第4章

LetyourActiniaestandforadayortwointhedish，andthen，pickingouttheliveliestandhandsomest，detachthemoncemorefromtheirhold，dropthemintoyourvase，rightthemwithabitofstick，sothatthesuckingbaseisdownwards，andleavethemtothemselvesthenceforth。

Thesetwospecies（MesembryanthemumandCrassicornis）arequitebeautifulenoughtogiveabeginneramusement：buttherearetwootherswhicharenotuncommon，andofsuchexceedingloveliness，thatitisworthwhiletotakealittletroubletogetthem。TheoneisDianthus，whichIhavealreadymentioned;theotherBellis，thesea—daisy，ofwhichthereisanexcellentdescriptionandplatesinMr。Gosse’s"RamblesinDevon，"pp。24to32。

ItiscommonatIlfracombe，andatTorquay;andindeedeverywherewheretherearecracksandsmallholesinlimestoneorslaterock。

Intheseholesitfixesitsbase，andexpandsitsdelicatebrown—

greystar—likeflowersonthesurface：butitmustbechippedoutwithhammerandchisel，attheexpenseofmuchdirtandpatience;

forthemomentitistoucheditcontractsdeepintotherock，andallthatisleftofthedaisyflower，sometwoorthreeinchesacross，isablueknotofhalfthesizeofamarble。Butitwillexpandagain，afteradayortwoofcaptivity，andwillrepayallthetroublewhichithascost。Troglodytesmaybefound，asIhavesaidalready，inhundredsatHastings，insimilarsituationstothatofBellis;itsonlytoken，whenthetideisdown，beingarounddimpleinthemuddysandwhichfirsthelowercracksofrocks。

Butyouwillwantmorethantheseanemones，bothforyourownamusement，andforthehealthofyourtank。Microscopicanimalswillbreed，andwillalsodie;andyouneedforthemsomesuchscavengerasourpoorfriendSquinado，towhomyouwereintroducedafewpagesback。Turn，then，afewstoneswhichliepiledoneachotheratextremelow—watermark，andfiveminutes’searchwillgiveyoutheveryanimalyouwant，—alittlecrab，ofadingyrussetabove，andontheundersidelikesmoothporcelain。Hisbackisquiteflat，andsoarehislargeangularfringedclaws，which，whenhefoldsthemup，lieinthesameplanewithhisshell，andfitneatlyintoitsedges。Compactlittleroguethatheis，madeespeciallyforsidlinginandoutofcracksandcrannies，hecarrieswithhimsuchanapparatusofcombsandbrushesasIsidororFlorisneverdreamedof;withwhichhesweepsoutofthesea—

waterateverymomentshoalsofminuteanimalcules，andsucksthemintohistinymouth。Mr。Gossewilltellyoumoreofthismarvel，inhis"Aquarium，"p。48。

Next，yoursea—weeds，iftheythriveastheyoughttodo，willsowtheirminutesporesinmillionsaroundthem;andthese，astheyvegetate，willformagreenfilmontheinsideoftheglass，spoilingyourprospect：youmayrubitoffforyourself，ifyouwill，witharagfastenedtoastick;butifyouwishatoncetosaveyourselftrouble，andtoseehowallemergenciesinnatureareprovidedfor，youwillsetthreeorfourliveshellstodoitforyou，andtokeepyoursub—aqueouslawnclosemown。

Thatlastwordisnofigureofspeech。Lookamongthebedsofsea—

weedforafewofthebrightyelloworgreensea—snails（Nerita），orConicalTops（Trochus），especiallythatbeautifulpinkonespottedwithbrown（Ziziphinus），whichyouaresuretofindaboutshadedrock—ledgesatdeadlowtide，andputthemintoyouraquarium。Forthepresent，theywillonlynibblethegreenulvae;

butwhenthefilmofyoungweedbeginstoform，youwillseeitmownoffeverymorningasfastasitgrows，inlittlesemicircularsweeps，justasifafairy’sscythehadbeenatworkduringthenight。

Andascythehasbeenatwork;noneotherthanthetongueofthelittleshell—fish;adescriptionofitsextraordinarymechanism（toolongtoquotehere，butwhichiswellworthreading）maybefoundinGosse’s"Aquarium。"（32）

Aprawnortwo，andafewminutestar—fish，willmakeyouraquariumcomplete;thoughyoumayaddtoitendlessly，asoneglanceatthesalt—watertanksoftheZoologicalGardens，andthestrangeandbeautifulformswhichtheycontain，willprovetoyousufficiently。

Youhavetwomoreenemiestoguardagainst，dust，andheat。Ifthesurfaceofthewaterbecomescloggedwithdust，thecommunicationbetweenitandthelife—givingoxygenoftheairiscutoff;andthenyouranimalsareliabletodie，fortheverysamereasonthatfishdieinapondwhichislongfrozenover，unlessaholebebrokenintheicetoadmittheair。Youmustguardagainstthisbyoccasionalstirringofthesurface，or，asIhavealreadysaid，bysyringingandbykeepingonacover。Apieceofmuslintiedoverwilldo;butabetterdefenceisaplateofglass，raisedonwiresomehalf—inchabovetheedge，soastoadmittheair。Iamnotsurethatasheetofbrownpaperlaidoverthevaseisnotthebestofall，becausethat，byitsshade，alsoguardsagainstthenextevil，whichisheat。Againstthatyoumustguardbyputtingacurtainofmuslinoroiledpaperbetweenthevaseandthesun，ifitbeveryfierce，orsimply（forsimpleexpedientsarebest）bylayingahandkerchiefoverittilltheheatispast。Butifyouleaveyourvaseinasunnywindowlongenoughtoletthewatergettepid，allisoverwithyourpets。Halfanhour’sboilingmayfrustratethecareofweeks。Andyet，ontheotherhand，lightyoumusthave，andyoucanhardlyhavetoomuch。Someanimalscertainlyprefershade，andhideinthedarkestcrannies;andforthem，ifyouraquariumislargeenough，youmustprovideshade，byarrangingthebitsofstoneintopilesandcaverns。Butwithoutlight，yoursea—weedswillneitherthrivenorkeepthewatersweet。

Withplentyoflightyouwillsee，toquoteMr。Gosseoncemore，（33）"thousandsoftinyglobulesformingoneveryplant，andevenalloverthestones，wheretheinfantvegetationisbeginningtogrow;andtheseglobulespresentlyriseinrapidsuccessiontothesurfacealloverthevessel，andthisprocessgoesonuninterruptedlyaslongastheraysofthesunareuninterrupted。

"NowtheseglobulesconsistofPUREOXYGEN，givenoutbytheplantsunderthestimulusoflight;andtothisoxygentheanimalsinthetankowetheirlife。Thedifferencebetweentheprofusionofoxygen—bubblesproducedonasunnyday，andthepaucityofthoseseenonadarkcloudyday，orinanorthernaspect，isverymarked。"Choose，therefore，asouthoreastwindow，butdrawdowntheblind，orthrowahandkerchiefoveralliftheheatbecomefierce。Thewatershouldalwaysfeelcoldtoyourhand，letthetemperatureoutsidebewhatitmay。

Next，youmustmakeupforevaporationbyFRESHwater（averylittlewillsuffice），asoftenasinsummeryoufindthewaterinyourvasesinkbelowitsoriginallevel，andpreventthewaterfromgettingtoosalt。Forthesalts，remember，donotevaporatewiththewater;andifyouleftthevaseinthesunforafewweeks，itwouldbecomeamerebrine—pan。

Buthowwillyoumoveyourtreasuresuptotown？

ThesimplestplanwhichIhavefoundsuccessfulisanearthenjar。

Youmaybuythemwithacoverwhichscrewsonwithtwoironclasps。

Ifyoudonotfindsuch，apieceofoilskintiedoverthemouthisenough。Butdonotfillthejarfullofwater;leaveaboutaquarterofthecontentsinemptyair，whichthewatermayabsorb，andsokeepitselffresh。Andanypiecesofstone，oroysters，whichyousendup，hangbyastringfromthemouth，thattheymaynothurttenderanimalsbyrollingaboutthebottom。Withthesesimpleprecautions，anythingwhichyouarelikelytofindwillwellendureforty—eighthoursoftravel。

Whatifthewaterfails，afterall？

ThenMr。Gosse’sartificialsea—waterwillformaperfectsubstitute。Youmaybuytherequisitesalts（fortherearemoresaltsthan"salt"insea—water）fromanychemisttowhomMr。Gossehasentrustedhisdiscovery，and，accordingtohisdirections，makesea—waterforyourselfOnemorehintbeforewepart。If，afterall，youarenotgoingdowntothesea—sidethisyear，andhavenoopportunitiesoftesting"thewondersoftheshore，"youmaystillstudyNaturalHistoryinyourowndrawing—room，bylookingalittleinto"thewondersofthepond。"

Iamnotjesting;afresh—wateraquarium，thoughbynomeansasbeautifulasasalt—waterone，isevenmoreeasilyestablished。A

glassjar，flooredwithtwoorthreeinchesofpond—mud（whichshouldbecoveredwithfinegraveltopreventthemudwashingup）;

aspecimenofeachoftwowater—plantswhichyoumaybuynowatanygoodshopinCoventGarden，Vallisneriaspiralis（whichissaidtogivetotheCanvas—backedduckofAmericaitspeculiarrichnessofflavour），andAnacharisalsinastrum，thatmagicalweedwhich，latelyintroducedfromCanadaamongtimber，hasmultiplied，self—

sown，tosoprodigiousanextent，thatitbidfair，afewyearssince，tochokethenavigationnotonlyofourcanalsandfen—

rivers，butoftheThamesitself：（34）or，indefaultofthese，someofthemoredelicatepond—weeds;suchasCallitriche，Potamogetonpusillum，and，bestofall，perhaps，thebeautifulWater—Milfoil（Myriophyllium），whosecomb—likeleavesarethehauntsofnumberlessrareandcuriousanimalcules：—these（inthemselves，fromthetransparencyoftheircirculation，interestingmicroscopicobjects）foroxygen—breedingvegetables;andforanimals，thepickingsofanypond;aminnowortwo，aneft;afewofthedelicatepond—snails（unlesstheydevouryourplantstoorapidly）：water—beetles，ofactivityinconceivable，andthatwondrousbugtheNotonecta，wholiesonhisbackallday，rowingabouthisboat—shapedbody，withonelongpairofoars，insearchofanimalcules，andthemomentthelightsareout，turnsheadoverheels，rightshimself，andopeningapairofhandsomewings，startstoflyaboutthedarkroomincompanywithhisfriendthewater—

beetle，and（Isuspect）catchflies;andthenslipsbackdemurelyintothewaterwiththefirststreakofdawn。ButperhapsthemostinterestingofallthetribesoftheNaiads，—（indefault，ofcourse，ofthosesemi—humannymphswithwhichourTeutonicforefathers，liketheGreeks，peopledeach"sacredfountain，"）—

arethelittle"water—crickets，"whichmaybefoundrunningunderthepebbles，orburrowinginlittlegalleriesinthebanks：andthose"caddises，"whichcrawlonthebottominthestillerwaters，enclosed，allsavetheheadandlegs，inatubeofsandorpebbles，shellsorsticks，greenordeadweeds，oftenarrangedwithquaintsymmetry，orofverygracefulshape。Theiraspectinthisstatemaybesomewhatuninviting，buttheycompensatefortheiryouthfuluglinessbythestrangenessoftheirtransformations，andoftenbythedelicatebeautyoftheperfectinsects，asthe"caddises，"

risingtothesurface，becomeflyingPhryganeae（caperersandsand—

flies），generallyofvariousshadesoffawn—colour;andthewater—

crickets（thoughanunscientificeyemaybeabletodiscernbutlittledifferenceintheminthe"larva，"orimperfectstate）

changeintofliesofthemostvariousshapes;—one，perhaps，intothegreatsluggisholive"Stone—fly"（Perlabicaudata）;anotherintothedelicatelemon—coloured"YellowSally"（Chrysoperlaviridis）;anotherintothedarkchocolate"Alder"（Sialislutaria）：

andthemajorityintodunsanddrakes（Ephemerae）;whosegraceofform，anddelicacyofcolour，givethemarighttorankamongthemostexquisiteofGod’screations，fromthetiny"Spinners"（Ba塼isorChloron）ofincandescentglass，withgorgeousrainbow—colouredeyes，tothegreatGreenDrake（Ephemeravulgata），knowntoallfishermenastheprinceoftrout—flies。Theseanimals，theirhabits，theirmiraculoustransformations，mightgivemanyanhour’squietamusementtoaninvalid，laidonasofa，orimprisonedinasick—room，anddebarredfromreading，unlessbysomesuchmeans，anypageofthatgreatgreenbookoutside，whosepenisthefingerofGod，whosecoversarethefirekingdomsandthestarkingdoms，anditsleavestheheather—bells，andthepolypesofthesea，andthegnatsabovethesummerstream。

Isaidjustnow，thathappywasthesportsmanwhowasalsoanaturalist。And，havingoncementionedthesecuriouswater—flies，Icannothelpgoingalittlefarther，andsaying，thatluckyisthefishermanwhoisalsoanaturalist。Afairscientificknowledgeoftheflieswhichheimitates，andoftheirhabits，wouldoftenensurehimsport，whileothermenaregoinghomewithemptycreels。

Onewouldhavefanciedthisaself—evidentfact;yetIhaveneverfoundanysoundknowledgeofthenaturalwater—flieswhichhauntagivenstream，exceptamongcunningoldfishermenofthelowerclass，whogettheirlivingbythegentleart，andbringtoindoorsbasketsoftroutkilledonflies，whichlookasiftheyhadbeentiedwithapairoftongs，soroughandungainlyarethey;butwhich，nevertheless，kill，simplybecausetheyare（inCOLOUR，whichisallthatfishreallycarefor）exactlikenessesofsomeobscurelocalspecies，whichhappentobeonthewateratthetime。

Amonggentlemen—fishermen，ontheotherhand，sodeepistheignoranceofthenaturalfly，thatIhaveknowngoodsportsmenstillunderthedelusionthatthegreatgreenMay—flycomesoutofacaddis—bait;thegentlemenhavingneverseen，muchlessfishedwith，thatmostdeadlybaitthe"Water—cricket，"orfreecreepinglarvaoftheMay—fly，whichmaybefoundinMayundertheriver—

banks。Theconsequenceofthisignoranceisthattheydependforgoodpatternsoffliesonmerechanceandexperiment;andthattheshoppatterns，originallyexcellent，deterioratecontinually，tilllittleornolikenesstotheirlivingprototyperemains，beingtiedbytowngirls，whohavenomoreunderstandingofwhatthefeathersandmohairintheirhandsrepresentthantheyhaveofwhattheNationalDebtrepresents。Hencefollowsmanyafailureatthestream—side;becausethe"Caperer，"or"Dun，"or"YellowSally，"

whichisproducedfromthefly—book，though，possibly，likethebroodwhichcameoutthreeyearssinceonsomestreamahundredmilesaway，isquiteunlikethebroodwhichisoutto—dayonone’sownriver。Fornotonlydomostofthesefliesvaryincolourindifferentsoilsandclimates，butmanyofthemchangetheirhueduringlife;theEphemerae，especially，haveahabitofthrowingoffthewholeoftheirskins（even，marvellouslyenough，totheskinoftheeyesandwings，andthedelicate"whisks"attheirtail），andappearinginanutterlynewgarbaftertenminutes’

rest，tothediscomfitureoftheastonishedangler。

Thenaturalhistoryoftheseflies，IunderstandfromMr。Stainton（oneofourmostdistinguishedentomologists），hasnotyetbeenworkedout，atleastforEngland。Theonlyattempt，Ibelieve，inthatdirectionisonemadebyacharmingbook，"TheFly—fisher’sEntomology，"whichshouldbeineverygoodangler’slibrary;butwhyshouldnotafewfishermencombinetoworkoutthesubjectforthemselves，andstudyfortheinterestsbothofscienceandtheirownsport，"TheWondersoftheBank？"Thework，pettyasitmayseem，ismuchtoogreatforoneman，soprodigalisNatureofherforms，inthestreamasintheocean;butwhatifacorrespondencewereopenedbetweenafewfishermen—ofwhomoneshouldlive，say，bytheHampshireorBerkshirechalkstreams;anotherontheslatesandgranitesofDevon;anotheronthelimestonesofYorkshireorDerbyshire;anotheramongtheyetearlierslatesofSnowdonia，orsomemountainpartofWales;andmorethanoneamongthehillsoftheBorderandthelakesoftheHighlands？Eachwouldfind（I

suspect），oncomparinghisinsectswiththoseoftheothers，thathewasexploringalittlepeculiarworldofhisown，andthatwiththeexceptionofacertainnumberoftypicalforms，thefliesofhiscountywereunknownahundredmilesaway，or，atleast，appearedthereundergreatdifferencesofsizeandcolour;andeach，ifhewouldtakethetroubletocollectthecaddisesandwater—crickets，andbreedthemintotheperfectflyinanaquarium，wouldseemarvelsintheirtransformations，theirinstincts，theiranatomy，quiteasgreat（thoughnot，perhaps，asshowyandstartling）asIhavebeentryingtopointoutonthesea—shore。

Moreover，eachandeveryoneoftheparty，Iwillwarrant，willfindhisfellow—correspondents（perhapspreviouslyunknowntohim）

menworthknowing;not，itmaybe，ofthemeditativeandhalf—

saintlytypeofdearoldIzaakWalton（who，afterall，wasnofly—

fisher，butasedentary"popjoy"guiltyoffloatandworm），butrather，likehisfly—fishingdiscipleCotton，goodfellowsandmenoftheworld，and，perhaps，somethingbetteroverandabove。

Thesuggestionhasbeenmade。Williteverbetakenup，anda"NaiadClub"formed，forthecombinationofsportandscience？

And，now，howcanthisdesultorylittletreatiseendmoreusefullythaninrecommendingafewbooksonNaturalHistory，fitfortheuseofyoungpeople;andfittoserveasintroductionstosuchdeeperandlargerworksasYarrell’s"BirdsandFishes，"Bell’s"Quadrupeds"and"Crustacea，"ForbesandHanley’s"Mollusca，"

Owen’s"FossilMammalsandBirds，"andahostofotheradmirableworks？Notthatthislistwillcontainallthebest;butsimplythebestofwhichthewriterknows;let，therefore，nonefeelaggrieved，if，asitmaychance，openingthesepages，theyfindtheirbooksomitted。

Firstandforemost，certainly，comeMr。Gosse’sbooks。Thereisaplayfulandgenialspiritinthem，abrilliantpowerofword—

paintingcombinedwithdeepandearnestreligiousfeeling，whichmakesthemasmorallyvaluableastheyareintellectuallyinteresting。SinceWhite’s"HistoryofSelborne，"fewornowritersonNaturalHistory，saveMr。Gosse，Mr。G。H。Lewes，andpoorMr。E。Forbes，havehadthepowerofbringingoutthehumansideofscience，andgivingtoseeminglydrydisquisitionsandanimalsofthelowesttype，bylittletouchesofpathosandhumour，thatlivingandpersonalinterest，tobestowwhichisgenerallythespecialfunctionofthepoet：notthatWatertonandJessearenotexcellentinthisrespect，andauthorswhoshouldbeineveryboy’slibrary：buttheyareratheranecdotiststhansystematicorscientificinquirers;whileMr。Gosse，inhis"NaturalistontheShoresofDevon，"his"TourinJamaica，"his"Tenby，"andhis"CanadianNaturalist，"hasdoneforthosethreeplaceswhatWhitedidforSelborne，withalltheimprovedappliancesofasciencewhichhaswidenedanddeepenedtenfoldsinceWhite’stime。Mr。

Gosse’s"ManualoftheMarineZoologyoftheBritishIsles"is，forclassification，byfarthecompletesthandbookextant。HehascontrivedinittocompressmoresoundknowledgeofvastclassesoftheanimalkingdomthanIeversawbeforeinsosmallaspace。（35）

MissAnnePratt’s"ThingsoftheSea—coast"isexcellent;andstillbetterisProfessorHarvey’s"Sea—sideBook，"ofwhichitisimpossibletospeaktoohighly;andmostpleasantitistoseeamanofgeniusandlearningthusgatheringthebloomofhisvariedknowledge，toputitintoaformequallysuitedtoachildandaSAVANT。Seldom，perhaps，hastherebeenalittlebookinwhichsovastaquantityoffactshavebeentoldsogracefully，simply，withoutataintofpedantryorcumbrousness—anexcellencewhichisthesureandonlymarkofaperfectmasteryofthesubject。Mr。

G。H。Lewes’s"Sea—shoreStudies"arealsoveryvaluable;hardlyperhapsabookforbeginners，butfromhisadmirablepowerofdescription，whetherofanimalsorofscenes，isinterestingforallclassesofreaders。

Twolittle"Popular"Histories—oneofBritishZoophytes，theotherofBritishSea—weeds，byDr。Landsborough（sincedeadofcholera，atSaltcoats，thesceneofhisenergeticandpiousministry）—areveryexcellent;andarefurnished，too，withwell—

drawnandcolouredplates，forthecomfortofthosetowhomascientificnomenclature（asliableasanyotherhumanthingtobefaultyandobscure）conveysbutavagueconceptionoftheobjects。

Thesemayservewellforthebeginner，asintroductionstoProfessorHarvey’slargeworkonBritishAlgae，andtotheneweditionofProfessorJohnston’sinvaluable"BritishZoophytes，"

MissGifford’s"MarineBotanist，"thirdedition，andDr。Cocks’s"Sea—weedCollector’sGuide，"havealsobeenrecommendedbyahighauthority。

ForgeneralZoologythebestbooksforbeginnersare，perhaps，asageneralintroduction，theRev。J。A。L。Wood’s"PopularZoology，"

fullofexcellentplates;andforsystematicZoology，Mr。Gosse’sfourlittlebooks，onMammals，Birds，Reptiles，andFishes，publishedwithmanyplates，bytheChristianKnowledgeSociety，atamarvellouslycheaprate。Formiscroscopicanimalcules，MissAgnesCatlow’s"DropsofWater"willteachtheyoungmorethantheywilleverremember，andserveasagoodintroductiontothoseteemingabyssesoftheunseenworld，whichmustbeafterwardstraversedundertheguidanceofHassallandEhrenberg。

ForOrnithology，thereisnobook，afterall，likedearoldBewick，PASSEthoughhemaybeinascientificpointofview。ThereisagoodlittleBritishornithology，too，publishedinSirW。Jardine’s"Naturalist’sLibrary，"andanotherbyMr。Gosse。AndMr。Knox’s"OrnithologicalRamblesinSussex，"withMr。St。John’s"HighlandSports，"and"TourinSutherlandshire，"arethemonographsofnaturalists，gentlemen，andsportsmen，whichremindoneateverypage（andwhathigherpraisecanonegive？）ofWhite’s"HistoryofSelborne。"Theselast，withMr。Gosse’s"CanadianNaturalist，"andhislittlebook"TheOcean，"notforgettingDarwin’sdelightful"VoyageoftheBeagleandAdventure，"oughttobeinthehandsofeveryladwhoislikelytotraveltoourcolonies。

ForgeneralGeology，ProfessorAnsted’sIntroductionisexcellent;

while，asaspecimenofthewayinwhichasingledistrictmaybethoroughlyworkedout，andtheuniversalmethodofinductionlearntfromanarrowfieldofobjects，whatbookcan，orperhapseverwill，comparewithMr。HughMiller’s"OldRedSandstone"？

Forthislastreason，IespeciallyrecommendtotheyoungtheRev。

C。A。Johns’s"WeekattheLizard，"asteachingayoungpersonhowmuchthereistobeseenandknownwithinafewsquaremilesoftheseBritishIsles。But，indeed，allMr。Johns’sbooksaregood（astheyareboundtobe，consideringhismostaccurateandvariedknowledge），especiallyhis"FlowersoftheField，"thebestcheapintroductiontosystematicbotanywhichhasyetappeared。Trained，andallbutself—trained，likeMr。HughMiller，inaremoteandnarrowfieldofobservation，Mr。Johnshasdevelopedhimselfintooneofourmostacuteandperseveringbotanists，andhasaddedmanyanewtreasuretotheFloraoftheseisles;andoneperson，atleast，oweshimadeepdebtofgratitudeforfirstlessonsinscientificaccuracyandpatience，—lessonstaught，notdullyanddrylyatthebookanddesk，butlivinglyandgenially，inadventurousramblesoverthebleakcliffsandfernywoodsofthewildAtlanticshore，—

"WheretheoldfableoftheguardedmountLookstowardNamancosandBayona’shold。"

Mr。Henfrey’s"RudimentsofBotany"mightaccompanyMr。Johns’sbooks。Mr。Babington’s"ManualofBritishBotany"isalsomostcompactandhighlyfinished，andseemsthebestworkwhichIknowoffromwhichastudentsomewhatadvancedinEnglishbotanycanverifyspecies;whileforferns，Moore’s"Handbook"isprobablythebestforbeginners。

ForEntomology，which，afterall，isthestudymostfitforboys（asBotanyisforgirls）whohavenoopportunityforvisitingthesea—shore，Catlow’s"PopularBritishEntomology，"havingcolouredplates（adelighttoyoungpeople），andsayingsomethingofalltheorders，is，probably，stillagoodworkforbeginners。

Mr。Stainton’s"Entomologist’sAnnualfor1855"containsvaluablehintsofthatgentleman’sontakingandarrangingmothsandbutterflies;aswellasofMr。Wollaston’sonperformingthesamekindofficeforthatfarmorenumerous，andnotlessbeautifulclass，thebeetles。Thereisalsoanadmirable"ManualofBritishButterfliesandMoths，"byMr。Stainton，incourseofpublication;

but，perhaps，themostinterestingofallentomologicalbookswhichIhaveseen（andforintroducingmetowhichImustexpressmyheartythankstoMr。Stainton），is"PracticalHintsrespectingMothsandButterflies，formingaCalendarofEntomologicalOperations，"（36）byRichardShield，asimpleLondonworking—man。

IwouldgladlydevotemorespacethanIcanheresparetoareviewofthislittlebook，soperfectlydoesitcorroborateeverywordwhichIhavesaidalreadyastothemoralandintellectualvalueofsuchstudies。RichardShield，makinghimselfafirst—rate"lepidopterist，"whileworkingwithhishandsforapoundaweek，istheantitypeofMr。Peach，thecoast—guardsman，amonghisCornishtide—rocks。Butmorethanthis，thereisaboutShield’sbookatoneasofIzaakWaltonhimself，whichisverydelightful;

tender，poetical，andreligious，yetfullofquietquaintnessandhumour;showingineverypagehowtheloveforNaturalHistoryisinhimonlyoneexpressionofaloveforallthingsbeautiful，andpure，andright。IfanyreadersofthesepagesfancythatIover—

praisethebook，letthembuyit，andjudgeforthemselves。Theywillthushelpthegoodmantowardpursuinghisstudieswithlargerandbetterappliances，andwillbe（asIexpect）surprisedtofindhowmuchthereistobeseenanddone，evenbyaworking—man，withinaday’swalkofsmokyBabylonitself;andhoweasilyamanmight，ifhewould，washhissoulcleanforawhilefromalltheturmoilandintrigue，thevanityandvexationofspiritofthat"too—populouswilderness，"bygoingouttobealoneawhilewithGodinheaven，andwiththatearthwhichHehasgiventothechildrenofmen，notmerelyforthematerialwantsoftheirbodies，butasawitnessandasacramentthatinHimtheyliveandmove，andhavetheirbeing，"notbybreadalone，butbyEVERYwordthatproceedethoutofthemouthofGod。"

ThusIwrotesometwentyyearsago，whenthestudyofNaturalHistorywasconfinedmainlytoseveralscientificmen，ormerecollectorsofshells，insects，anddriedplants。

Sincethen，Iamgladtosay，ithasbecomeapopularandcommonpursuit，owing，Idoubtnot，totheimpulsegiventoitbythemanyauthorswhoseworksIthenrecommended。Irecommendthemstill;

thoughaswarmofothermanualsandpopularworkshaveappearedsince，excellentintheirway，andalmostbeyondcounting。Butallhonourtothose，andabovealltoMr。GosseandMr。Johns，whofirstopenedpeople’seyestothewondersaroundthemalldaylong。

Now，wehave，inadditiontoamusingbooksonspecialsubjects，serialsonNaturalHistorymoreorlessprofound，andsuitedtoeverykindofstudentandeverygradeofknowledge。Imentionthenamesofnone。Forfirst，theyhappilyneednoadvertisementfromme;andnext，Ifeartobeunjusttoanyoneofthembyinadvertentlyomittingitsname。Letmeadd，thatintheadvertisingcolumnsofthoseserials，willbefoundnoticesofallthenewmanuals，andofallapparatus，andothermatters，neededbyamateurnaturalists，andofmanywhoaremorethanamateurs。

Microscopy，meanwhile，andthewholestudyof"TheWondersoftheLittle，"havemadevaststridesinthelasttwentyyears;andIwasequallysurprisedandpleased，tofind，threeyearsago，ineachoftwotownsofafewthousandinhabitants，perhapsadozengoodmicroscopes，allbuthiddenawayfromthepublic，workedbymenwhoknewhowtohandlethem，andwhoknewwhattheywerelookingat;

butwhomodestlyrefrainedfromtellinganybodywhattheyweredoingsowell。Anditwasthisverydiscoveryofunsuspectedmicroscopistswhichmadememoredesirousthanevertosee—asI

seenowinmanyplaces—scientificsocieties，bymeansofwhichthefew，whootherwisewouldworkapart，maycommunicatetheirknowledgetoeachother，andtothemany。These"Microscopic，"

"Naturalist，""Geological，"orothersocieties，andthe"FieldClubs"forexcursionsintothecountry，whichareusuallyconnectedwiththem，formamostpleasantandhopefulnewfeatureinEnglishSociety;bringingtogether，astheydo，almostallranks，allshadesofopinion;andithasgivenmedeeppleasuretosee，inthecaseatleastoftheCountryClubswithwhichIamacquainted，theclergyoftheChurchofEnglandtakinganactive，andoftenaleading，interestintheirpracticalwork。Thetownclergyare，forthemostpart，tooutterlyoverworkedtofollowtheexampleoftheircountrybrethren。ButIhavereasontoknowthattheyregardsuchsocieties，andNaturalHistoryingeneral，withnounfriendlyeyes;andthatthereislessfearthaneverthattheclergyoftheChurchofEnglandshouldhavetorelinquishtheirancientboast—

thatsincetheformationoftheRoyalSocietyintheseventeenthcentury，theyhavedonemoreforsoundphysicalsciencethananyotherpriesthoodorministryintheworld。Letmeadviseanyonewhomaydomethehonourofreadingthesepages，todiscoverwhethersuchaCluborSocietyexistsinhisneighbourhood，andtojoinitforthwith，certainthat—ifhisexperiencebeatalllikemine—hewillgainmostpleasantinformationandmostpleasantacquaintances，andpassmostpleasantdaysandevenings，amongpeoplewhomhewillbegladtoknow，andwhomheneverwouldhaveknownsaveforthenew—andnow，Ihope，rapidlyspreading—

freemasonryofNaturalHistory。

Meanwhile，Ihope—thoughIdarenotsayItrust—toseethedaywhentheboysofeachofourlargeschoolsshalljoin—likethoseofMarlboroughandClifton—thesamefreemasonry;andhavetheirownNaturalists’Clubs;naymore;whenourpublicschoolsanduniversitiesshallawaketotherealneedsoftheage，and—eventothecurtailingofthetimeusuallyspentinnotlearningLatinandGreek—teachboystherudimentsatleastofbotany，zoology，geology，andsoforth;andwhenthepublicopinion，atleastoftherefinedandeducated，shallconsideritasludicrous—tousenostrongerword—tobeignorantofthecommonestfactsandlawsofthislivingplanet，astobeignorantoftherudimentsoftwodeadlanguages。Allhonourtothesaidtwolanguages。Ignoranceofthemisaseriousweakness;foritimpliesignoranceofmanythingselse;andindeed，withoutsomeknowledgeofthem，thenomenclatureofthephysicalsciencescannotbemastered。ButIhavegottodiscoverthataboy’stimeismoreusefullyspent，andhisintellectmoremethodicallytrained，bygettingupOvid’sFastiwithanulteriorhopeofbeingabletowriteafewLatinverses，thaningettingupProfessorRolleston’s"FormsofAnimalLife，"oranyotheroftheexcellentScientificManualsforbeginners，whicharenow，asIsaid，happilysonumerous。

Maythatdaysooncome;andanolddreamofmine，andofmyscientificfriends，befulfilledatlast。

AndsoIendthislittlebook，hoping，evenpraying，thatitmayencourageafewmorelabourerstogoforthintoavineyard，whichthosewhohavetoiledinitknowtobefullofever—freshhealth，andwonderandsimplejoy，andthepresenceandthegloryofHimwhosenameisLOVE。

APPENDIX。

PLATEI。

ZOOPHYTA。POLYZOA。

THEformsofanimallifewhicharenowunitedinanindependentclass，underthenamePolyzoa，sonearlyresembletheHydroidZoophytesingeneralformandappearancethatacasualobservermaysupposethemtobenearlyidentical。Inallbutthemorerecentworks，theyaretreatedasdistinctindeed，butstillincludedunderthegeneralterm"ZOOPHYTES。"Theanimalsofbothgroupsareminute，polypiformcreatures，mostlylivingintransparentcells，springingfromthesidesofastemwhichunitesanumberofindividualsinonecommonlife，andgrowsinashrub—likeformuponanysubmarinebody，suchasashell，arock，aweed，orevenanotherpolypidomtowhichitisparasiticallyattached。Eachpolype，inbothclasses，protrudesfromandretreatswithinitscellbyanindependentaction，andwhenprotrudedputsforthacircleoftentacleswhosemotionroundthemouthisthemeansofsecuringnourishment。Thereare，however，peculiaritiesinthestructureofthePolyzoawhichseemtoremovethemfromZoophytologytoaplaceinthesystemofnaturemorenearlyconnectedwithMolluscantypes。Someofthemcomesoneartothecompoundascidiansthattheyhavebeentermed，asanorder，"Zoophytaascidioida。"

Thesimplestformofpolypeisthatofafleshybagopenatoneend，surmountedbyacircleofcontractilethreadsorfingerscalledtentacles。Theplateshows，onaveryminutescale，atfigs。1，3，and6，severaloftheselittlepolypiformbodiesprotrudingfromtheircells。ButtheHydraorFresh—waterPolypehasnocell，andisquiteunconnectedwithanyrootthread，orwithotherindividualsofthesamespecies。Itisperfectlyfree，andsosimpleinitsstructure，thatwhenthesacwhichformsitsbodyisturnedinsideoutitwillcontinuetoperformthefunctionsoflifeasbefore。Thegreaterpart，however，oftheseHydraformPolypes，althoughequallysimpleasindividuals，areconnectedinacompoundlifebymeansoftheirvariouslyformedPOLYPIDOM，asthebranchedsystemofcellsistermed。TheHydroidZoophytesarerepresentedinthefirstplatebythefollowingexamples。

HYDROIDA。

SERTULARIAROSEA。PL。I。FIG。6。

Aspecieswhichhasthecellsinpairsonoppositesidesofthecentraltube，withtheopeningsturnedoutwards。Inthemoreenlargedfigureisseenaseptumacrosstheinnerpartofeachcellwhichformsthebaseuponwhichthepolyperests。Fig。6B

indicatesthenaturalsizeofthepieceofbranchrepresented;butitmustberememberedthatthisisonlyasmallportionofthebushyshrub。

CAMPANULARIASYRINGA。PL。I。FIG。8。

ThisZoophytetwinesitselfparasiticallyuponaspeciesofSertularia。Thecellsinthisspeciesarethrownoutatirregularintervalsuponflexiblestemswhicharewrinkledinrings。Theyconsistoflengthened，cylindrical，transparentvases。

CAMPANULARIAVOLUBILIS。PL。I。FIG。9。

Astillmorebeautifulspecies，withlengthenedfoot—stalksringedateachend。Thepolypeisremarkablefortheprotrusionandcontractilepowerofitslips。Ithasabouttwentyknobbedtentacula。

POLYZOA。

AmongPolyzoatheanimal’sbodyiscoatedwithamembraneouscovering，likethatoftheTunicatedMollusca，butwhichisacontinuationoftheedgeofthecell，whichdoublesbackuponthebodyinsuchamannerthatwhentheanimalprotrudesfromitscellitpushesouttheflexiblemembranejustasonewouldturninsideoutthefingerofaglove。Thisonenessofcellandpolypeisadistinctivecharacterofthegroup。Anotheristhehigherorganizationoftheinternalparts。Themouth，surroundedbytentacles，leadsbygulletandgizzardthroughachannelintoadigestingstomach，fromwhichtherejectablematterpassesupwardsthroughanintestinalcanaltillitisdischargednearthemouth。

ThetentaclesalsodiffermuchfromthoseoftruePolypes。Insteadofbeingfleshyandcontractile，theyareratherstiff，resemblingspunglass，setonthesideswithvibratingcilia，whichbytheirmotionuponesideanddowntheotherofeachtentacle，produceacurrentwhichimpelstheirlivingfoodintothemouth。Whenthesetentaclesarewithdrawn，theyaregatheredupinabundle，likethestaysofanumbrella。OurPlateI。containsthefollowingexamplesofPolyzoa。

VALKERIACUSCUTA。PL。I。FIG。3。

FromagroupinoneofMr。Lloyd’svases。Fig。3Aisthenaturalsizeofthecentralgroupofcells，inaspecimencoiledroundathread—likeweed。Underneaththisisthesameportionenlarged。

Whenmagnifiedtothisapparentsize，thecellscouldbeseenindifferentstates，someclosed，andotherswiththeirbodiesprotruded。Whenmagnifiedto3D，wecouldpleasantlywatchthegradualeversionofthemembrane，thenthepointsofthetentaclesslowlyappearing，andthen，whenfullyprotruded，suddenlyexpandingintoabell—shapedcircle。Thiswastheirusualappearance，butsometimestheycouldbenoticedbendinginwards，asinfig。3C，asiftoimprisonsomelivingatomofimportance。

Fig。Brepresentstwotentacles，showingthedirectioninwhichtheciliavibrate。

CRISIADENTICULATA。PL。I。FIG。4。

Ihaveonlydrawnthecellsfromapreparedspecimen。Thepolypesarelikethosedescribedabove。

GEMELLARIALORICATA。PL。I。FIG。5。

Herethecellsareplacedinpairs，backtoback。5Aisaverysmallportiononthenaturalscale。

CELLULARIACILIATA。Pl。I。FIG。7

Thecellsarealternateonthestem，andarecuriouslyarmedwithlongwhip—likeciliaorspines。Onthebackofsomeofthecellsisaverystrangeappendage，theuseofwhichisnotwithcertaintyascertained。Itisaminutebody，slightlyresemblingavulture’shead，withamovablelowerbeak。Thewholeheadkeepsupanoddingmotion，andthemovablebeakoccasionallyopenswidely，andthensuddenlysnapstowithajerk。Ithasbeenseentoholdananimalculebetweenitsjawstillthelatterhasdied，butithasnopowertocommunicatethepreytothepolypeinitscellortoswallowanddigestitonitsownaccount。Itiscertainlynotanindependentparasite，ashasbeensupposed，andyetitspurposeintheanimaleconomyisamystery。Mr。Gosseconjecturesthatitsusemaybe，byholdinganimalculestilltheydieanddecay，toattractbytheirputrescencecrowdsofotheranimalcules，whichmaythusbedrawnwithintheinfluenceofthepolype’sciliatedtentacles。Fig。7Bshowstheformofoneofthese"birds’heads，"

andfig。7C，itspositiononthecell。

FLUSTRALINEATA。PL。I。FIG。1。

InFlustrae，thecellsareplacedsidebysideonanexpandedmembrane。Fig。1representsthegeneralappearanceofaspecieswhichatleastresemblesF。lineataasfiguredinJohnston’swork。

ItisspreaduponaFucus。Fig。Aisanenlargedviewofthecells。

FLUSTRAFOLIACEA。PL。I。FIG。2。

Wefigureafrondortwoofthecommonspecies，whichhascellsonbothsides。Itisrarelythatthepolypescanbeseeninastateofexpansion。

SERIALARIALENDIGERA。PL。I。fig。10。

NOTAMIABURSARIA。PL。I。fig。11。

The"tobacco—pipe""appendages，fig。11B，areofunknownuse：

theyareprobablyanalogoustothebirds’headsintheCellularae。

PLATEV。

CORALSANDSEAANEMONES。

CARYOPHYLLAEASMITHII。PL。V。FIG。2。PL。VI。FIG。3。

THEconnectionbetweenBrainstones，MushroomCorals，andotherMadreporesaboundingonPolynesianreefs，andthe"SeaAnemones，"

whichhavelatelybecomesofamiliartousall，canbeseenbycomparingourcomparativelyinsignificantC。SmithiiwithourcommonestspeciesofActiniaandSagartia。Theformerisabeautifulobjectwhenthefleshypartandtentaclesarewhollyorpartiallyexpanded。LikeActinia，ithasamembranouscovering，asimplesac—likestomach，acentralmouth，adisksurroundedbycontractileandadhesivetentacles。UnlikeActinia，itisfixedtosubmarinebodies，towhichitisgluedinveryearlylife，andcannotchangeitsplace。UnlikeActinia，itsbodyissupportedbyastonyskeletonofcalcareousplatesarrangededgewisesoastoradiatefromthecentre。ButaswefindsomeMolluscsfurnishedwithashell，andothersevenofthesamecharacterandhabitswithoutone，sowefindthatinspiteofthisseeminglyimportantdifference，theanimalsareverysimilarintheirnature。Sincetheintroductionofglasstankswehaveopportunitiesofseeinganemonescrawlingupthesides，soastoexhibittheirentirebasaldisk，andthenwemayobservelightlycolouredlinesofalesstransparentsubstancethantheinterstices，radiatingfromthemargintothecentre，someshort，othersreachingtheentiredistance，andarrangedinexactlythesamemannerastheplatesofCaryophyllaea。Thesearedoubtlessflexiblewallsofcompartmentsdividingthefleshypartsofthesofteranimals，andcorrespondingwiththeseptaofthecoral。Fig。2Arepresentsasectionofthelatter，tobecomparedwiththebasaldiskofSagartia。

SAGARTIAANGUICOMA。PL。V。FIG。3，A，B。

ThisgenushasbeenseparatedfromActiniaonaccountofitshabitofthrowingoutthreadswhenirritated。Althoughmyspecimensoftenassumedtheformrepresentedinfig。3，Mr。Lloydinformsmethatitmusthavearisenfromunhealthinessofcondition，itsusualhabitbeingtocontractintoamoreflattenedform。Whenfullyexpanded，itstransparentandlengthenedtentaclespresentabeautifulappearance。Fig。3A，showingabasaldisk，isgivenforthepurposealreadydescribed。

BALANOPHYLLAEAREGIA。PL。V。FIG。1。

AnotherspeciesofBritishmadrepore，foundbyMr。GosseatIlfracombe，andbyMr。KingsleyatLundyIsland。ItissmallerthanO。Smithii，ofaverybrightcolour，andalwayscoverstheupperpartofitsbonyskeleton，inwhichtheplatesaredifferentlyarrangedfromthoseofthesmallerspecies。Fig。1

showsthetentaclesexpandedinanunusualdegree;1A，animalcontracted;1B，thecoral;1C，atentacleenlarged。

PLATEVI。

CORALSANDSEAANEMONES。

ACTINIAMESEMBRYANTHEMUM。PL。VI。FIG。1A。

Thiscommonspeciesismorefrequentlymetwiththanmanyothers，becauseitprefersshallowwater，andoftenliveshighupamongrockswhichareonlycoveredbytheseaatveryhightide;sothatthecreaturecan，ifitwill，spendbutashortportionofitstimeimmersed。Whenuncoveredbythetide，itgathersupitsleatherytunic，andpresentstheappearanceoffig。1A。Whenunderwateritmayoftenbeseenexpandingitsflower—likediskandmovingitsfeelersinsearchoffood。Thesefeelershaveacertainpowerofadhesion，andanynottoovigorousanimalswhichtheytouchareeasilydrawntowardsthecentreandswallowed。Aroundthemarginofthetunicareseenpeepingoutbetweenthetentaclescertainbrightblueglobuleslookingverylikeeyes，butwhosepurposeisnotexactlyascertained。Fig。1representsthediskonlypartiallyexpanded。

BUNODESCRASSICORNIS。PL。VI。FIG。2。

ThisgenusofActinioidzoophytesisdistinguishedfromActiniaproperbythetuberclesorwartswhichstudtheoutercoveringoftheanimal。InB。gemmaceathesewartsarearrangedsymmetrically，soastogiveapeculiarlyjewelledappearancetothebody。Beingofalargesize，thetentaclesofB。crassicornisexhibitingreatperfectiontheadhesivepowersproducedbythenettlingthreadswhichproceedfromthem。

CARYOPHYLLAEASMITHII。PL。VI。FIG。3。

Thisfigureistoshowawhitervariety，withthefleshandtentaclesfullyexpandedPLATEVIII。

MOLLUSCA。

NASSARETICULATA。PL。VIII。fig。2，A，B，C，D，E，F

AVERYactiveMollusc，givenherechieflyonaccountoftheopportunityaffordedbythebirthofyoungfryinMr。Lloyd’stanks。TheNASSAfeedsonsmallanimalcules，forwhich，inaquaria，itmaybeseenroutingamongthesandandstones，sometimesburyingitselfamongthemsoasonlytoshowitscaudaltubemovingalongbetweenthem。ApairofNassaeinMr。Lloyd’scollection，deposited，onthe5thofApril，aboutfiftycapsulesorbagsofeggsuponthestemsofweeds（fig。2B）;eachcapsulecontainedaboutahundredeggs。Thecapsulesopenedonthe16thofMay，permittingtheescapeofrotiferousfry（fig。2，C，D，E），notintheslightestdegreeresemblingtheparent，butpresentingminutenautilus—shapedtransparentshells。Theseshellsratherhangonthancoverthebodies，whichhaveapairoflobes，aroundwhichvibrateminuteciliainsuchamannerastogivethemanappearanceofrotatorymotion。Underalenstheymaybeseenmovingaboutveryactivelyinvariouspositions，butalwayswiththelookofbeingmovedbyrapidlyturningwheels。Weshouldhavebeengladtowitnessthenextsteptowardsassumingtheirultimateform，butweredisappointed，astheembryosdied。Fig。2FisthetongueofaNassa，fromaphotographbyDr。Kingsley。

Footnotes：

（1）SERTULARIAOPERCULATAandGEMELLARIALOCICULATA;oranyofthesmallSERTULARIAE，comparedwithCRISIAEandCELLULARIAE，areverygoodexamples。Forafullerdescriptionofthese，seeAppendixexplainingPlateI。

（2）Ifanyinlandreaderwishestoseetheactionofthisfoot，inthebivalveMolluscs，lethimlookattheCommonPond—Mussel（AnodonCygneus），whichhewillfindinmoststagnantwaters，andseehowheburrowswithitinthemud，andhow，whenthewaterisdrawnoff，hewalkssolemnlyintodeeperwater，leavingafurrowbehindhim。

（3）TheseshellsaresocommonthatIhavenotcaredtofigurethem。

（4）PlateIX。Fig。3，representsbothparasitesonthedeadTurritella。

（5）Afewwordsonhim，andonsea—anemonesingeneral，maybefoundinAppendixII。Butfulldetails，accompaniedwithbeautifulplates，maybefoundinMr。Gosse’sworkonBritishsea—anemonesandmadrepores，whichoughttobeineveryseasidelibrary。

（6）HandbooktotheMarineAquariumoftheCrystalPalace。

（7）AnadmirablepaperonthisextraordinaryfamilymaybefoundintheZoologicalSociety’sProceedingsforJuly1858，byMessrs。S。

P。WoodwardandthelatelamentedLucasBarrett。SeealsoQuatrefages，I。82，orSynaptaDuvernaei。

（8）ThalassemaNeptuni（Forbes’BritishStar—Fishes，p。259），（9）TheLondonermayseespecimensofthemattheZoologicalGardensandattheCrystalPalace;asalsooftherareandbeautifulSabella，figuredinthesameplate;andoftheBalanophyllia，oraclosely—alliedspecies，fromtheMediterranean，mentionedinp。109。

（10）ANaturalist’sRamblesontheDevonshireCoast，p。110。

（11）Balanophylliaregia，PlateV。fig。1。

（12）Amphidotuscordatus。

（13）Echinusmiliaris，PlateVII。

（14）SeeProfessorSedgwick’slasteditionofthe"DiscoursesontheStudiesofCambridge。"

（15）Fissurellagraeca，PlateX。fig。5。

（16）Doristuberculataandbilineata。

（17）Eolispapilosa。ADorisandanEolis，thoughnotofthesespecies，arefiguredinPlateX。

（18）PlateIII。

（19）CertainParisianzoologistshavedonemethehonourtohintthatthisdescriptionwasaplayoffancy。Icanonlyanswer，thatIsawitwithmyowneyesinmyownaquarium。Iamnot，Ihope，inthehabitofdrawingonmyfancyinthepresenceofinfinitelymoremarvellousNature。Truthisquitestrangeenoughtobeinterestingwithoutlies。

（20）Saxicavarugosa，PlateXI。fig。2。

（21）PlateVIII。representsthecommonNassa，withthestillmorecommonLittorinalittorea，theirteeth—studdedpalates，andthefreeswimmingyoungoftheNassa。（VIDEAppendix。）

（22）CyproeaEuropoea。

（23）Botrylli。

（24）Molluscs。

Doristuberculata。

—bilineata。

Eolispapillosa。

Pleurobranchusplumila。

Neritina。

Cypraea。

Trochus，—2species。

Mangelia。

Triton。

Trophon。

Nassa，—2species。

Cerithium。

Sigaretus。

Fissurella。

Arcalactea。

Pectenpusio。

Tapespullastra。

Kelliasuborbicularis。

ShaeniaBinghami。

Saxicavarugosa。

Gastrochoenapholadia。

Pholasparva。

Anomiae，—2or3speciesCynthia，—2species。

Botryllus，do。

ANNELIDS。

Phyllodoce，andotherNereidworms。

Polynoesquamata。

CRUSTACEA。

4or5species。

ECHINODERMS。

Echinusmiliaris。

Asteriasgibbosa。

Ophiocomaneglecla。

CucumariaHyndmanni。

—communis。

POLYPES。

Sertulariapumila。

—rugosa。

—fallax。

—filicula。

Plumulariafalcata。

—setacea。

Laomedeageniculata。

Campanulariavolubilis。

Actiniamesembryanthemum。

Actiniaclavata。

—anguicoma。

—crassicornis。

Tubuliporapatina。

—hispida。

—serpens。

Crisiaeburnea。

Celleporapumicosa。

Lepraliae，—manyspecies。

Membraniporapilosa。

Cellulariaciliata。

—scruposa。

—reptans。

Flustramembranacea，&c。

（25）PlateXI。fig。1。

（26）PlateX。fig。1。

（27）ThereareveryfinespecimensintheCrystalPalace。

（28）Coryneramosa。

（29）Campanulariaintegra。

（30）CrisidiaEburnea。

（31）Aquarium，p。163。

（32）P。34。FiguresofitaregiveninPlateVIII。

（33）P。259。

（34）Butifanyyounglady，heraquariumhavingfailed，shall（asdozensdo）castoutthesameAnacharisintothenearestditch，sheshallbefollowedtohergravebythemaledictionsofallmillersandtrout—fishers。Seriously，thisisawantonactofinjurytotheneighbouringstreams，whichmustbecarefullyguardedagainst。

Aswellturnloosequeen—waspstobuildinyourneighbour’sbanks。

（35）Veryhighlyalso，ininterest，ranksM。Quatrefages’"RamblesofaNaturalist"（abouttheMediterraneanandtheFrenchCoast），translatedbyM。Otte。

（36）VanVoorst&Co。price3s。