第17章

Altamirano，thoughaJesuit，appears(atfirstatanyrate)

tohavebeenanxiousthatthetreatyshouldbecarriedout。

In1752(September22)hewrotefromthereductionofSanBorjatoP。MathiasStroner，orderingalltheJesuitstoassistincarryingouttheevacuationoftheseventowns。ByhisadviceFreiredeAndradeandValdeliriosmetatCastillos，and，afterhavinglaidoffsometwentyleaguesofboundaryline，returnedrespectivelytotheColoniaandtoBuenosAyres。

ArchivodeSimancas，Legajo7，378，folio17

alongandcuriousletter。

`Stroner\'mayhavebeen`Stoner\'，inwhichcasehemusthavebeenanEnglishman。TherewerefewEnglishnamesamongsttheParaguayanJesuits，ifoneexceptJuanBrunodeYorca(JohnBrownofYork)，PadreEsmid(Smith)，thesupposititious`Stoner\'，andthedoubtfulTaddeoEnnis，who，thoughsaidtobeaBohemian，wasnotimpossiblyaMilesian。

Butinthemissionsthingswereinastateborderingonrevolution。

WhentheletterfromtheprefectofthemissionsreachedSanMiguel，theIndiansassembledoutsidethechurch，andhavinglearnedthesituationofthelandstowhichtheyweretomove，theirfuryknewnobounds。Theyallrefusedtostir，sayingtheyhadinheritedtheirlandsfromtheirforefathersandbythegraceofGod。Theirexamplewasatoncefollowedbythreemoreofthetowns，andvirtuallyastateofabsolutedefiancetotheordersoftheSpanishcrownensued。

DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildeParaguay\'，etc。，bookv。，p。52。

Theyalsosaid，inamemorialpresentedtotheMarquisofValdeliriosbytheProvincialBarreda，preservedatSimancas(Legajo7，447)，`ThattheyhadvoluntarilymadethemselvesvassalsoftheKingofSpain

despuesdeChristianarnos，noshizimosvoluntariamentevasallosdenuestroCatholicoReydeEspan~aparaqueamparandonosconsupoderfomentasenuestradevotaChristiandad。\'Itwasnotlikely，therefore，thattheywouldvoluntarilybecomesubjecttothePortuguese，theirmostbitterpersecutors。

JustatthismomentAltamirano，thecommissary，arrived，andfoundthestateofthingsmostserious。1ThecommissaryAltamiranosettoworkatoncetoplacebeforetheJesuitsoftheseventownsthedangertheyexposedthemselvestoiftheyrefusedtohelphimtocarryouttheordersofthecrown。Almostimmediatelyonhisarrivalhewrote2toDonJosedeCaruajalyLancastretosendmoretroops，andtothevariouspriests3todestroytheirpowder，andceasetomanufactureanymore。4Itismostlikelythat，ifAltamiranohadnosecretunderstandingwithhisbrotherJesuits，hislettersmusthaveconsiderablyamazedthem，andcertainlytheygaveoffencetotheIndians，whodeclaredhecouldnotbeaJesuitatall。SixhundredIndians，underachiefcalledSepeTyaragu，marcheduponSantoThome，whereAltamiranohadtakenuphisresidence，withtheavowedpurposeofdiscussingwhetherhewasaJesuitornot，and，ifthelattersuppositionprovedcorrect，ofthrowinghimintotheriverUruguay；5butAltamiranodidnotwaittheircoming，andreturnedprecipitatelytoBuenosAyres。Thecommissionwhichhadsetouttomarkthelimitsbetweenthecountries，6

buriedinthewoods，ormarchingalongtheriver，wasabsolutelyunawareofwhatwasgoingonamongsttheIndianstilltheyarrivedinSantaTeclaonFebruary26，1753。ThefirstnoticethattheyhadofitwaswhentheyfoundthemselvessurroundedbyastrongforceofIndians。

Oneofthecommissaries，DonJuandeEchevarria，isknowntohaveleftacuriousaccountoftheproceedings，fromwhichDeanFunes，Ibanez，andmostofthewritersonthesubjectmusthavecopied。7

1JoseBarreda，theFatherProvincialofthemissions，inacuriousletterunderdateofAugust2nd，1753，tellstheMarquisofValdeliriosthathefearsnotonlythatthe30，000Indiansresidentintheseventownsmayrebel，butthattheymaybejoinedbytheIndiansoftheotherreductions，andthatitispossibletheymayallapostatizeandreturntothewoods。

Brabo，inthenotestohis`AtlasdeCartasGeograficasdelosPaisesdelaAmericaMeridianal\'(Madrid，1872)，givesasynopsisofthisletter，whichformedpartofhiscollection，andcontainedthegreatestquantityofinterestingpapersontheJesuitsinParaguayandBoliviawhichhaseverbeenbroughttogether。In1872，afterpublishinghis`Atlas\'，his`ColecciondeDocumentos\'，andhis`Inventarios\'，hepresentedhispapers(morethan30，000innumber)

totheArchivoHistoricoNacionalofMadrid。Theretheyremain，andformarichminefordoggedscholarswhohavenotpassedtheiryouthonhorsebackwiththelazointheirhands。

2ArchivodeSimancas，Legajo7，378，folio146。

3Ibid。:`Quetodalapolvoraquetenganloscurasymisionerossequemeoseinutilizeypierdahechandolaalrio，yqueenlospueblosdondesefabrica，ceseluegoestelabor。\'

4Inanotherletter，alsopreservedatSimancas，anddatedatYapeyu，hecomplainsbitterlyofhisownsufferingonthejourney:

`Memolitantoconeltraqueoviolentodelcarretonquenohepodidovolversobremi。\'Theroadstothemissionsseemtohavebeenasbadasthosewhichproducedthehistoricalexclamation，`OduratellusHispaniae!\'ItiscertainlythecasethatIbanez，inhis`RepublicaJesuitica\'(Madrid，1768)，givesaverydifferentversionofthedoingsofAltamirano；forhesaysthatRafaeldeCordoba，Altamirano\'ssecretary，`embarkedinaschoonercalled`LaReal\'

agreatquantityofgunsandleadforballs，packingthemallinboxes，which，hesaid，werefullofobjectsofapiousnature……

This，\'saysIbanez，`wastoldmebythemasteroftheschooner`JoseelIngles\'，amanworthyofcredence。\'Thisispleasingtoone\'snationalpride，but，still，oneseemstowantalittlebetterauthorityeventhanthatof`Bardolph，theEnglishman\'。

5DeanFunes，bookv。，cap。iii。，p。54。

6Inamostcuriousletter(preservedatSimancas，Legajo7，447)，themayorandcouncilofthereductionofSanJuanwritetoAltamiranoupbraidinghimwithbeingtheirenemy，andtellhimthat`St。MichaelsentbyGodshowedtheirpoorgrandfathers(`suspobresabuelos\')wheretoplantacross，andafterwardstomarchduesouthfromthecrossandtheywouldfindaholyfatheroftheCompany。\'This，ofcourse，turnedoutasthesainthadforetold，andafteralongday\'smarchtheyencounteredtheJesuitandbecameChristians。

7Thisaccountseemstohavebeenlost，andacarefulsearchhasnotdisinterreditfromtheMaelstromofSimancas，thatprison

houseofsomanydocuments，withoutwhoseaidsomuchofSpanishhistorycannotbewritten。

Historians，likelawyersinconveyancing，catcherrorsonefromanother，andtransmitthemastruthsortitlestoposterity。CertainitisthatEchevarriasentforthenearestJesuitpriesttomediate，andheluckily，orunluckily，provedtobethatFatherThadeusEnnis，whoplayedsoprominentapartinthefutilerisingwhichtheenemiesoftheJesuitshavechosentodignifywiththehigh

soundingtitleofthe`JesuitWar\'。

IfFatherEnnisreallythoughttheIndianscouldholdheadtoboththeSpaniardsandthePortuguese，orifhethoughtthattherisingwoulddrawattentiontotheinjusticeofthetreaty，isdifficulttosay。Whether，indeed，heheadedithimself，orifhemerelyaccompaniedtheIndiansastheirspiritualguide，givingthemnowandthenthebenefitofhisadviceonmatterstemporal，afterthefashionoftheambitiouschurchmanofalltime，

isnowunknown。Whateverhisopinionswereuponthismatter，FatherEnnisshowedhimselfalmostfromthefirstirreconcilable。

Herefusedtomeetthecommissioners，andinhisplacesenta`cacique\'(chief)oftheIndians，oneSepeTyaragu，anofficialofthereductionofSanMiguel。Thischief，seeingtheescortofthecommissionwasbutsmall，`putonhisboots\'，

andtookhighground，daringtotalkabouttherightsofman，oftheloveofcountry，andsaidthatlibertyconsistedinbeingallowedtoenjoyhispropertyinpeace，sentimentswhich，thoughadmirableenoughinawhiteman\'smouth，formenofcolourarebutfitforcopy

books。

His`Efemerides\'，orJournal，printedandmutilatedbyIbanezinhis`RepublicadeParaguay\'，givesthebestaccountofthebrief`war\'

whichhascomedowntous；itissupplementedbythe`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'ofFatherCardiel，whichdealswiththemisstatementsofIbanezandothersagainsttheJesuits。

Inregardtohisownshareinthewar，PadreEnnissays:

`Atqueinexercitascuratorem，spiritualemmedicumsecumirepostulat。\'

`Sepusolasbotas\'。

The`cacique\'firmlyrefusedtovacatehislands，andsaidtheKingofSpain，ashelivedfaraway，couldnothaveunderstoodthebearingofaffairsinParaguay。Suchargumentsasthese，togetherwiththeperhapsoffensivetoneofthe`cacique\'，hadsucheffectonthecommissionersthat，afterhavingthreatenedhimwithvengeance，whichatthetimetheyhadnopowertocarryout，theybothwithdrewoutoftheterritory。

AsFunes1wellobserves，theSpaniardshadestablishedthemselvesintheseparts(theRiverPlateandParaguay)toobtainalimitlesssubmissionfromtheIndians。Anyresistancedrovethemtofury，andexcitedthemtotakerevenge。AsalltheIndians\'crimewastheirunwillingnesstoquitthelandsonwhichtheyhadbeenborn，itseemedalittlehardtoslaughterthem，evenbeforetheirpetitiontotheKinghadbeenrefused。

Mostprobablyallhadbeenpreparedbefore，forValdeliriosatonceissuedanorder，whichhehadthepowertodounderasealedletterfromtheKing，totheGovernorofBuenosAyres，Andonaegui，toprepareforwar。Activehostilitiesbrokeoutin1754，andFatherEnnishaspreservedaday

by

dayaccount，writteninpriestlyLatin，2

ofwhattookplace。Aftersomeskirmishes，whichatthefirstwerefavourabletotheIndians，whotookgreatcouragefromthem，3

thefirstencounterofaseriousnatureoccurredonFebruary24，1754。

Quitenaturally，thevictorywasonthesideofthebest

armedbattalions，andtheIndianslostmanyoftheirbestmen，andtheirlargestpieceofordnance。4

1DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay\'，BuenosAyres，etc。，bookv。，cap。iv。，p。58。

2LuckilyIbanez(`RepublicaJesuiticadeParaguay\')hasnotcorrectedthemanyfaultsofspellingandLatinityintowhichPadreEnnisfell。

Those，thoughleftinfrommalice，asIbanezwasabitterenemyoftheJesuits，servetopresentthemaninhishabitashewrote。

However，Ibanezhassomuchmutilatedthetextofthejournalthatoccasionallythesenseisleftobscure。

3`Hocitaquenunciolaetialteroacincensi……Sacramentoexpiationisetpanefortimroborati\'(Ennis，`Efemerides\')。

4Cardiel，inhis`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。426，says:

`Lomismoes28，000milIndiosqueigualnumerodemuchachos。\'

Withvaryingsuccessthewardraggedonforseveralyears，afterthestyleoftheGauchowarfareintheRiverPlatewhichwascommontwentyyearsago，orthatinVenezuelawhichobtainsto

day。

Alternatelyeachpartycarriedofftheother\'shorses，droveeachother\'scattle，or，iftheycaughtastraggler，tiedhishandsandcuthisthroatorlancedhim，thepartywhohadlostthemanprotestinghewas`massacred\'

aterminuseevento

daywhenthepartytowhichone\'sselfbelongssustainsreverse。

Forthefirsttwoyears

forwarsinSouthAmericatilltwentyyearsagoweretothefullasinterminableasthatofTroy

FatherThadeusEnniskepthisjournal，faithfullychroniclingallthathesaw。

OccasionallyinaperfunctorywayhesayshismissionwiththerevoltedIndianswasasapriestandphysiciantothesoulsandbodiesofhisflock；butnowandthenhesetsdownthecaptureofaconvoyofsomethirtycarts，orthecuttingoffsomemessengercarryingdespatchesfromtheGenerals。InthisheseesthehandofGod(putforthtohelphisJesuits1)，althoughhenowandthencomplainstheIndianswereremissinfollowingupanysuccesstheyhad。Afterthefirstencounter，theIndiansseemtohaveemployedtheimmemorialguerillatacticswhichsooftenwasteallthestrengthofanarmywhichhasconqueredinthefield。FatherCardiel2describestheIndianarmy，quotingfromthewritingofaSpanishofficerwhoservedagainstthem，asquitecontemptible。Theircannonwerebuthollowreeds，boundroundwithhide，whichcouldonlybefiredtwoorthreetimes，andcarriedballsapoundinweight。3Somelancesandbowsandarrowswhichtheyhadappearedtohimmoreformidable。Mostofthemcarriedbannerswiththepaintedfigureofasaint，underwhoseaegistheydeemedthemselvessecurefromcannon

balls。Theirtrencheswerebutshallowditches，withafewdeeperholestoshelterin，butwhich，asCardielobserves，servedmanyofthemforgraves，astheywereopentoartillery，havingbeenconstructedwithout`anounceofmilitaryart\'。TheofficeraddsthatnosoonerhadtheIndiansheardthecannonthantheyfled，leavingalmostninehundredonthefieldandlosingone

sixthprisoners。4

Finally，theofficerremarkswithdisgustthattheofficialchronicleroftheaffair`liesfromfirsttolast\'5whenhedeclaresthattheIndianscouldmakeanyresistanceagainstdisciplinedtroops。

Withvaryingfortunethecampaigndraggedon，untilin1756

thediaryofFatherEnnis，badLatinityandall，comestoanabruptconclusionatthetakingofSanLorenzo，wherethestout

heartedpriestwastakenprisoner。Hispapersfellintounfriendlyhands，andweremadeuseofbyIbanez，withthecontextdulydistortedinvariouspassages，andservedasoneofthemostformidableindictmentsagainsttheJesuitsintheexpulsionunderCharlesIII。

1`NectamenresipiscebatetDivinamNemesimquamquamclareexperiebaturprocausa^Societatis。\'

2`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。404。

3Infact，theymuchresembledthose`crakysofwarre\'which，withthe`tymmerisforhelmys\'，Barbour，inthe`Bruce\'，takesnoticeofasthetwonoteworthyeventsofabattlethathechronicles:

`Twanoweltyisthatdaythaisaw，ThatforouthinScotlandhadbenenane。

Tymmerisforhelmyswarthetane，ThatthaimthouchtthaneoffgretbewteAndalsuawondyrfortose。

Thetothyr，crakyswar，offwer，Thatthaibeforherdneuirer。\'

`TheBruce\'，BookeFourteene，p。392。

4Thiswasinanactionintheyear1756。

5`Mientedelacruzalafecha\'。

AlthoughThadeusEnnisandotherJesuitsaccompaniedthetroops，andnodoubtaidedmuchbytheiradvice，theIndianshadasageneraloneNicolasNeenguiru，styledintheGazettesofthetimetheKingofParaguay。Aboutthismanallkindsofmonstrouslegendssoonsprangup。Onelittlelyingbook，entitled`HistoiredeNicolasI。，RoyduParaguaietEmpereurdesMamalus\'，whichbearsuponitstitle

page`SaintPaul\'，1756，especiallyexcels。

Inthatbriefworkofbutonehundredandseventeenpages，printedonyellowishpaper，andwithoneofthefinestlittlevignettesofabasketoffruitandflowersuponitstitle

pagethatonecouldwishtosee，asortofparodyofaSpanishpicaresquenovelinduodecimoissetforthwithcircumstance。

TheMamalucos，orPaulistas，were，ofcourse，thebitterestenemiesofeverythingParaguayan，sothataKinghadaswellbeenstyledof`IcelandandofParaguay\'。

IfthisassumestobeSaoPaulodePiritinangainBrazil，itisnotunlikelyoneofthefewbookspublishedthereintheeighteenthcentury，ifnottheonlyone。Happyisthecityofonebook，especiallywhenthatworkhasnothingofatheologicalcharacterinit，eventhoughitliesfrom`lacruzalafecha\'。

NicolasRoubioniisdulybornin1710，inasmall`bourgadedel\'Andalousie\'

bearingthenameofTaratos。Thenamecarriesconvictionfromthestart，andpronouncedalafrancaise，withtheaccentequaluponallthesyllables，isquiteasSpanishasthemostexigentofcomicoperascouldpossiblydesire。Hisfather，`ancienmilitaire\'，lefthimalonetoeducatehimselfashebestliked。ArrivedateighteenyearsofageherunsawaytoSeville，andafterseveraladventuresinthestyleofthoseofRinconeteandCortadillo，seenthroughFrenchspectacles，enterstheserviceofaladybearingthewell

knownSpanishnameofDonnaMariadellaCupidita。

UndertheunnecessaryaliasofMedelino，andinthecapacityofcook，hebecomesthelady\'sloverasindutybound。`Chasse\'fromSevillebyajealousbrotherofhislove，hefliesforrefugetoa`bourgade\'

(namenotchronicled)somesevenleaguesaway。Hethenbecomesamuleteer，andatMedinaSidoniakillsaman，and，forcedtoflee，repairstoMalaga，wherehelivespeacefullytenyears。Findinglifedullthere，hejourneystoAragonandjoinstheJesuits，andfromhenceforthhisfutureisassured。AfteranintervalhereappearsatHuesca，andatoncefallsinlovewith`unebelleespagnole\'，DonnaVictoriaFortini，whomhecourtsundertheguiseofagentlemanofSeville，returningeverynighttotheconventoftheJesuitstochangehisclothes。Sogreatbecomeshiseffronterythatunderthestyleandtitleof`ComtedelaEmmandes\'，hepubliclymarries`sabelle\'，theJesuitseitherconsenting，ortooastoundedatthefacttointervene。ThingsgettinghotinHuesca，heembarksforBuenosAyresasamissionary，leavingpoorDonnadelaVictoria`dansuneinquietudemortelle\'，asshemightwellhavebeen。

ArrivedinBuenosAyresjustatthemomentofthecessionofthesevenJesuittowns，heseeshisopportunity，learnsGuaraniinthebriefspaceofsixorsevenweeks，andjoinstheIndians。

Theynaturally，havingbeentrainedtolookoneveryforeigneroutsidetheOrderoftheJesuitsasanenemy，receivehimastheirKing。

Underthetitleofthe`SonoftheSunandStarofLiberty\'herulesthem，lookedonasaGod。Thebriefmendaciouschronicleleaveshimonthethrone，justafterhavingjoinedtheempireoftheMamalucostothatofParaguay，andpromisingtogivetheworldmoreofhishistorywhenitcomestohand。

BystoriessuchasthosecontainedinthemendaciouslittlebookimprintedatSt。Paul，theeasy

mindedpublic

then，asnow，alwaysmoreeasilyimpressedwithliesthanwiththetruth

wasbiassedagainsttheJesuitsinParaguay。FatherDobrizhoffer，

whoknew`King\'Nicolasfromhisyouthup，hasleftaverydifferentversionofhishistory，inwhichnoDonnadellaCupiditaordelaVictoriaevenremotelyflourishes。NicolasNeenguiruwasborninthetownshipofLaConcepcion，ofwhichinafter

lifeherosetobethemayor。HemarriedanIndianwoman，not`unebelleAndalouse\'，andDobrizhoffersaysafriendofhis，oneFatherZierheim，hadhimwhippedpubliclyforpettytheftwhenayoungman。

Atthetime(1753)when，incompanywithanotherIndian，oneJose，mayorofSanMiguel，heheadedtheIndianrevolt，hewasamanofmiddleage，tall，taciturnandgrave，andnotill

looking，thoughmarkedacrossthecheekwithadisfiguringscar。

AtnotimewasheevenalaybrotheroftheJesuitOrder，asbytheirrulesinParaguaynoIndianswereevertakeneitheraslaybrothersoraspriests。Solittlewasthemanfearedbytheauthoritiesthat，oncetheIndians\'resistancewasover，NicolaswenttotheSpanishcamp，wasquietlyheard，dismissed，andthencontinuedinhisofficeasthemayorofhisnativeplace。

ThelegendsprangfromamistakeinGuarani，towhichperhapsalittlemalicegaveitsartfulcharm。InGuaranitheword`Rubicha\'

signifiesachief，whereas`Nfurabicha\'meansking。Thetwo，pronouncedbyonebutillacquaintedwiththelanguagesoundidentical。

NothingwasmorelikelythanthattheIndiansshouldcalltheirgeneraltheirchief；hadtheythoughtreallyofsettlinguponaking，itiscertainthattheywouldhavechosenoneofthefamilyofsomewell

knownchief，andnotanIndianmerelyappointedmayorbytheJesuits。

Butbethatasitmay，GeneralNeenguiru，thoughhehasleftsomeinterestingletters，whicharepreservedinthearchivesofSimancas，showednocapacityforgeneralship。Throughoutthecourseofthecampaignheendeavouredtoreplacehiswantofskillbytricksandbyintrigues，butofsofutileanaturethattheywerefrustratedandrendereduselessatonce。Hisfirstendeavourwastogaintime，whenhefoundhimselfwithseventeenhundredmenopposedtoAndonaegui，GovernorofBuenosAyres，whohadanarmywellequippedwithguns，ofabouttwothousandmen。

NeenguiruwrotetoAndonaegui，tellinghimthattheIndianswerereadytosubmit，andthen，whilstwaitingforananswer，setaboutfortifyingthepositionwhichheheld。Warnedbyaspy，Andonaeguiattackedatonce，anddrovetheIndiansfromtheirtrencheslikeaflockofsheep，takingtheirwoodencannon，lances，andbanners，andkillingthirteenhundredofthem。

`AccountoftheAbipones\'，vol。i。，p。32。

TheonlymantheIndiansproducedwhoshowedanyaptitudeasaleaderwasachiefcalledSepeTyaragu。Athisdeathinactionin1756

NicolasNeenguirusucceededtohispost。

Agloriousvictory，and，asFatherEnnissays，`tobeexpected，andwhich，haditchancedotherwise，musthavecoveredtheSpaniardsandthePortuguesewithshame。\'Infact，avictoryofthesamekindasthosewhichsincethattimehavebeenmostusualwhenwell

armedEuropeantroopshavefacedhalf

naked，ill

armedsavages，butwhich，ofcourse，reflectnocreditonthevictor，or，atbest，justasmuchcreditasabutcherrightfullyreceiveswhenhedefeatsacalf。

ButevenafterthevictoryovertheIndiansofNicolasNeenguiruthetroublesoftheallieswerenotquiteatanend。

Theusualdissensionsbetweenallieswhomutuallydetesteachothersoonbrokeout，andGomezFreire，theGeneralofthePortuguese，onlypreventedacollisionwiththeSpaniardsbyconsiderabletact。

Afterashortcampaignofafewmonths，thealliesenteredtherebellioustownsandtookpossessionofthemall，withtheexceptionofSanLorenzo，whichcontinuedtoholdout。Amonthortwoservedtoreduceit，too，andthewholeterritoryoftheseventownssubmittedtothepowerofthejointforcesofPortugalandSpain。

Thestruggleover，NeenguiruwasquietlyagainreinstatedmayorofConcepcion，thebruisedwoodencannondulysetupasmonuments，thedeadleftontheplainsandthe`esteros\'

forthechimangosandthecaranchostogorgeupon，and，law\'sduemajestyoncemorevindicated，theconquerorssetabout，in1757，totracethelimitsbetweentheterritoriesofthetwoChristianKings。

`MilvagoChimango\'。

`Polyhorustharus\'。Inrelationtotheword`tharus\'，whichfiguresasasortofscientific(ordoggerel)cognomentothisbird，Mr。W。H。Hudsononcepointedouttomethat，likesomeother`scientificfacts\'，itoriginatedinamistake。

ThePampaIndiannameofthebirdis`trare\'。Molina(DonJuanIgnacio)，inhis`HistoryofChile\'，happenedtospelltheword`thare\'，insteadof`trare\'，andthenproceededtomakeadog

Latinformofit。

Thusthebirdhasreceiveditspresentscientificname。

Mostoftheseventownswerehalfdeserted，theIndianshavingfledforrefugetothewoods，andthecommissionsettoworkuponitslaboursinadesertwhichititselfhadmade。OutofthefourteenthousandIndianswhohadinhabitedthesevenflourishingtownsupontheUruguaybutfewremained；

yetstilltheworkofpacificationandworkingattheboundarywentonslowly，forfrom1753to1759nothingofconsequencewasdone。

In1760FerdinandVI。died，andhissonCharlesIII。succeededhim，andstilltheboundarycommissionworkedonhopelesslyinParaguay。

TheJesuits，whohadworkedunceasinglyduringthelasteightyearstoannulthetreatyhandingthesevenmissionsovertothePortuguese，atlength，in1761，obtainedfromCharlesIII。atreatyannullingallthathadbeendone，andprovidingthattheseventownsshouldremainpartofthedominionsoftheSpanishcrown。

Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。430:`……llegoallidespuesdelafugaydesamparodelospueblos……sacoalosdosPadresqueestabanmuyafligidosporlasoledadyalboroto。\'

Theytriumphed；buttheirtriumphaddedanothersteptowardstheirruin，forthejealousywhichtheyevokedbytheirpersistentfightraisedupmuchanimositytowardsthemselvesinSpain。HowgreatasharetheyhadintheresistanceoftheIndianscannotbeknownwithcertainty。

PaperspreservedinthearchivesofSimancaschargethemwithstirringuptheIndianstoresist；1buttheyarechieflyfromValdeliriosandothers，who，naturallyfindingresistance，putitdownatoncetotheJesuits，whomthen，asnow，itwasthefashiontoabuse。TheIndiansthemselvesseemtohavebeenperplexed，nodoubtencouragedbytheirpriestsononehand，andontheotherseeingthecommissaryAltamirano，himselfaJesuit，callinguponthemtosubmit。

InapatheticletterwrittentotheGovernorofBuenosAyres，anddated`enlaestanciadeSanLuis，Feb。28de1756\'，PrimoIbarrenda，ofSanMiguel，says:2`ThisourwritingIsendtoyouthatyoumaytellusfinallywhatistobeourlot，andthatyoutakearesolutionwhatitisthatyoushalldo。Youseehowthatlastyearthefathercommissary3cametothisourlandtobotherustoleaveit:

toleaveourtownsandallourterritories，sayingitwasthewillofourlordtheKing:besidesthisyouyourselfsentusarigorouslettertellingustoburnourtowns，destroythefields，evenpulldownourchurch，whichissobeautiful(`tanlindo\')，andsayingalsothatyouwouldkillus。

Youalsosay，andthereforeweaskyouifitisthetruth，forifitis，wewillalldiebeforetheHolySacrament；butsparethechurch，foritisGod\'s，andeventheinfidelswouldnotdoitanyharm。\'

TheygoontosaytheyhavealwaysbeenobedientsubjectsoftheKing，andthatitisimpossiblethathiswishcouldbetoinjurethem

infact，theletterofinnocentmen，halfcivilized，andthinkingjustice，mercy，andright

doingweretobefoundwithGovernorsandKings。HadmanyoftheJesuitschosentotakethefield，theirknowledgeofthecountryandthevastinfluencethattheyhadupontheIndianswouldhavemadethecampaignperilousenoughevenfortheunitedmilitarypowerofPortugalandSpain。

Asitwas，themiserablewardraggedonforeightlongyears，andforresultruinedsevenmissionswherebeforetheIndianslivedhappily。

Then，whenthefieldsweredesolate，thevillagesdeserted，andtheIndianpopulationhalfdispersed，statesmeninSpainandPortugalsawfittochangetheirminds，toannulthetreaty，andtopassadiplomaticspongeovertheruinandthemiserytheyhadcaused。

1Inaletter(ArchivodeSimancas，Legajo7，378，folio128)，Valdelirios，writingtothegovernorofBuenosAyres，DonJosedeCaravajalyLancastre，says:`InagotablessonlosrecursosdelosPadresparaquesedilateynoseratifiqueeltratado……\'

ButhegivesnoproofexceptthattheyhadsentpetitionstotheKing

surelyaveryconstitutionalthingforthemtodo。

2TheletterwaswrittenoriginallyinGuarani，andacertifiedtranslationofitexistsatSimancas，Legajo7，385，folio13。

3Altamirano。

ChapterX

PositionoftheJesuitsin1761

DecreefortheirexpulsionsentfromSpain

BucarelisenttosuppressthecollegesanddriveouttheJesuits

Theysubmitwithoutresistance

AftertwohundredyearstheyareexpelledfromParaguay

Thecountryunderthenewrule

Thesystemofgovernmentpracticallyunchanged`Nostormissoinsidious\'(saidSt。Ignatius)`asaperfectcalm，andnoenemysodangerousastheabsenceofallenemies。\'

ThisdangerousstateofcalmwithoutanapparentenemyinsightwasthepositionoftheJesuitsinParaguayin1761。BydesperateeffortsandintriguesinSpaintheyhadkepttheirthirtymissionsfrombeingmutilated；theirinfluenceamongsttheIndianshadneverbeenmoreabsolute。ThegovernorsofBuenosAyresandofParaguayhadtriedafallwiththem，andthehonoursofthestrugglewerewiththeJesuits。Theyhadsucceededingettingputintoforcetheclausesofthe`LawsoftheIndies\'，whichkeptSpaniardsoutoftheIndiansettlements。Eventhosesentagainstthemhadbeenforcedtotestifytotheirutility1inParaguay。

ButthroughoutSpainandherenormousempireinAmericaandintheEastperpetualhostilitybetweentheJesuitsandtheregularclergyhadbeengoingonforyears。IneveryportionofAmericatheJesuitswereunpopular，theexcuseallegedbeingtheirwealthandpower；2buttherealreasonwastheirattitudeonslavery。Afterrepeatedgrumblingsofdistantthunder，atlengththestormbroke，andthedecreefortheexpulsionoftheJesuitsinSpainandherdominionswassigned，andtheordersenttoBucareli，GovernorofBuenosAyres，inJuneof1767，toputitintoforceinParaguay。

ThereasonswhichinducedKingCharlesIII。toexpeltheJesuits，mysteriousastheywere，andlockedupadeadsecretintheroyalbreast，3

mayormaynothavebeensufficientinSpain，butcouldinnorespecthaveheldgoodforParaguay，wherethereexistedlittlescopeforcourtintrigue，andwheretheJesuitswerefarremovedfromtheirfellowSpanishsubjects，andoccupiedentirelywiththeirmissionwork。

Manyandvarioushavebeentheexplanationswhichhistorianshavesetforthforthisdecree。CertainitisinSpainthisOrderhadattainedtoconsiderablepower，andthatinRometheableroftheirGeneralsoccasionallykeptthePopesinmentalservitude。

1DonPedroCevallos，GovernorofBuenosAyres，whowasinParaguayin1755，senttheretofightthetroopsofKingNicolas，found，ashehimselfsays，`noKing，andnotroops，butafewhalf

armedIndians。\'

WritingtotheKing，hesays:`LosJesuitassonutilesenelParaguay。\'

2ThefiguresinChapterVII。servetoshowthatinParaguay，atleast，theywerenotexactlymillionaires。InMexico，Palafox，thesaintlyBishopofPuebla，hadsetaboutallkindsofstoriesastotheirriches，butGeronimoTerenichi，anecclesiasticsenttoMexicotoexamineintothequestionoftheJesuitsandtheirwealth，afterayearofresidence，expresslysays`theywereverypoor，andladenwithdebt\'(`eranmuypobresyestabancargadosdedeudas\'):

`ColecciondelosarticulosdelaEsperanza，sobrelaHistoriadelReinadodeCarlosIII。\'，p。435。Madrid，1859。

3Theywereexpresslyproclaimedtobe`ocultasyreservadas\'。

CarlosIII。，indefenceofhis`occult\'and`reserved\'reasons，said，`misrazones，soloDiosyyodebemosconocerlas\'

(`ReinadodeCarlosIII。\'，vol。iii。，p。120。FerrerdelRio，Madrid，1856)。NodoubtCarlosIII。satisfiedhisconsciencewiththisdictum，butitispermissibletodoubtwhetherthepoweralludedtoinsuchacousin

likemannerbytheKingwasequallysatisfied。

SomehaveaccountedfortheactofCharlesIII。asbeingbutrevengeforthetumultofAranjuezundertheministryofEsquilace，1

arguingthattheJesuitswereinfacttheauthorsofit，andthatitwasbuttheprecursorofaplottodethronetheKingandplacehisbrotherDonLuisuponthethrone，asbeingnotsoliberalinhisideas。

Others，again，havestated2thattheJesuitssetaboutacalumnythatCharlesIII。wasnottheQueen\'ssonbyherhusband，butbyaloverwhomtheysaidshehad。TheonlyreasonwhichseemsfeasibleisthattheKingwasworkedonbythefearthattheOrderhadrisentotoomuchpower，andthatifhedidnotatoncetakestepsthemonarchywouldberenderedbutamereappendageoftheGeneraloftheJesuits。3

1Thiscelebratedtumult，generallyknowninSpainas`elMotindeAranjuez\'，andsometimesas`elMotindeEsquilace\'，occurredonPalmSunday，1766。TheostensiblereasonwasanedictoftheKing(CharlesIII。)prohibitingtheuseoflongcloaksandbroad

brimmedhats，whichhadbeenforlongpopularinSpain。ThetumultassumedsuchformidabledimensionsthattheWalloonGuardswereunabletoquellit，buttwofriars，PadreOsmaandPadreCueva，insomemannerwereabletostemtheconfusion。TheKingandthecourtweresomuchdisturbedthattheyquittedMadridandwenttoAranjuez。ThereisnoproofthattheJesuitshadanyhandatallintheaffair。

2FerrerdelRio，inhishistoryofthereignofCharlesIII。

3Such，atleast，severalofhisletterstothePope，ClementXII。，wouldseemtoindicate。ItisnotimpossiblethatthestrenuousoppositionwhichtheJesuitsgavetotheInquisitionmayhavehadsomethingtodowiththeirexpulsion。Someofthemwentgreatlengthsintheirattacks。P。AntonioVieyra，thecelebratedPortugueseJesuit，inhis`Relac，ao~Exactissima，Instructiva，Curioza，Verdadeira，NoticiozadoProcedimentodasInquizic，oisdePortugal\'(EmVeneza，1750)，isalmostassevereasProtestantwritershavebeenagainsttheInquisition。

ParticularlydoesheinveighagainsttheprisonsystemoftheHolyOffice(pp。3

5，chap。i。)。Inthelastchapter(p。154)，VieyracallsSaavedra，thefounderofthePortugueseInquisition，atyrant，andinrecountinghisdeedscallshim`tyranno\'，`cruel\'，`falsario\'，`herege\'，and`ladram\'(athief)，andfinishesbyassertingthatthetribunalinventedbysuchaman`haditsrootsinhell\'，andthat`itsministerscouldnotgotoheaven\'。

Whetheritissoundpolicyofanygovernmenttoexpelarace，orsect，ororderfromitsdomains，nomatterwhattheimmediateexigenciesofthetimesseemtorequire，isamootpoint。TheexpulsionsoftheJews，Moriscos，andHuguenots，andthedissolutionofthemonasteriesinthetimesofthattrueProtestantHenryVIII。ofeverpiousmemory，donotexactlyseemtohavehadtheeffectuponthecountrieswheretheytookplacethatwasatfirstexpectedbytheirinstigators。

ExpelledbyCharlesIII。，theJesuitsto

dayinSpainhavere

acquiredmuchoftheirinfluence。Sothatitseemsthatpersecution，tobeeffectual，mustnotstoponthissideofextermination，andthisourLordProtectorCromwellunderstoodfullwell。

TheViceroyBucarelitowhomthetaskoftheexpulsionoftheOrderintheviceroyaltyofBuenosAyresandofParaguaywasentrusted，wasnoordinaryman。AppointedViceroyofBuenosAyresafteradistinguishedcareerofpublicservice，hefoundhimself，almostwithoutwarning，andwithoutanyadequateforcesathiscommand，obligedtoexecutebyfarthemostimportantandfar

reachingtaskthathadeverfallentothelotofanySpanishGovernorinAmericatocarryout。ButashisserviceshadnotbeenchieflyinAmerica，heheldtheideawhichatthetimewasgenerallyreceivedinEurope，thattheJesuitspossessedgreatwealth，hadbodiesoftrainedtroops，andsowouldresistalleffortsatexpulsiontothedeath。

HisfullnamewasDonFranciscodePaulaBucareliyUrsua。

Brabo(`ColecciondeDocumentos\'，etc。)saysofhim，`speakingofthepettyjealousiesandintrigueswhichthedecreeofexpulsionevoked:`Enmediodetantascontrariedades，crimenesymiseriasdestacaserenalafiguradeBucareli，nosolollevandoacaboconincansablecelosucometido，sinoatendiendoasuplirenlaorganizacionreligiosa，intelectualycivillosnumerososvaciosquedejabalafaltadelabsorbenteydecisivoinflujojesuitico。\'

Fullofthesevisions，saysDeanFunes，heconsideredtheorder，whichwastransmittedtohimfromSpain，asinvolvingseriousmilitaryrisk，andevidentlyseemstohavelookedoneveryJesuitvillageasastrongplaceofarms。July22，1767，wasthedayhechose，keepinghisdesignasecret，andpreparingtostrikeinCorrientes，Cordoba，MonteVideo，andSantaFe，onthesameday，orrathernight，fortheterroroftheJesuitswassogreatthathedesignedtoexpelthemallbynight。