharesubscription，and
takenunderspecialprotection，whichcompaniesshouldbeformedin
theGermanseaportsinordertobuylargetractsoflandinthose
countriesandtosettlethemwithGermancolonists——companiesfor
commerceandnavigation，whoseobjectshouldbetoopennewmarkets
inthosecountriesforGermanmanufacturesandtoestablishlines
ofsteamships——miningcompanies，whoseobjectshouldbetodevote
Germanknowledgeandindustrytowinningthegreatmineralwealth
ofthosecountries。IneverypossiblewaytheZollvereinoughtto
endeavourtogainthegood-willofthepopulationandalsoofthe
governmentsofthosecountries，andespeciallytopromotebythat
meanspublicsecuritymeansofcommunication，andpublicorder；
indeed，oneoughtnottohesitate，incaseonecouldbythatmeans
putthegovernmentsofthosecountriesunderobligationtous，also
toassistthembysendinganimportantauxiliarycorps。
AsimilarpolicyoughttobefollowedinreferencetotheEast——
toEuropeanTurkeyandtheLowerDanubianterritories。Germany
hasanimmeasurableinterestthatsecurityandordershouldbe
firmlyestablishedinthosecountries，andinnodirectionsomuch
asinthisistheemigrationofGermanssoeasyforindividualsto
accomplish，orsoadvantageousforthenation。Amandwellingby
theUpperDanubecouldtransporthimselftoMoldaviaandWallachia，
toServia，oralsotothesouth-westernshoresoftheBlackSea，
forone-fifthpartoftheexpenditureofmoneyandtimewhichare
requisiteforhisemigrationtotheshoresofLakeErie。What
attractshimtothelattermorethantotheformeris，thegreater
degreeofliberty，security，andorderwhichprevailsinthe
latter。ButundertheexistingcircumstancesofTurkeyitoughtnot
tobeimpossibletotheGermanstates，inalliancewithAustria，to
exercisesuchaninfluenceontheimprovementofthepublic
conditionofthosecountries，thattheGermancolonistshouldno
longerfeelhimselfrepelledfromthem，especiallyifthe
governmentsthemselveswouldfoundcompaniesforcolonisation，take
partinthemthemselves，andgrantthemcontinuallytheirspecial
protection。
Inthemeantimeitisclearthatsettlementsofthiskindcould
onlyhaveaspeciallybeneficialeffectontheindustryofthe
statesoftheZollverein，ifnoobstacleswereplacedinthewayof
theexchangeofGermanmanufacturedgoodsfortheagricultural
produceofthecolonists，andifthatexchangewaspromotedby
cheapandrapidmeansofcommunication。Henceitistotheinterest
ofthestatesoftheZollverein，thatAustriashouldfacilitateas
muchaspossiblethethroughtrafficontheDanube，andthatsteam
navigationontheDanubeshouldberousedtovigorousactivity——
consequentlythatitshouldattheoutsetbeactuallysubsidisedby
theGovernments。
Especially，nothingissodesirableasthattheZollvereinand
Austriaatalaterperiod，aftertheindustryoftheZollverein
stateshasbeenbetterdevelopedandhasbeenplacedinaposition
ofgreaterequalitytothatofAustria，shouldmake，bymeansofa
treaty，reciprocalconcessionsinrespecttotheirmanufactured
products。
Aftertheconclusionofsuchatreaty，Austriawouldhavean
equalinterestwiththestatesoftheZollvereininmakingthe
Turkishprovincesavailableforthebenefitoftheirmanufacturing
industryandoftheirforeigncommerce。
InanticipationoftheinclusionintheZollvereinofthe
GermanseaportsandHolland，itwouldbedesirablethatPrussia
shouldnowmakeacommencementbytheadoptionofaGerman
commercialflag，andbylayingthefoundationforafutureGerman
fleet，andthatsheshouldtrywhetherandhowGermancoloniescan
befoundedinAustralia，NewZealand，orinoronotherislandsof
Australasia。
Themeansforsuchattemptsandcommencements，andforthe
undertakingsandsubventionswhichwehavepreviouslyrecommended
asdesirable，mustbeacquiredinthesamewayinwhichEnglandand
Francehaveacquiredthemeansofsupportingtheirforeigncommerce
andtheircolonisationandofmaintainingtheirpowerfulfleets，
namely，byimposingdutiesontheimportsofcolonialproduce。
Unitedaction，order，andenergycouldbeinfusedintothese
measuresoftheZollverein，iftheZollvereinstateswouldassign
thedirectionoftheminrespecttotheNorthandtransmarine
affairstoPrussia，andinrespecttotheDanubeandOriental
affairstoBavaria。Anadditionoftenpercenttothepresent
importdutiesonmanufacturesandcolonialproducewouldatpresent
placeonemillionandahalfperannumatthedisposalofthe
Zollverein。Andasitmaybeexpectedwithcertainty，asaresult
ofthecontinualincreaseintheexportofmanufacturedgoods，that
inthecourseoftimeconsumptionofcolonialproduceinthestates
oftheZollvereinwillincreasetodoubleandtrebleitspresent
amount，andconsequentlytheircustomsrevenuewillincreasein
likeproportion，sufficientprovisionwillbemadeforsatisfying
therequirementsabovementioned，ifthestatesoftheZollverein
establishtheprinciplethatoverandabovetheadditionoftenper
centapartalsoofallfutureincreaseinimportdutiesshouldbe
placedatthedisposalofthePrussianGovernmenttobeexpended
fortheseobjects。
AsregardstheestablishmentofaGermantransportsystem，and
especiallyofaGermansystemofrailways，webegtorefertoa
workofourownwhichspeciallytreatsofthatsubject。Thisgreat
enterprisewillpayforitself，andallthatisrequiredofthe
Governmentscanbeexpressedinoneword，andthatis——ENERGY。
End
