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ChapterVI
DescriptionofthemissionterritoryandtownsfoundedbytheJesuits
TheirendeavourstoattracttheIndians
Religiousfeastsandprocessions
AgriculturalandcommercialorganizationsWiththedeathofCardenasthemostdangerousenemytheJesuitseverhadinParaguayhaddisappeared。Theyworstedhim，anddrovehimfromhissee；butthemovementsetonfootbyhimandthecalumnieshelevelledattheirOrderstillremainedandflourished，andintheendprevailedagainstthemanddrovethemfromtheland。
Acalumnyishardtokill；mankindingeneralcherishit；
theyneverletitdie，and，ifitlanguishes，resuscitateitunderanotherform；theyholdtoitinevilandingoodrepute，sothat，oncefairlyrooted，itgoesongrowinglikeaforest
treethroughoutthecenturies。Therefore，thechargesagainsttheJesuitsinParaguay，whichCardenasfirststarted，arewithusstill，andwarpourjudgmentastothedoingsoftheOrderinthemissionsoftheParanaandUruguayevenuntilto
day。
ButneithercalumnynortheraidsofthePaulistas，noryetthejealousyoftheSpanishsettlersinParaguay，deterredtheJesuitsfromtheprosecutionoftheirtask。Themissionsgraduallyextended，tilltheyrangedfromSantaMarialaMayor，inParaguay，toSanMiguel，inwhatisnowBrazil；andfromJesus，upontheParana，toYapeyu，upontheUruguay。Mostofthecountry，withtheexceptionofthemissionsofJesusandTrinidad，upontheParana，whichto
day，atleast，areonlyclearingsintheprimevalforest，iscomposedofopenrollingplains，withwooduponthebanksofallthestreams。Coveredasitwasandiswithfine，shortgrass，itformedexcellentcattle
breedingcountry，andhencethegreatindustryoftheIndianswastolookafterstock。
Thecountrybeingsofavourableforcattle，theymultipliedimmoderately，sothatinthevariousestablishments(`estancias\')，accordingtotheinventoriespublishedbyBrabo，theirnumberswereimmense。
Atthedateoftheexpulsionthenumberofthecattlewas719，761；oxen，44，183；horses，27，204；sheep，138，827
(`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas\'，FranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872)。
Theseopenrollingplains，calledbythenatives`camposquebrantados\'，aregenerallystuddedthicklywithstuntedpalmscalledyatais，1
butnotsothicklyastospoilthegrasswhichcoverstheminspringandearlysummer，andeveninwintertheyremaingoodfeedingground。Thickclumpsofhard
woodtrees2
breakuptheprairiehereandthereintopeninsulasandislands，andinthehollowsandrockyvalleysbushypalmettorisesaboveahorse\'sknees。Ingeneralthesoilisofarichbrightred，which，gleamingthroughthetrees，givesapeculiarlywarmcolourtotheland。
AlltheFrenchJesuitwritersrefertoitas`laterrerougedesmissions\'。
TheJesuitsuseditandanotherearthofayellowshadeforpaintingtheirchurchesandtheirhousesinthemissionterritory。Itscompositionisrathersandy，thoughafterrainitmakesthickmud，andrenderstravellingmostlaborious。Theflowersandshrubsoftheterritoryarequiteasinterestingandstillmorevariedthanarethetrees。
ManyoftheJesuitswerebotanists，andtheworksofFathersMontenegro，3
SigismundAspergerandLozanoaremostcurious，andgivedescriptionsandlistsofmanyoftheplantsunclassifiedevento
day。
ThecelebratedBonpland，solongdetainedbyDr。FranciainParaguay，unfortunatelyneverpublishedanything；butmodernwriters4havedonemuch，thoughstillthefloraofthewholecountryisbutmostimperfectlyknown，andmuchremainstodobeforeitisallclassified。The`Crotonsuccirubrus\'
(fromwhicharesinknownas`sangre
de
drago\'isextracted)，thesumaha(bombax
thefruitofwhichyieldsafinevegetablesilk)，theerythroxylonorcocaofParaguay，theinciensoorincense
treeoftheJesuits，aresomeofthemostremarkableofthemyriadshrubs。
Butiftheshrubsaremyriad，theflowersarepastthepowerofmantocount。
Lianas，withtheiryellowandredandpurpleclustersofblossoms，likeenormousbunchesofgrapes，hangfromtheforest
trees。
Intheopengladesuponthenandubays，5thealgarrobos，andtheespinillos，hangvariousOrchidaceae，6calledbythenatives`floresdelaire\'，coveringthetreeswiththeiraerialroots，theirhangingblossoms，andtheirfoliageoftendergreen。
TheLabiatae，Compositae，Daturae，Umbelliferae，Convolvulaceae，andmanyotherspecies，coverthegroundinspringorrunuptreesandbushesafterthefashionofourhoneysuckleandthetraveller\'sjoy。
1`Cocosyatais\'。
2Urunday(`Astreniumfraxinifolium:Terebinthaceae\')，curapay(`Piptadeniacommunis:Leguminaceae\')，lapacho(`Tecomacurialis\'and`varia:Begoniaceae\')，taruma(`VitexTaruma:Verbenaceae\')，tatane(`Acaciamaleolens:
Leguminaceae\')，andcupai(`CopaiferaLangsdorfii\')。
Theseandmanyotherwoods，suchasthePaloSanto(`Guaiacumofficinalis\')，butacae，andthe`CedrelaBraziliensis\'，knowntotheJesuitsas`cedar\'，andmuchusedbythemintheirchurches，comprisethechiefvarieties。
3`LibrocompuestoporelHermanoPedrodeMontenegrodelaC。deJ。，Ano1711\'，MS。folio，withpen
and
inksketches，formerlybelongedtotheDukesofOsuna，andwasintheirlibrary。PadreSigismundialsowroteaherbalinGuarani，andaPortugueseJesuit，Vasconellos，hasleftacuriousbookuponthefloraofBrazil。
4DomingoParodi，inhis`NotassobrealgunasplantasusualesdelParaguay\'
(BuenosAyres，1886)，hasdonemuchgoodwork。
5`AcaciaCavenia\'。
6`Prosopisdulcis\'。Thefamous`balmofthemissions\'，knownbythevulgarnameof`curalotodo\'(all
heal)，wasmadefromthegumofthetreecalledaguacciba，oneoftheTerebinthaceae。ItwassoldbytheJesuitsinEurope。
ItwassohighlyesteemedthattheinhabitantsofthevillagesneartowhichthetreewasfoundwerespeciallyenjoinedtosendacertainquantityofthebalsameveryyeartotheKing\'spharmacyinMadrid。
Thelakesandbackwatersofriversarecoveredwithmyriadsofwater
lilies(alllumpedtogetherbythenativesas`camalote\')，whilstinthewoodlandpoolstheVictoriaRegiscarpetsthewaterwithitsgiantleaves。Ineverywoodtheorangeandthelemonwiththesweetlimehavebecomewild，andformgreatthickets。
Eachfarmand`rancho\'hasitsorange
grove，beneaththeshadeofwhichIhavesooftencamped，thatthescentoforange
blossomalwaysbringsbacktomethedenseprimevalwoods，thesilentplains，thequietIndians，andtheunnavigatedwaterways，inwhichthealligatorsbasked。ExcepttheSierradeMbaracayu，1
onthenorth
east，throughoutthemissionterritorytherearenomountainsofconsiderableheight；andthroughthemiddleofthecountryruntheriversParanaandUruguay，thelatterformingtheboundaryonthesouth
east。Therollingplainsandwoodsalternatewithgreatmarshescalled`esteros\'，whichinsomedistricts，asofthatofNeembucu，coverlargetractsofland，forminginwinteranalmostimpenetrablemorass，andinthespringandearlysummerexcellentfeeding
groundforsheep。Throughouttheterritorytheclimateishealthy，excepttowardsthewoodynorthernhills。
Withthisrichterritoryandthefalsereportsofmines，whichevenunsuccessfulexplorationcouldnotdispel，itisbutnaturalthattheJesuitswerehatedfarandwide。Itmusthavebeenannoyingtoasocietycomposed，aswerethegreaterportionoftheSpanishsettlementsinParaguay，ofadventurers，whotreatedtheIndiansasbrutebeasts，2
toseeapreserveofIndiansseparatedfromtheirterritorybynogreatbarrierofNature，andstillbeyondtheirpower。3
Bonpland，inspeakingofthecountry，says:`Thewholeofthelandexceedsdescription；ateverysteponemeetswiththingsusefulandnewinnaturalhistory。\'SuchalsowastheopinionoftheFrenchtravellersDemersayandD\'Orbigny；ofColonelduGraty，whoseinterestingwork(`LaRe/publiqueduParaguay\'，Brussels，1862)isoneofthebestonthecountry；therecentFrenchexplorerBourgadelaDardye，andofallthosewhohaveevervisitedthemissionsofParaguay。4
1ItwasfromthosemountainsthattheJesuitsprocuredtheseedofthe`IlexParaguayensis\'toplantintheirreductions。
Theleavesbeatenintoafinishpowderfurnishedthe`Paraguayantea\'，called`yerba
mate\'bytheSpaniardsand`caa\'bytheIndians，fromwhichtheJesuitsderivedahandsomerevenue。
AftertheexpulsionoftheOrderallthe`yerba\'inParaguaywasprocured，tillafewyearsago，fromforestsinthenorthofParaguay，inwhichthetreegrewwild。
2ItwasbytheBullofPaulIII。
givenatthedemandoftwomonks，FrayDomingodeBetanzosandFrayDomingodeMinaya
thattheIndianswerefirstconsideredasreasoningmen(`gentederazon\')，andnotasunreasonablebeings(`gentesinrazon\')，asJuanOrtiz，BishopofSantaMarta，wished。
3Ibanez(`HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suitesM。D。CCIXXX。\')，agreatopponentoftheJesuits，saysthatEuropeanoffendersandrecalcitrantIndiansinthemissionsweresentasalastresourcetotheSpanishsettlements。ThisisnotastonishingwhenwerememberthecuriousletterofDonPedroFaxardo，BishopofBuenosAyres(preservedbyCharlevoix)，writtenin1721totheKingofSpain，inwhichhesayshethinks`thatnotamortalcrimeiscommittedinthemissionsinayear。\'Headdsthat，`iftheJesuitsweresorich，whyaretheircollegessopoor?\'
4Itistoberememberedthat，ofthethirtyJesuitmissions，onlyeightwereinParaguay；therestwereinwhatto
dayisBrazilandtheArgentineprovincesofEntreRios，Corrientes，andMisiones。
InthisrichterritorytheJesuits，when，afterinfinitetrouble，theyhadunitedasufficientquantityofIndians，formedthemintotownships，almostallofwhichwerebuiltupononeplan。InParaguayitselfonlysomethreeorfourremain；buttheyremainsowellpreservedthat，bythehelpofcontemporaryaccounts，itiseasytoreconstructalmostexactlywhatthemissionsmusthavebeenlikeduringtheJesuits\'rule。
Sometimes，whentheyhadbeenassembled，theyalldesertedsuddenly，asdidtheTobatines，whoin1740suddenlyleftthereductionofSantaFe，andforelevenyearswerelostintheforests，tillFatherYegrosfoundthem，and，astheywouldnotreturn，establishedhimselfamongstthem(CretineauJoly，`HistoiredelaCompagniedeJe/sus\'，vol。v。，cap。ii。)。
P。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。282:`Todoslospueblosestanbienformadosconcallesa/cordel。LascasasdelosIndiossonenalgunospueblosdepiedrascuadradasperosincal……otrasdepalosybarrotodascubiertasdeteja，ytodastienensoportaleso/corredores，unasconpilaresdepiedras，otrasdemadera。\'
Builtroundasquare，thechurchandstore
housesfilledoneend，andthedwellingsoftheIndians，formedofsun
driedbricksorwattledcanesinthreelongpent
houses，completedthethreesides。Ingeneral，thehouseswereofenormouslength，afterthefashionofaSt。Simonianphalanstery，orofa`miners\'row\'inLanarkshire。Eachfamilyhaditsownapartments，whichwerebutseparatedfromtheapartmentsofthenextbyalath
and
plasterwall，calledinSpanish`tabique\'\'
butoneverandaandoneroofservedforahundredormorefamilies。
Thespaceinthemiddleofthesquarewascarpetedwiththefinestgrass，keptshortbybeingpasturedclosebysheep。Thechurches，sometimesbuiltofstone，andsometimesofthehardwoodswithwhichthecountryabounds，werebeyondalldescriptionsplendid，takingintoconsiderationtheremotenessoftheJesuittownsfromtheoutsideworld。Frequently
as，forinstance，inthemissionofLosApostoles
thechurcheshadthreeaisles，andwereadornedwithloftytowers，richaltars，1super
altars，andstatuary，broughtatgreatexpensefromItalyandSpain。
Thoughthechurcheswereoftenbuiltofstone，itwasnotusualforthehousesoftheIndianstobesobuilt；butinsituationswherestonewasplentiful，asatthemissionofSanBorja，thehousesoftheJesuitswereofmasonry，withverandasheldupbycolumns，andwithstaircaseswithbalustradesofsculpturedstone。2
Theordinaryground
planofthepriest\'shousewasthatoftheSpanishMoorishdwelling，solikeinallitsdetailstoaRomanhouseatPompeiioratHerculaneum。Builtroundasquarecourtyard，withafountaininthemiddle，theJesuits\'houseformedbutaportionofasortofinnertown，whichwassurroundedbyawall，inwhichagate，closedbyaporter\'slodge，communicatedwiththeoutsideworld。Withinthewallwassituatedthechurch(althoughithadanentrancetotheplaza)，theroomsoftheinferiorpriest，agarden，aguest
chamber，stables，andastore
house，inwhichwerekeptthearmsbelongingtothetown，thecorn，flour，andwool，andtheprovisionsnecessaryforlifeinaremoteandoftendangerousplace。
Ineverycasethehouseswereofonestory；thefurniturewasmodest，andingeneralhome
made；ineveryroomhungimagesandpiouspictures，thelatteroftenpaintedbytheIndiansthemselves。InthesmallermissionstwoJesuitsmanagedalltheIndians。3
1DonFranciscoGraell，anofficerofdragoonsinserviceduringtheWaroftheSevenTownsin1750，givesthefollowingdescriptionofthechurchofthemissionofSanMiguel:`Laiglesiaesmuycapaz，todadepiedradesilleriacontresnavesymedianaranja。Muybienpintadaydoradaconunporticomagnificoydebellisimaarquitectura，bovedasymedianaranjasondemadera，elaltarmayordetalla，sindorarylefaltaelultimocuerpo。\'
2`Galeriasconcolumnas，barandillasyescalerasdepiedraentallada\'
(DonFranciscoGraell)。SeealsoP。Cardiel(`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。247)，`Entodoslospuebloshayrelojdesolyderuedas，\'etc。
TheworkofPadreCardielwaswrittenin1750inthemissionsofParaguay，butremainedunpublishedtill1800，whenitappearedinBuenosAyresfromthepressofJuanA。Alsina，CalledeMexico1422。Itis，perhaps，afterthe`ConquistaEspiritual\'ofFatherRuizMontoya，themostpowerfulcontemporaryjustificationofthepolicyoftheJesuitsinParaguay。Itispowerfullybutsimplywritten，andcontainswithalthatsavinggraceofhumourwhichhas，fromthebeginningoftheworld，beenastumbling
blocktofools。
3ThemissionofSanMiguelhad1，353familiesinit，orsay6，635souls。
SanFranciscodeBorjacontained650families，or2，793souls(ReportbyManuelQuerinitotheKing，datedCordobadeTucuman，yAgosto1o，1750)。
ThegreatestdifficultywhichtheJesuitshadtofacewasthenaturalindolenceoftheirneophytes。Quiteunaccustomedastheyweretoregularworkofanykind，theordinaryEuropeansystem，aspractisedintheSpanishsettlements，promptlyreducedthemtodespair，andoftenkilledthemoffinhundreds。ThereforetheJesuitsinstitutedthesemi
communalsystemofagricultureandofpublicworkswithwhichtheirnamewillbeassociatedforeverinAmerica。
IntheirextensivemissionsintheprovincesofChiquitosandMoxostheypursuedthesamesystem。AstheyweremuchmoreisolatedinthoseprovincesthaninParaguay，andconsequentlymuchlessinterferedwith，itwastherethattheirpeculiarsystemmostflourished。
AftertheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromAmericain1767，theSpaniardsinAltaPeru，andsubsequentlytheBolivians，hadthesensetofollowtheJesuitplaninitsentirety；whereasBucareli，theViceroyofBuenosAyres，entirelychangedtheJesuits\'ruleinParaguay。
TheconsequencewasthatinBoliviatheIndians，insteadofdispersingastheydidinParaguay，remainedinthemissions，andD\'Orbigny(`Fragmentd\'unVoyageauCentredel\'Ame/riqueMe/ridianale\')
sawatthemissionsofSantiagoandElSantoCorazon，intheprovinceofChiquitos，theremainsoftheJesuits\'polity。
ThereweretenmissionsinChiquitos，andfifteeninMoxos。
AtthepresenttimetheFranciscanshavesomesmallestablishmentsinBolivia。
ThecelebratedDr。Francia，dictatorofParaguay，usedtorefertotheJesuitsas`cunningrogues\'，1and，ashecertainlyhimselfwasversedineveryphaseofcunningness，perhapshisestimate
tosomeextent，atleast
wasjust。Arogueinpoliticsisbutamanwhodisagreeswithyou；but，still，itwantednolittleknowledgeofmankindtopresentadailytasktomen，unversedinanykindoflabour，asofthenatureofapleasureinitself。Thedifficultywasenormous，astheIndiansseemednevertohavecomeundertheprimevalcurse，butpassedtheirlivesinwanderingabout，occasionallycultivatingjustsufficientfortheirneeds。Whetheramissionary，Jesuit，orJansenist，Protestant，Catholic，orMohammedan，doeswellinforcinghisownmodeoflifeandfaithonthosewholiveahappier，freerlifethananyhisinstructorcanholdouttothemisamootpoint。Onlythefuturecanresolvethequestion，andjudgeofwhatwedoto
day
nodoubtwithgoodintentions，butwiththeignorancebornofourself
conceit。
Muchofthemiseryoftheworldhasbeenbroughtaboutwithgoodintentions；
butoftheJesuits，atleast，itcanbesaidthatwhattheydidinParaguaydidnotspreaddeathandextinctiontothetribeswithwhomtheydealt。2
SotothetaskofagriculturetheJesuitsmarshalledtheirneophytestothesoundofmusic，andinprocessiontothefields，withasaintbornehighaloft，thecommunityeachdayatsunrisetookitsway。
Alongthepaths，atstatedintervals，wereshrinesofsaints，andbeforeeachofthemtheyprayed，andbetweeneachshrinesanghymns。3
Astheprocessionadvanced，itbecamegraduallysmallerasgroupsofIndiansdroppedofftoworkthevariousfields，andfinallythepriestandacolytewiththemusiciansreturnedalone。4Atmid
day，beforeeating，theyallunitedandsanghymns，andthen，aftertheirmealandsiesta，returnedtoworktillsundown，whentheprocessionagainre
formed，andthelabourers，singing，returnedtotheirabodes。ApleasingandArcadianstyleoftillage，anddifferentfromthesystemofthe`swinked\'labourerinmorenorthernclimes。Buteventhenthehymnaldaywasnotconcluded；
forafterabriefresttheyallrepairedtochurchtosingthe`rosary\'，andthentosupandbed。Onrainydaystheyworkedatotherindustriesinthesamehalf
Arcadian，half
communisticmanner，onlytheysangtheirhymnsinchurchinsteadofinthefields。ThesystemwassodifferenttothatunderwhichtheIndiansenduredtheirlivesinthe`encomiendas\'
andthe`mitas\'oftheSpanishsettlements，thatthefactaloneissufficienttoaccountformuchofthecontemporaryhatredwhichtheJesuitsincurred。
1`Pillosmuyladinos\'(Robertson，`LettersfromParaguay\')。
2FerrerdelRio，inhis`ColecciondelosarticulosdelaEsperanzasobreCarlosIII。\'(Madrid，1859)，says:
`FueradelasmisionesdelosJesuitasparticularmenteenelParaguayseconsiderabanlosIndiosentrelosseresmasinfelicesdelmundo。\'
JorgeJuanandAntoniodeUlloa，intheircelebrated`SecretReport\'
(`NoticiasSecretasdeAmerica\'):`Lacompan~ia(deJesus)atiendeasusfinesparticularmenteconlosmisionerosquellevandeEspan~a；
perocontodoesonoseolvidadelaconversiondelosIndios，nitieneabandonadoesteasuntopuesaunquevanpocoadelanteenel，queesloquenoseesperimentenenlasdemasreligiones。\'
3Manytravellers，asAzara，Demersay，DuGraty，andD\'Orbigny，haveremarkedhowfondofmusicwastheGuaranirace，andhowsoontheylearnedtheuseofEuropeaninstruments。D\'Orbigny(`Fragmentd\'unVoyageauCentredel\'Ame/riqueMe/ridianale\')，inhisinterestingaccountofthemissionofElSantoCorazon，inthedistrictofChiquitos，says:`Jefustre\\se/tonne/
d\'entendreexe/cuterapre\\slesdansesindige\\nesdesmorceauxdeRossiniet……deWeber……lagrandemessechante/eenmusiquee/taitexe/cute/ed\'unemanie\\retre\\sremarquablepourdesIndiens。\'
VargasMachuca，inhismostcuriousandrare`MiliciayDescripciondelasIndias\'，says，undertheheadingof`MusicadelIndio\':
`Usansusmusicasantiguasensusregocijos，ysonmuytristesenlatonada。\'To
daytheIndiansofParaguayhavesongsknownas`tristes\'。ThebrigadierDonDiegodeAlvear，inhis`RelaciondeMisiones\'(ColecciondeAngelis)，saysthatthefirsttoteachtheGuaranisEuropeanmusicwasaFlemishJesuit，P。JuanBasco，whohadbeen`maestrodecapilla\'
totheArchdukeAlbert。
4SeealsoP。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。274:
`……yestaacabada，setocaa/Misaa/queentrantodoscantandoelBendito，yalabadoensulengua，o/enCastellano，queenlasdoslenguaslosaben。\'
Imagineasemi
communisticsettlementsetclosetothebordersofRhodesia，inwhichthousandsofKaffirspassedalifeanalogoustothatpassedbytheIndiansofthemissions
caredforandfedbythecommunity，lookedafterineverysmallestparticularoftheirlives
andwhatafloodofcalumnywouldbeletlooseupontheunfortunatedevisersofthescheme!Firstly，towithdrawthousandsof`natives\'
fromthelabourmarketwouldbeacrimeagainstallprogress，andthentotreatthemkindlywouldbeheresy，andtosecludethemfromthecontaminationofthescumofEuropeinthesettlementswouldbetermedunnatural；forweknowthatnativeracesderivemostbenefitfromfreecompetitionwiththeleastfittedofourpopulationtoinstruct。
Butbesidesagriculturetheenormouscattle
farmsofthemissionterritorygaveoccupationtomanyoftheneophytes。Thelifeoncattle
farmsgavelessscopeforsupervision，andwemaysupposethattheherdersandthecattlemenweremorelikeGauchos；
butGauchosunderreligiousdiscipline，half
centaursinthefield，sittingaplunginghalf
wildcoltasiftheywerepartofhim，andwhenonfootathomesubmissivetotheJesuits，constantinchurch，butnotsofierceandbloodthirstyastheirdescendantssoonbecameafterthewithdrawalofthemissionrule。
DeanFunes，inhis`EnsayodelaHistoriadelParaguay\'，etc。，saysthatinthe`estancia\'ofSantaTecla，inthemissionsofParaguay，duringthetimeoftheJesuits，therewere50，000headofcattle。
Aswellasagricultureand`estancia\'life，theJesuitshadintroducedamongsttheIndiansmostoftheartsandtradesofEurope。
BytheinventoriestakenbyBucareli，ViceroyofBuenosAyres，attheexpulsionoftheOrder，wefindthattheywovecottonlargely；
sometimestheymadeasmuchaseightthousandfivehundredyardsofclothinasingletowninthespaceoftwoorthreemonths。
And，inadditiontoweaving，theyhadtanneries，carpenters\'shops，tailors，hat
makers，coopers，cordage
makers，boat
builders，cartwrights，joiners，andalmosteveryindustryusefulandnecessarytolife。
Theyalsomadearmsandpowder，musicalinstruments，andhadsilversmiths，musicians，painters，turners，andprinterstoworktheirprinting
presses:
formanybookswereprintedatthemissions，andtheyproducedmanuscriptsasfinelyexecutedasthosemadebythemonksinEuropeanmonasteries。
`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas\'，Introduction，xxvii，FranciscoJavierBrabo。
Therareandmuch
sought
after`ManualeadusumPatrumSocietatisJesuquiinReductionibusParaquariaeversantur，exRitualeRomanoadToletanodecerptum\'，wasprintedatthemissionofLoreto。
ItcontainsprayersinGuaraniaswellasinLatin。
HerealsowasprintedacuriousbookofGuaranisermonsbyNicolasYapuguay，manyGuaranivocabularies，andthe`ArtedelaLenguaGuarani/\'ofRuizMontoya。
Allthe`estancias\'，theagriculturallandsandworkshopswere，sotospeak，thepropertyofthecommunity；thatistosay，thecommunityworkedthemincommon，wasfedandmaintainedbytheirproductions，thewholeunderthedirectionofthetwoJesuitswholivedineverytown。
Aportioncalled`tupinambal\'inGuaraniwassetasideespeciallyforthemaintenanceoforphansandofwidows。Thecattleandthehorses，withtheexceptionof`loscaballosdelsanto\'，destinedforshowatfeasts，werealsousedincommon。ThesurplusofthecapitalwasreservedtopurchasenecessarycommoditiesfromBuenosAyresandfromSpain。
Eachfamilyreceivedfromthecommonstocksufficientforitsmaintenanceduringgoodconduct，fortheJesuitsheldinitsentiretythePaulinedictumthatifamanwillnotwork，thenneithershallheeat。
Butastheyheldit，sotheypractiseditthemselves，fortheirlivesweremostlaborious
teachingandpreaching，andactingasoverseerstotheIndiansintheirlabourscontinually，fromthefirstmomentoftheirarrivalatthemissionstilltheirdeath。
Thus，ifthemayorofthetownshipcomplainedofanymanforremissnessathiswork，hereceivednorationstillhehadimproved。
P。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'，p。295:`Deestosgranoscomunalessedaparasembrar\'，etc。
ToinculcatehabitsofprovidenceamongsttheIndians，alwaysinclinedtoconsumewhateverwasgiventothemandgofastingafterwards，theyissuedtheprovisionsbutonceaweek，andwhentheykilledtheiroxenforcedtheIndiansto`jerk\'acertainquantityofbeeftolastthroughouttheweek。Vegetableseachfamilywasobligedtoplantbothintheirgardensandinthecommonfields；
andallthatwerenotactuallyconsumedweredealtouttotheworkersinthecommonworkshopsorpreservedforsale。
Thisjerkedbeefiscalled`charqui\'inSouthAmerica。
CertainoftheIndiansownedtheirowncowsandhorses，andhadgardensinwhichtheyworked；butalltheproductwasobligedtobedisposedoftotheJesuitsforthecommongood，andinexchangeforthemtheygaveknives，scissors，cloth，andlooking
glasses，andotherarticlesmadeintheoutsideworld。ClotheswereservedouttoeveryIndian，andconsistedforthemenoftrousers，coarse`ponchos\'，strawhatsorcaps，andshirts；butneithermennorwomeneverworeshoes，andthesolecostumeofthelatterwastheGuarani`tipoi\'，
alongandsleevelessshiftcutratherhigh，andwithcoarseembroideryroundtheshoulders，andmadeofaroughcottoncloth。Forornamentstheyhadglassbeadsandrosariesofbrassorsilver，withsilverrings，andnecklacesofglassorhorn，fromwhichhungcrucifixes。
ThusfoodandclothingcosttheJesuits(orthecommunity)
butlittle，andarudeplentywastheorderoftheland。
ThegreatestluxuryoftheIndianswas`mate\'，andtoproduceittheyworkedinthe`yerbales\'inthesamewayinwhichtheyworkedtheirfields
inbandsandwithprocessions，tothesoundofhymnsandheadedbyapriest。
ThepoorerclassesinParaguayallusedtowearthe`tipoi\'。
Theycoveredthemselveswhenitwascoldwithawhitecottonsheetwrappedinmanyfolds。
TheJesuitsthemselvesweredressedinhomespunclothes，forMatiasAngles
quotedintheintroductiontothe`DeclaraciondelaVerdad\'ofFatherCardiel，publishedatBuenosAyresin1900(theintroductionbyP。PabloHernandez)
says:
`ElvestuariodelosPadresesdelienzodealgodonten~idodenegro，hiladoyfabricadoporlasmismasIndiasdelospueblos；
ysitalqualPadretieneuncapoteo/manteodepan~adeCastillasesucededeunosa/otros，yduraunsigloentero。\'
This，then，wasthesystembymeansofwhichtheJesuitssucceeded，withoutemployingforceofanykind，whichintheircasewouldhavebeenquiteimpossible，lostastheywereamongstthecrowdofIndians，inmakingtheGuaranisenduretheyokeoftoil。Thesemi
communalcharacteroftheirruleaccountsforthehostilityofLiberalswho，likeAzara，sawincompetitionthebestroadtoprogress，butwho，likehim，intheirconsumingthirstforprogresslostsightofhappiness。
