第2章

Asimpleandeasystyle，akeenhabitofobservation，longacquaintancewiththecountry，azealfortheconversionoftheinfidel，notonlytoChristianity，buttoamorecomfortablemodeoflife，towhichheaddsafaithsufficienttomovetheCordilleraoftheAndes，butatthesametimerestrictedbyacommon

senseandveracitynotalwaysobservableinreligiouswriters，renderDobrizhofferapersonalfriendaftertheperusalofhiswritings。

Dobrizhoffer\'sbookwaswritteninLatin，andprintedinViennain1784

underthetitleof`HistoriadeAbiponibus\'，etc。AGermantranslationbyProfessorKeilwaspublishedatPesthinthesameyear。

TheEnglishtranslationisoftheyear1822。

EnglishissingularlybarreninregardtotheJesuitsinParaguay。

FatherFalconer，anEnglishJesuit，hasleftacuriousandinterestingbook(printedatHerefordin1774)，buthetreatsexclusivelyofwhatisnowtheprovinceofBuenosAyres，theFalklandIslands，andofPatagonia。

AsanEnglishmanandaJesuit(asomewhatrarecombinationintheeighteenthcentury)，andasonewhodoubtlessknewmanyoftheParaguayanpriests，histestimonywouldhavebeenmostimportant，especiallyashewasamanofgreatinformation，mucheducation，anintrepidtraveller，and，moreover，onlyenteredtheCompanyofJesusatacomparativelyadvancedage。

ItisinSpanish，orinLatinbySpanishauthors，thatthegreaterportionofthecontemporaryhistoriesandaccountsaretobefound。

Literatures，likeotherthings，havetheirtimesoffashion。

AtonetimeaknowledgeofSpanishwasasrequisiteassometinctureofFrenchisatpresent，andalmostasuniversal。

MenfromGermany，England，andHollandwhometinaforeigncountrycommunicatedinthatlanguage。IntheearlyportionofthecenturyTicknor，Prescott，andWashingtonIrvingrenderedSpanishliteraturefashionabletosomedegree。

ItistoberememberedthattheSpanishcolonistswereasaruleantagonistictotheJesuits，andthat，therefore，SpanishwritersdonotofnecessityholdabrieffortheJesuitsinParaguay。

Moreover，thenamesofEsmid(Smith)，Fildo(Fields)，Dobrizhoffer，CataldiniandTomasBruno(Brown，whoismentionedasbeing`naturaldeYorca\')，Filge，Limp，Pifereti，Enis，andAsperger，thequaintmedicalwriteronthevirtuesofplantsfoundinthemissionterritory，showhowmanyforeignJesuitswereactuallytobefoundinthereductionsofParaguay。Formoreinformationonthismatterseethe`ColecciondeDocumentosrelativosa/laExpulsiondelosJesuitasdelaRepublicaArgentinayParaguay\'，publishedandcollectedbyFranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872。

LaterthehistoricalresearchesofSirWilliamStirlingMaxwelldrewsomeattentiontoit。To

dayhardlyanyliteratureofEuropeissolittlestudiedinEngland。Stillleavingapartthepurelyliterarytreasuresofthelanguage，itisinSpanish，andalmostaloneinSpanish，thattheearlyhistoryofAmericaistobefound。

Afterthestruggleforindependencewhichfinishedabout1825，someinterestwasexcitedintheSpanish

Americancountries，stimulatedbythewritingsofHumboldt；butwhenitbecameapparentthatonthewholethosecountriescouldneverbeoccupiedbyNorthernEuropeans，interestinthemdiedoutexceptforpurposesconnectedwiththeStockExchange。Yetthereisacharmwhichattachestothemwhichattachestonoothercountriesintheworld。Itwastherethatoneofthegreatestdramas，andcertainlythegreatestadventureinwhichthehumanracehasengaged，tookplace。WhatAfricahasbeenforthelasttwentyyears，SpanishAmericawasthreehundredyearsago，thedifferencebeingthat，whereasmodernadventureinAfricagoesonunderfullobservation，anddealsinthemainwithabsolutelyuncivilizedpeoples，theconquestofSouthAmericawasinvestedwithallthecharmofnovelty，andbroughttheconquerorsintocontactwithatleasttwopeoplesalmostasadvancedinmostoftheartsofcivilizationastheywerethemselves。

WhenfirstSebastianCabotandSolisascendedtheParana，theyfoundthattheGuaranisofParaguayhadextendedinnoinstancetothewesternshoreofeitherofthoserivers。

Thewesternbankswereinhabitedthen，asnow，bythewanderingIndiansofthestillnotentirelyexploredterritoryoftheGranChaco。

ChacoisaQuichuaIndianwordmeaning`hunting\'or`hunting

ground\'，anditissaidthataftertheconquestofPerutheIndiantribeswhichhadbeenrecentlysubjugatedbytheIncastookrefugeinthishugedomainofforestandofswamp。

TheIncaGarcilasodelaVega，inhis`CommentariosReales\'(enMadrid1723，enlaoficinaRealya/costadeNicholasRodriguezFranco，Impressordelibros，sehallaranensucasaenlacalledeelPoc，oyenPalacio)，derivesthewordfromtheQuichua`Chacu/\'=asurrounding。Ifheisright，itwouldthenbeequivalenttotheGaelic`tinchel\'。Taylor，theWater

poet，hasleftacuriousdescriptionofoneofthesetinchels。

ItwasatatinchelthattherisingundertheEarlofMarinthe\'15

wasconcocted。

Bethatasitmay，theChacoIndiansofto

day，comprisingtheremnantsoftheLulis，Tobas，Lenguas，Mocobios，andothers，arealmostassavageaswhenfirstwehearoftheminthepagesofAlvarNunezandHuldericoSchmidel。ThesetribestheJesuitsonmanyoccasionsattemptedtocivilize，butalmostentirelywithoutsuccess，asthelongrecordofthemartyrdomofJesuitmissionariesintheChacoproves，aswellasthegradualabandonmentoftheirmissionsthere，towardsthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcentury。

CertainitisthatatvariousplacesintheChaco，inthequaintoldmapstheJesuitshaveleftus，onereads`MissiondeSantaCruzdelosVilelas\'，`MissiondelaConcepciondelosFrontones\'，andothers；butmuchmorefrequentlytheirmapsarestuddedwithcrosses，andsomesuchlegendas`HicoccisisuntPP。AntoniusSalinusetPetrusOrtizZarate\'。

ItwasonlywhentheJesuitsencounteredthemorepeacefulGuaranisthattheymetwithrealsuccess。

SeethecuriousmapcontainedinthenowrareworkofP。PedroLozano，entitled，`DescripcionChorographica……delGranChaco，Gualamba\'，etc。

Alsointheinterestingcollectionofoldmapspublishedin1872atMadridbyFranciscoJavierBrabo。

Whatwasthenatureoftheirsuccess，howdurableitwas，whatwerethereasonswhichcausedtheexpulsionoftheorderfromAmerica，andespeciallyfromParaguay，andwhathasbeentheresultupontheremainderoftheIndians，itismyobjecttoendeavourtoexplain。

AlongresidenceintheriverPlate，togetherwithtwovisitstoParaguay，inoneofwhichIsawalmostalltheremnantsoftheParaguayanmissionsandafewofthosesituatedintheprovinceofCorrientes，andintheBrazilianprovinceofRioGrandedoSul，havegivenmesomepersonalacquaintancewiththesubject。

Itis，ofcourse，tobetakenintoconsiderationthatmytwojourneysinParaguayweremadeafterthegreatwarwhichterminatedin1870，afterlastingfouryears；butthewritingsofDemersay(`HistoireduParaguayetdesE/tablissementsdesJe/suites\'，Paris，1862)，thoseofBrabo，andofAzara，showthedesertedstateofthedistrictofMisionesintheperiodfrom1767，thedateoftheexpulsionoftheJesuits，tothemiddleofthenineteenthcentury。

TheactualconditionoftherichdistrictofMisiones(Paraguay)

atthetimeIvisitedit，shortlyaftertheconclusionofthegreatwarbetweenParaguayandBrazilin1870，doesnotenablemetospeakwithauthorityontheconditionofcommunities，theguidingspiritsofwhichwereexpelledasfarbackastheyear1767。

Theactualbuildingsofthemissions，thechurchesinadismantledstate，haveindeedsurvived；inmanyinstancesthetalldate

palmstheJesuitsplantedstillwaveoverthem。GenerallythecollegewasoccupiedbytheIndianAlcalde，whocameouttomeetthevisitoronahorseifhepossessedone，withasmuchsilveraboutthebridleandstirrupsashecouldafford，clothedinwhite，withacloakofredbaize，alarge`jipi

japa\'hat，andsilverspursbuckledonhisnakedfeet。

Ifhehadneverleftthemission，hetalkedwithwonderandrespectofthetimesoftheJesuits，andatthe`oracion\'kneltdowntopraywhereverthesoundoftheangelusmightcatchhim。

Hischildrenbeforebedtimekneltallinarowtoaskhisblessing。

IfhehadbeentoAsuncion，heprobablyremarkedthatthepeopleunderthoseaccursedpriestswerenaughtbutanimalsandslaves，andlaunchedintosomedisquisitionhehadheardinthesolitarycafewhichAsuncionthenboasted。Inthelattercase，aftermuchoftherightsofmanandthedutiesofhospitality，hegenerallypresentedyouwithaheavybillforIndiancornand`pindo\'whichyourhorsehadeaten。

Intheformer，usuallyhebadeyougowithGod，and，ifyouspokeofpayment，said:`Well，sendmeabookofHourswhenyougettoAsuncion。\'

`CocosAustralis\'。

OfIndians，hardlyanywerelefttojudgeof，forinthevillagesinwhich，accordingtothereportsfurnishedtoBucareli，theViceroyofBuenosAyresatthetimeoftheexpulsionoftheJesuits，thepopulationnumberedinthethirtytownsofthemissionsonehundredandtwentythousand，

apopulationofatmosttwentythousandwastobefound。

Oneverysidethepowerfulvegetationhadcoveredupthefields。

Onruinedchurchandchapel，andonbrokentower，thelianasclimbedasifontrees，creepingupthebelfries，andthrowinggreatmassesofscarletandpurpleflowersoutoftheapertureswhereoncewerehungthebells。Inthethickjunglesafewhalf

wildcattlestillweretobefound。Thevast`estancias\'，whereoncetheJesuitsbrandedtwoandthreethousandcalvesayear，andfromwhencethousandsofmuleswentforthtoChileandBolivia，wereallneglected。Horseswerescarceandpoor，cropsfewandindifferent，andtheplantationsmadebytheJesuitsofthetree(`IlexParaguayensis\')

fromwhichismadethe`yerbamate\'，werealldestroyed。

SeethereportsoftheMarquesdeValdeliriosandothersinthepublicationsofFranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872，andinthe`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildeParaguay，Buenos

AyresyTucuman\'，porDr。DonGregorioFunes，BuenosAyres，1816。

Inthevastforests，stretchingtotheSaltodeGuayra，afewscatteredtribes，knownasCaaguas，roamedthroughthethickets，orencampeduponthestreams。Inthethirtytowns，oncefulloflifeandstir，ineveryoneofwhichtherewasachurch，finer，asanoldSpanishwritersays，thananyinBuenosAyres，therewasnaughtbutdesolationanddespair。TheIndianseitherhadreturnedintothewoods，beenkilledintheceaselessrevolutionarywars，orhadbeenabsorbedintotheGauchopopulationsofCorrientes，RioGrande，EntreRios，andofSantaFe。

ItmaybethatallIndianracesaredestinedtodisappeariftheycomeintocontactwithEuropeans；certainly，experiencewouldseemtoconfirmthesupposition。ThepolicyoftheJesuits，however，wasbasedonisolationoftheirmissions，andhowthismighthaveworkedismatteratleastforspeculation。Itwasonaccountoftheisolationwhichtheypractisedthatitwaspossiblefortheextravagantcalumnieswhichwerecirculatedastotheirruleandrichestogainbelief。

Itwasonaccountofisolationthatthefirstconflictsarosebetwixtthemandtheauthorities，bothclericalandlay。ThattheJesuitsweremorehighlyesteemedthantheotherreligiousordersinSpanishAmericaintheseventeenthcentury，thesayingcurrentinthosedays，`Losdemasvana/un~a，losJesuitasa/una\'

i。e。，Theothersgetalltheycan，buttheJesuitshaveoneaim(theconversionoftheIndians)

seemstoshow。

ItisnotmypurposetodealwiththeprobablereasonswhichinducedtheirexpulsioninEurope。Sufficeittosaythat，whatevercrimesormisdemeanourstheywereguiltyof，theywerenevercalledontoanswerbeforeanytribunals，andthatinmanyinstancestheyweretreated，especiallyinPortugal，withgreatcrueltyandinjustice。

Theburning，attheageofeighty，oftheunfortunateMalagridainLisbonundertheauspicesofPombal，forabookwhichitseemsimprobablehecouldhavewritteninprisonatsogreatanage，andwhich，moreover，wasneverbroughtintocourt，onlysupposedextractsfromitbeingread，mayserveasanexample。InorderclearlytounderstandthepositionoftheJesuitsinAmerica，andespeciallyinParaguayandBolivia，itisnecessarytoglancebrieflyatthehistoryofthefirstconquestoftheriverPlate。

ThediscoveryofAmericaopeneduptoEurope，andespeciallytoSpain，opportunitiesforexpansionofnationalterritoryandindividualadvancementwhichnoepoch，eitherbeforeorsince，hasequalled。

FromaclusterofsmallStates，strugglingforexistenceagainstapowerfulenemyontheirownsoil，inafewyearsSpainbecamethegreatestempireoftheworld。Theresultwasthataspiritofadventureandadesiretogrowrichspeedilypossessedallclasses。Inadditiontothis，everySpaniardinAmericaduringthefirstfewyearsoftheconquestseemedtoconsiderhimself，tosomeextent，notonlyasaconqueror，butalsoasamissionary。

Now，missionariesandconquerorsaremen，onthewhole，moreimbuedwiththeirownimportanceandsanctity，andlessdisposedtoconsiderconsequences，thanalmostanyotherclassesofmankind。Theconjunctionofthetwoinonedisposedthe`conquistadores\'ofAmericatoimaginethat，nomatterhowcrueloroutrageoustheirtreatmentoftheIndianswas，theyatonedforallbytheintroductionofwhattheyconsideredtheblessingoftheknowledgeofthetruefaith。Itwillbeseenatoncethat，ifonecandeterminewithaccuracywhichofthemany`faiths\'preachedabouttheworldisactuallythetruefaith，amanwhoisinpossessionofitisactingproperlyinendeavouringtodiffuseit。ThemeanestsoldierinthevariousarmieswhichleftSpaintoconquerAmericaseemstohavehadnodoubtaboutthematter。

BernalDiazdelCastillo，who，ashehimselfrelates，cametoAmericaattheageofeighteen，andthereforecouldhavehadlittlepreviousopportunityofstudyingtheology，andwho，moreover，wasunfittedtodosobythewantofknowledgeofLatin，towhichhehimselfconfesses，yetattheendofhishistoryoftheconquestofMexico，oneofthemostinterestingbookseverwritten，hasthefollowingpassage:

`Butitistobenotedthat，afterGod，itwaswe，therealconquerors，whodiscoveredthem[theIndians]andconqueredthem；andfromthefirstwetookawaytheiridols，andtaughtthemourholydoctrine，andtousisduetherewardandcreditofitall，beforeanyotherpeople，eventhoughtheybechurchmen:forwhenthebeginningisgood，themiddleandendingisgood，whichthecurious[i。e。，attentive]readermayseeintheChristianpolityandjusticewhichweshowedtheminNewSpain。

`AndIwillleavethematter，andtelltheotherbenefitswhich，afterGod，byouragency，cametothenativesofNewSpain。\'

BernalDiaz，`HistoriadelaConquistadelaNuevaEspan~a\'，vol。iv。，cap。207，Madrid，1796。

Onewouldimagine，onreadingtheaboveextract，BernalDiazhadneverkilledanIndianinhislife，andthathehadsacrificedhisprospectsincomingtoMexicosolelytointroduce`aChristianpolityandjustice\'

amongsttheinhabitants。Yethewasnohypocrite，butastoutsagacioussoldier，evenkindly，accordingtohislights，andwithaloveofanimalsuncommoninaSpaniard，forhehaspreservedthenamesandqualitiesofallthehorsesandmareswhichcameoverinthefleetfromtheHavanawithCortes。Thephrase，`despuesdeDios\'

(afterGod)occursrepeatedlyinthewritingsofalmostallthe`conquistadores\'ofAmerica。Having，afterGod，conqueredAmerica，thefirstactionoftheconquerorswastosetaboutmakingtheirfortunes。

Inthosecountrieswhichproducedgoldandsilver，asMexicoandPeru，theyworkedtheminesbythelabouroftheIndians，thecrueltiesandhardshipsbeingsogreatthat，inaletterofPhilipII。totheComedeChinchon，theViceroyofPeru，datedMadrid，April30，1639，writtenfiftyyearsafterthediscovery，hesays:`TheseIndiansflee，becomeill，anddie，andhavebeguntodiminishgreatlyinnumber，andtheywillbefinishedsoonunlessanefficientremedyisprovidedshortly。\'

Especiallynotingdowntheappearanceandqualitiesof`elcaballoMotilla\'，thehorseofGonzalodeSandoval。ThusdoesheminutelydescribeMotilla，`thebesthorseinCastilleortheIndies\'。`Elmejorcaballo，ydemejorcarrera，revueltoa/unamanoya\\otraquedecianquenosehabiavistomejorenCastilla，nienesatierraeracastan~oacastan~ado，yunaestrellaenlafrente，yunpieizquierdocalzado，quesedeciaelcaballoMotilla；

e/quandohayahoradiferenciasobrebuenoscaballos，suclendeciresenbondadtanbuenocomoMotilla。\'

InParaguaytherewerenomines，buttherewereothermethodsofextractingmoneyfromtheIndians。AtthefirstconquestParaguaywasnotthelittlecountryboundedonthewestbytheParaguay，onthesouthbytheParana，onthenorthbytheAquidaban，andontheeastbySierraofMbaracavu，asitisatpresent。

Onthecontrary，itembracedalmostallthatimmenseterritoryknownto

dayastheArgentineConfederation，someoftheRepublicofUruguay，andagreatportionofBrazil，embracingmuchoftheprovincesofMisiones，RioGrandedoSul，Parana，andMattoGrosso，aswellasParaguayitself。

Howthelittlecountry，twelvehundredmilesfromthesea，cametogiveitsnametosuchanenormousterritory，andtohavetheseatofgovernmentatAsuncion，demandssomeexplanation。

PeruandChilewerediscoveredandoccupiedsometimebeforetheeasternsideofSouthAmerica。Theirrichesnaturallydrewgreatattentiontothem；butthevoyage，firsttoCartagenadeIndias，andthenacrosstheisthmus，andthere

embarkationagainonthePacific，werebothcostlyandarduous。IthadbeentheambitionofallexplorerstodiscoversomeriverwhichwouldleadfromtheAtlantictotheminesofPeruandwhatisnowBolivia，thenknownasAltaPeru。

Ofcourse，thismighthavebeenachievedbyascendingtheAmazon，especiallyaftertheadventurousdescentofitbyOrellana，ofwhichFrayGaspardeCarbajalhasleftsocuriousadescription；

but，whetheronaccountofthedistanceorforsomeotherreason，itneverseemstohavebeenattempted。

In1526SebastianCabotleftSpainwiththreesmallvesselsandacaravelfortheobjectofreachingtheMoluccasorSpiceIslands。

ItwashispurposetoreachthemthroughtheStraitsofMagellan。

Beingcompelledbywantofsuppliestoabandonhisroute，heenteredabroadestuary，andascendeditundertheimpressionthathehaddiscoveredanotherchanneltothePacific。Hesoonfoundhismistake，andbegantoexplorethesurroundingcountry。Fifteenyearsbefore，withthesameobject，JuandeSolishadenteredthesameestuary。

OntheislandofMartinGarciahewaskilledbyaChanaIndian，andhisexpeditionreturnedhome。Hearingthattherewasmuchsilveratthehead

waters，hehadcalledittheRiodelaPlata。

Ifwetakethehead

watersoftheriverPlatetobesituatedinBolivia，therecertainlywasmuchsilverthere；butCabotwasunawarethatthehead

waterswereabovetwothousandmilesfromtheestuary，andhewasnotdestinedtocomenearthem。HedidgoasfarasapointontheriverCaracara，inwhatisnowtheprovinceofSantaFe，andtherehebuiltafortwhichhenamedEspirituSanto，thefirstSpanishsettlementinthatpartofAmerica。

WhilstatEspirituSanto，severalexploringpartiesweresenttoscourthecountry。Oneofthem，underasoldierofthenameofCesar，neverreturned。Tradition，alwayseagertomakeuptohistoryforitswantofinterest，assertedthataftermarchingforyearstheyreachedacity。PerhapsitwasthemysticTrapalandaofwhichtheGauchosusedtodiscourseatnightwhenseatedroundafireofbonesuponthepampa。Perhapssomeother，forenchantedcitiesandEldoradoswereplentifulinthosedaysinAmerica，alternatingwithoccasionalempires，asthatofPuytita，neartheLagunadelosXarayes，Manoa，andtheCiudaddelosCesares，supposedtobesituatednearAraucointheChilianAndes。However，oneofthepartyactuallyreturnedafteryears，andrelatedhisadventurestoRuyDiazdeGuzman，

thefirsthistorianofParaguay。ThusitwasthatthestreamofadventurerswaseverseekingforachanneltotheminesofPerufromtheAtlanticcoast。

CabotappearstohaveascendedtheParanatotheislandofApipe，andthen，returning，enteredtheriverParaguay。HavingascendedpastwhatisnowAsuncion，thecapitalofParaguay，CabotencounteredIndiansfromthenorthwhotoldhimoftheminesinPeruandinBolivia，probablyunawarethatCabotknewofthemalready。Atthispoint，encouragedbywhatheheard，hegavethenameofRiodelaPlatatowhathadpreviouslybeenknowneitherasLaMarDulceorElRiodeSolis。

Likemostnameswhicharewronglygiven，itremainedtotestifytothewantofknowledgeofthegiver。Fouryearsafter，CabotreturnedtoSpain，havingfailedtoattractattentiontohisdiscoveries。

InthefaceofthewealthwhichwaspouringinfromthePeruvianmines，anotherexpeditionstartedfortheriverPlate。ItsGeneral

forinSpainthetitlewasusedindifferentlybylandandsea

wasDonPedrodeMendoza，agentlemanofGuadixinAlmeria，andamemberofthehouseholdofCharlesV。

`LaArgentina\'，includedinthe`ColecciondeAngelis\'，BuenosAyres，1836。

DonPedrohadseenserviceintheItalianwars，andseemstohavebeenamanofcharacterandbravery，butwantinginthediscretionandthenecessarytactessentialinthefounderofacolony。

In1534theexpeditionstarted，unfortunatealmostfromthefirst。

Ina`certainisland\'，asthehistorianoftheexpedition，HuldericoSchmidel，aGermanorFlemishsoldier，callsRioJaneiro，adisputeoccurredbetweenDonPedroandhissecondincommand，JuandeOsorio。

Atacourt

martialhelduponOsorio，DonPedroappearstohaveletfallsomeremarkswhichJuandeAyolas，theAlguazilMayor(ChiefConstable)，seemstohavetakenupasanorderforinstantexecution。

Thisheperformeduponthespot，plunginghisdaggerrepeatedlyintoOsorio，or，asHuldericoSchmidelhasit，`sewinghimupwithcuts\'

(`cosiendolea\\pun~aladas\')。Thismurderorexecution

forwhoshalltellwhenmurderfinishesanditslegalcounterpartbegins?

renderedDonPedroveryunpopularwithallthefleet；for，asSchmidelhasitinhishistory，`thesoldierslovedOsorio。\'TobelovedbythesoldierswastheonlychanceaSpanishofficerhadinthosetimesofholdinghisown。

BothSchmidelandBernalDiazdelCastillo，whohadbothbeencommonsoldiers，andwho，curiously，bothwrotehistories，losenooccasionofvilifyingofficerswhousedthesoldiershardly。ItistruethatBernalDiaz(who，unlikeSchmidel，wasamanofgenius)doessowithsomediscretion，andalwaysapparentlywithreason。Schmidel，ontheotherhand，seemstohaveconsideredthatanyofficerwhointerferedbetweenthesoldiersandtheIndianswasatyrant，andhencehisdenunciationofAlvarNunez，underwhomheserved。

`HistoriayDescubrimientodeelRiodelaPlatayParaguay\'，HuldericoSchmidel，containedinthecollectionmadebyAndresGonzalezBarcia，andpublishedin1769atMadridunderthetitleof`HistoriadoresPrimitivosdelasIndiasOccidentales\'。

In1535theexpeditionenteredtheriverPlate。HereMendoza，withhisusualwantofjudgment，pitcheduponwhatisnowthesiteofBuenosAyresasthespotonwhichtofoundhiscolony。

Itwouldbedifficulttoselectamoreinconvenientplaceinwhichtofoundatown。ThesiteofBuenosAyresisalmostlevelwiththewatersoftheriverPlate，whichthereareshallow

soshallowthatlargevesselscouldnotapproachnearerthantentofifteenmiles。Withoutaharbour，theanchoragewasexposedtothefullfuryofthesouth

westgales，knownas`pamperos\'。

However，ifthesitewasbadtheairwasgood；atleast，itseemsso，foracaptainoftheexpeditionexclaimedonlanding，`Quebuenosairessonestos!\'andhencethename。Hereeverysortofevilchancecameonthenewborncolony。ThePampaIndians，whomthehistorianSchmidelseemstohaveonlyknownbytheirGuaraninameofQuerandis，atfirstwerefriendly。Afteralittlewhiletheyceasedtobringprovisions，andtheGeneralsentoutanexpeditiontocompelthemunderhisbrother，DonDiegodeMendoza。ItdoesnotseemtohaveoccurredtoDonPedrodeMendozathat，hadthe`cacique\'oftheQuerandislandedinSpain，noonewouldhavebroughthimprovisionsforasingledaywithoutreceivingpayment。However，DonPedrohadcometoAmericatointroducecivilizationandChristianity，andtherefore，knowing，likeBernalDiazandtheotherconquerors，hisownmoralworth，wasjustlyindignantthatafteradayortwotheIndiansrefusedhimmoresupplies。IntheencounterwhichtookplacebetweentheSpaniardsandtheIndians，DonDiegodeMendozawasslain，andwithhimseveralothers。Hereforthefirsttimewehearofthebolas，orthreestonesunited，likeaManxman\'slegs，withstripsofhide，withwhich，asHuldericoSchmideltellsus，theIndianscaughtthehorsesbythelegsandthrewthemdown。AfterthisforetasteofEuropeanjustice，theIndiansbesiegedthenewly

builttownandbroughtittogreatstraits，somuchsothat，afterthreemenhadbeenhungforstealingahorse，inthemorningitwasdiscoveredtheyhadbeencutdownandeaten。

InthisdesperatestateDonPedrodespatchedJuandeAyolastogetsupplies。

He，havingobtainedsomemaizefromtheTimbuIndians，returned，leavingahundredofhismeninalittlefort，calledCorpusChristi，closetoEspirituSanto，thefortwhichCabothadconstructed。

ThefriendlinessoftheTimbusinducedDonPedrotoabandonBuenosAyresandmovetoCorpusChristi。Thereherepairedwithaboutfivehundredmen，allwhoremainedofthetwothousandsixhundredandthirtywithwhichhesailedfromCadiz。Thehorsesheabandonedonthepampa；

theretheybecametheancestorsoftheinnumerableherdswhichatonetimeoverspreadtheArgentineRepublicfromtheChacotoPatagonia，andwhosedescendantstothisdaystockthe`estancias\'ofthatcountry。

ThegreatLasCasas，whomadesevenvoyagesfromAmericatoSpain

thelastattheageofseventy

two

toprotecttheIndians，hadastrongopinionabout`conquerors\'and`conquests\'。

InthededicationofhisgreattreatiseonthewrongsoftheIndians，hesays:`Quenopermita(FelipeII。)lasatrocidadesquelostiranosinventaron，yqueprosiguenhaciendocontitulode"conquistas"。Losquesejactandeser"conquistadores"

aquedesciendendeellossonmuchomasorgullososarrogantesyvanosquelosotrosEspan~oles。\'Strangethatevento

daythesame`atrocidades\'of`tiranos\'aregoingoninAfrica。

Nodoubtthedescendantsofthese`conquerors\'willbeasarrogant，proud，andvainasthedescendantsofthe`conquistadores\'

ofwhomLasCasaswrites。

Mendozaleft(`AzaraApuntamientosparalaHistoriaNaturaldelosQuadrupedesdelParaguay\'，etc。)fivemaresandsevenhorsesintheyear1535。In1580DonJuandeGaray，atthesecondfoundingofthecity，alreadyfoundtroopsofwildhorses。Thecattleincreasedtoamarvellousextent，andbytheendofthecenturywerewildinPatagonia。Sarmiento(`CivilisationetBarbarisme\')