Bramble—bees and Others

第18章

Iprepareboxeswithabedoffresh,siftedearthtoreceivethelarvaeandthepupae,whichIlodgeeachinasortofhalf—cellformedbytheimprintofmyfinger。Iwillawaitthetransformationtodecidetowhichsextheybelong。Asfortheperfectinsects,theyareinspected,countedandatoncereleased。

Intheveryunlikelysuppositionthatthedistributionofthesexesmightvaryindifferentpartsofthecolony,Imakeasecondexcavation,atafewyards\'distancefromtheother。Itsuppliesmewithanothercollectionbothofperfectinsectsandofpupaeandlarvae。

Whenthemetamorphosisofthelaggardsiscompleted,whichdoesnottakemanydays,Iproceedtotakeageneralcensus。ItgivesmetwohundredandfiftyHalicti。Well,inthisnumberofBees,collectedintheburrowbeforeanyhaveemerged,Iperceivenone,absolutelynonebutfemales;or,tobemathematicallyaccurate,Ifindjustonemale,onealone;andheissosmallandfeeblethathedieswithoutquitesucceedingindivestinghimselfofhisnymphalbands。Thissolitarymaleiscertainlyaccidental。Afemalepopulationoftwohundredandforty—nineHalictiimpliesothermalesthanthisabortion,orratherimpliesnoneatall。Ithereforeeliminatehimasanaccidentofnovalueandconcludethat,intheCylindricalHalictus,theJulygenerationconsistsoffemalesonly。

Thebuilding—operationsstartagaininthesecondweekofJuly。Thegalleriesarerestoredandlengthened;newcellsarefashionedandtheoldonesrepaired。Followtheprovisioning,thelayingoftheeggs,theclosingofthecells;and,beforeJulyisover,thereissolitudeagain。Letmealsosaythat,duringthebuilding—period,notamaleappearsinsight,afactwhichaddsfurtherprooftothatalreadysuppliedbymyexcavations。

Withthehightemperatureofthistimeoftheyear,thedevelopmentofthelarvaemakesrapidprogress:amonthissufficientforthevariousstagesofthemetamorphosis。Onthe24thofAugustthereareoncemoresignsoflifeabovetheburrowsoftheCylindricalHalictus,butunderverydifferentconditions。Forthefirsttime,bothsexesarepresent。Males,soeasilyrecognizedbytheirblackliveryandtheirslimabdomenadornedwitharedring,hoverbackwardsandforwards,almostlevelwiththeground。Theyfussaboutfromburrowtoburrow。Afewrarefemalescomeoutforamomentandthengoinagain。

Iproceedtomakeanexcavationwithmyspade;IgatherindiscriminatelywhateverIcomeacross。Larvaeareveryscarce;

pupaeabound,asdoperfectinsects。Thelistofmycapturesamountstoeightymalesandfifty—eightfemales。Themales,therefore,hithertoimpossibletodiscover,eitherontheflowersaroundorintheneighbourhoodoftheburrows,couldbepickedupto—daybythehundred,ifIwished。Theyoutnumberthefemalesbyaboutfourtothree;theyarealsofurtherdeveloped,inaccordancewiththegeneralrule,formostofthebackwardpupaegivemeonlyfemales。

Oncethetwosexeshadappeared,IexpectedathirdgenerationthatwouldspendthewinterinthelarvalstateandrecommenceinMaytheannualcyclewhichIhavejustdescribed。Myanticipationprovedtobeatfault。ThroughoutSeptember,whenthesunbeatsupontheburrows,Iseethemalesflittingingreatnumbersfromoneshafttotheother。Sometimesafemaleappears,returningfromthefields,butwithnopollenonherlegs。Sheseekshergallery,findsit,divesdownanddisappears。

Themales,asthoughindifferenttoherarrival,offerhernowelcome,donotharassherwiththeiramorouspursuits;theycontinuetovisitthedoorsoftheburrowswithawindingandoscillatingflight。Fortwomonths,Ifollowtheirevolutions。Iftheysetfootonearth,itistodescendforthwithintosomegallerythatsuitsthem。

Itisnotuncommontoseeseveralofthemonthethresholdofthesameburrow。Theneachawaitshisturntoenter;theyareaspeaceableintheirrelationsasthefemaleswhoarejointownersofaburrow。Atothertimes,onewantstogoinasasecondiscomingout。

Thissuddenencounterproducesnostrife。Theoneleavingtheholewithdrawsalittletoonesidetomakeenoughroomfortwo;theotherslipspastasbesthecan。Thesepeacefulmeetingsareallthemorestrikingwhenweconsidertheusualrivalrybetweenmalesofthesamespecies。

Norubbish—moundstandsatthemouthoftheshafts,showingthatthebuildinghasnotbeenresumed;atthemost,afewcrumbsofearthareheapedoutside。Andbywhom,pray?Bythemalesandbythemalone。

Thelazysexhasbethoughtitselfofworking。Itturnsnavvyandshootsoutgrainsofearththatwouldinterferewithitscontinualentrancesandexits。ForthefirsttimeIwitnessacustomwhichnoHymenopteronhadyetshownme:Iseethemaleshauntingtheinterioroftheburrowswithanassiduityequallingthatofthemothersemployedinnest—building。

Thecauseoftheseunwontedoperationssoonstandsrevealed。Thefemalesseenflittingabovetheburrowsareveryrare;themajorityofthefemininepopulationremainsequesteredunderground,donotperhapscomeoutonceduringthewholeofthelatterpartofsummer。

Thosewhodoventureoutgoinagainsoon,empty—handedofcourseandalwayswithoutanyamorousteasingfromthemales,anumberofwhomarehoveringabovetheburrows。

Ontheotherhand,watchascarefullyasImay,Idonotdiscoverasingleactofpairingoutofdoors。Theweddingsareclandestine,therefore,andtakeplaceunderground。Thisexplainsthemales\'

fussyvisitstothedoorsofthegalleriesduringthehottesthoursoftheday,theircontinualdescentsintothedepthsandtheircontinualreappearances。Theyarelookingforthefemalescloisteredintheretirementofthecells。

Alittlespade—worksoonturnssuspicionintocertainty。Iunearthasufficientnumberofcouplestoprovetomethatthesexescometogetherunderground。Whenthemarriageisconsummated,thered—

beltedonequitsthespotandgoestodieoutsidetheburrow,afterdraggingfromflowertoflowerthebitoflifethatremainstohim。

Theothershutsherselfupinhercell,theretoawaitthereturnofthemonthofMay。

SeptemberisspentbytheHalictussolelyinnuptialcelebrations。

Whenevertheskyisfine,Iwitnesstheevolutionsofthemalesabovetheburrows,withtheircontinualentrancesandexits;shouldthesunbeveiled,theytakerefugedownthepassages。Themoreimpatient,half—hiddeninthepit,showtheirlittleblackheadsoutside,asthoughpeepingfortheleastbreakinthecloudsthatwillallowthemtopayabriefvisittotheflowersroundabout。Theyalsospendthenightintheburrows。Inthemorning,Iattendtheirlevee;Iseethemputtheirheadtothewindow,takealookattheweatherandthengoinagainuntilthesunbeatsontheencampment。

ThesamemodeoflifeiscontinuedthroughoutOctober,butthemalesbecomelessnumerousfromdaytodayasthestormyseasonapproachesandfewerfemalesremaintobewooed。Bythetimethatthefirstcoldweathercomes,inNovember,completesolitudereignsovertheburrows。Ioncemorehaverecoursetothespade。Ifindnonebutfemalesintheircells。Thereisnotonemaleleft。Allhavevanished,allaredead,thevictimsoftheirlifeofpleasureandofthewindandrain。ThusendsthecycleoftheyearfortheCylindricalHalictus。

InFebruary,afterahardwinter,whenthesnowhadlainonthegroundforafortnight,IwantedoncemoretolookintothematterofmyHalicti。Iwasinbedwithpneumoniaandatthepointofdeath,toallappearances。Ihadlittleornopain,thankGod,butextremedifficultyinliving。Withthelittleluciditylefttome,beingabletodonoothersortofobserving,Iobservedmyselfdying;Iwatchedwithacertaininterestthegradualfallingtopiecesofmypoormachinery。Wereitnotfortheterrorofleavingmyfamily,whowerestillyoung,Iwouldgladlyhavedeparted。Theafter—lifemusthavesomanyhigherandfairertruthstoteachus。

Myhourhadnotyetcome。Whenthelittlelampsofthoughtbegantoemerge,allflickering,fromtheduskofunconsciousness,IwishedtotakeleaveoftheHymenopteron,myfondestjoy,andfirstofallofmyneighbour,theHalictus。MysonEmiletookthespadeandwentanddugthefrozenground。Notamalewasfound,ofcourse;buttherewereplentyoffemales,numbedwiththecoldintheircells。

Afewwerebroughtformetosee。Theirlittlechambersshowednoefflorescenceofrime,withwhichallthesurroundingearthwascoated。Thewaterproofvarnishhadbeenwonderfullyefficacious。Asfortheanchorites,rousedfromtheirtorporbythewarmthoftheroom,theybegantowanderaboutmybed,whereIfollowedthemvaguelywithmyfadingeyes。

Maycame,aseagerlyawaitedbythesickmanasbytheHalicti。I

leftOrangeforSerignan,mylaststage,Iexpect。WhileIwasmoving,theBeesresumedtheirbuilding。Igavethemaregretfulglance,forIhadstillmuchtolearnintheircompany。Ihaveneversincemetwithsuchamightycolony。

TheseoldobservationsonthehabitsoftheCylindricalHalictusmaynowbefollowedbyageneralsummarywhichwillincorporatetherecentdatasuppliedbytheZebraHalictusandtheEarlyHalictus。

ThefemalesoftheCylindricalHalictuswhomIunearthfromNovemberonwardsareevidentlyfecundated,asisprovedbytheassiduityofthemalesduringtheprecedingtwomonthsandmostpositivelyconfirmedbythecouplesdiscoveredinthecourseofmyexcavations。

Thesefemalesspendthewinterintheircells,asdomanyoftheearly—hatchingmelliferousinsects,suchasAnthophoraeandMason—

bees,whobuildtheirnestsinthespring,thelarvaereachingtheperfectstateinthesummerandyetremainingshutupintheircellsuntilthefollowingMay。ButthereisthisgreatdifferenceinthecaseoftheCylindricalHalictus,thatintheautumnthefemalesleavetheircellsforatimetoreceivethemalesunderground。Thecouplespairandthemalesperish。Leftalone,thefemalesreturntotheircells,wheretheyspendtheinclementseason。

TheZebraHalicti,studiedfirstatOrangeandthen,underbetterconditions,atSerignan,inmyownenclosure,havenotthesesubterraneancustoms:theycelebratetheirweddingsamidthejoysofthelight,thesunandtheflowers。IseethefirstmalesappearinthemiddleofSeptember,onthecentauries。Generallythereareseveralofthemcourtingthesamebride。Nowone,thenanother,theyswoopuponhersuddenly,claspher,leaveher,seizeholdofheragain。Fiercebrawlsdecidewhoshallpossessher。Oneisacceptedandtheothersdecamp。Withaswiftandangularflight,theygofromflowertoflower,withoutalighting。Theyhoveronthewing,lookingaboutthem,moreintentonpairingthanoneating。

TheEarlyHalictusdidnotsupplymewithanydefiniteinformation,partlythroughmyownfault,partlythroughthedifficultyofexcavationinastonysoil,whichcallsforthepick—axeratherthanthespade。IsuspectherofhavingthenuptialcustomsoftheCylindricalHalictus。

Thereisanotherdifference,whichcausescertainvariationsofdetailinthesecustoms。Intheautumn,thefemalesoftheCylindricalHalictusleavetheirburrowsseldomornotatall。Thosewhodogooutinvariablycomebackafterabriefhaltupontheflowers。Allpassthewinterinthenatalcells。Ontheotherhand,thoseoftheZebraHalictusmovetheirquarters,meetthemalesoutsideanddonotreturntotheburrows,whichmyautumnexcavationsalwaysfinddeserted。Theyhibernateinthefirsthiding—placesthatoffer。

Inthespring,thefemales,fecundatedsincetheautumn,comeout:

theCylindricalHalictifromtheircells,theZebraHalictifromtheirvariousshelters,theEarlyHalictiapparentlyfromtheirchambers,likethefirst。Theyworkattheirnestsintheabsenceofanymale,asdoalsotheSocialWasps,whosewholebroodhasperishedexceptingafewmothersalsofecundatedintheautumn。Inbothcases,theassistanceofthemalesisequallyreal,onlyithasprecededthelayingbyaboutsixmonths。

Sofar,thereisnothingnewinthelifeoftheHalicti;buthereiswheretheunexpectedappears:inJuly,anothergenerationisproduced;andthistimewithoutmales。Theabsenceofmasculineassistanceisnolongerameresemblancehere,duetoanearlierfecundation:itisarealityestablishedbeyondadoubtbythecontinuityofmyobservationsandbymyexcavationsduringthesummerseason,beforetheemergenceofthenewBees。Atthisperiod,alittlebeforeJuly,ifmyspadeunearththecellsofanyoneofmythreeHalicti,theresultisalwaysfemales,nothingbutfemales,withexceedinglyrareexceptions。

True,itmaybesaidthatthesecondprogenyisduetothemotherswhoknewthemalesinautumnandwhowouldbeabletonidifytwiceayear。Thesuggestionisnotadmissible。TheZebraHalictusconfirmswhatIsay。Sheshowsustheoldmothersnolongerleavingthehomebutmountingguardattheentrancetotheburrows。Noharvesting—orpottery—workispossiblewiththeseabsorbingdoorkeeping—functions。

Thereforethereisnonewfamily,evenadmittingthatthemothers\'

ovariesarenotdepleted。

IdonotknowifasimilarargumentisvalidinthecaseoftheCylindricalHalictus。Hassheanygeneralsurvivors?Asmyattentionhadnotyetbeendirectedonthispointintheolddays,whenIhadtheinsectatmydoor,Ihavenorecordstogoupon。Forallthat,I

aminclinedtothinkthattheportressoftheZebraHalictusisunknownhere。Thereasonofthisabsencewouldbethenumberofworkersatthestart。

InMay,theZebraHalictus,livingbyherselfinherwinterretreat,foundsherhousealone。Whenherdaughterssucceedher,inJuly,sheistheonlygrandmotherintheestablishmentandthepostofportressfallstoher。WiththeCylindricalHalictus,theconditionsaredifferent。HeretheMayworkersaremanyinthesameburrow,wheretheydwellincommonduringthewinter。Supposingthattheysurvivewhenthebusinessofthehouseholdisfinished,towhomwilltheofficeofoverseerfall?Theirnumberissogreatandtheyareallsofullofzealthatdisorderwouldbeinevitable。Butwecanleavethissmallmatterunsettledpendingfurtherinformation。

Thefactremainsthatfemales,femalesexclusively,havecomeoutoftheeggslaidinMay。Theyhavedescendants,ofthatthereisnoroomfordoubt;theyprocreatethoughtherearenomalesintheirtime。

>Fromthisgenerationbyasinglesex,therespring,twomonthslater,malesandfemales。Thesemate;andthesameorderofthingsrecommences。

Tosumup,judgingbythethreespeciesthatformthesubjectofmyinvestigations,theHalictihavetwogenerationsayear:oneinthespring,issuingfromthemotherswhohavelivedthroughthewinterafterbeingfecundatedintheautumn;theotherinthesummer,thefruitofparthenogenesis,thatistosay,ofreproductionbythepowersofthemotheralone。Oftheunionofthetwosexes,femalesaloneareborn;parthenogenesisgivesbirthatthesametimetofemalesandmales。

Whenthemother,theoriginalgenitrix,hasbeenableoncetodispensewithacoadjutor,whydoessheneedonelater?Whatisthepunyidlertherefor?Hewasunnecessary。Whydoeshebecomenecessarynow?Shallweeverobtainasatisfactoryanswertothequestion?Itisdoubtful。However,withoutmuchhopeofsucceedingwewillonedayconsulttheGall—fly,whoisbetter—versedthanweinthetangledproblemofthesexes。

INDEX。

AlpineOdynerus。

Amadeus\'Eumenes。

Ammophila(seealsoHairyAmmophila)。

Andrena。

AndrenoidOsmia。

Ant。

Anthidium(seethevarietiesbelow,Cotton—bee,ResinBee)。

Anthidiumbellicosum。

Anthidiumcingulatum(seeGirdledAnthidium)。

Anthidiumdiadema(seeDiademAnthidium)。

Anthidiumflorentinum(seeFlorentineAnthidium)。

AnthidiumLatreillii(seeLatreille\'sResin—bee)。

Anthidiummanicatum(seeManicateAnthidium)。

Anthidiumquadrilobum(seeFour—lobedResin—bee)。

Anthidiumscapulare(seeScapularAnthidium)。

Anthidiumseptemdentatum(seeSeven—prongedResin—bee)。

Anthocopapapaveris(seeUpholsterer—bee)。

Anthophora(seealsoAnthophoraoftheWalls,Hairy—footedAnthophora,MaskedAnthophora)。

AnthophoraoftheWalls。

Anthophoraparietina(seeAnthophoraoftheWalls)。

Anthophorapilipes(seeHairy—footedAnthophora)。

Anthrax(seeAnthraxsinuata)。

Anthraxsinuata。

Aphis(seePlant—louse)。

Archimedes。

Augustus,theEmperor。

Bee。

Beetle。

Bembex。

Black,AdamandCharles。

BlackPlant—louse。

BlackPsen。

Black—tippedLeaf—cutter。

BlueOsmia。

Book—louse。

BrownSnail。

Bulimulusradiatus。

Bumble—bee。

Calicurgus(seePompilus)。

Capricorn。

Carpenter—bee。

Cat。

Cemonusunicolor。

Cerambyx(seeCapricorn)。

Ceratina(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

Ceratinaalbilabris。

Ceratinacallosa。

Ceratinachalcites。

Ceratinacoerulea。

Cerceris。

Cetonia。

Chaffinch。

Chalicodoma(seeMason—bee)。

Chrysisflammea。

Cockroach。

Coelyoxiscaudata。

Coelyoxisoctodentata。

Colletes。

CommonSnail。

CommonWasp。

Cotton—bee(seealsothevarietiesofAnthidium)。

Crayfish。

Cricket。

Criocerismerdigera(seeLily—beetle)。

Cryptusbimaculatus。

Cryptusgyrator。

CylindricalHalictus。

Darwin,CharlesRobert。

Decticusverrucivorus。

Devillario,Henri。

DiademAnthidium。

Dioxyscincta。

Dog。

Dragon—fly。

Dryden,John。

Dufour,JeanMarieLeon。

Dung—beetle。

Dzierzon,Johann。

EarlyHalictus。

Earth—worm。

Earwig。

Epeira(seeGardenSpider)。

Ephialtesdivinator。

Ephialtesmediator。

Ephippiger。

EumenesAmadei(seeAmadeus\'Eumenes)。

Euritemarubicola。

Fabre,Emile,theauthor\'sson。

Fabricius,JohannChristian。

FeebleLeaf—cutter。

Field—mouse。

FlorentineAnthidium。

Fly(seealsoHouse—fly)。

Foenuspyrenaicus。

Four—lobedResin—bee。

Franklin,Benjamin。

GardenSnail。

GardenSpider。

GirdledAnthidium。

GirdledSnail(seeBrownSnail)。

Gnat。

GoldenOsmia。

Goldfinch。

Grasshopper(seealsoGreatGreenGrasshopper)。

GreatGreenGrasshopper。

GreatPeacockMoth。

GreenGrasshopper(seeEphippiger,GreatGreenGrasshopper)。

GreenOsmia。

GreyLizard。

HairyAmmophila。

Hairy—footedAnthophora。

Halictus(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

Halictuscylindricus(seeCylindricalHalictus)。

Halictusmalachurus(seeEarlyHalictus)。

Halictuszebrus(seeZebraHalictus)。

Hare—footedLeaf—cutter。

Helixalgira。

Helixaspersa(seeCommonSnail)。

Helixcaespitum(seeGardenSnail)。

Helixnemoralis。

Helixstriata。

Heriadesrubicola。

Herring。

Hive—bee。

Honey—bee(seeHive—bee)。

HornedOsmia。

House—dog(seeDog)。

House—fly。

Kid。

Kirby,William。

LaFontaine,Jeande。

Lamb。

LanguedocianSphex。

Laniuscollurio(seeRed—backedShrike)。

LaPalice,JacquesdeChabannes,Seigneurde。

Latreille,PierreAndre。

Latreille\'sOsmia。

Latreille\'sResin—bee。

Leaf—cutter,Leaf—cuttingBee(seeMegachile)。

Leaf—insect。

Leucopsis。

Lily—beetle。

Lithurgus(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

Lithurguschrysurus。

Lithurguscornutus。

Lizard(seealsoGreyLizard)。

Locust。

Locustaviridissima(seeGreatGreenGrasshopper)。

MacmillanCo。

"MademoiselleMori",authorof。

ManicateAnthidium。

Mantis,Mantisreligiosa(seePrayingMantis)。

MaskedAnthophora。

Mason—bee(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

Mason—beeofthePebbles(seeMason—beeoftheWalls)。

Mason—beeoftheSheds。

Mason—beeoftheShrubs。

Mason—beeoftheWalls。

May—fly。

Meade—Waldo,Geoffrey。

Megachile(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

Megachilealbocincta(seeWhite—girdledLeaf—cutter)。

Megachileapicalis(seeBlack—tippedLeaf—cutter)。

Megachileargentata(seeSilveryLeaf—cutter)。

MegachileDufourii(seeSilkyLeaf—cutter)。

Megachileimbecilla(seeFeebleLeaf—cutter)。

Megachilelagopoda(seeHare—footedLeaf—cutter)。

Megachilesericans(seeSilkyLeaf—cutter)。

Melitta(seeColletes)。

Miall,Bernard。

MidwifeToad。

Morawitz\'Osmia。

Odynerus(seealsothevarietiesbelow)

Odynerusalpestris(seeAlpineOdynerus)。

Odynerusdelphinalis。

Odynerusrubicola。

Oil—beetle。

Omalusauratus。

Osmia(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

Osmiaandrenoides(seeAndrenoidOsmia)。

Osmiaaurulenta(seeGoldenOsmia)。

Osmiacornuta(seeHornedOsmia)。

Osmiacyanea(seeBlueOsmia)。

Osmiacyanoxantha。

Osmiadetrita(seeRaggedOsmia)。

OsmiaLatreillii(seeLatreille\'sOsmia)。

OsmiaMorawitzi(seeMorawitz\'Osmia)。

Osmiaparvula(seeTinyOsmia)。

Osmiarufo—hirta(seeRedOsmia)。

Osmiatricornis(seeThree—hornedOsmia)。

Osmiatridentata(seeThree—prongedOsmia)。

Osmiaversicolor(seeVariegatedOsmia)。

Osmiaviridana(seeGreenOsmia)。

Pelopaeus。

Perez,ProfessorJean。

Philanthus(seePhilanthusapivorus)。

Philanthusapivorus。

Plant—louse(seealsoBlackPlant—louse)。

Pompilus。

PrayingMantis。

Prosopisconfusa。

Psenatratus(seeBlackPsen)。

Rabelais,Francois。

RaggedOsmia。

Reaumur,ReneAntoineFerchaultde。

Red—backedShrike。

Red—Osmia。

Resin—bee(seealsothevarieties)。

RingedCalicurgus(seePompilus)。

Rodwell,MissFrances。

Rosechafer(seeCetonia)。

Sapyga(seeSpottedSapyga)。

Sardine。

ScapularAnthidium。

Scolia。

Scorpion。

Seven—prongedResin—bee。

Shrike(seeRed—backedShrike)。

SilkyLeaf—cutter。

SilveryLeaf—cutter。

Snail(seealsothevarieties)

SocialWasp(seeCommonWasp)。

Soleniuslapidarius。

Soleniusvagus。

Sophocles。

Sparrow。

Spence,William。

Sphex(seealsoLanguedocianSphex,Yellow—wingedSphex。)

SpottedSapyga。

Stick—insect。

Stizus。

Tachina。

Tachytes。

Tarantula。

TeixeiradeMattos,Alexander。

Termite。

Three—hornedOsmia。

Three—prongedOsmia。

Tiberius,theEmperor。

TinyOsmia。

Tripoxylonfigulus。

UnarmedZonitis(seeZonitismutica)。

Upholsterer—bee。

VariegatedOsmia。

Virgil。

Wasp(seealsoCommonWasp)。

WeavingSpider。

Weevil。

White—girdledLeaf—cutter。

Wolf。

Worm(seeEarth—worm)。

Xylocopaviolacea(seeCarpenter—bee)。

Yellow—wingedSphex。

ZebraHalictus。

Zonitismutica。

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