第6章

Hesentitimmediately，andIreturn’ditinaboutaweekwithanothernote，expressingstronglymysenseofthefavour。

WhenwenextmetintheHouse，hespoketome（whichhehadneverdonebefore），andwithgreatcivility；andheeveraftermanifestedareadinesstoservemeonalloccasions，sothatwebecamegreatfriends，andourfriendshipcontinuedtohisdeath。

ThisisanotherinstanceofthetruthofanoldmaximIhadlearned，whichsays，"Hethathasoncedoneyouakindnesswillbemorereadytodoyouanother，thanhewhomyouyourselfhaveobliged。"

Anditshowshowmuchmoreprofitableitisprudentlytoremove，thantoresent，return，andcontinueinimicalproceedings。

In1737，ColonelSpotswood，lategovernorofVirginia，andthenpostmaster—general，beingdissatisfiedwiththeconductofhisdeputyatPhiladelphia，respectingsomenegligenceinrendering，andinexactitudeofhisaccounts，tookfromhimthecommissionandofferedittome。Iaccepteditreadily，andfounditofgreatadvantage；

for，tho’thesalarywassmall，itfacilitatedthecorrespondencethatimprov’dmynewspaper，increas’dthenumberdemanded，aswellastheadvertisementstobeinserted，sothatitcametoaffordmeaconsiderableincome。Myoldcompetitor’snewspaperdeclin’dproportionably，andIwassatisfy’dwithoutretaliatinghisrefusal，whilepostmaster，topermitmypapersbeingcarriedbytheriders。

Thushesuffer’dgreatlyfromhisneglectindueaccounting；andI

mentionitasalessontothoseyoungmenwhomaybeemploy’dinmanagingaffairsforothers，thattheyshouldalwaysrenderaccounts，andmakeremittances，withgreatclearnessandpunctuality。

Thecharacterofobservingsuchaconductisthemostpowerfulofallrecommendationstonewemploymentsandincreaseofbusiness。

Ibegannowtoturnmythoughtsalittletopublicaffairs，beginning，however，withsmallmatters。ThecitywatchwasoneofthefirstthingsthatIconceiv’dtowantregulation。

Itwasmanagedbytheconstablesoftherespectivewardsinturn；

theconstablewarnedanumberofhousekeeperstoattendhimforthenight。Thosewhochosenevertoattendpaidhimsixshillingsayeartobeexcus’d，whichwassuppos’dtobeforhiringsubstitutes，butwas，inreality，muchmorethanwasnecessaryforthatpurpose，andmadetheconstableshipaplaceofprofit；andtheconstable，foralittledrink，oftengotsuchragamuffinsabouthimasawatch，thatrespectablehousekeepersdidnotchoosetomixwith。

Walkingtherounds，too，wasoftenneglected，andmostofthenightsspentintippling。Ithereuponwroteapaper，tobereadinJunto，representingtheseirregularities，butinsistingmoreparticularlyontheinequalityofthissix—shillingtaxoftheconstables，respectingthecircumstancesofthosewhopaidit，sinceapoorwidowhousekeeper，allwhosepropertytobeguardedbythewatchdidnotperhapsexceedthevalueoffiftypounds，paidasmuchasthewealthiestmerchant，whohadthousandsofpoundsworthofgoodsinhisstores。

Onthewhole，Iproposedasamoreeffectualwatch，thehiringofpropermentoserveconstantlyinthatbusiness；andasamoreequitablewayofsupportingthechargethelevyingataxthatshouldbeproportion’dtotheproperty。Thisidea，beingapprov’dbytheJunto，wascommunicatedtotheotherclubs，butasarisingineachofthem；andthoughtheplanwasnotimmediatelycarriedintoexecution，yet，bypreparingthemindsofpeopleforthechange，itpavedthewayforthelawobtainedafewyearsafter，whenthemembersofourclubsweregrownintomoreinfluence。

AboutthistimeIwroteapaper（firsttobereadinJunto，butitwasafterwardpublish’d）onthedifferentaccidentsandcarelessnessesbywhichhousesweresetonfire，withcautionsagainstthem，andmeansproposedofavoidingthem。Thiswasmuchspokenofasausefulpiece，andgaverisetoaproject，whichsoonfollowedit，offormingacompanyforthemorereadyextinguishingoffires，andmutualassistanceinremovingandsecuringthegoodswhenindanger。

Associatesinthisschemewerepresentlyfound，amountingtothirty。

Ourarticlesofagreementoblig’deverymembertokeepalwaysingoodorder，andfitforuse，acertainnumberofleatherbuckets，withstrongbagsandbaskets（forpackingandtransportingofgoods），whichweretobebroughttoeveryfire；andweagreedtomeetonceamonthandspendasocialeveningtogether，indiscoursingandcommunicatingsuchideasasoccurredtousuponthesubjectoffires，asmightbeusefulinourconductonsuchoccasions。

Theutilityofthisinstitutionsoonappeared，andmanymoredesiringtobeadmittedthanwethoughtconvenientforonecompany，theywereadvisedtoformanother，whichwasaccordinglydone；andthiswenton，onenewcompanybeingformedafteranother，tilltheybecamesonumerousastoincludemostoftheinhabitantswhoweremenofproperty；

andnow，atthetimeofmywritingthis，tho’upwardoffiftyyearssinceitsestablishment，thatwhichIfirstformed，calledtheUnionFireCompany，stillsubsistsandflourishes，tho’thefirstmembersarealldeceas’dbutmyselfandone，whoisolderbyayearthanIam。

Thesmallfinesthathavebeenpaidbymembersforabsenceatthemonthlymeetingshavebeenapply’dtothepurchaseoffire—engines，ladders，fire—hooks，andotherusefulimplementsforeachcompany，sothatI

questionwhetherthereisacityintheworldbetterprovidedwiththemeansofputtingastoptobeginningconflagrations；and，infact，sincetheseinstitutions，thecityhasneverlostbyfiremorethanoneortwohousesatatime，andtheflameshaveoftenbeenextinguishedbeforethehouseinwhichtheybeganhasbeenhalfconsumed。

In1739arrivedamongusfromIrelandtheReverendMr。Whitefield，whohadmadehimselfremarkablethereasanitinerantpreacher。

Hewasatfirstpermittedtopreachinsomeofourchurches；

buttheclergy，takingadisliketohim，soonrefus’dhimtheirpulpits，andhewasoblig’dtopreachinthefields。Themultitudesofallsectsanddenominationsthatattendedhissermonswereenormous，anditwasmatterofspeculationtome，whowasoneofthenumber，toobservetheextraordinaryinfluenceofhisoratoryonhishearers，andbowmuchtheyadmir’dandrespectedhim，notwithstandinghiscommonabuseofthem，byassuringthemthattheywerenaturallyhalfbeastsandhalfdevils。Itwaswonderfultoseethechangesoonmadeinthemannersofourinhabitants。Frombeingthoughtlessorindifferentaboutreligion，itseem’dasifalltheworldweregrowingreligious，sothatonecouldnotwalkthro’thetowninaneveningwithouthearingpsalmssungindifferentfamiliesofeverystreet。

Anditbeingfoundinconvenienttoassembleintheopenair，subjecttoitsinclemencies，thebuildingofahousetomeetinwasnosoonerpropos’d，andpersonsappointedtoreceivecontributions，butsufficientsumsweresoonreceiv’dtoprocurethegroundanderectthebuilding，whichwasonehundredfeetlongandseventybroad，aboutthesizeofWestminsterHall；andtheworkwascarriedonwithsuchspiritastobefinishedinamuchshortertimethancouldhavebeenexpected。Bothhouseandgroundwerevestedintrustees，expresslyfortheuseofanypreacherofanyreligiouspersuasionwhomightdesiretosaysomethingtothepeopleatPhiladelphia；

thedesigninbuildingnotbeingtoaccommodateanyparticularsect，buttheinhabitantsingeneral；sothateveniftheMuftiofConstantinopleweretosendamissionarytopreachMohammedanismtous，hewouldfindapulpitathisservice。

Mr。Whitefield，inleavingus，wentpreachingallthewaythro’

thecoloniestoGeorgia。Thesettlementofthatprovincehadlatelybeenbegun，but，insteadofbeingmadewithhardy，industrioushusbandmen，accustomedtolabor，theonlypeoplefitforsuchanenterprise，itwaswithfamiliesofbrokenshop—keepersandotherinsolventdebtors，manyofindolentandidlehabits，takenoutofthejails，who，beingsetdowninthewoods，unqualifiedforclearingland，andunabletoendurethehardshipsofanewsettlement，perishedinnumbers，leavingmanyhelplesschildrenunprovidedfor。

Thesightoftheirmiserablesituationinspir’dthebenevolentheartofMr。WhitefieldwiththeideaofbuildinganOrphanHousethere，inwhichtheymightbesupportedandeducated。Returningnorthward，hepreach’dupthischarity，andmadelargecollections，forhiseloquencehadawonderfulpowerovertheheartsandpursesofhishearers，ofwhichImyselfwasaninstance。

Ididnotdisapproveofthedesign，but，asGeorgiawasthendestituteofmaterialsandworkmen，anditwasproposedtosendthemfromPhiladelphiaatagreatexpense，Ithoughtitwouldhavebeenbettertohavebuiltthehousehere，andbroughtthechildrentoit。ThisIadvis’d；buthewasresoluteinhisfirstproject，rejectedmycounsel，andIthereforerefus’dtocontribute。

Ihappenedsoonaftertoattendoneofhissermons，inthecourseofwhichIperceivedheintendedtofinishwithacollection，andIsilentlyresolvedheshouldgetnothingfromme，Ihadinmypocketahandfulofcoppermoney，threeorfoursilverdollars，andfivepistolesingold。AsheproceededIbegantosoften，andconcludedtogivethecoppers。Anotherstrokeofhisoratorymademeasham’dofthat，anddetermin’dmetogivethesilver；

andhefinish’dsoadmirably，thatIempty’dmypocketwhollyintothecollector’sdish，goldandall。Atthissermontherewasalsooneofourclub，who，beingofmysentimentsrespectingthebuildinginGeorgia，andsuspectingacollectionmightbeintended，had，byprecaution，emptiedhispocketsbeforehecamefromhome。

Towardstheconclusionofthediscourse，however，hefeltastrongdesiretogive，andapply’dtoaneighbour，whostoodnearhim，toborrowsomemoneyforthepurpose。Theapplicationwasunfortunately[made]toperhapstheonlymaninthecompanywhohadthefirmnessnottobeaffectedbythepreacher。Hisanswerwas，"Atanyothertime，FriendHopkinson，Iwouldlendtotheefreely；

butnotnow，fortheeseemstobeoutofthyrightsenses。"

SomeofMr。Whitefield’senemiesaffectedtosupposethathewouldapplythesecollectionstohisownprivateemolument；butIwhowasintimatelyacquaintedwithhim（beingemployedinprintinghisSermonsandJournals，etc。），neverhadtheleastsuspicionofhisintegrity，butamtothisdaydecidedlyofopinionthathewasinallhisconductaperfectlyhonestman，andmethinksmytestimonyinhisfavouroughttohavethemoreweight，aswehadnoreligiousconnection。

Heus’d，indeed，sometimestoprayformyconversion，butneverhadthesatisfactionofbelievingthathisprayerswereheard。

Ourswasamerecivilfriendship，sincereonbothsides，andlastedtohisdeath。

Thefollowinginstancewillshowsomethingofthetermsonwhichwestood。UpononeofhisarrivalsfromEnglandatBoston，hewrotetomethatheshouldcomesoontoPhiladelphia，butknewnotwherehecouldlodgewhenthere，asheunderstoodhisoldfriendandhost，Mr。Benezet，wasremovedtoGermantown。

Myanswerwas，"Youknowmyhouse；ifyoucanmakeshiftwithitsscantyaccommodations，youwillbemostheartilywelcome。"

Hereply’d，thatifImadethatkindofferforChrist’ssake，Ishouldnotmissofareward。AndIreturned，"Don’tletmebemistaken；itwasnotforChrist’ssake，butforyoursake。"

Oneofourcommonacquaintancejocoselyremark’d，that，knowingittobethecustomofthesaints，whentheyreceivedanyfavour，toshifttheburdenoftheobligationfromofftheirownshoulders，andplaceitinheaven，Ihadcontriv’dtofixitonearth。

ThelasttimeIsawMr。WhitefieldwasinLondon，whenheconsultedmeabouthisOrphanHouseconcern，andhispurposeofappropriatingittotheestablishmentofacollege。

Hehadaloudandclearvoice，andarticulatedhiswordsandsentencessoperfectly，thathemightbeheardandunderstoodatagreatdistance，especiallyashisauditories，howevernumerous，observ’dthemostexactsilence。Hepreach’doneeveningfromthetopoftheCourt—housesteps，whichareinthemiddleofMarket—street，andonthewestsideofSecond—street，whichcrossesitatrightangles。

Bothstreetswerefill’dwithhishearerstoaconsiderabledistance。

BeingamongthehindmostinMarket—street，Ihadthecuriositytolearnhowfarhecouldbeheard，byretiringbackwardsdownthestreettowardstheriver；andIfoundhisvoicedistincttillI

camenearFront—street，whensomenoiseinthatstreetobscur’dit。

Imaginingthenasemi—circle，ofwhichmydistanceshouldbetheradius，andthatitwerefill’dwithauditors，toeachofwhomIallow’dtwosquarefeet，Icomputedthathemightwellbeheardbymorethanthirtythousand。Thisreconcil’dmetothenewspaperaccountsofhishavingpreach’dtotwenty—fivethousandpeopleinthefields，andtotheantienthistoriesofgeneralsharanguingwholearmies，ofwhichIhadsometimesdoubted。

Byhearinghimoften，Icametodistinguisheasilybetweensermonsnewlycompos’d，andthosewhichhehadoftenpreach’dinthecourseofhistravels。Hisdeliveryofthelatterwassoimprov’dbyfrequentrepetitionsthateveryaccent，everyemphasis，everymodulationofvoice，wassoperfectlywellturn’dandwellplac’d，that，withoutbeinginterestedinthesubject，onecouldnothelpbeingpleas’dwiththediscourse；apleasureofmuchthesamekindwiththatreceiv’dfromanexcellentpieceofmusick。Thisisanadvantageitinerantpreachershaveoverthosewhoarestationary，asthelattercannotwellimprovetheirdeliveryofasermonbysomanyrehearsals。

Hiswritingandprintingfromtimetotimegavegreatadvantagetohisenemies；unguardedexpressions，andevenerroneousopinions，deliveredinpreaching，mighthavebeenafterwardsexplain’dorqualifi’dbysupposingothersthatmighthaveaccompani’dthem，ortheymighthavebeendeny’d；butliterascriptamonet。

Criticsattack’dhiswritingsviolently，andwithsomuchappearanceofreasonastodiminishthenumberofhisvotariesandpreventtheirencrease；sothatIamofopinionifhehadneverwrittenanything，hewouldhaveleftbehindhimamuchmorenumerousandimportantsect，andhisreputationmightinthatcasehavebeenstillgrowing，evenafterhisdeath，astherebeingnothingofhiswritingonwhichtofoundacensureandgivehimalowercharacter，hisproselyteswouldbeleftatlibertytofeignforhimasgreatavarietyofexcellenceastheirenthusiasticadmirationmightwishhimtohavepossessed。

Mybusinesswasnowcontinuallyaugmenting，andmycircumstancesgrowingdailyeasier，mynewspaperhavingbecomeveryprofitable，asbeingforatimealmosttheonlyoneinthisandtheneighbouringprovinces。

Iexperienced，too，thetruthoftheobservation，"thataftergettingthefirsthundredpound，itismoreeasytogetthesecond，"

moneyitselfbeingofaprolificnature。

ThepartnershipatCarolinahavingsucceeded，Iwasencourag’dtoengageinothers，andtopromoteseveralofmyworkmen，whohadbehavedwell，byestablishingthemwithprinting—housesindifferentcolonies，onthesametermswiththatinCarolina。

Mostofthemdidwell，beingenabledattheendofourterm，sixyears，topurchasethetypesofmeandgoonworkingforthemselves，bywhichmeansseveralfamilieswereraised。Partnershipsoftenfinishinquarrels；butIwashappyinthis，thatminewereallcarriedonandendedamicably，owing，Ithink，agooddealtotheprecautionofhavingveryexplicitlysettled，inourarticles，everythingtobedonebyorexpectedfromeachpartner，sothattherewasnothingtodispute，whichprecautionIwouldthereforerecommendtoallwhoenterintopartnerships；for，whateveresteempartnersmayhavefor，andconfidenceineachotheratthetimeofthecontract，littlejealousiesanddisgustsmayarise，withideasofinequalityinthecareandburdenofthebusiness，etc。，whichareattendedoftenwithbreachoffriendshipandoftheconnection，perhapswithlawsuitsandotherdisagreeableconsequences。

Ihad，onthewhole，abundantreasontobesatisfiedwithmybeingestablishedinPennsylvania。Therewere，however，twothingsthatIregretted，therebeingnoprovisionfordefense，norforacompleateducationofyouth；nomilitia，noranycollege。

Itherefore，in1743，drewupaproposalforestablishinganacademy；

andatthattime，thinkingtheReverendMr。Peters，whowasoutofemploy，afitpersontosuperintendsuchaninstitution，Icommunicatedtheprojecttohim；buthe，havingmoreprofitableviewsintheserviceoftheproprietaries，whichsucceeded，declin’dtheundertaking；and，notknowinganotheratthattimesuitableforsuchatrust，Ilettheschemelieawhiledormant。

Isucceededbetterthenextyear，1744，inproposingandestablishingaPhilosophicalSociety。ThepaperIwroteforthatpurposewillbefoundamongmywritings，whencollected。

Withrespecttodefense，SpainhavingbeenseveralyearsatwaragainstGreatBritain，andbeingatlengthjoin’dbyFrance，whichbroughtusintogreatdanger；andthelabouredandlong—continuedendeavourofourgovernor，Thomas，toprevailwithourQuakerAssemblytopassamilitialaw，andmakeotherprovisionsforthesecurityoftheprovince，havingprovedabortive，Ideterminedtotrywhatmightbedonebyavoluntaryassociationofthepeople。Topromotethis，Ifirstwroteandpublishedapamphlet，entitledPLAINTRUTH，inwhichI

statedourdefencelesssituationinstronglights，withthenecessityofunionanddisciplineforourdefense，andpromis’dtoproposeinafewdaysanassociation，tobegenerallysignedforthatpurpose。

Thepamphlethadasuddenandsurprisingeffect。Iwascall’duponfortheinstrumentofassociation，andhavingsettledthedraftofitwithafewfriends，Iappointedameetingofthecitizensinthelargebuildingbeforementioned。Thehousewasprettyfull；

Ihadpreparedanumberofprintedcopies，andprovidedpensandinkdispers’dallovertheroom。Iharanguedthemalittleonthesubject，readthepaper，andexplainedit，andthendistributedthecopies，whichwereeagerlysigned，nottheleastobjectionbeingmade。

Whenthecompanyseparated，andthepaperswerecollected，wefoundabovetwelvehundredhands；and，othercopiesbeingdispersedinthecountry，thesubscribersamountedatlengthtoupwardoftenthousand。Theseallfurnishedthemselvesassoonastheycouldwitharms，formedthemselvesintocompaniesandregiments，chosetheirownofficers，andmeteveryweektobeinstructedinthemanualexercise，andotherpartsofmilitarydiscipline。

Thewomen，bysubscriptionsamongthemselves，providedsilkcolors，whichtheypresentedtothecompanies，paintedwithdifferentdevicesandmottos，whichIsupplied。

TheofficersofthecompaniescomposingthePhiladelphiaregiment，beingmet，chosemefortheircolonel；but，conceivingmyselfunfit，Ideclin’dthatstation，andrecommendedMr。Lawrence，afineperson，andmanofinfluence，whowasaccordinglyappointed。

Ithenpropos’dalotterytodefraytheexpenseofbuildingabatterybelowthetown，andfurnishingitwithcannon。

Itfilledexpeditiously，andthebatterywassoonerected，themerlonsbeingfram’doflogsandfill’dwithearth。WeboughtsomeoldcannonfromBoston，but，thesenotbeingsufficient，wewrotetoEnglandformore，soliciting，atthesametime，ourproprietariesforsomeassistance，tho’withoutmuchexpectationofobtainingit。

Meanwhile，ColonelLawrence，WilliamAllen，AbramTaylor，Esqr。，andmyselfweresenttoNewYorkbytheassociators，commission’dtoborrowsomecannonofGovernorClinton。Heatfirstrefus’dusperemptorily；butatdinnerwithhiscouncil，wheretherewasgreatdrinkingofMadeirawine，asthecustomofthatplacethenwas，hesoftenedbydegrees，andsaidhewouldlendussix。

Afterafewmorebumpersheadvanc’dtoten；andatlengthheverygood—naturedlyconcededeighteen。Theywerefinecannon，eighteen—pounders，withtheircarriages，whichwesoontransportedandmountedonourbattery，wheretheassociatorskeptanightlyguardwhilethewarlasted，andamongtherestIregularlytookmyturnofdutythereasacommonsoldier。

Myactivityintheseoperationswasagreeabletothegovernorandcouncil；

theytookmeintoconfidence，andIwasconsultedbythemineverymeasurewhereintheirconcurrencewasthoughtusefultotheassociation。

Callingintheaidofreligion，Ipropos’dtothemtheproclaimingafast，topromotereformation，andimploretheblessingofHeavenonourundertaking。Theyembrac’dthemotion；but，asitwasthefirstfasteverthoughtofintheprovince，thesecretaryhadnoprecedentfromwhichtodrawtheproclamation。MyeducationinNewEngland，whereafastisproclaimedeveryyear，washereofsomeadvantage：

Idrewitintheaccustomedstile，itwastranslatedintoGerman，printedinbothlanguages，anddivulg’dthro’theprovince。Thisgavetheclergyofthedifferentsectsanopportunityofinfluencingtheircongregationstojoinintheassociation，anditwouldprobablyhavebeengeneralamongallbutQuakersifthepeacehadnotsooninterven’d。

Itwasthoughtbysomeofmyfriendsthat，bymyactivityintheseaffairs，Ishouldoffendthatsect，andtherebylosemyinterestintheAssemblyoftheprovince，wheretheyformedagreatmajority。

AyounggentlemanwhohadlikewisesomefriendsintheHouse，andwishedtosucceedmeastheirclerk，acquaintedmethatitwasdecidedtodisplacemeatthenextelection；andhe，therefore，ingoodwill，advis’dmetoresign，asmoreconsistentwithmyhonourthanbeingturn’dout。Myanswertohimwas，thatIhadreadorheardofsomepublicmanwhomadeitarulenevertoaskforanoffice，andnevertorefuseonewhenoffer’dtohim。"Iapprove，"

saysI，"ofhisrule，andwillpracticeitwithasmalladdition；

Ishallneverask，neverrefuse，noreverresignanoffice。

Iftheywillhavemyofficeofclerktodisposeoftoanother，theyshalltakeitfromme。Iwillnot，bygivingitup，losemyrightofsometimeorothermakingreprisalsonmyadversaries。"

Iheard，however，nomoreofthis；Iwaschosenagainunanimouslyasusualatthenextelection。Possibly，astheydislik’dmylateintimacywiththemembersofcouncil，whohadjoin’dthegovernorsinallthedisputesaboutmilitarypreparations，withwhichtheHousehadlongbeenharass’d，theymighthavebeenpleas’difIwouldvoluntarilyhaveleftthem；buttheydidnotcaretodisplacemeonaccountmerelyofmyzealfortheassociation，andtheycouldnotwellgiveanotherreason。

IndeedIhadsomecausetobelievethatthedefenseofthecountrywasnotdisagreeabletoanyofthem，providedtheywerenotrequir’dtoassistinit。AndIfoundthatamuchgreaternumberofthemthanIcouldhaveimagined，tho’againstoffensivewar，wereclearlyforthedefensive。Manypamphletsproandconwerepublish’donthesubject，andsomebygoodQuakers，infavourofdefense，whichIbelieveconvinc’dmostoftheiryoungerpeople。

Atransactioninourfirecompanygavemesomeinsightintotheirprevailingsentiments。Ithadbeenpropos’dthatweshouldencouragetheschemeforbuildingabatterybylayingoutthepresentstock，thenaboutsixtypounds，inticketsofthelottery。Byourrules，nomoneycouldbedispos’doftillthenextmeetingaftertheproposal。

Thecompanyconsistedofthirtymembers，ofwhichtwenty—twowereQuakers，andeightonlyofotherpersuasions。Weeightpunctuallyattendedthemeeting；but，tho’wethoughtthatsomeoftheQuakerswouldjoinus，wewerebynomeanssureofamajority。

OnlyoneQuaker，Mr。JamesMorris，appear’dtoopposethemeasure。

Heexpressedmuchsorrowthatithadeverbeenpropos’d，ashesaidFriendswereallagainstit，anditwouldcreatesuchdiscordasmightbreakupthecompany。Wetoldhimthatwesawnoreasonforthat；

weweretheminority，andifFriendswereagainstthemeasure，andoutvotedus，wemustandshould，agreeablytotheusageofallsocieties，submit。Whenthehourforbusinessarriv’ditwasmov’dtoputthevote；heallow’dwemightthendoitbytherules，but，ashecouldassureusthatanumberofmembersintendedtobepresentforthepurposeofopposingit，itwouldbebutcandidtoallowalittletimefortheirappearing。

Whileweweredisputingthis，awaitercametotellmetwogentlemenbelowdesir’dtospeakwithme。Iwentdown，andfoundtheyweretwoofourQuakermembers。Theytoldmetherewereeightofthemassembledatatavernjustby；thattheyweredetermin’dtocomeandvotewithusifthereshouldbeoccasion，whichtheyhop’dwouldnotbethecase，anddesir’dwewouldnotcallfortheirassistanceifwecoulddowithoutit，astheirvotingforsuchameasuremightembroilthemwiththeireldersandfriends。Beingthussecureofamajority，Iwentup，andafteralittleseeminghesitation，agreedtoadelayofanotherhour。ThisMr。Morrisallow’dtobeextreamlyfair。

Notoneofhisopposingfriendsappear’d，atwhichheexpress’dgreatsurprize；and，attheexpirationofthehour，wecarry’dtheresolutioneighttoone；andas，ofthetwenty—twoQuakers，eightwerereadytovotewithus，andthirteen，bytheirabsence，manifestedthattheywerenotinclin’dtoopposethemeasure，IafterwardestimatedtheproportionofQuakerssincerelyagainstdefenseasonetotwenty—oneonly；forthesewereallregularmembersofthatsociety，andingoodreputationamongthem，andhadduenoticeofwhatwaspropos’datthatmeeting。

ThehonorableandlearnedMr。Logan，whohadalwaysbeenofthatsect，wasonewhowroteanaddresstothem，declaringhisapprobationofdefensivewar，andsupportinghisopinionbymanystrongarguments。

Heputintomyhandssixtypoundstobelaidoutinlotteryticketsforthebattery，withdirectionstoapplywhatprizesmightbedrawnwhollytothatservice。Hetoldmethefollowinganecdoteofhisoldmaster，WilliamPenn，respectingdefense。HecameoverfromEngland，whenayoungman，withthatproprietary，andashissecretary。

Itwaswar—time，andtheirshipwaschas’dbyanarmedvessel，suppos’dtobeanenemy。Theircaptainprepar’dfordefense；

buttoldWilliamPennandhiscompanyofQuakers，thathedidnotexpecttheirassistance，andtheymightretireintothecabin，whichtheydid，exceptJamesLogan，whochosetostayupondeck，andwasquarter’dtoagun。Thesuppos’denemyprov’dafriend，sotherewasnofighting；butwhenthesecretarywentdowntocommunicatetheintelligence，WilliamPennrebuk’dhimseverelyforstayingupondeck，andundertakingtoassistindefendingthevessel，contrarytotheprinciplesofFriends，especiallyasithadnotbeenrequiredbythecaptain。Thisreproof，beingbeforeallthecompany，piqu’dthesecretary，whoanswer’d，"Ibeingthyservant，whydidtheenotordermetocomedown？ButtheewaswillingenoughthatI

shouldstayandhelptofighttheshipwhentheethoughttherewasdanger。"

MybeingmanyyearsintheAssembly，themajorityofwhichwereconstantlyQuakers，gavemefrequentopportunitiesofseeingtheembarrassmentgiventhembytheirprincipleagainstwar，wheneverapplicationwasmadetothem，byorderofthecrown，tograntaidsformilitarypurposes。Theywereunwillingtooffendgovernment，ontheonehand，byadirectrefusal；andtheirfriends，thebodyoftheQuakers，ontheother，byacompliancecontrarytotheirprinciples；henceavarietyofevasionstoavoidcomplying，andmodesofdisguisingthecompliancewhenitbecameunavoidable。

Thecommonmodeatlastwas，tograntmoneyunderthephraseofitsbeing"fortheking’suse，"andnevertoinquirehowitwasapplied。

But，ifthedemandwasnotdirectlyfromthecrown，thatphrasewasfoundnotsoproper，andsomeotherwastobeinvented。As，whenpowderwaswanting（IthinkitwasforthegarrisonatLouisburg），andthegovernmentofNewEnglandsolicitedagrantofsomefromPennsilvania，whichwasmuchurg’dontheHousebyGovernorThomas，theycouldnotgrantmoneytobuypowder，becausethatwasaningredientofwar；

buttheyvotedanaidtoNewEnglandofthreethousandpounds，toheputintothehandsofthegovernor，andappropriateditforthepurchasingofbread，flour，wheat，orothergrain。Someofthecouncil，desirousofgivingtheHousestillfurtherembarrassment，advis’dthegovernornottoacceptprovision，asnotbeingthethinghehaddemanded；butbereply’d，"Ishalltakethemoney，forI

understandverywelltheirmeaning；othergrainisgunpowder，"

whichheaccordinglybought，andtheyneverobjectedtoit。<10>

<10>Seethevotes。——[Marg。note。]

Itwasinallusiontothisfactthat，wheninourfirecompanywefearedthesuccessofourproposalinfavourofthelottery，andI

hadsaidtomyfriendMr。Syng，oneofourmembers，"Ifwefail，letusmovethepurchaseofafire—enginewiththemoney；theQuakerscanhavenoobjectiontothat；andthen，ifyounominatemeandI

youasacommitteeforthatpurpose，wewillbuyagreatgun，whichiscertainlyafire—engine。""Isee，"sayshe，"youhaveimprov’dbybeingsolongintheAssembly；yourequivocalprojectwouldbejustamatchfortheirwheatorothergrain。"

TheseembarrassmentsthattheQuakerssuffer’dfromhavingestablish’dandpublisheditasoneoftheirprinciplesthatnokindofwarwaslawful，andwhich，beingoncepublished，theycouldnotafterwards，howevertheymightchangetheirminds，easilygetridof，remindsmeofwhatIthinkamoreprudentconductinanothersectamongus，thatoftheDunkers。Iwasacquaintedwithoneofitsfounders，MichaelWelfare，soonafteritappear’d。Hecomplain’dtomethattheyweregrievouslycalumniatedbythezealotsofotherpersuasions，andcharg’dwithabominableprinciplesandpractices，towhichtheywereutterstrangers。

Itoldhimthishadalwaysbeenthecasewithnewsects，andthat，toputastoptosuchabuse，Iimagin’ditmightbewelltopublishthearticlesoftheirbelief，andtherulesoftheirdiscipline。

Hesaidthatithadbeenpropos’damongthem，butnotagreedto，forthisreason："Whenwewerefirstdrawntogetherasasociety，"

sayshe，"ithadpleasedGodtoenlightenourmindssofarastoseethatsomedoctrines，whichweonceesteemedtruths，wereerrors；

andthatothers，whichwehadesteemederrors，wererealtruths。

FromtimetotimeHehasbeenpleasedtoaffordusfartherlight，andourprincipleshavebeenimproving，andourerrorsdiminishing。

Nowwearenotsurethatwearearrivedattheendofthisprogression，andattheperfectionofspiritualortheologicalknowledge；

andwefearthat，ifweshouldonceprintourconfessionoffaith，weshouldfeelourselvesasifboundandconfin’dbyit，andperhapsbeunwillingtoreceivefartherimprovement，andoursuccessorsstillmoreso，asconceivingwhatwetheireldersandfoundershaddone，tobesomethingsacred，nevertobedepartedfrom。"

Thismodestyinasectisperhapsasingularinstanceinthehistoryofmankind，everyothersectsupposingitselfinpossessionofalltruth，andthatthosewhodifferaresofarinthewrong；

likeamantravelinginfoggyweather，thoseatsomedistancebeforehimontheroadheseeswrappedupinthefog，aswellasthosebehindhim，andalsothepeopleinthefieldsoneachside，butnearhimallappearsclear，tho’intruthheisasmuchinthefogasanyofthem。Toavoidthiskindofembarrassment，theQuakershaveoflateyearsbeengraduallydecliningthepublicserviceintheAssemblyandinthemagistracy，choosingrathertoquittheirpowerthantheirprinciple。

Inorderoftime，Ishouldhavementionedbefore，thathaving，in1742，inventedanopenstoveforthebetterwarmingofrooms，andatthesametimesavingfuel，asthefreshairadmittedwaswarmedinentering，ImadeapresentofthemodeltoMr。RobertGrace，oneofmyearlyfriends，who，havinganiron—furnace，foundthecastingoftheplatesforthesestovesaprofitablething，astheyweregrowingindemand。

Topromotethatdemand，Iwroteandpublishedapamphlet，entitled"AnAccountofthenew—inventedPennsylvaniaFireplaces；whereintheirConstructionandMannerofOperationisparticularlyexplained；

theirAdvantagesaboveeveryotherMethodofwarmingRoomsdemonstrated；

andallObjectionsthathavebeenraisedagainsttheUseofthemansweredandobviated，"etc。Thispamphlethadagoodeffect。

Gov’r。Thomaswassopleas’dwiththeconstructionofthisstove，asdescribedinit，thatheofferedtogivemeapatentforthesolevendingofthemforatermofyears；butIdeclin’ditfromaprinciplewhichhaseverweighedwithmeonsuchoccasions，viz。，That，asweenjoygreatadvantagesfromtheinventionsofothers，weshouldbegladofanopportunitytoserveothersbyanyinventionofours；

andthisweshoulddofreelyandgenerously。

AnironmongerinLondonhowever，assumingagooddealofmypamphlet，andworkingitupintohisown，andmakingsomesmallchangesinthemachine，whichratherhurtitsoperation，gotapatentforitthere，andmade，asIwastold，alittlefortunebyit。

Andthisisnottheonlyinstanceofpatentstakenoutformyinventionsbyothers，tho’notalwayswiththesamesuccess，whichI

nevercontested，ashavingnodesireofprofitingbypatentsmyself，andhatingdisputes。Theuseofthesefireplacesinverymanyhouses，bothofthisandtheneighbouringcolonies，hasbeen，andis，agreatsavingofwoodtotheinhabitants。

Peacebeingconcluded，andtheassociationbusinessthereforeatanend，Iturn’dmythoughtsagaintotheaffairofestablishinganacademy。ThefirststepItookwastoassociateinthedesignanumberofactivefriends，ofwhomtheJuntofurnishedagoodpart；

thenextwastowriteandpublishapamphlet，entitledProposalsRelatingtotheEducationofYouthinPennsylvania。ThisI

distributedamongtheprincipalinhabitantsgratis；andassoonasIcouldsupposetheirmindsalittlepreparedbytheperusalofit，Isetonfootasubscriptionforopeningandsupportinganacademy；itwastobepaidinquotasyearlyforfiveyears；

bysodividingit，Ijudg’dthesubscriptionmightbelarger，andIbelieveitwasso，amountingtonoless，ifIrememberright，thanfivethousandpounds。

Intheintroductiontotheseproposals，Istatedtheirpublication，notasanactofmine，butofsomepublick—spiritedgentlemen，avoidingasmuchasIcould，accordingtomyusualrule，thepresentingmyselftothepublickastheauthorofanyschemefortheirbenefit。

Thesubscribers，tocarrytheprojectintoimmediateexecution，choseoutoftheirnumbertwenty—fourtrustees，andappointedMr。Francis，thenattorney—general，andmyselftodrawupconstitutionsforthegovernmentoftheacademy；whichbeingdoneandsigned，ahousewashired，mastersengag’d，andtheschoolsopened，Ithink，inthesameyear，1749。

Thescholarsincreasingfast，thehousewassoonfoundtoosmall，andwewerelookingoutforapieceofground，properlysituated，withintentiontobuild，whenProvidencethrewintoourwayalargehousereadybuilt，which，withafewalterations，mightwellserveourpurpose。Thiswasthebuildingbeforementioned，erectedbythehearersofMr。Whitefield，andwasobtainedforusinthefollowingmanner。

Itistobenotedthatthecontributionstothisbuildingbeingmadebypeopleofdifferentsects，carewastakeninthenominationoftrustees，inwhomthebuildingandgroundwastobevested，thatapredominancyshouldnotbegiventoanysect，lestintimethatpredominancymightbeameansofappropriatingthewholetotheuseofsuchsect，contrarytotheoriginalintention。Itwasthereforethatoneofeachsectwasappointed，viz。，oneChurch—of—Englandman，onePresbyterian，oneBaptist，oneMoravian，etc。，those，incaseofvacancybydeath，weretofillitbyelectionfromamongthecontributors。TheMoravianhappen’dnottopleasehiscolleagues，andonhisdeaththeyresolvedtohavenootherofthatsect。

Thedifficultythenwas，howtoavoidhavingtwoofsomeothersect，bymeansofthenewchoice。

Severalpersonswerenamed，andforthatreasonnotagreedto。

Atlengthonemention’dme，withtheobservationthatIwasmerelyanhonestman，andofnosectatall，whichprevail’dwiththemtochuseme。Theenthusiasmwhichexistedwhenthehousewasbuilthadlongsinceabated，anditstrusteeshadnotbeenabletoprocurefreshcontributionsforpayingtheground—rent，anddischargingsomeotherdebtsthebuildinghadoccasion’d，whichembarrass’dthemgreatly。Beingnowamemberofbothsettsoftrustees，thatforthebuildingandthatfortheAcademy，Ihadagoodopportunityofnegotiatingwithboth，andbroughtthemfinallytoanagreement，bywhichthetrusteesforthebuildingweretocedeittothoseoftheacademy，thelatterundertakingtodischargethedebt，tokeepforeveropeninthebuildingalargehallforoccasionalpreachers，accordingtotheoriginalintention，andmaintainafree—schoolfortheinstructionofpoorchildren。

Writingswereaccordinglydrawn，andonpayingthedebtsthetrusteesoftheacademywereputinpossessionofthepremises；

andbydividingthegreatandloftyhallintostories，anddifferentroomsaboveandbelowfortheseveralschools，andpurchasingsomeadditionalground，thewholewassoonmadefitforourpurpose，andthescholarsremov’dintothebuilding。Thecareandtroubleofagreeingwiththeworkmen，purchasingmaterials，andsuperintendingthework，felluponme；andIwentthro’itthemorecheerfully，asitdidnottheninterferewithmyprivatebusiness，havingtheyearbeforetakenaveryable，industrious，andhonestpartner，Mr。DavidHall，withwhosecharacterIwaswellacquainted，ashehadwork’dformefouryears。Hetookoffmyhandsallcareoftheprinting—office，payingmepunctuallymyshareoftheprofits。

Thispartnershipcontinuedeighteenyears，successfullyforusboth。

Thetrusteesoftheacademy，afterawhile，wereincorporatedbyacharterfromthegovernor；theirfundswereincreas’dbycontributionsinBritainandgrantsoflandfromtheproprietaries，towhichtheAssemblyhassincemadeconsiderableaddition；

andthuswasestablishedthepresentUniversityofPhiladelphia。

Ihavebeencontinuedoneofitstrusteesfromthebeginning，nownearfortyyears，andhavehadtheverygreatpleasureofseeinganumberoftheyouthwhohavereceiv’dtheireducationinit，distinguish’dbytheirimprov’dabilities，serviceableinpublicstationsandornamentstotheircountry。

WhenIdisengagedmyself，asabovementioned，fromprivatebusiness，Iflatter’dmyselfthat，bythesufficienttho’moderatefortuneIhadacquir’d，Ihadsecuredleisureduringtherestofmylifeforphilosophicalstudiesandamusements。IpurchasedallDr。Spence’sapparatus，whohadcomefromEnglandtolecturehere，andIproceededinmyelectricalexperimentswithgreatalacrity；

butthepublick，nowconsideringmeasamanofleisure，laidholdofmefortheirpurposes，everypartofourcivilgovernment，andalmostatthesametime，imposingsomedutyuponme。

Thegovernorputmeintothecommissionofthepeace；thecorporationofthecitychosemeofthecommoncouncil，andsoonafteranalderman；

andthecitizensatlargechosemeaburgesstorepresenttheminAssembly。Thislatterstationwasthemoreagreeabletome，asIwasatlengthtiredwithsittingtheretoheardebates，inwhich，asclerk，Icouldtakenopart，andwhichwereoftensounentertainingthatIwasinduc’dtoamusemyselfwithmakingmagicsquaresorcircles，oranythingtoavoidweariness；andI

conceiv’dmybecomingamemberwouldenlargemypowerofdoinggood。

Iwouldnot，however，insinuatethatmyambitionwasnotflatter’dbyallthesepromotions；itcertainlywas；for，consideringmylowbeginning，theyweregreatthingstome；andtheywerestillmorepleasing，asbeingsomanyspontaneoustestimoniesofthepublicgoodopinion，andbymeentirelyunsolicited。

TheofficeofjusticeofthepeaceItry’dalittle，byattendingafewcourts，andsittingonthebenchtohearcauses；butfindingthatmoreknowledgeofthecommonlawthanIpossess’dwasnecessarytoactinthatstationwithcredit，Igraduallywithdrewfromit，excusingmyselfbymybeingoblig’dtoattendthehigherdutiesofalegislatorintheAssembly。Myelectiontothistrustwasrepeatedeveryyearfortenyears，withoutmyeveraskinganyelectorforhisvote，orsignifying，eitherdirectlyorindirectly，anydesireofbeingchosen。OntakingmyseatintheHouse，mysonwasappointedtheirclerk。

Theyearfollowing，atreatybeingtobeheldwiththeIndiansatCarlisle，thegovernorsentamessagetotheHouse，proposingthattheyshouldnominatesomeoftheirmembers，tobejoin’dwithsomemembersofcouncil，ascommissionersforthatpurpose。<11>TheHousenamedthespeaker（Mr。Norris）andmyself；and，beingcommission’d，wewenttoCarlisle，andmettheIndiansaccordingly。

<11>Seethevotestohavethismorecorrectly。

——[Marg。note。]

Asthosepeopleareextreamlyapttogetdrunk，and，whenso，areveryquarrelsomeanddisorderly，westrictlyforbadthesellinganyliquortothem；andwhentheycomplain’dofthisrestriction，wetoldthemthatiftheywouldcontinuesoberduringthetreaty，wewouldgivethemplentyofrumwhenbusinesswasover。

Theypromis’dthis，andtheykepttheirpromise，becausetheycouldgetnoliquor，andthetreatywasconductedveryorderly，andconcludedtomutualsatisfaction。Theythenclaim’dandreceiv’dtherum；thiswasintheafternoon；theywerenearonehundredmen，women，andchildren，andwerelodg’dintemporarycabins，builtintheformofasquare，justwithoutthetown。Intheevening，hearingagreatnoiseamongthem，thecommissionerswalk’douttoseewhatwasthematter。

Wefoundtheyhadmadeagreatbonfireinthemiddleofthesquare；

theywerealldrunk，menandwomen，quarrelingandfighting。

Theirdark—colour’dbodies，halfnaked，seenonlybythegloomylightofthebonfire，runningafterandbeatingoneanotherwithfirebrands，accompaniedbytheirhorridyellings，form’dascenethemostresemblingourideasofhellthatcouldwellbeimagin’d；therewasnoappeasingthetumult，andweretiredtoourlodging。Atmidnightanumberofthemcamethunderingatourdoor，demandingmorerum，ofwhichwetooknonotice。

Thenextday，sensibletheyhadmisbehav’dingivingusthatdisturbance，theysentthreeoftheiroldcounselorstomaketheirapology。

Theoratoracknowledg’dthefault，butlaiditupontherum；

andthenendeavoredtoexcusetherumbysaying，"TheGreatSpirit，whomadeallthings，madeeverythingforsomeuse，andwhateverusehedesign’danythingfor，thatuseitshouldalwaysbeputto。

Now，whenhemaderum，hesaid’LetthisbefortheIndianstogetdrunkwith，’anditmustbeso。"And，indeed，ifitbethedesignofProvidencetoextirpatethesesavagesinordertomakeroomforcultivatorsoftheearth，itseemsnotimprobablethatrummaybetheappointedmeans。Ithasalreadyannihilatedallthetribeswhoformerlyinhabitedthesea—coast。

In1751，Dr。ThomasBond，aparticularfriendofmine，conceivedtheideaofestablishingahospitalinPhiladelphia（averybeneficentdesign，whichhasbeenascrib’dtome，butwasoriginallyhis），forthereceptionandcureofpoorsickpersons，whetherinhabitantsoftheprovinceorstrangers。Hewaszealousandactiveinendeavouringtoprocuresubscriptionsforit，buttheproposalbeinganoveltyinAmerica，andatfirstnotwellunderstood，hemetwithbutsmallsuccess。

Atlengthhecametomewiththecomplimentthathefoundtherewasnosuchthingascarryingapublic—spiritedprojectthroughwithoutmybeingconcern’dinit。"For，"sayshe，"Iamoftenask’dbythosetowhomIproposesubscribing，HaveyouconsultedFranklinuponthisbusiness？Andwhatdoeshethinkofit？

AndwhenItellthemthatIhavenot（supposingitratheroutofyourline），theydonotsubscribe，butsaytheywillconsiderofit。"

Ienquiredintothenatureandprobableutilityofhisscheme，andreceivingfromhimaverysatisfactoryexplanation，Inotonlysubscrib’dtoitmyself，butengag’dheartilyinthedesignofprocuringsubscriptionsfromothers。Previously，however，tothesolicitation，Iendeavouredtopreparethemindsofthepeoplebywritingonthesubjectinthenewspapers，whichwasmyusualcustominsuchcases，butwhichhehadomitted。

Thesubscriptionsafterwardsweremorefreeandgenerous；

but，beginningtoflag，IsawtheywouldbeinsufficientwithoutsomeassistancefromtheAssembly，andthereforepropos’dtopetitionforit，whichwasdone。Thecountrymembersdidnotatfirstrelishtheproject；theyobjectedthatitcouldonlybeserviceabletothecity，andthereforethecitizensaloneshouldbeattheexpenseofit；andtheydoubtedwhetherthecitizensthemselvesgenerallyapprov’dofit。Myallegationonthecontrary，thatitmetwithsuchapprobationastoleavenodoubtofourbeingabletoraisetwothousandpoundsbyvoluntarydonations，theyconsideredasamostextravagantsupposition，andutterlyimpossible。

OnthisIform’dmyplan；andaskingleavetobringinabillforincorporatingthecontributorsaccordingtotheprayeroftheirpetition，andgrantingthemablanksumofmoney，whichleavewasobtainedchieflyontheconsiderationthattheHousecouldthrowthebilloutiftheydidnotlikeit，Idrewitsoastomaketheimportantclauseaconditionalone，viz。，"Andbeitenacted，bytheauthorityaforesaid，thatwhenthesaidcontributorsshallhavemetandchosentheirmanagersandtreasurer，andshallhaveraisedbytheircontributionsacapitalstockof—————value（theyearlyinterestofwhichistobeappliedtotheaccommodatingofthesickpoorinthesaidhospital，freeofchargefordiet，attendance，advice，andmedicines），andshallmakethesameappeartothesatisfactionofthespeakeroftheAssemblyforthetimebeing，thatthenitshallandmaybelawfulforthesaidspeaker，andbeisherebyrequired，tosignanorderontheprovincialtreasurerforthepaymentoftwothousandpounds，intwoyearlypayments，tothetreasurerofthesaidhospital，tobeappliedtothefounding，building，andfinishingofthesame。"

Thisconditioncarriedthebillthrough；forthemembers，whohadoppos’dthegrant，andnowconceiv’dtheymighthavethecreditofbeingcharitablewithouttheexpence，agreedtoitspassage；

andthen，insolicitingsubscriptionsamongthepeople，weurg’dtheconditionalpromiseofthelawasanadditionalmotivetogive，sinceeveryman’sdonationwouldbedoubled；thustheclausework’dbothways。Thesubscriptionsaccordinglysoonexceededtherequisitesum，andweclaim’dandreceiv’dthepublicgift，whichenabledustocarrythedesignintoexecution。Aconvenientandhandsomebuildingwassoonerected；theinstitutionhasbyconstantexperiencebeenfounduseful，andflourishestothisday；andIdonotrememberanyofmypoliticalmanoeuvres，thesuccessofwhichgavemeatthetimemorepleasure，orwherein，afterthinkingofit，Imoreeasilyexcus’dmyselfforhavingmadesomeuseofcunning。

Itwasaboutthistimethatanotherprojector，theRev。GilbertTennent，cametomewitharequestthatIwouldassisthiminprocuringasubscriptionforerectinganewmeeting—house。ItwastohefortheuseofacongregationhehadgatheredamongthePresbyterians，whowereoriginallydisciplesofMr。Whitefield。Unwillingtomakemyselfdisagreeabletomyfellow—citizensbytoofrequentlysolicitingtheircontributions，Iabsolutelyrefus’d。HethendesiredIwouldfurnishhimwithalistofthenamesofpersonsI

knewbyexperiencetobegenerousandpublic—spirited。Ithoughtitwouldbeunbecominginme，aftertheirkindcompliancewithmysolicitations，tomarkthemouttobeworriedbyotherbeggars，andthereforerefus’dalsotogivesuchalist。Hethendesir’dI

wouldatleastgivehimmyadvice。"ThatIwillreadilydo，"saidI；

"and，inthefirstplace，Iadviseyoutoapplytoallthosewhomyouknowwillgivesomething；next，tothosewhomyouareuncertainwhethertheywillgiveanythingornot，andshowthemthelistofthosewhohavegiven；and，lastly，donotneglectthosewhoyouaresurewillgivenothing，forinsomeofthemyoumaybemistaken。"

Helaugh’dandthank’dme，andsaidhewouldtakemyadvice。

Hedidso，forheask’dofeverybody，andheobtainedamuchlargersumthanheexpected，withwhichheerectedthecapaciousandveryelegantmeeting—housethatstandsinArch—street。

Ourcity，tho’laidoutwithabeautifulregularity，thestreetslarge，strait，andcrossingeachotheratrightangles，hadthedisgraceofsufferingthosestreetstoremainlongunpav’d，andinwetweatherthewheelsofheavycarriagesplough’dthemintoaquagmire，sothatitwasdifficulttocrossthem；andindryweatherthedustwasoffensive。Ihadliv’dnearwhatwascall’dtheJerseyMarket，andsawwithpaintheinhabitantswadinginmudwhilepurchasingtheirprovisions。Astripofgrounddownthemiddleofthatmarketwasatlengthpav’dwithbrick，sothat，beingonceinthemarket，theyhadfirmfooting，butwereoftenovershoesindirttogetthere。Bytalkingandwritingonthesubject，Iwasatlengthinstrumentalingettingthestreetpav’dwithstonebetweenthemarketandthebrick’dfoot—pavement，thatwasoneachsidenextthehouses。This，forsometime，gaveaneasyaccesstothemarketdry—shod；but，therestofthestreetnotbeingpav’d，wheneveracarriagecameoutofthemuduponthispavement，itshookoffandleftitsdirtuponit，anditwassooncover’dwithmire，whichwasnotremov’d，thecityasyethavingnoscavengers。

AftersomeinquiryIfoundapoorindustriousman，whowaswillingtoundertakekeepingthepavementclean，bysweepingittwiceaweek，carryingoffthedirtfrombeforealltheneighbours’

doors，forthesumofsixpencepermonth，tobepaidbyeachhouse。

Ithenwroteandprintedapapersettingforththeadvantagestotheneighbourhoodthatmightbeobtain’dbythissmallexpense；

thegreatereaseinkeepingourhousesclean，somuchdirtnotbeingbroughtinbypeople’sfeet；thebenefittotheshopsbymorecustom，etc。，etc。，asbuyerscouldmoreeasilygetatthem；andbynothaving，inwindyweather，thedustblowninupontheirgoods，etc。，etc。

Isentoneofthesepaperstoeachhouse，andinadayortwowentroundtoseewhowouldsubscribeanagreementtopaythesesixpences；

itwasunanimouslysign’d，andforatimewellexecuted。

Alltheinhabitantsofthecityweredelightedwiththecleanlinessofthepavementthatsurroundedthemarket，itbeingaconveniencetoall，andthisrais’dageneraldesiretohaveallthestreetspaved，andmadethepeoplemorewillingtosubmittoataxforthatpurpose。

AftersometimeIdrewabillforpavingthecity，andbroughtitintotheAssembly。ItwasjustbeforeIwenttoEngland，in1757，anddidnotpasstillIwasgone。<12>andthenwithanalterationinthemodeofassessment，whichIthoughtnotforthebetter，butwithanadditionalprovisionforlightingaswellaspavingthestreets，whichwasagreatimprovement。Itwasbyaprivateperson，thelateMr。JohnClifton，hisgivingasampleoftheutilityoflamps，byplacingoneathisdoor，thatthepeoplewerefirstimpress’dwiththeideaofenlightingallthecity。Thehonourofthispublicbenefithasalsobeenascrib’dtomebutitbelongstrulytothatgentleman。Ididbutfollowhisexample，andhaveonlysomemerittoclaimrespectingtheformofourlamps，asdifferingfromtheglobelampswewereatfirstsupply’dwithfromLondon。

Thosewefoundinconvenientintheserespects：theyadmittednoairbelow；thesmoke，therefore，didnotreadilygooutabove，butcirculatedintheglobe，lodg’donitsinside，andsoonobstructedthelighttheywereintendedtoafford；giving，besides，thedailytroubleofwipingthemclean；andanaccidentalstrokeononeofthemwoulddemolishit，andrenderittotallyuseless。

Ithereforesuggestedthecomposingthemoffourflatpanes，withalongfunnelabovetodrawupthesmoke，andcrevicesadmittingairbelow，tofacilitatetheascentofthesmoke；bythismeanstheywerekeptclean，anddidnotgrowdarkinafewhours，astheLondonlampsdo，butcontinu’dbrighttillmorning，andanaccidentalstrokewouldgenerallybreakbutasinglepane，easilyrepair’d。

<12>Seevotes。

Ihavesometimeswonder’dthattheLondonersdidnot，fromtheeffectholesinthebottomoftheglobelampsus’datVauxhallhaveinkeepingthemclean，learntohavesuchholesintheirstreetlamps。But，theseholesbeingmadeforanotherpurpose，viz。，tocommunicateflamemoresuddenlytothewickbyalittleflaxhangingdownthro’them，theotheruse，oflettinginair，seemsnottohavebeenthoughtof；andtherefore，afterthelampshavebeenlitafewhours，thestreetsofLondonareverypoorlyilluminated。

ThementionoftheseimprovementsputsmeinmindofoneIpropos’d，wheninLondon，toDr。Fothergill，whowasamongthebestmenIhaveknown，andagreatpromoterofusefulprojects。Ihadobserv’dthatthestreets，whendry，wereneverswept，andthelightdustcarriedaway；

butitwassuffer’dtoaccumulatetillwetweatherreduc’dittomud，andthen，afterlyingsomedayssodeeponthepavementthattherewasnocrossingbutinpathskeptcleanbypoorpeoplewithbrooms，itwaswithgreatlabourrak’dtogetherandthrownupintocartsopenabove，thesidesofwhichsuffer’dsomeoftheslushateveryjoltonthepavementtoshakeoutandfall，sometimestotheannoyanceoffoot—passengers。Thereasongivenfornotsweepingthedustystreetswas，thatthedustwouldflyintothewindowsofshopsandhouses。